Medical Laboratory Sciences
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Item Evaluation of Hematological Parameters among Gas station Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Mesfin, Abigail; Tsegaye, Aster (PhD); Negash, Mikias (PhD)Background: Chronic exposure of gas station workers to hydrocarbons of gasoline particularly benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene were reported to induce bone marrow failure and impaired hematopoietic system. However hematological profile of gas station workers is not well documented in resource limited settings like Ethiopia in particular in the study area Addis Ababa. Objective: To evaluate hematological parameters of gas station workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from January to March 2025. Methods: Comparative cross sectional study was conducted on 302 (151 exposed and 151 apparently healthy control) study subjects enrolled using convenient sampling technique. Complete blood count was performed using Unicel®DxH800 Beckman-coulter automated hematology analyzer and peripheral morphology using wright stain were used to diagnose any hematological changes in participants. Socio-demographic and duration of exposure was collected using a semi structured questionnaire and observational checklist. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 30 was used to enter and analyze the data. Result: From the total participants 13.2% (20/151) from exposed and 13.2% (20/151) from control group of the participants were women. Median age of participants was 36.23±9.41 and 36.08±9.41, respectively. Hemoglobin (16.39±1.43 vs 15.54±1.85; p<0.001), Mean platelet volume (9.3±1.24 vs 9.0±1.2; p=0.031), lymphocyte percentage (28.39±9.13 vs 25.40±8.8; p=0.004), absolute lymphocyte (1.69±0.59 vs 1.39±0.41; p<0.001) were significantly higher in gas station workers as compared with the control group. The highest number of exposed group, 66 (43.7%), had worked in the gas station for 2 and less years. Conclusion; Overall, the current study findings have revealed that occupational exposure to gasoline have significant alteration on selected hematological parameters. The increased lymphocyte count and decrease hemoglobin with long term exposure suggest varied effect on different cell lineages. Decreased neutrophil and monocyte count observed were also implication of early stage hematological disturbance due to chronic benzene exposure.Item Wastage rate, management practices, and contributing factors of medical laboratory reagents and consumables in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025-10) Kefyalew, Birhanetinsae; Sisay, Abay (PhD); Nigatu, Alemayehu (MPH); Teshome, DawitBackground: Medical laboratory reagents and consumables are unusable due to expiration, damage or loss. Wastage have negative impact on both operational efficacy and financial sustainability. Identifying and addressing major challenged faced in managing stock available help to reduce waste and improve patient health care. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the wastage rate of medical laboratory reagents and consumables, along with their management practices and contributing factors, in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, during 2024/25 Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in six public hospitals in Addis Ababa. Retrospective one-year data and prospective data was collected during the study period. Checklist and a structured questioner was developed from assessment tools. After verifying the completeness, data were coded and entered into EPI info and exported to SPSS software for analysis. The association between the dependent and independent variables was also analyzed using a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed using the open code 4.03 software. The data was then taken for thorough reading and a codebook was developed for analysis. Narrative approached was used to illustrate the finding.Result: A total of 993 item Laboratory reagent and commodities expired in the study hospitals. The overall laboratory reagent and consumable wastage rate was 11.25%. Acceptable storage requirement were fulfilled in 85% of storeroom in the study hospital. In the study hospitals, items were purchased using the program and Revolving Drug Fund system. Inventory was managed using Bin Card, Internal facility report and resupply, Report and requisition form, and Model 22. computer based Logistic information management system, Item received near expiration and equipment breakdown were associated factor for wastage. In qualitative finding equipment breakdown, prolong shipment, receiving near expiration and push system were stated as cause of wastage. Conclusion: The wastage rate of laboratory reagent and consumable in selected hospital was 11.25%. Model 22, internal facility report and resupply, Report and requisition form and bin card were used to manage inventory. Wastage is statistically associated with computer based Logistic information management system AOR=0.029; 95% CI (0.08, 0.11), item received close expiration AOR=3.24; 95% CI (1.09, 9.57) and equipment breakdown AOR=4.36; 95% CI (1.29, 14.77). To reduce waste, public hospitals should work to address inventory management challenge and cause of wastageItem Bacterial Profile and Drug Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates from Surgical Site Infections, Healthcare workers’ Hands and the Surrounding Environment at Surgical wards of Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-10) Melaku, Gelila; Desta, Kassu (Ass. Prof.); Asmamaw, Asegedech (PhD fellow); Gebreyohannes, ZenebeBackground: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are infections affecting wounds from invasive surgery. Hospitals harbor many bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains, on frequently touched surfaces like work areas, medical equipment, and even furniture, which pose a significant risk for the development of SSIs. Objective: To assess the bacterial profile and drug susceptibility patterns of isolates from SSIs, health care workers’(HCWs’) hands and the surrounding environment at surgical wards of Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study, was conducted from June to October, 2024, and collected a total of 327 samples. All samples were inoculated on MacConkey and Blood agar. Gram staining and biochemical assays were used for identification of the bacteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on Muller-Hinton agar by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique and data analysis, was performed using SPSS version 26. Results: The study revealed that out of total 327 samples 90.2 % were harboring bacterial growth. Only 9.8 % samples showed no bacterial growth. Mixed bacterial growth seen in 22.4%. A total of 368 bacterial isolates were identified. Gram-positive bacteria comprised 57.6 % (212) of the isolates, while Gram-negative bacteria accounted for the remaining 42.4% (156). High resistance rates were observed among Gram-negative isolates, including ceftriaxone resistant rate of 91.1%.Whereas, Gram-positive isolates showed high resistance against penicillin 89.7%. This study revealed a high prevalence of MDR, affecting 82.7% (177/214) of the isolates. Conclusion and recommendation: This study highlights a high prevalence of bacterial contamination in SSIs, HCWs' hands, and surgical ward environment. Klebsiella species, S.aureus, and E.coli were identified as the major contributors to postoperative SSIs. It exposes critical concerns regarding antibiotic resistance in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective infection control measures and antibiotic stewardship.Item Magnitude of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Malaria and Associated Factors among Military Personnel in the Bilate Commando and Airborne Training Center, Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Geremew, Efrem; Hailu, Asrat (PhD); Solomon, Gezahegn (PhD); Alemu, YonasBackground: Malaria remains a significant global challenge in terms of health and economic impact, particularly in Ethiopia, where it poses serious risks to military personnel. The disease significantly affects soldiers, leading to illness and fatalities that impede military operations, recognizing the role of both asymptomatic and symptomatic soldiers in malaria-prone military settings is essential for effective control and prevention of disease transmission. Objective: To assess the magnitude of asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria and contributing factors among military personnel in the Bilate Commando and Airborne training center. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in May and June 2024, involving 403 military personnel. Data were gathered using semi-structured questionnaires, along with finger prick blood samples for parasite detection through microscopy, RDTs, and qPCR analysis. Data entry and analysis were performed using Epi Info 3.1 and SPSS version 27. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was utilized to explore the relationship between outcome and predictor variables, supported by descriptive statistics. A p-value of < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Result: The study involved 403 soldiers, and identified an overall magnitude rate of 37% (149/403), with nearly equal distribution of P. falciparum at 45.6% (68/149) and P. vivax accounted for 44.3% (66/149). Among the 293 asymptomatic soldiers, prevalence rates were 18.1%, 17.7%, and 45.1% using microscopy, RDTs, and qPCR respectively. In contrast, the 110 symptomatic soldiers showed higher prevalence rates of 64.5%, 60.9%, and 87.2% by microscopy, RDTs, and qPCR respectively. The geometric mean parasite density was 101,531 copies/μl by qPCR and 24,378 asexual parasites/μl by microscopy. Significant risk factors for malaria infection included a previous history of malaria (AOR=0.508, 95% CI=0.317-0.813) and receiving educational messages regarding malaria (AOR=3.385, 95% CI: 1.433-7.995), both statistically significant at P < 0.05. Additionally, there was almost perfect concordance between RDT and microscopy results. Conclusion: The study identified high malaria rates among soldiers in military camps, suggesting these sites as transmission hotspots. It recommends including military camps in the national surveillance system to enhance tracking of infection trendsItem Evaluation and Professional Perspectives toward Implementation of Six Sigma Metrics in Clinical Chemistry Tests at selected hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-10) Eshetu, Selam; Sisay, Abay (PhD, Ass. Prof.); Hassen, Fatuma (Ass. Prof.); Benti, Haile (PhD cand)Background: Laboratory errors have potential to cause harm and be fatal so reduction of errors, which is the idea of Six Sigma, is essential. From internal quality control and external quality control data coefficient of variance, bias and total allowable error will be extracted and calculate sigma metrics. There is lack of sufficient knowledge about methodology, process and implementation of Six Sigma. Objective: The study aim to evaluate and assess professional perspectives toward implementation of Six Sigma metrics in Clinical Chemistry Tests at selected hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2024/2025 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2025. A judgmental sampling method was used to select hospitals and laboratory tests were included in the study. In depth interview was used for qualitative method. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude of the participants. After verifying the completeness, data were coded, entered into SPSS version 25 for analysis. Microsoft Excel record sheet was used to collect daily IQC and recent EQA data for 10 tests and analysis done on excel for quantitative method Descriptive statistics were computed.Result: sigma metrics was evaluated for 10 tests in Hospital A and 9 tests in Hospital B. Totally 12(60%) at Hospital A and 18(100%) at Hospital B tests had unacceptable/ poor sigma metrics. Cobas 6000 have better sigma metrics than Beckman coulter DXC 700 based on six common tests. A total of 37 staffs was participated. Majority of participants 13(68.4%) at Hospital B and 13(72.2%) at Hospital B have first degree. Only 12(32.4%) of professionals answer above mean. We obtained 18 (48.6%) professionals have positive attitude toward six sigma method. Conclusion: Continuous process improvement was required for majority of tests. Manager commitment, formal training program, adequate staff with good knowledge and attitude, self-motivation and financial issues were challenges for not implementing of six sigma method.Item Magnitude of Pediatric Sepsis and Antimicrobial Resistance at Adama Medical College Hospital, Adama, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Redwan, Megfira; Hailu, Melese (PhD); Diriba, RegasaBackground: Pediatric sepsis and antimicrobial resistance are a leading cause of severe illness and death among children, especially in developing countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of pediatric sepsis and antimicrobial resistance at Adama Medical College Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Adama Hospital Medical College from March 2024 to January 2025. Blood was collected for culture in aseptic techniques and Tryptic Soya Broth was used for inoculation. Following incubation, subculturing was performed on blood agar, chocolate agar and MacConkey agar plates. For samples that showed bacterial growth, identification was carried out based on colony morphology, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. Once the bacterial species were identified, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion methods. Additional tests were conducted to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, carbapenemase resistance, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Result: Among 400 blood cultures done, 144 (36%) showed bacterial growth. The bacteria that were most dominant in this study were Staphylococcus aureus 36 (25%), Acinetobacter baumannii 25 (17.4%), Enterobacter cloacae 13 (9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 8 (5.6%), and Serratia marcescens 8 (5.6%). Enterobacteriaceae most often showed resistance to ampicillin (94.1%), cefotaxime (89.2%), cefepime (86.2%), and ceftazidime (84.6%). MDR frequency of Enterobacteriaceae was 87%, and Gram-positive was 33.3%. MRSA was found to be 88.9%, ESBL production was detected in 87.5% of Citrobacter koseri (n=8), 85.7% in Providencia stuartii (n=7), and 83.3% in Enterobacter cloacae (n=12), and carbapenemase resistance was detected in 100% of Pantoea agglomerans (n=2) and 50% of Acinetobacter baumannii (n=6). Conclusion: The prevalence of pediatric sepsis and the level of multidrug resistance (MDR) among the children studied were notably high. However, certain antibiotics from the carbapenem class, along with amikacin, demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity. The rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms were also significantly higher than expected.Item Multidrug Resistance and Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacteriaceae on Clinical Samples Referred to Wudassie Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-07) Getachew, Yordanos; Desta, Kassu (PhD); Diriba, RegasaBackground: One of the largest risks to world health is the spread of microorganisms that are resistant to drugs. According to estimates, the mortality rate from Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (CRKP) infections ranges from 37.2% to 42.1%. In 2019, Ethiopia reported 21,200 deaths directly attributable to Anti-microbial resistance. Objectives: To assess multidrug resistance and carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae on clinical samples referred to Wudassie Advanced Medical Laboratory. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2024 to March 2025. A total of 1105 patients from which 439 were suspected of sepsis, 110 suspected of wound infection, 45 suspected of meningitis, 353 suspected of urinary tract infection and 153 suspected of other infections, whose specimens were sent to wudassie advanced medical laboratory during the study period were included in this study. Isolates were identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption & Ionization- Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) (EXS 3000, Zybio Inc., China). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique and carbapenemase production was confirmed by modified carbapenem inactivation technique. Data entered using epi data version 4.6 and analyzed using Statistical Package for social sciences statistical software version 26 and the result was displayed with graphs, tables and words and compared with previous studies. Result: Out of 1105 eligible patients, 288 of them had microbial growth. Of this,156 of them were Enterobacteriaceae. The predominant isolate was E. coli followed by K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis. From 156 Enterobacteriaceae isolated, 78.8% of them were multidrug resistant and 19.5% of them were carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). K. pneumoniae was the most abundant CPE isolate. Most of CPE producing isolates were from urine specimen followed by wound and sputum specimen. Conclusion: The findings highlights a high prevalence of multidrug-resistance and a rise in the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Thus, it is important to review current treatment guidelines for better patient management and outcome.Item Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Mother-to-Child Transmission and Associated Risk Factors among Mothers Attending Gambella Health Facilities, South-Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Teshome, Bethelhem; Berhe, Nega( PhD); Feleke, Aklilu (PhD); Johannssen, Asgeir(PhD); Desalegn, Hailemichael (PhD)According to World Health Organization, about 2 billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus. More than 254 million people live with chronic Hepatitis B virus infection worldwide. Most individuals with chronic HBV infection contracted the virus during perinatal period or early childhood. Infected perinatal mothers serve as a reservoir for the virus. Hepatitis B is a global public health problem, particularly in Ethiopia where the burden of the disease is compounded by high mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rates. However there was no data on MTCT in Gambella. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus, mother-to-child transmission and associated risk factors among mothers attending Expanded Program on Immunization clinics at health facilities in Gambella, South-Western Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 350 mothers selected using systematic random sampling method. Data on socio-demography and associated risk factors were collected using structured questionnaire. Mothers were screened for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and then positive mothers were assessed for Hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) and viral load (VL). Exposed infants were tested for HBsAg and viral load at 9-15 months of age and a positive result for either were to be taken as evidence of MTCT. Data analysis was done using STATA version 20. The overall HBsAg seroprevalence among mothers was 7.4% (95% Confidence Interval: 5.1%-10.7%). History of abortion (AOR=3.5; 95% CI: 1.2-10.4; P=0.026), history of multiple sexual partner (AOR=5.5; 95% CI: 1.7-17.8; P=0.004) and having family member infected with HBV (AOR=3.7; 95% CI: 1.3-10.9; P=0.02) were factors significantly associated with seroprevalence of HBV infection. The prevalence of MTCT was 0% with 96.2% HBeAg negative CHB and maternal VL ranging between <10 and 15,000 IU/ml. Gambella has intermediate seroprevalence of HBV among mothers. Almost all infected mothers had chronic hepatitis B with negative HBeAg and low viral load predominance. Therefore, HBV screening should be strengthened. Mothers sould be encouraged to receive the hepatitis B. Safe and comprehensive abortion care should be provided to all mothers in need. Provision of health education about HBV and its preventive methods is inevitable. Further molecular characterization should be conducted.Item Assessment of Hematological Parameters Alteration and Associated Factors among Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy at Worabe Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Worabe, Central Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Nassir, Abdilaziz; Urgessa, Fekadu (PhD candidate); Tamir, Zemenu (PhD)Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer that forms tumors in the tissues of the breast and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Chemotherapy, the most effective treatment for breast cancer, targets not only cancer cells but also rapidly dividing healthy cells, including the bone marrow cells. These bone marrow cell damages can reduce the quality of life of the patient. Objective: To determine hematological parameter alteration and associated risk factors in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at Worabe Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from December 2023 to December 2024, Worabe, Central Ethiopia. Methods: A cohort study design with primary and secondary data was implemented in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy at Worabe Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. After receiving consent, patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified. Sociodemographic and clinical information were gathered by using a structured questionnaire and from the patient's file. About 3-4 ml of blood was collected and analyzed by using a Sysmex 550 hematological analyzer throughout four chemotherapy cycles. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 27. The data were summarized and described by using descriptive statistics. Non-parametric tests (Friedman, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni correction) were employed for statistical analysis, due to the non-normal distribution of the data. Result: This study of 43 female breast cancer patients revealed significant decreases in median values for RBC count (4.70 to 4.27 ×10⁶/μl), hemoglobin (13.60 to 12.60 g/dl), hematocrit (39.6 to 36.7%), MCH (29.3 to 28.9 pg), and MCHC (34.3 to 33.3 g/dl), but the RDW and MCV significantly rose. While the WBC parameters, including total WBC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, also decreased significantly. The platelet counts rose insignificantly. The sociodemographic like residence and clinical factors, such as stage of cancer and age, were affect RBC count, hemoglobin level, MCV, and MCH during chemotherapy. The total WBC and platelet count during the treatment of chemotherapy were affected by metastasis of the cancer, occupation, and stage of the cancer, but many findings weren’t significant after Bonferroni correction. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that breast cancer chemotherapy can significantly impact most hematological profiles, including RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total WBC count, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count. The platelet count shows an insignificant increment. Stage and metastasis of the cancer and residence of the patient increase the effect of chemotherapy.Item Bacterial profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infections among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Shemsu, Sophiya; Hailu, Melese (PhD); Abera,DessieBACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection is a common infection affecting any part of the uri-nary system,caused by the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms.Pregnant women are at high risk of developing UTIs due to physiological and anatomical changes.If left un-treated,can lead to complications for both mother and fetus ,making early detection and man-agement essential. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to determine the bacterial profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among 332 pregnant women from April to August 2024 at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Cen-ter. A clean-catch midstream urine sample was collected, delivered and inoculated on Mac-Conkey agar and blood agar.Biochemical tests, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and ESBL and carbapenemase production tests were done.All demographic, clinical and laboratory data obtained from the study subjects were entered to SPSS version 20.Logistic regression ,descriptive statistics analyses and odds ratio at 95% confidence interval were carried out to conduct the output of the result. RESULTS: From the total 332 participants in this study the overall prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women was 30.1%.Among the isolated bacteria gram negative bacteria accounted for 58% while gram positive made up 42%.There was no significance as-sociation between urinary tract infection and socio demographic factors.In clinical diagnosis urine chemical examinationand microscopy was significantly associated with urinary tract infections Also no ESBL and carbapenem resistance gram negative bacteria were found. CONCLUSION: From this finding we conclude that the prevalence of UTI is high. Any posi-tive cases must be treated to prevent complication during pregnancy.As the study found a significant association between urine chemical examination and microscopy for diagnosing UTIs, regular screening is important for early detection.Item Bacteriological Quality and Associated Factors of Ready-to-consume Juices in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Mekonnen, Hana; Hailu, Melese (PhD); Teklebirhan,GebreabBackground: Ready-to-consume fruit juices are highly valued for their nutritional benefits, however, pose significant public health risks due to microbial contamination caused by poor hygiene, improper handling, and inadequate sanitation practices, particularly in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the bacteriological quality and associated factors of ready-to-consume fruit juices in Yeka sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2024, involving 189 juice samples collected from 63 local vendors. The plate count method was used to determine aerobic plate counts, total coliform, and thermotolerant coliform counts, while the spread plate method was used for Staphylococcus count on Mannitol Salt Agar. Escherichia coli detection involved transferring positive thermotolerant coliform samples to Nutrient broth, followed by confirmation using Kovacs reagent. For Salmonella and Shigella, Buffered Peptone Water and Rappaport Vassiliadis enrichment broths were used, with Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar serving as the selective medium; pinkish colonies with black centers were confirmed through biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Muller Hinton Agar for all bacterial isolates. Vendor hygiene practices were evaluated using structured questionnaires and checklists, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare medians among different juice types. Bivariate logistic regression and multiple logistic regression were applied to assess relationships between dependent and independent variables, with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The analysis revealed that the median for aerobic colony Results: The analysis revealed that the median for aerobic colony count, total coliform, thermotolerant coliform, and staphylococcal count across all samples were 7.14 × 106 CFU/ml, 2.8 × 106 CFU/ml, 6.4 × 104 CFU/ml, and 2.2 × 103 CFU/ml, respectively. From a total of 189 samples, the pathogens identified included E. coli, which was found in 29.1% of cases, S. aureus in 45.5%, and Salmonella in 6.9%. The presence of hand washing facilities, frequency of hand washing, and the cleaning agents used were significant contributing factors for the presence of Salmonella, with AOR of 5.34 (95% CI: 1.06–26.81, p = 0.002), 0.07 (95% CI: 0.01–0.15, p < 0.001), and 0.127 (95% CI: 0.028–0.57, p <0.001), respectively. Moreover, hair cover usage was also significantly associated with S. aureus detection with (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2-7.1, p = 0.016). E. coli exhibited moderate resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, with 10.9% multidrugresistant (MDR). Salmonella demonstrated 100% resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, with a 15.38% MDR level. Moreover, 41.9% of S. aureus identified were MDR with resistant to tetracycline (51.2% n=44/86), penicillin (90.7% n=78/86), and oxacillin (66.3% n=57/86). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified in 58.1% of S. aureus isolates, while extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was detected in 21.8% of E. coli isolates. Conclusion: The findings from this study clearly indicate the poor hygienic conditions of these juices and the consumers are at risk of getting food-borne infections and underscore the urgent need for improved hygiene practices, regular monitoring, and targeted public health interventions to reduce microbial risks in ready-to-consume fruit juices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Item Multidrug-resistant bacterial profiles of inanimate objects at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Lidet, Hiwot; Hailu, Melese(PhD); Yohannes, MeronIntroduction: Nosocomial pathogens cause serious nosocomial infections and are acquired in healthcare settings within a few days of patient admission. The transfer of bacteria from inanimate surfaces to patients is a major factor in the spread of HAIs. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was done at Zewditu Memorial Hospital from June to November 2024. A total of 204 inanimate objects situated at operational rooms and intensive care units were swabbed. All of the specimens were cultivated onto MacConkey as well as blood agar. Each positive sample was evaluated using colony structure, gram-staining plus biochemical assays. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents test was done by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique. ESBL producers were confirmed by the Double disc Synergy and combination disc test while carbapenemase producers was checked using the Modified Carbapenem inactivation method. MRSA was identified using the Cefoxitin Disk Diffusion Test. All tests were done according to the guidelines of CLSI 34th edition 2024. Result: Out of the 204 swabbed samples, 77.45% (n=158/204) showed bacterial growth with an overall count of 171 bacteria isolates. Among them Gram-positive bacterial agent were 71.3% (n=122/171) and Gram negative bacteria were 28.6% (n=49/171). CoNS 46.1% (n=79/171) and Bacillus spp. 21.6% (n=37/171) were the most prevalent isolates identified. Out of the total isolates 55 were identified as pathogenic based on their ability to cause disease and selected for antibiotic resistance testing. Gram negative bacteria showed high resistance to ampicillin (67.3%), amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (61.2%), ciprofloxacin (63.2%), sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim (63.2%), cefepime (57.1%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (55.1%). Similarly gram positive bacteriashowed high resistance to azithromycin (100%), penicillin (100%), clindamycin (100%), and erythromycin (100%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 61.8% (34/55) of the isolates. The total incidence of ESBL as well as carbapenemase-producer bacteria from the suspected isolates was 26.5% (n=13/49) and 12.2% (n=6/49) respectively while the prevalence of MRSA was 50% (n=3/6).Item Complete Blood Count Profile and Association with Disease Severity among Hospitalized COVID-19 Adult Patients at Two COVID-19 Treatment Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Korra, Fekadu; Fita, Fekadu Urgessa; Hussein, Mintewab; Hagos,Afework (Ass.Prof.)Background: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the disease COVID-19, has rapidly spread worldwide, present significant public health challenges. In low-resource settings, there is a critical need for straightforward, accessible, and cost-effective laboratory tests that can effectively indicate the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Among various diagnostic tools, the Complete Blood Count (CBC) offers a practical approach for evaluating the hematological alterations associated with COVID-19. Understanding the CBC profile's relationship with disease severity in hospitalized patients can be invaluable for clinicians, as it may guide treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes in environments where advanced diagnostic facilities are limited. This study aims to investigate the association between CBC parameters and the severity of COVID-19 illness in hospitalized patients, thereby enhancing our ability to monitor and manage this global health crisis. Methods: This prospective study evaluated hematological findings in 384 adult COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center and Eka Kotebe General Hospital from May 25 to September 21, 2021. The Complete Blood Count (CBC) profiles were assessed at three time points: upon admission, on day 7, and on day 21, distinguishing between non-severe and severe cases based on clinical criteria. Key hematological parameters, including white bloodcell count, neutrophil count, Eosinophil count, lymphocyte count, NLR and platelet count, were analyzed to identify association with disease severity. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine these relationships and changes in hematological profiles over time. The findings aim to demonstrate the potential of CBC parameters as indicators of prognosis and to support clinical decision-making in resource-limited environments. Results: Patients with severe COVID-19 demonstrated significantly elevated mean white blood cell (WBC) counts upon admission (9.9x10³ vs. 8.4x10³ cells/mm³) and by day seven (9.97x10³ vs. 8.5x10³ cells/mm³; p=0.001). The mean absolute neutrophil count was also significantly higher in severe cases compared to non-severe cases at both admission (8.7 vs. 7.1) and day seven (8.9 vs. 7.1; p<0.0001). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was notably higher in severe cases from admission to day 21 (18.9 vs. 11.8, 15.5 vs. 9.7, and 14.0 vs. 8.8; p<0.0001), while lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in severe cases throughout this period (p<0.05). Additionally, severe patients had a reduced average percentage of eosinophils (0.31 vs. 0.54;p<0.0001) and lower platelet counts (251 vs. 275.8; p<0.05) compared to non-severe cases at admission. Conclusions: This study highlights significant hematological differences between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients. Severe cases exhibited higher mean WBC and absolute neutrophil counts, a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and lower mean absolute lymphocyte and percentage eosinophil counts compared to non-severe cases during their hospital stay.Item Assessments of Serum level Vitamin D and Thyroid Function Tests among Newly Diagnosed Female Breast Cancer Patients attending in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Meles, Mehari; Edao, Abebe; Alem, Mekdes; Hailu, Habteyes (PhD)Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, with high global mortality. Vitamin D deficiency and thyroid dysfunction may influence BC through hormonal regulation and immune modulation. Thyroid hormones affect cell metabolism and proliferation, while vitamin D has anti-proliferative effects on breast tissue. Thyroid dysfunction can alter estrogen metabolism, impacting BC risk. However, data on serum vitamin D and thyroid hormone levels in Ethiopian BC patients are limited. This study aims to assess these levels in newly diagnosed female BC patients. Methods: A Facility-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2024 in Tikur Anbessa Specialty Hospital. A convenient sampling method was employed to recruit 69 females newly diagnosed with breast cancer as a case group and 69 samples from apparently healthy females as a control group. Blood samples were collected and sent to Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) for Serum 25 hydroxyl vitamin D (25(HO) D) Concentration and Thyroid Function Tests , by using a COBAS 6000 analyzer. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Independent T-tests, chi-square test, One-way ANOVA tests, Kruskal Wallis test, and multiple linear regression tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Breast cancer patients had significantly lower Total Triiodothyronine (TT3) levels(1.2±0.28 ng/mL) than healthy controls (1.4±0.19 ng/mL, p<0.001). Free Triiodothyronine (FT3) was also significantly reduced in BC patients (p< 0.001). 25(HO) D levels showed a significant lower median value in BC patients compared to healthy control groups (p=0.043). Breast cancer stage and subtype significantly influence thyroid function and vitamin D levels, with advanced stages associated with altered thyroid hormones and reduced 25(OH) D levels. Conclusion: Breast Cancer patients exhibited significantly lower TT3 and FT3 levels compared to controls. Although vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in both groups, severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL) was significantly higher in the BC patients. Therefore, monitoring and managing vitamin D and thyroid hormone levels could be important components of breast cancer risk assessment and prevention strategies. However, larger-scale studies are needed to further validate and strengthen these findings.Item Assessment of Lipid Profiles and Associated Factors among Patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Gudisa,Abditsion Disani; Negesso, Abebe Edao (Ass. Prof.); Dekebo, Gobena Dedefo; Alem, Mekdes; Zenebe, YaredBackground: Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease are the most common neurodegenerative diseases with major public health impact. These neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with dysregulation of lipid metabolism. However, the monitoring of lipid profiles for those patients was not common in the study area due to the paucity of published evidence about their lipid profiles. Objective: To assess lipid profiles and associated factors among patients with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer's diseases at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A hospital-based, prospective, cross-sectional study was undertaken starting in March to June, 2024, among 172 conveniently selected study participants, which included 50 Parkinson's disease patients, 61 Alzheimer’s disease patients, and 61 apparently healthy individuals. Pretested structured questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic data and other information about the diseases. A blood sample was obtained and analyzed for lipid profiles using the Cobas c 311 automated analyzer, following the acquisition of ethical consent. Data entry and analysis were conducted by SPSS Version 27. A student independent t-test, Pearson correlation, and multivariate regression were applied to check the association and correlation among different parameters. A P value of less than 0.05 was deemed to indicate statistical significance. Result: The mean levels of LDL (mg/dl), TG (mg/dl), and TC (mg/dl) of the Parkinson's disease patients were significantly lower (76.7 ± 21.77, 115.02 ± 24.84, and 152.2 ± 30.44) compared with controls (85.2± 12.59, 124.12 ± 16.01, and 165.36 ± 29.33) at P < 0.05, respectively. On the other hand, Alzheimer's disease patients showed significantly higher levels of LDL (mg/dl) and lower HDL (mg/dl) (106.76 ± 26.55 and 37.64 ± 7.45) compared to the controls (85.2 ± 12.59 and 41.84 ± 5.83) at P < 0.05, respectively. In Parkinson's disease patients, lipid profile levels were significantly associated with the duration of the disease, age, and underweight status (P < 0.05). For those with Alzheimer's disease, significant associations with lipid profile levels were identified, including disease duration, age, physical exercise, smoking habits, and the frequency of high-fat food consumption (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the result, the disturbance of lipid profiles in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases were observed. And this has been found to be associated with factors such as the duration of the disease, age of the patient, physical exercise, smoking habits, and poor compliance to diet.Item Hematological abnormalities and Associated Risk Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Haftu,Moges; Urgessa,Fekdu(Assistant Professor); Negash,Shiferaw(Associate Professor); Wordofa,MogesBackground: During pregnancy there is changes in hematological parameters as to balance the the requirements of the growing fetus and placenta . hematological markers could have effect on the pregnancy and it’s final fate. Among the various abnormalities anemia and low platelet count are the most frequently encountered problem. Objectives: We determined the selected hematological profile and risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at TikurAnbessa Specialized Hospital, Michu Clinic, AddisAbeba, Ethiopia from September 2021 - February 2023. Methods: We have recruited 406 pregnant mothers at TikurAnbessaSpecialized Hospital, MichuClinic ,Addis Ababa Ethiopia between September 2021 to February 2023 GC. following a cross-secetionalapproach. Clinical information and maternal age, gestational age and other information were collected using a structured data collection format that were done by an interviewer. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected using EDTA tubes from each pregnant women and using Sysmex KX-21N blood analyzer complete blood count ( CBC) were determined. The results were analyzed using measure of central tendencies by applying statical for package social science version 23 softwares. The findings was displayed with texts, figures and tablesResults: Pregnant women have mean age of 28.4 +/- 5.06SD. The mean White cell , red cell and platelet count of the pregnant mothers were 7.71+2.62, 4.23+0.35 million and 234.56 + 28 thousand per micro liters of blood respectively. Pregnant women having history of abortion and with low income had low hemoglobin and hematocrit value. Based on this finding, being pregnant was found to reduce the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements with Pvalues for Hgb (0.01) and HCT (0.02). Conclusion: This study found that the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit among the pregnant women were low. Hence regular hemoglobin and other common hematological measurement is important in the time of pregnancy and mother’s awareness has to be improved on the importance of nutrition during pregnancyItem Assessment of hematological parameters among asthmatic patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Jemal, Abdu; Tsegaye,Aster (PhD); Negash,Mikias (MSc, PhD); Bekele,Amsalu (MD, Internist, Pulmonologist)Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease which belongs to the leading causes of mortality globally. Airway inflammation involves an interaction of many blood cells. Consequently, asthmatic condition can alter blood parameters mainly neutrophil and eosinophil. However, the role of other major leukocyte parameters, red blood cell (RBC) indices and mean platelet volume (MPV) are less investigated. Objective: To assess hematological parameters among asthmatic patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out from January to May 2023 at TASH in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 320 study participants consisting of 160 asthmatic patients and 160 healthy controls were included using convenient sampling technique. A completed blood count (CBC) was analyzed by using Beckman coulter hematology analyzer. To determine the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Westergren method was used. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software (version 26). Independent t-test was used to compare the mean hematological values of the asthmatic patients and healthy controls. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association of asthmatic patients with selected risk factors. Statistical significance was determined at P value less than 0.05. Results: The mean age, percentage of females and resident in urban areas of study participants were 49.53 and 40.72 years old, 55.0% and 51.2% and 84.4% and 89.4% for cases and controls, respectively. The mean values of all WBC parameters, MPV and ESR with the exception of platelet count in asthmatic patients had significant mean difference compared with control groups. ESR value, MPV, total WBC count and absolute and relative counts of neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil were significantly high in asthmatic patients compared to controls. On the other hand absolute and relative counts of lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly lower in asthmatic patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a statistical significant difference in most of hematological parameters among asthmatic patients than the controls. Therefore, hematological parameters showed significant mean difference should be considered for proper management of asthma.Item Assessment on factors influencing the job satisfaction level of Medical laboratory professionals working in private health Facilities in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Birhane, Abi; Wolde, Mistire(PhD); Desta,Kassu (MSc,PhD Candidate)Back ground : The term job satisfaction refers to the attitude and feelings of people about their work. Positive and favourable attitudes towards the job indicate job satisfaction. Whereas, negative and unfavourable attitudes towards their job indicate job dissatisfaction Objective of Study: To assess factors influencing job satisfaction level of MLPs working in selected private health facilities , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia 2021. Methods: Facility based cross-sectional study design was employed from Nov.- Dec 2021 in selected PHFs in Addis Ababa city using pre-tested and self-administered questionnaires with a total sample size of 318 MLPs. The collected data entered into Epi- info version 7.2 for editing and then exported to SPSS version 26 for further cleaning and analysis purpose. Frequency, percentage and cross tab was employed to determine the level of job satisfaction and relation with factors. All variables with P- value < 0.2 in bivariate analysis were considered for multivariable analysis. Multivariable analysis with 95% CI at P-value < 0.05 was used to determine the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction. Result: Out of the total of 318 participants 148 were females and 137 males .Less than one-third of participants, 88 (30.9%) were satisfied with their job. Laboratory technologists working in poor working environment [AOR = 0.130 (95% C.I for AOR, 0.049– 0.346, p = 0.00)] when compared to those working in good working environment, MLPs working under command based leadership style [AOR = 0.537 (95% C.I) for AOR, 0.275– 0.852, p = 0.048)] when compared to those under participatory leadership, and those working in facility with adequate availability of lab tests [AOR = 9.757 (95% C.I) for AOR, 1.071– 88.91, p = 0.043)] were independent predictors of job satisfaction. Conclusion and recommendation: According to this study job satisfaction of MLPs was significantly low. Owners and managers of private health facilities should consider factors that affect job .Further research should be conducted to investigate other factors that contribute to job satisfaction of MLPs in private health facility.Item Evaluation of Retention Mechanism of Medical Laboratory Professionals and Associated Factors in Selected Public Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Garedew,Andnet; Hassen,Fatuma(PhD Candidate); Sisay,Abay( PhD Fellow)Background: Retention of clinical laboratory professionals is the action of public health system to encourage employees to stay and maximize their period of employment in the health facilities. This can be done via different policies and practices which let the employees stay for a longer period in an organization. Evaluating retention strategies in the public health facilities and studying the corresponding determinants steps forward to retain these professionals in their current position. Objective: To assess the retention mechanisms of clinical laboratory professionals and associated factors in selected public health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2022 Methods: Cross-sectional study design was employed among 36 selected health facilities 282 medical laboratory professionals using quantitative data collection and additional 36 one of the three staff (medical directors, CEOs, and human resource managers) for qualitative approaches from January 01-March 31, 2022.Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews. The quantitative data was coded, entered, and cleaned; using SPSS version 20 statistical packages such as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were used. The qualitative data from the in-depth interview was categorized and discussed thematically. Binary logistic regression was also employed to identify significant factors which affect the retention of medical laboratory professionals in public health facilities of Addis Ababa Results: The finding of the study revealed that only 30.5% of the respondents were willing to stay in their current position in the public health facilities of Addis Ababa. About 196 (69.5%) of the respondents were seemed to leave their job if they get some more benefits from other companies. Positive and significant Pearson correlation coefficients between the medical laboratory professionals‟ retention and the independent variables were founded. The findings from the binary logistic model also revealed that salary and benefits, job satisfaction, professional development, training and working environment have significant effect on the retention of medical laboratory professionals. Conclusion: The results obtained from the quantitative analysis revealed that there is a low rate of retention of the medical laboratory professionals in public health facilities of Addis Ababa. It can also be concluded that working on salaries and benefits, employees job satisfaction, professional development and, training and working environment can retain the clinical laboratory professionals in their current position in the public health facilities.Item Immunophenotype of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients on Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor treatment at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Tarekegn, Azeb; Kinde,Samuel (MSc, Ph.D. fellow); Tsegaye,Aster (MSc, Ph.D.); Howe,Rawleigh(MD, Ph.D.)Background: Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a cancer affecting blood- forming cells in the bone marrow and blood. It is linked with an abnormal chromosome referred to as Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which occurs due to chromosomal translocation t (9; 22). Objective: The study aimed to assess the immunophenotype of CML patients in chronic or accelerated phase during treatment with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) drugs at TikurAnbessa Specialized Hospital. Methods: A total of 38 chronic myeloid leukemia patients on TKI treatment and 15 healthy control (HC) subjects were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were collected, and whole blood was stained with monoclonal antibodies. A number of cell surface markers were evaluated on both CD45dimCD34+ leukemic stem cells and normal lymphocytes. Differences in the frequency of cell subsets between leukemia patients and controls were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Data were summarized as median (interquartile range), and a P-value of less than 0.05 was taken as a statistically significant difference. Result: The percentage of CD45dim cells was significantly higher in CML patients than HCs (p=0.0001). Among CD45dim cells the percentage of CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ CD38- cell among CML patients was substantially elevated as compared to the healthy controls (p=0.0006 and p=0.0008 respectively). Normal CD19+ B cells were significantly reduced (p = 0.0014), and CD56+ NK and NKT cells were significantly elevated (p = 0.02 and p = 0.0001, respectively) in CML patients relative to controls. CD38 but not CD25 or CD27 was significantly associated with ABL-BCR genotype b2a2; however, none of three markers was associated with levels of the ABL-BCR transcript levels. Conclusion: According to the study, we observed significant associations with leukemic stem cell markers, and progression of CML from the chronic to imatinib resistant. Moreover, CML patients had an altered distribution of normal B, NK and NKT cells relative to healthy controls. These results suggest that flow cytometric characterization of CML patients may have prognostic value in predicting disease progression, and potentially alerting clinicians that blast crisis may be imminent.