Medical Laboratory Sciences
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Item Assessment of platelet parameters among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient at Addis Ketema Woreda 3 Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-02) Abebe, Hanna; Urgessa, Fekadua (Ph.D. fellow); Tibebu, Melatwork(Ph.D. fellow)Background: Diabetes Mellitus has been growing as a worldwide health problem. Platelet indices such as platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width and plateleticrit are indicators of platelet hyperactivity and can be used as early markers for diabetic complications. Objective: To assess platelet parameters among Type II Diabetic Mellitus patient at Addis Ketema Woreda 3 health center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from June to December 2021. Method: A comparative cross-sectional study was used and involving 255 participants consisting of 85 diabetic and 170 non-diabetic controls was conducted from June to December/2021 G.C and convenient sampling technique used. About 3-4ml blood sample from each participant was collected into a test tube (purple cap) containing EDTA for complete blood count measurement on Mindray BC3000 hematology analyzer. Data was collected, entered, & analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. The mean and standard deviation was used to summarize platelet parameters. One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) were done to compare the platelet parameters difference across the two groups (DM Type II & Control), and A P-value of <0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Result: A total of 255 study participants was involved on the study. Out of the total 85 case were included in the study among them 47/85 (55.3%) were female and the mean age of participant was 47.4±13 years. Based on HbA1c values the pattern of glycemic control among diabetic patients was determined, majority of participant 75.3% had poor glycemic control. The platelet count, mean platelet volume, and plateletcrits decreased between patients with diabetic mellitus than control group (P=0.001). Platelet count, mean platelet volume, and plateletcrits parameters significantly different and correlated were case group of participant with HbA1c >6.5% (P<0.05). Conclusion: Majority of diabetic subjects are poor glycemic control or HbA1c level greater than 6.5% were 75.3%. In this study platelet count, mean platelet volume, and plateletcrits significantly differences between diabetic’s subject compared to non-diabetics subjects but a platelet parameter value there is no difference between Diabetic with complications and without complication participant.Item Bacteriological quality and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates from raw milk at selected dairy farms in Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-07) Sebsibe, Kaleab; Desta,Kassu(Ass.Prof.); Abera,Dessie (PhD candidate)Background: Food-borne illness affects up to 30% of the population in developing countries each year, with great impact on public health, and the economy. Milk-borne infections cause acute, and severe disease. However, in developing countries there is limited information regarding bacterio- logical status of raw milk. This study aimed to assess the bacteriological quality and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates from raw milk. Objective: To evaluate the bacteriological quality and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates from raw milk at different dairy farms found in Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted from August 2022–April 2023.A total of 176 raw milks samples were selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Bacteriological tests such as aerobic colony count, total coliform, thermotolerant coliform, Salmonella and Shigella detection, and Staphylococcus enumerations were evaluated. VITEK-2 compact was used for fur- ther bacterial identification, while antimicrobial susceptibility test was determined by disc-diffu- sion techniques. SPSS V.27 was use for data analysis; descriptive statistics were used. Result: The mean aerobic colony count, total coliform, thermo-tolerant coliform, E. coli, and Staphylococcus count was,3.2, 2.70, 2.69, 2.9, and 3.1 log10 cfu/ml respectively. E. coli (77%), Klebsiella spp. (5%), Salmonella spp. (1.4%), S. aureus (13.6%), S. saprophyticus (9.8%) were also isolated. Gram-negative isolates showed sensitivity for Meropenem (96.8%) and Ciprofloxa- cin (89.9%) but resistant against Tetracycline (62.2%) and Streptomycin (62.2%). Staphylococcus isolates showed 95.1 % Sensitivity for Levofloxacin and Gentamycin but 92.6 % of isolates were resistant against Oxacillin. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was detected in 16.6% of gram-negative isolates, and Methicillin resistance were observed in 30% of S. aureus isolates. Conclusion: The result demonstrated, the overall bacteriological quality of raw milk is poor which also contains pathogenic and antibiotic-drug resistant organisms; thus, the need for effective con- trol measures to improve production, storage, and handling practices is implied.Item The diagnostic predictive value of platelet count and platelet indices in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A comparative cross sectional study at TikurAnebesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Gera, Kalkidan; Urgessa, Fekadu(MSc, PhD candidate); Tibebu, Melatwork(MSc, PhD candidate)Background:Acute coronary syndrome(ACS) is the leading cause of death worldwide . The abnormality of Platelet and platelet indices are one of the most commonly identified hematological changes in ACS. Objective:To determine the diagnostic predictive value of platelet count and platelet indices in patients with ACS at TikurAnbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from April 2021-March2023. Methods:Hospital based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 76 ACS patients of cases and 152 controls (apparently healthy individuals) in TikurAnbesa specialized hospital(TASH)in Addis Ababa conducted from April 2021 to March 2023. Convenient sampling technique was used. Independent t testwas used for comparison betweenthe twogroups.ROC(receiver operating characteristic) curve test used to calculate positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity and specificity for a given platelet indices. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25 and level of significance was determined when P value was < 0.05. Result:The mean age of ACS group(50.91±11.33) and control group (51.85±11.7) was matched. Males study participants predominated females in all groups.The mean of Mean Platelet Volume(MPV) (11.66±.1.19)fl, Platelet Large Cell Ratio(PLCR) (37.35 ± 9.58)% and Platelet Distribution Width(PDW) (15.10 ±3.53)fl of ACS group was significantly higher than the control group (10.17±1.24)fl, (26.55 ±11.20)%,(11.52 ±2.88)fl, respectively with (p value <0.001) . In Roc analysis MPV ,PDW, PLCR had cut off value of >10.9fl, >12.7fl, >33.2%, value, respectively and can differentiate ACS from healthy individuals with Sensitivity of 84.2%,78.9%76.3%, Specificity of 75%,67.1%74.3%,Postive Predictive value(PPV)of 66%,54.1%,61.1% and Negative predictive value (NPV) of 90.4%,86.3%,86.3% ,respectively. The Area under Curve (AUC) of MPV, PDW and PLCR was 0.788, 0.767 and 0.746. Conclusion: The mean ofMPV, PDW and PLCR were significantly increased in ACS compared to control group value .MPV has the highest value of sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV followed by PLCR then PDW. These parameters could be used as a supportive tool for prediction of ACS disease on the top of the clinical diagnosis and advanced tests set up.Item Evaluation of medical laboratory performance by using Quality indicators, customer satisfaction and KAP of laboratory professionals at Tikur Anbessa Specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-02) Birhanu,Mekdelawit; Sisay,Abay(Msc, PhD fellow)Background: Establishing and maintaining a standardized process in medical laboratories is the most important approach in providing quality results. However, there is very limited research-based information on the level of standardized laboratory performance in developing countries. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate medical laboratory performance by using Quality indicators, with customer satisfaction, and its associated factors in Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from Oct 2021 to March 2022 in Addis Ababa at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital (TASH). We assessed and monitored using various quality indicators at the five laboratory departments by adapting standardized format. The performance has evaluated by these indicators and compared with pre-set targets. Data was entered in Epidata and analyzed by SPSS version 23. The KAP level assessment was performed using 36 questions encompassing qualitative and quantitative aspects of quality practice in 45 participants. Self- administered pretested face-to-face interviews were performed and completed by a respondent without intervention of the researchers. which is a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 and 5 indicating the lowest and highest levels of satisfaction, respectively. And their weighted average was used to categorize the satisfaction level of the study participants in the laboratory service with a sample size of 900 patients and 164 physicians. Result: Here we present the overall quality indicator of TASH as: 133,213(79.5%) tests were meet predefined target TAT. The most frequent reagents stock out were in clinical chemistry. service interruption at least occurred once to two times in a month; urine & parasitology department has the highest rate with 3(60%) tests interrupted for continuous six months. During the study period there have been three round EQA participation's and the feed-backs were satisfactory. The maximum sample rejection rate recorded is emergency department relatively from the five departments with 780(5.3%). The numbers shown that urine & parasitology, hematology, sections has the lowest sample rejection rate of 116(0.8%) and 416(0.8%) respectively. Moreover, the overall satisfaction with the laboratory service among the physicians and patients was 37.2% and 66.2% respectively. According to the overall scoring, 4.4% of the respondents had poor knowledge regarding quality assurance points, 77.8% of respondents had average knowledge, though only 17.8% had good knowledge, 23(51.1%) strongly agreed, and 22(48.9%) agreed on Quality assurance helps medical technologists and the laboratory attain a more accurate and precise result. 80% of participants often practice quality assurance. When compared to patients who got in touch with laboratory personnel who has better communication before and during sample collection, they were 2.17 times more likely to be satisfied than dissatisfied patient (AOR=2.17(1.346-3.510);P value=<.001). Conclusion: The research demonstrates that TASH laboratory performs below the target objectives, specifically in customer satisfaction levels, TAT, and specimen rejection rates. Thus, the laboratory should strictly follow and evaluate quality indicators periodically, as they play a key role in reducing the risk of errors in clinical laboratories.Item Hematological profiles of newborns from mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension at Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Mekonnen,Melat; Tamir,Zemenu(MSc., PhD candidate); Wordofa,Moges(MSc)Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension is the commonest etiology for maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Neonates born from hypertensive mothers are more prone to complications because of reduced oxygen supply and inadequate blood flow to the fetus. These complications include intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and hematological derangements like polycythemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the hematological profiles of newborns from mothers with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy at Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from January –March 2023. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out on newborns from mothers with and without pregnancy induced hypertension. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit 210 newborns including 70 cases and 140 controls. Cord blood sample was collected immediately after birth and the samples were analyzed using Sysmex XN 550 hematology analyzer. The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Mann-Whitney U test were done to compare hematological profiles of the two groups. Besides, Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare the hematological profiles of newborns from mothers with different types of hypertensive disorders. The Spearman‟s rank correlation was used for the correlation test. P- value ˂ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in RBC (P=0.001), HGB (P= 0.005), HCT (P<0.001), MCV (P <0.001), MCH (P=0.022), lymphocyte (P=0.044) and RDW SD (P<0.001) of cases than controls. Platelet and MCHC of newborns were significantly lower in cases than control group. Newborn RBC count and MCV were positively correlated with birth weight; platelet count was positively correlated with gestational age and negatively correlated with maternal DBP; MCH was negatively correlated with gestational week. Moreover, maternal and newborn monocyte count showed significant positive correlation whereas RBC count showed negative correlation in the case group. Conclusion: There were significant changes in the hematological profile of newborns between hypertensive and normotensive mothers. Therefore, hematological screening of newborns of hypertensive mothers is suggested for early detection and monitoring of hematological abnormalities.Item Evaluation of the DBS versus plasma sample with HCV testing using ELISA and RDT diagnostic methods at Ethiopian National Blood Bank Service, St.Peter Hospital, Yekatit 12 Hospital, CBE Clinic and St. Paulo’s Hospital Millennium Medical College Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Akalu,Mulukan; Wolde,Mistire(MSc, PhD, Ass.Prof.); Walelign,Sossina (MSc); G/Egzihabher,Atsebeha( MSc, PhD candidate)Back ground: One of the numerous diseases that the HCV can cause is cancer. It is a significant public health issue that has a global impact on millions of people's lives, with majority from sub-saharan African countries. Laboratory diagnosis of HCV mainly done by using ELISA, and Rapid diagnostic test methods by using plasma/serum samples. However, most laboratories do not have the facilities & so forced either to submit patients in the far referral laboratories or empirically treat patients. Thus, as alternative solutions, other places worldwide used dry blood sample techniques to collect sample & submit for laboratory tests. However, such DBS approaches not well known in our country. Objective: To evaluate the DBS versus plasma sample with HCV testing using ELISA and RDT diagnostic methods at Ethiopian National Blood Bank, St.Peter Hospital, Yekatit 12 Hospital, CBE Clinic, and St. Paulo’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Cross-sectional investigation were used to detect the effectiveness of DBS using whole blood in the (ELISA-INNOTEST hepatitis virus Ab IV) compared to the serum/plasma sample with RDT (wondfo) tests for the detection of HCV antibody . Data was collected by a check list. 159 HCV negative and 159 HCV positive venous plasma samples and 159 HCV negative and 159 HCV positive whole blood was tested with the standard INNOTEST HCV Ab IV assay and RDT(Rapid diagnostic test). Results: A total of 318 individuals were participated. Participants age range of the study were 18 to 62, whereas, the DBS sample HCV test result using ELISA & RDT tests were 159 positive,159 negative and 156 positive,162 negative respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and efficacy of DBS versus ELSA& RDT were 100%, 99.4%, 99.4%, 100%, 98.7%, 99.4%, 98.7%, 99.4%. The test result correlation agreement between of DBS among ELSA & DBS-RDT was 0. 969 & 0. 963 respectively. Conclusions recommendation: The INNOTEST® HCV Ab IV assay performance using DBS was acceptable, WHO recommend that, sensitivity for detection of antibodies to HCV was 98% and specificity 99%, thus DBS may be used as a substitute sample type in cases when venous blood collection is not feasible.Item Hematological abnormalities and their associated factors among Liver disease patients at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Gashaw,Muluken; Tsegaye,Aster(MSc, Phd); Alemu,Jemal (MSc, PhD Fellow); Urgessa,Fekadu (MSc, PhD Fellow)Background: Liver disease such as alcoholic, hepatitis, and fatty liver are major health problems worldwide that are often accompanied by hematological abnormalities. A variety of disturbances in hemostasis and production of blood cells can occur in the setting of liver dysfunction. A comprehensive understanding of the hematological aspects of liver disease is essential for both diagnosis and management. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess different hematological abnormalities and their associated factors among liver disease patients at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Ethiopia, from January to May 2023. A total of 310 patients with liver disease were included using a convenient sampling technique. Blood samples collected using EDTA tubes were analysed for CBC and ESR by using Beckman Coulter analyzer and Westergren respectively. SPSS software (version 28) was used for analysis. Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize and describe the data. Hematological abnormalities and their associated factors were determined by bivariable and multivariable logistic regression. P- value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of study participants was 41±12.8 years. From the study participants 79(25.5%) were anemic and 47(15,2%) were leucopenic. Thrombocytopenia and elevated ESR were observed among 105(33.9%) and 77(24.8%) of the study participants, respectively. Anemia was significantly associated chronic liver disease (AOR=11.8;95%CI:4.3,32.1). Alcohol drinking habit(AOR=4.28;95%CI:2.07,8.8)andnothavingphysicalexercisehabit(AOR=2.4,95%CI:1.06,5.5) were significantly associated with thrombocytopenia. Elevated ESR was significantly associated with alcohol drinking habit (AOR=2.24;95%CI:1.04-4.8) and CLD (AOR=4.98;95%CI:2.3- 10.7). Conclusion: Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and elevated ESR were common hematological abnormalities among liver disease patients. These hematological abnormalities were more prominent among chronic liver disease patients. Thus it is important to asses and monitor hematological abnormalities during the diagnosis of liver disease patients.Item Quality assessment of platelet concentrates prepared from different time intervals held whole blood at Ethiopian Blood and Tissue Bank Service, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-07) Kassahun,Muluken; Tamir,Zemenu(M.Sc., PhD candidate, Ass. Prof.); Hussein,Mintewab(BSc., MSc)Background: The objective of this research is to meet the ever-growing demand for blood and blood components in health facilities, especially platelet concentrate, which is extremely high. The short shelf life of platelet concentrate is another reason for the shortage. Therefore, with the need to generate a new additional method to increase the supply of platelet concentrate, this study uses platelet concentrates prepared from whole blood held at different time intervals. In addition, it included almost all quality assurance requirements to ensure its quality. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess quality of platelet concentrates prepared from different time intervals held whole blood at Ethiopian Blood and Tissue Bank Service, Addis Ababa. Methods: A Cross sectional research was done on 153 samples taken from 25 female and 128 male non-ruminated volunteer blood donors and whose age was range 18 to 61 years at Ethiopian Blood and Tissue Bank Service from August 1 to October 30, 2022. Convenient sampling was used; all whole blood collected at mobile and static centers were included. The selected whole blood was held for 8, 16 and 24 hours at room temperature and processed into its component according to SOPs; then platelet concentrates were assessed for their quality parameters based on the national standards. The data collection was checked before analytical, during analytical and after analytical steps then, data was entered, checked, cleaned, and fed into Microsoft Excel software and then imported into SPSS version 26 for further statistical analysis. Mann-Whitney U test, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and Friedman‘s test were used for pairwise group comparison, within group pairwise comparisons and triple measure within group median comparisons, respectively. P <0.05 was statistically significant. Results: In this study, swirling was observed in all units tested. Mean of volume were within the range 50-70ml. Mean of platelet count of 8, 16 and 24hrs held prepared platelet concentrates were above ≥5.5x1010/unit at day 1, 3 and 5. Mean of white blood cell count and pH level were in acceptable range <0.2x109 and 6.4-7.4 respectively. The quality parameters of the 16 and 24 hours storage held prepared platelet concentrates were comparable with those of the 8 hours. All parameters except red blood cell count met the Ethiopian Blood and Tissue Bank Service‘s standard requirement (75%). Statistically no significant difference were observed when compared to the platelet concentrates quality indicators of three different time interval prepared platelet concentrates, except volume and WBC count were have significant difference in comparison. Conclusion: This study found that delaying whole blood processing for up to 16 and 24 hours had no effect on platelet concentrates quality indicators when compared to 8 hours held produced platelet concentrates.(p >0.05)Item Role of Selected Hematologic Parameters and C-Reactive Protein as predictors of sepsis at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-05) Gosaye,Nardos; Tsegaye,Aster (PhD, Prof.); Bisrat,Elias(MSc); Abate,Ananya(MD, Ass.Prof.)Background: Sepsis resulted when our body reacts to infection in exaggerated manner. If left untreated, multiple organs can fail, septic shock, and even death can occur. Blood culture facility is highly limited in resource constrained settings like Ethiopia and hence searching for additional simple parameters is essential. Objective: To determine the role of some hematological parameters and C-reactive protein as a predictor of sepsis at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 152 patients with sepsis suspecting were included from Adult ICU and Emergency of Tikur Anbessa Hospital from April to November 2021. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC), platelet count, and total WBC count were measured using Beckman coulter DXH800 hematology analyzer. For calculating the ratio of immature to total neutrophils, peripheral smear was done and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was derived from total neutrophil and lymphocyte count. Blood culture was performed in the microbiology department to confirm bacterial infection and CRP was determined semi quantitatively. SPSS version 26 was used for data entry and analysis. ROC curve analysis and descriptive statistics were used. Result: Of a total of 152 sepsis suspected cases, 61were culture positive (40.1%). The area under the curve gives the probability that lower value of Absolute neutrophil count [AUC=0.636 (0.546- 0.726) was able to identify sepsis with optimal cutoff value of ≤9.45x109/L having 65.6% sensitivity, 53.8% specificity, 48.8% PPV and 70.0% NPV. NLR was able to identify sepsis with [AUC=0.611(0.518-0.704) and cutoff value of ≤7.41; and CRP [AUC=0.468 (0.373-0.563) with optimal cutoff value of ≥ 14 mg/dl. The respective sensitivity for WBC, platelet, NLR, CRP, and Immature to total neutrophil ratio were: 62.3%, 60.7%, 60.7%, 52.5%, 54.1% while specificity was 51.6, 58.2, 59.3, 44.0, and 48.4% respectively. Conclusion: Monitoring of changes in hematological parameters (ANC, Platelets count, WBC and NLR) and CRP, and combining with other clinical indicators can be useful in early prediction of sepsis i.e., before the appearance of blood culture results.Item Investigation of Strain Diversity and Trend of Drug Resistance Pattern of the Clinical isolates from Tuberculosis lymphadenitis Patients in Two different Cities of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Sebri,Sami; Desta,Kassu(MSc, Ass.Prof.); Hailu,Melese (MSc, PhD); Araya,hambel(BSc, MSc)Background: Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain have a significant contribution to the understanding of genetic diversity in a particular area. The most commonly occurring type of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is TB Lymphadenitis. Tuberculosis (TB) is a complicated and chronic infectious disease and severely affect the organs. Investigating and understanding the association between Molecular characteristics and drug susceptibility of (MTBC) strains are important to comprehend the transmission dynamics and drug resistance pattern. Objective: To investigate strain diversity and trends of drug resistance pattern of the clinical isolates from Tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN) patients in two different cities of Ethiopia. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 52 previously stored isolates collected from TBLN patients in 2019 from Ambo and from ALERT comprehensive hospital in 2021. Sub-culture using LJ, Line Probe Assay, and Spoligotyping were performed from the stored isolates. Descriptive statistics were used to present frequency of data. A statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 26. A test with a P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 52 culture positive confirmed M. tuberculosis isolates have been used for drug sensitivity testing and strain identification. Out of the 52 spoligotype patterns (strains), 29 isolates matched the preexisting patterns in the SITVIT2 database, the rest 23 found to be new or orphan strains according to SITVIT2 database. Classification of MTBC strains from both cities showed the occurrence of the following predominant lineages, Euro-American (40/52 76.9%), followed by Indo-Oceanic (2/52; 3.8%), and East-African (9/52;17.30%). isolates in two different cities were investigated, isolates from ambo collected in 2019 identified to be sensitive for all major anti-TB drugs. However, culture positive samples collected in 2021 from Addis Ababa have shown resistant strain for both anti TB-drugs, 4 (15%), 3(11.5%) of them have been resistance to both RIF and INH, and the rest 1 isolate were Mono- resistant to INH 1 (3.8%). Conclusion: This study determines the association of drug resistant TB with corresponding lineage and molecular epidemiology in patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis. Lineage 3 and Lineage 4 represented to be most prevalent lineage of M. tuberculosis with high clustering rates of SIT 125, SIT149 and SIT 53, more over these lineages are associated with most of drug resistance M. tuberculosis.Item SARS-CoV-2 variants typing using real-time reverse transcription-PCR-based assays in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-05) G/Meskel,Wodneh; Desta,Kassu(M.Sc., PhD candidate); Diriba,Regassa(M.Sc.); Sisay,Abay (M.Sc., PhD candidate); Abera,Adugna(M.Sc., PhD candidate); Gebreegziabxier,Atsbeha(MSc)Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is a single-stranded positive RNA that possesses 30,000 base pair in diverse variants. Even though genomic sequencing is a well-established variant detection method; but due to its cost and longer result turnaround time attributes less attractive for variant identification in resource-limited countries. These complexities pose the need for RT-PCR based variant typing. Objective: This study aimed to determine the type of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the first four consecutive COVID-19 waves using variant typing PCR in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from nasopharyngeal samples source from EPHI COVID-19 biobank repository. Samples were randomly selected from the first four waves based on their collection dates. A total of 641 NP samples were selected and tested for SARS Cov-2. RNA was extracted using Bioer NPA-32P instrument (Zhejiang, China) using the extraction kit from MagaBio Plus RNA Purification Kit II (Hangzhou, China). The SARS-CoV-2 detection carried out from 10 μl RNA and 20 μl RT-PCR fluorescent mix (Shenzhen, China). The Ct value less than 38 considered positive per the manufacturer. B.1.617 Lineage and 6 S-gene mutation (Shenzhen, China) PCR kits used for variant typing. Result: From the 374 total tested for variant detection, 267 (71.4%) were identified by the variant typing kits. The remaining, 107(28.6%) were not classified by both variant detection kits. Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron, were dominantly identified variants from wave one, two, three and four, respectively. Based on the WHO variant classification, Alpha variant was identified with high proportion from wave-1 but absent in wave-4. Similarly, Beta variant detected from wave 1 to 3 with varied proportion but dominant in wave-2. Delta variant entirely identified from wave 3 and 4; while dominantly identified in wave 3. Omicron was the dominant variant of wave 4. From the total identified positive study samples, 243/267 (91%) variants identified from samples had Ct values less than 30 in diagnostic RT-PCR. Besides to VOC; VOI also identified. Conclusion: The study data demonstrated that RT-PCR type variants from confirmed SARSCoV- 2-positive sample. RT-PCR based variant typing would provide additional screening opportunity; where sequencing opportunity is inaccessible. The assays could be implemented in laboratories that perform SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing.Item The magnitude of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, biofilm production, and antibiotic resistance patterns from patients visited at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-07) Yihunew, Yalelet; Desta,Kassu(MSc, Ass.Prof.); Teklebirhan,Gebreab (MSc, PhD candidate); Asmamaw,Asegedech(BSc., MSc)Background: Urinary tract infections refer to the presence of microbial pathogens within the urinary tract (urethra, bladder, ureters, or kidneys). Self-replicating microbial biofilm population that is polluted by indwelling medical equipment, such as catheters, is a major contributor to nosocomial infections. On the surfaces of indwelling medical devices, a complex bacterial colony known as a bacterial biofilm produces an extracellular polysaccharide matrix. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are one of the most common hospital-acquired illnesses. Objective: To determine the magnitude of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, biofilm producing bacteria, and their antibiotic resistance among patients urinary tract infection at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Across-sectional study was conducted to determine the magnitude of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, biofilm production, and antibiotic resistance. Convenient sampling technique was used to collect data on catheter-associated urinary tract infections, which were collected between December 2022 and May 2023 from catheter urine. The microbiology laboratory received the catheter urine samples right away for isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria. The presumptive isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were further identified using a variety of gram- staining and biochemical techniques. The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates, and the microtiter (96-well plate) method was used to screen for the formation of biofilms by measuring optical density at 630 nm using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay reader using. Results: The prevalence of bacterial pathogens was 54% among the 270 study participants suspected of urinary tract infections related to catheter use. Pseudomonas spp. 23 (15.8%) and E.coli 41 (28%) were the two most common bacterial isolates. The most prevalent isolate of gram-positive bacteria was S. aureus 23 (15.8%). For gram-positive bacteria, cefotaxime and penicillin both demonstrated an increase in antibiotic resistance (75.6% and 71.7%, respectively). The overall percentage of isolates that developed biofilms was 61%, with E. coli (43.9%), pseudomonas spp. (69.6%), CONs (57.9%), and Citrobacter spp. (100%), all of which created robust biofilms. Conclusion: Bacterial isolates were widely distributed among catheter-related infections. The majority of bacterial isolates were at least partially antibiotic-resistant.Item Evaluation of Hematological Profiles among Helicobacter Pylori Infected Adult Outpatients at Wolkite Health Center, Guraghe Zone, Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Moshago,Yemeserach; Tsegaye,Aster (Professor, PhD); Tibebu,Melatwork (MSc, PhD candidate)Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most prevalent gastrointestinal bacterial disease which can disturb hematological parameters of the host and results diverse complications such as anemia, thrombocytopenia and gastric lymphoma. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate Hematological Profiles among Helicobacter pylori infected adult outpatients at Wolkite Health Center, from Jan-April 2023. Methods: This study employed a comparative cross-sectional study design to recruit 340(170 each with age and sex matched) adult outpatients with and without Helicobacter pylori infection. Socio-demographic data was collected using questionnaire. A stool sample was obtained and examined for intestinal parasites and the H. pylori antigen. Blood was collected and analyzed for full blood count, using mindray BC 3000plus hematological analyzer and for screening hemo- parasites at wolkite health center laboratory. The entry and analysis of quantitative data were done using mean and standard deviation and were processed using SPSS version 22. Differences in mean values of hematological parameters between H. pylori positive and negative subjects were tested by independent sample T-test, at 95% confidence interval. Results: Among 170 H. pylori infected adult outpatients 54% were females. The mean HGB (13.56±1.59 g/dl vs.14.01±1.33g/dl, p=0.005), hematocrit (40.98 ±4.81% vs 41.75±3.79%, p=0.029) and leukocytes (6.86 ±2.84 x109/l vs. 6.94±1.77 x109/l, p=0.003) were significantly decreased while percentage of lymphocyte was increased (31.89 ±11.29%vs. 29.56 ±8.60%, p<0.001), the mean difference count for platelets (242.62 ±68.82 x109/l vs 267.46 ±54.71 x109/l, p=0.054)was at the border of significant in Helicobacter pylori infected patients comparing with uninfected groups. Seventeen (10%) of the H. pylori infected patients were positive for intestinal parasites. However, only the MID population was significantly higher in the co-infected group, compared to H. pylori only infected patients (9.73 ±4.45 vs 9.64 ±3.00, p=0.021). Anemia was observed in 27/170 (15.8%) H. pylori positive patients (6 males and 21 females), 12/170(7.1%) and 20/170(11.8%) thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were observed in positive subjects respectively. Conclusion: H. pylori can affect some hematological profiles of adult patients. Performing hematological test for H. pylori infected patients is recommended to manage this illness and further complications.Item Magnitude of Helicobacter Pylori infection among patients with Esophageal cancer and apparently healthy individuals, at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; a comparative cross-sectional study.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Eshetu,Yismu; Desta,Kassu(MSc, PhD candidate); Tsegaye,Aster(MSc, PhD); Abera,Dessie(BSc, MSc,); Nega,Birhanu (MD,Prof.); Mamo,Siyasebwe (MD)Background: Helicobacter pylori are Gram-negative bacterium that can cause diverse types of gastrointestinal tract malignancies including esophageal cancer (EC), though evidences regarding EC are conflicting. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of H. pylori among EC as compared to Healthy individuals. Objective: To investigate the magnitude of Helicobacter Pylori infection among patients with esophageal cancer as compared to apparently healthy individuals. Methods: a health facility-based comparative investigation was done from May 2021 to August 2022 cross-sectionally at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital. Convenient sampling was used to recruit 302 (112 cases and 190 (healthy individuals) participants. Cases of EC were clinically confirmed as well as by Histological Examination. Apparently healthy individuals (staff and attendant) were taken as a comparative group. H. pylori stool antigen as well as serum antibody were measured following standard methods. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 22. Odds ratio was calculated with 95% confidence interval to describe the association between H. pylori and esophageal cancer with level of significance set at p<0.05. Results: Out of 302 study participants, 52% (157/302) were males and 91.1% (102) were residing outside Addis Ababa. Majority, 74.1 % of EC cases had squamous type tumor and 37.4% were in stage II. The magnitude of H. pylori among Esophageal Cancer Patient were 40.2% (45/112) and 4.2% (8/190) in Healthy individuals. H. pylori infection is more infecting the esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) type 48.3% (14/29) compared to ESCC which is 37.4% (31/83); highest prevalence was noted in Stage IV patients (57.1 %). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, being in the age group 40 years and above (AOR=12.23, 95%CI=4.09- 36.53), living outside Addis Ababa (AOR=18.57, 95%CI=5.76-59.8), attaining primary level education and below (AOR=17.24, 95%CI=5.31-55.96), and being positive for H. pylori stool antigen (AOR=20.13, 95%CI=4.79- 84.62) were significantly associated with EC after controlling for throat illness, taking alcohol, family history of throat illness and consuming hot food. Conclusion; Magnitude of Helicobacter pylori was remarkably high among Esophageal Cancer patients compared to Healthy individuals. Further study is needed and moreover, advocacy of patients on the beneficiary effect of identified factors is one strategy to prevent EC.Item Suitcase Laboratory for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Based on Recombinase Aided Isothermal Amplification Assay.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-19) Mussa Daniel; Desta KassuTechniques such as RT-PCR are not only expensive and time-consuming but also require a high level of expertise, limiting their widespread deployment, particularly in resource-constrained regions. Mobile Suitcase Laboratory equipped with Recombinase Aided Isothermal Amplification assay, is an alternative approach which potentially overcomes those challanges by providing a rapid, cost-effective, and user-friendly assay for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a point of need Mobile suitcase laboratory based on Recombinase Aided isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus.Item Assessement of Platelet Parameters among Adult Ptb Patients at Two Hcs, in Nsc and Lsc, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-07-30) Alemu Desalegn; JEMAL ALEMUPulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) is one of the most burdensome infectious diseases in the world. By the year 2022, 10.6 million people developed symptomatic tuberculosis disease and 1.3 million people died. Studies have shown that not only the lungs, but the disease also affects bone marrow and hematological abnormalities were reported. However, little is known about platelet profile of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia.Item Assessment of Dialysis Treatment Outcome and Associated factors among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Attending Selected Governmental Hospitals Dialysis Treatment Center Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Mebratie,Simegn; Welde,Mistire(MSc, PhD Ass.Prof.); G/Egziabher,Tatek (MSc, PhD Candidet)Background: Chronic kidney disease is an advanced loss in kidney function over a period of time. It is identified by higher amount of creatinine and lower glomerular filtration rate. Chronic kidney disease is a growing problem worldwide leading to increasing incidence of life- threatening complications and mortalities. Dialysis treatment is an indication of end stage renal disease in the chronic kidney disease patients. Effective dialysis procedure is reducing renal damage and disease complication. Objective: the aim of this study was to assess the effective dialysis treatment and associated factors among chronic kidney disease patients at selected hospital Addis Ababa Ethiopia from April to June 2022. Methods: A Hospital based Cross sectional study was conducted at the three selected hospitals from April to June 2022. Proportion to population size was applied to determine the proportion of participants from the study areas based on the number of chronic kidney disease dialysis patients that attended the hospitals during the study period. During the study, besides to collecting socio-demographic information, history of comorbidity and treatment questionnaires related to risk factor assessment for poor dialysis outcomes were administered. Blood sample were collected and serum creatinine and urea were analyzed and calculated using Cockcroft Gault equation for eGFR. The effectiveness of dialysis was evaluated with URR, Kt/v and eGFR. The collected data was encoded, checked, cleaned and entered in to Microsoft excel software, and then imported to SPSS version 26 software for further statistical analysis. Result: The total study subjects were 102. Of them 65(63.7%) were males and the mean ±SD age of the subject was 38.67 ± 13.06 years with 18-86 years range. The mean ±SD of URR, KT/V and eGFR values were 68.74% ± 20.61, 1.46 ± 0.24 and 25.63± 12.38ml/min/1.73m2 respectively. Assessment of hemodialysis results 64(62.75%) and 75(73.5%) were very good in URR and KT/V respectively. 71(69.6%) were good in eGFR value. Conclusion: The present study indicated that overall evaluation of dialysis treatment conducted at the selected hospitals were very good.Item Assessment of Hepatitis B Sero Prevalence , and Associated Factors Among Adult Outpatients Visiting Selected Health Facilities in Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-12) Abdurrahman Shewmolo; Kassu DestaHepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus and is the most serious type of viral hepatitis. Hepatitis B is a widespread infectious disease throughout the world. Hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus that causes acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. HBsAg is the main clinical marker indicating acute or chronic infection. Objective: To assess the sero prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus, and associated factors among adult outpatients visiting selected Health facilities in Ethiopia. Methods: Health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to October 2021 among Anitinatal care, Anti retrovirus therapy and adult outpatients visiting health facilities in selected towns of Ethiopia. A total of 3398 participants were selected for the prevalence study, and 1400 participants were selected for the risk factors assessment study from Addis Ababa, Ambo, Asela, and Batu towns. Blood samples were collected as part of routine medical services, and Leftover serum was tested for HBsAg using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All positive results within 10 % gray zone margins of OD were repeated for the same ELISA test and immunoassay. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 statistical package software. Results: Of 3398 study participants 2406 (70.9%) were females. The mean and median age was 34.10 and 30 years respectively. The overall HBsAg prevalence was 7.42% (95% CI = 6.6 -8.3) (252/3398), without showing any significant difference in sex and age category. Of 1400 sub population which we assessed the risk factors for acquisition of HBV, 72.4 % (1013) were female and 80 .1 % (1121) live in urban area. Rural population were 2.25 times more likely to be infected by HBV than people from urban (OR = 2.248; 95% CI 1.37 -3.69, P = .001). More over family history of viral hepatitis were found to be the strongest predictors of HBV infection (OR = 3.84 (95% CI: 1.73-8.52), P =.001). Conclusion: The sero prevalence of HBSAg in this study was moderately high. The prevalence was higher among rural residence and family history of HBV. Therefore, there should be organized health education emphasizing on rural population and screening of family member infected with HBV.Item Bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance pattern among cancer patients who are takingChemotherapy at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Yimam, Seid; Hailu Melese; Yohannes MeronBackground:Bacterial infection is one of the most common complications among cancerpatients. Bacterial infection and antimicrobial resistance remains a major cause of life-threatening complications in patients receiving anticancer chemotherapy.This study wasused toassess the epidemiology of bacteria in cancer patients who are taking chemotherapy inTikurAnbessa Specializedhospital, emphasizing antibiotic resistanceof theisolated organism. Objective: To assess bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance pattern among cancer patientsactive on chemotherapy at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 197 cancer patients active on chemotherapy participatedfrom February toMay,2021 at Tikur Anbessa specializedHospital in Addis Ababa.Bloodandurine from each participantwas taken. Using a convenient sampling technique, a total of 197blood cultures and 197 urine cultures were performed. Early morning midstream urine (MSU)specimens were collected using lick-proof re-usable sterile plastic containers. All blood andurine samples were cultured and bacterial isolates were identified by their colony morphology,gram staining reaction, and biochemical tests. Drug susceptibility testing was done using theKirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Data analyses were performed using SPSS version 24.0 Result:Out of 197 blood cultures, 30/197(15.23%) were positive, and from the total 197 urinecultures, 29/197(14.72%) isolates were positive. Gram-negative bacteria 42/59(71.19%) were thepredominant pathogens.CoNS7(23.33%) andS. aureus6(20%) were the most dominantbloodstream bacteria.E.coli9(31.03%) was the predominantly isolated bacteriuria. Resistancefor three classes of antibiotics was detected, 4/8(50%) ofmultidrug resistanceCoNS, 5/8(62.5%)of Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, 3/14(21.43%) of MDREscherichia coli,2/11(18.18%) MDRKlebsiella pneumoniae, 1/3(33.33%) MDRK.oxytocaand 1/1(100%)MDREnterobacter aerogenesisolated. Conclusion:Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed an increasing level ofresistance for most of the antibiotics usedempirical therapy is alarming.Routine determinationof the microbial and drug resistance spectrum of pathogens should be an essential componentespecially cancer patients active on chemotherapy infection control and care in our setting.Item Magnitude of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections and Risk Factor among Police Personnel in Addis Ababa Police Commission Residence Camp, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-07) Mesfin, Solomon; Mulu, Andargachew(PhD); Diriba, Regassa (MSc)Background: Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV & HCV) are viruses causing viral hepatitis. Its infections are still major public health problems around the globe. Police personnel are high-risk people for parenteral and sexually transmitted diseases such as hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Therefore a dual infection of these viruses can occur and even persists in the same patient. Data regarding magnitude of HBV and HCV among police officers in Ethiopia is limited. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine magnitude and risk factor of HBV and HCV among Police personnel at Addis Ababa Police Commission residence camp. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional survey was conducted from March - July 2021 on Addis Ababa Police commission camp personnel’s. By using simple random sampling method ten police camps selected and then calculated sample size was distribute to each camp by population proportion to size applying proportional allocation formula and collect basic demographic and other data for risk factor analysis. Serum samples from each volunteering personnel’s was screened for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HCVAb by using qualitative rapid and ELISA test kits. Data were entered into EPI-INFO version 7, then cleaned and verified. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 25. A p-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Result: A total of 422 study participants were involved. The majorities (75 %) of them were males and the remaining quarters were females. The age distribution range form 18-57 years. The majority 58.8% were occupational activity in the organization as criminal defense. The overall prevalence of HBsAg and HCV were 4.3% and 0.7%, respectively. High prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV Ab was observed in age 28-37 years. History of contact with jaundiced patient (AOR (95%CI) 21.025(4.30; 104.71), p = 0.000), shaving (AOR (95%CI) 29.21.74(1.45; 587 .61), p = 0.028), alcohol consumption (AOR (95%CI) 5.36(1.10, 26.09), p = 0.038) and occupation of crime defense (AOR (95%CI) 0.027(.002, 0.403), p = 0.009) were significantly associated with hepatitis B virus. Conclusion: Intermediate prevalence of HBV and low prevalence of HCV were observed among police officers.