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Item Bacterial profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infections among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Shemsu, Sophiya; Hailu, Melese (PhD); Abera,DessieBACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection is a common infection affecting any part of the uri-nary system,caused by the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms.Pregnant women are at high risk of developing UTIs due to physiological and anatomical changes.If left un-treated,can lead to complications for both mother and fetus ,making early detection and man-agement essential. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to determine the bacterial profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among 332 pregnant women from April to August 2024 at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Cen-ter. A clean-catch midstream urine sample was collected, delivered and inoculated on Mac-Conkey agar and blood agar.Biochemical tests, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and ESBL and carbapenemase production tests were done.All demographic, clinical and laboratory data obtained from the study subjects were entered to SPSS version 20.Logistic regression ,descriptive statistics analyses and odds ratio at 95% confidence interval were carried out to conduct the output of the result. RESULTS: From the total 332 participants in this study the overall prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women was 30.1%.Among the isolated bacteria gram negative bacteria accounted for 58% while gram positive made up 42%.There was no significance as-sociation between urinary tract infection and socio demographic factors.In clinical diagnosis urine chemical examinationand microscopy was significantly associated with urinary tract infections Also no ESBL and carbapenem resistance gram negative bacteria were found. CONCLUSION: From this finding we conclude that the prevalence of UTI is high. Any posi-tive cases must be treated to prevent complication during pregnancy.As the study found a significant association between urine chemical examination and microscopy for diagnosing UTIs, regular screening is important for early detection.Item Bacteriological Quality and Associated Factors of Ready-to-consume Juices in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Mekonnen, Hana; Hailu, Melese (PhD); Teklebirhan,GebreabBackground: Ready-to-consume fruit juices are highly valued for their nutritional benefits, however, pose significant public health risks due to microbial contamination caused by poor hygiene, improper handling, and inadequate sanitation practices, particularly in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the bacteriological quality and associated factors of ready-to-consume fruit juices in Yeka sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2024, involving 189 juice samples collected from 63 local vendors. The plate count method was used to determine aerobic plate counts, total coliform, and thermotolerant coliform counts, while the spread plate method was used for Staphylococcus count on Mannitol Salt Agar. Escherichia coli detection involved transferring positive thermotolerant coliform samples to Nutrient broth, followed by confirmation using Kovacs reagent. For Salmonella and Shigella, Buffered Peptone Water and Rappaport Vassiliadis enrichment broths were used, with Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar serving as the selective medium; pinkish colonies with black centers were confirmed through biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Muller Hinton Agar for all bacterial isolates. Vendor hygiene practices were evaluated using structured questionnaires and checklists, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare medians among different juice types. Bivariate logistic regression and multiple logistic regression were applied to assess relationships between dependent and independent variables, with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The analysis revealed that the median for aerobic colony Results: The analysis revealed that the median for aerobic colony count, total coliform, thermotolerant coliform, and staphylococcal count across all samples were 7.14 × 106 CFU/ml, 2.8 × 106 CFU/ml, 6.4 × 104 CFU/ml, and 2.2 × 103 CFU/ml, respectively. From a total of 189 samples, the pathogens identified included E. coli, which was found in 29.1% of cases, S. aureus in 45.5%, and Salmonella in 6.9%. The presence of hand washing facilities, frequency of hand washing, and the cleaning agents used were significant contributing factors for the presence of Salmonella, with AOR of 5.34 (95% CI: 1.06–26.81, p = 0.002), 0.07 (95% CI: 0.01–0.15, p < 0.001), and 0.127 (95% CI: 0.028–0.57, p <0.001), respectively. Moreover, hair cover usage was also significantly associated with S. aureus detection with (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2-7.1, p = 0.016). E. coli exhibited moderate resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, with 10.9% multidrugresistant (MDR). Salmonella demonstrated 100% resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, with a 15.38% MDR level. Moreover, 41.9% of S. aureus identified were MDR with resistant to tetracycline (51.2% n=44/86), penicillin (90.7% n=78/86), and oxacillin (66.3% n=57/86). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified in 58.1% of S. aureus isolates, while extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was detected in 21.8% of E. coli isolates. Conclusion: The findings from this study clearly indicate the poor hygienic conditions of these juices and the consumers are at risk of getting food-borne infections and underscore the urgent need for improved hygiene practices, regular monitoring, and targeted public health interventions to reduce microbial risks in ready-to-consume fruit juices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Item Multidrug-resistant bacterial profiles of inanimate objects at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Lidet, Hiwot; Hailu, Melese(PhD); Yohannes, MeronIntroduction: Nosocomial pathogens cause serious nosocomial infections and are acquired in healthcare settings within a few days of patient admission. The transfer of bacteria from inanimate surfaces to patients is a major factor in the spread of HAIs. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was done at Zewditu Memorial Hospital from June to November 2024. A total of 204 inanimate objects situated at operational rooms and intensive care units were swabbed. All of the specimens were cultivated onto MacConkey as well as blood agar. Each positive sample was evaluated using colony structure, gram-staining plus biochemical assays. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents test was done by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique. ESBL producers were confirmed by the Double disc Synergy and combination disc test while carbapenemase producers was checked using the Modified Carbapenem inactivation method. MRSA was identified using the Cefoxitin Disk Diffusion Test. All tests were done according to the guidelines of CLSI 34th edition 2024. Result: Out of the 204 swabbed samples, 77.45% (n=158/204) showed bacterial growth with an overall count of 171 bacteria isolates. Among them Gram-positive bacterial agent were 71.3% (n=122/171) and Gram negative bacteria were 28.6% (n=49/171). CoNS 46.1% (n=79/171) and Bacillus spp. 21.6% (n=37/171) were the most prevalent isolates identified. Out of the total isolates 55 were identified as pathogenic based on their ability to cause disease and selected for antibiotic resistance testing. Gram negative bacteria showed high resistance to ampicillin (67.3%), amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (61.2%), ciprofloxacin (63.2%), sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim (63.2%), cefepime (57.1%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (55.1%). Similarly gram positive bacteriashowed high resistance to azithromycin (100%), penicillin (100%), clindamycin (100%), and erythromycin (100%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 61.8% (34/55) of the isolates. The total incidence of ESBL as well as carbapenemase-producer bacteria from the suspected isolates was 26.5% (n=13/49) and 12.2% (n=6/49) respectively while the prevalence of MRSA was 50% (n=3/6).Item Complete Blood Count Profile and Association with Disease Severity among Hospitalized COVID-19 Adult Patients at Two COVID-19 Treatment Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Korra, Fekadu; Fita, Fekadu Urgessa; Hussein, Mintewab; Hagos,Afework (Ass.Prof.)Background: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the disease COVID-19, has rapidly spread worldwide, present significant public health challenges. In low-resource settings, there is a critical need for straightforward, accessible, and cost-effective laboratory tests that can effectively indicate the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Among various diagnostic tools, the Complete Blood Count (CBC) offers a practical approach for evaluating the hematological alterations associated with COVID-19. Understanding the CBC profile's relationship with disease severity in hospitalized patients can be invaluable for clinicians, as it may guide treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes in environments where advanced diagnostic facilities are limited. This study aims to investigate the association between CBC parameters and the severity of COVID-19 illness in hospitalized patients, thereby enhancing our ability to monitor and manage this global health crisis. Methods: This prospective study evaluated hematological findings in 384 adult COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center and Eka Kotebe General Hospital from May 25 to September 21, 2021. The Complete Blood Count (CBC) profiles were assessed at three time points: upon admission, on day 7, and on day 21, distinguishing between non-severe and severe cases based on clinical criteria. Key hematological parameters, including white bloodcell count, neutrophil count, Eosinophil count, lymphocyte count, NLR and platelet count, were analyzed to identify association with disease severity. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine these relationships and changes in hematological profiles over time. The findings aim to demonstrate the potential of CBC parameters as indicators of prognosis and to support clinical decision-making in resource-limited environments. Results: Patients with severe COVID-19 demonstrated significantly elevated mean white blood cell (WBC) counts upon admission (9.9x10³ vs. 8.4x10³ cells/mm³) and by day seven (9.97x10³ vs. 8.5x10³ cells/mm³; p=0.001). The mean absolute neutrophil count was also significantly higher in severe cases compared to non-severe cases at both admission (8.7 vs. 7.1) and day seven (8.9 vs. 7.1; p<0.0001). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was notably higher in severe cases from admission to day 21 (18.9 vs. 11.8, 15.5 vs. 9.7, and 14.0 vs. 8.8; p<0.0001), while lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in severe cases throughout this period (p<0.05). Additionally, severe patients had a reduced average percentage of eosinophils (0.31 vs. 0.54;p<0.0001) and lower platelet counts (251 vs. 275.8; p<0.05) compared to non-severe cases at admission. Conclusions: This study highlights significant hematological differences between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients. Severe cases exhibited higher mean WBC and absolute neutrophil counts, a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and lower mean absolute lymphocyte and percentage eosinophil counts compared to non-severe cases during their hospital stay.Item Assessments of Serum level Vitamin D and Thyroid Function Tests among Newly Diagnosed Female Breast Cancer Patients attending in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Meles, Mehari; Edao, Abebe; Alem, Mekdes; Hailu, Habteyes (PhD)Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, with high global mortality. Vitamin D deficiency and thyroid dysfunction may influence BC through hormonal regulation and immune modulation. Thyroid hormones affect cell metabolism and proliferation, while vitamin D has anti-proliferative effects on breast tissue. Thyroid dysfunction can alter estrogen metabolism, impacting BC risk. However, data on serum vitamin D and thyroid hormone levels in Ethiopian BC patients are limited. This study aims to assess these levels in newly diagnosed female BC patients. Methods: A Facility-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2024 in Tikur Anbessa Specialty Hospital. A convenient sampling method was employed to recruit 69 females newly diagnosed with breast cancer as a case group and 69 samples from apparently healthy females as a control group. Blood samples were collected and sent to Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) for Serum 25 hydroxyl vitamin D (25(HO) D) Concentration and Thyroid Function Tests , by using a COBAS 6000 analyzer. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Independent T-tests, chi-square test, One-way ANOVA tests, Kruskal Wallis test, and multiple linear regression tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Breast cancer patients had significantly lower Total Triiodothyronine (TT3) levels(1.2±0.28 ng/mL) than healthy controls (1.4±0.19 ng/mL, p<0.001). Free Triiodothyronine (FT3) was also significantly reduced in BC patients (p< 0.001). 25(HO) D levels showed a significant lower median value in BC patients compared to healthy control groups (p=0.043). Breast cancer stage and subtype significantly influence thyroid function and vitamin D levels, with advanced stages associated with altered thyroid hormones and reduced 25(OH) D levels. Conclusion: Breast Cancer patients exhibited significantly lower TT3 and FT3 levels compared to controls. Although vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in both groups, severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL) was significantly higher in the BC patients. Therefore, monitoring and managing vitamin D and thyroid hormone levels could be important components of breast cancer risk assessment and prevention strategies. However, larger-scale studies are needed to further validate and strengthen these findings.Item Assessment of Lipid Profiles and Associated Factors among Patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Gudisa,Abditsion Disani; Negesso, Abebe Edao (Ass. Prof.); Dekebo, Gobena Dedefo; Alem, Mekdes; Zenebe, YaredBackground: Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease are the most common neurodegenerative diseases with major public health impact. These neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with dysregulation of lipid metabolism. However, the monitoring of lipid profiles for those patients was not common in the study area due to the paucity of published evidence about their lipid profiles. Objective: To assess lipid profiles and associated factors among patients with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer's diseases at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A hospital-based, prospective, cross-sectional study was undertaken starting in March to June, 2024, among 172 conveniently selected study participants, which included 50 Parkinson's disease patients, 61 Alzheimer’s disease patients, and 61 apparently healthy individuals. Pretested structured questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic data and other information about the diseases. A blood sample was obtained and analyzed for lipid profiles using the Cobas c 311 automated analyzer, following the acquisition of ethical consent. Data entry and analysis were conducted by SPSS Version 27. A student independent t-test, Pearson correlation, and multivariate regression were applied to check the association and correlation among different parameters. A P value of less than 0.05 was deemed to indicate statistical significance. Result: The mean levels of LDL (mg/dl), TG (mg/dl), and TC (mg/dl) of the Parkinson's disease patients were significantly lower (76.7 ± 21.77, 115.02 ± 24.84, and 152.2 ± 30.44) compared with controls (85.2± 12.59, 124.12 ± 16.01, and 165.36 ± 29.33) at P < 0.05, respectively. On the other hand, Alzheimer's disease patients showed significantly higher levels of LDL (mg/dl) and lower HDL (mg/dl) (106.76 ± 26.55 and 37.64 ± 7.45) compared to the controls (85.2 ± 12.59 and 41.84 ± 5.83) at P < 0.05, respectively. In Parkinson's disease patients, lipid profile levels were significantly associated with the duration of the disease, age, and underweight status (P < 0.05). For those with Alzheimer's disease, significant associations with lipid profile levels were identified, including disease duration, age, physical exercise, smoking habits, and the frequency of high-fat food consumption (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the result, the disturbance of lipid profiles in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases were observed. And this has been found to be associated with factors such as the duration of the disease, age of the patient, physical exercise, smoking habits, and poor compliance to diet.Item Hematological abnormalities and Associated Risk Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025) Haftu,Moges; Urgessa,Fekdu(Assistant Professor); Negash,Shiferaw(Associate Professor); Wordofa,MogesBackground: During pregnancy there is changes in hematological parameters as to balance the the requirements of the growing fetus and placenta . hematological markers could have effect on the pregnancy and it’s final fate. Among the various abnormalities anemia and low platelet count are the most frequently encountered problem. Objectives: We determined the selected hematological profile and risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at TikurAnbessa Specialized Hospital, Michu Clinic, AddisAbeba, Ethiopia from September 2021 - February 2023. Methods: We have recruited 406 pregnant mothers at TikurAnbessaSpecialized Hospital, MichuClinic ,Addis Ababa Ethiopia between September 2021 to February 2023 GC. following a cross-secetionalapproach. Clinical information and maternal age, gestational age and other information were collected using a structured data collection format that were done by an interviewer. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected using EDTA tubes from each pregnant women and using Sysmex KX-21N blood analyzer complete blood count ( CBC) were determined. The results were analyzed using measure of central tendencies by applying statical for package social science version 23 softwares. The findings was displayed with texts, figures and tablesResults: Pregnant women have mean age of 28.4 +/- 5.06SD. The mean White cell , red cell and platelet count of the pregnant mothers were 7.71+2.62, 4.23+0.35 million and 234.56 + 28 thousand per micro liters of blood respectively. Pregnant women having history of abortion and with low income had low hemoglobin and hematocrit value. Based on this finding, being pregnant was found to reduce the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements with Pvalues for Hgb (0.01) and HCT (0.02). Conclusion: This study found that the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit among the pregnant women were low. Hence regular hemoglobin and other common hematological measurement is important in the time of pregnancy and mother’s awareness has to be improved on the importance of nutrition during pregnancyItem Assessment of hematological parameters among asthmatic patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Jemal, Abdu; Tsegaye,Aster (PhD); Negash,Mikias (MSc, PhD); Bekele,Amsalu (MD, Internist, Pulmonologist)Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease which belongs to the leading causes of mortality globally. Airway inflammation involves an interaction of many blood cells. Consequently, asthmatic condition can alter blood parameters mainly neutrophil and eosinophil. However, the role of other major leukocyte parameters, red blood cell (RBC) indices and mean platelet volume (MPV) are less investigated. Objective: To assess hematological parameters among asthmatic patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out from January to May 2023 at TASH in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 320 study participants consisting of 160 asthmatic patients and 160 healthy controls were included using convenient sampling technique. A completed blood count (CBC) was analyzed by using Beckman coulter hematology analyzer. To determine the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Westergren method was used. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software (version 26). Independent t-test was used to compare the mean hematological values of the asthmatic patients and healthy controls. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association of asthmatic patients with selected risk factors. Statistical significance was determined at P value less than 0.05. Results: The mean age, percentage of females and resident in urban areas of study participants were 49.53 and 40.72 years old, 55.0% and 51.2% and 84.4% and 89.4% for cases and controls, respectively. The mean values of all WBC parameters, MPV and ESR with the exception of platelet count in asthmatic patients had significant mean difference compared with control groups. ESR value, MPV, total WBC count and absolute and relative counts of neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil were significantly high in asthmatic patients compared to controls. On the other hand absolute and relative counts of lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly lower in asthmatic patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a statistical significant difference in most of hematological parameters among asthmatic patients than the controls. Therefore, hematological parameters showed significant mean difference should be considered for proper management of asthma.Item Assessment on factors influencing the job satisfaction level of Medical laboratory professionals working in private health Facilities in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Birhane, Abi; Wolde, Mistire(PhD); Desta,Kassu (MSc,PhD Candidate)Back ground : The term job satisfaction refers to the attitude and feelings of people about their work. Positive and favourable attitudes towards the job indicate job satisfaction. Whereas, negative and unfavourable attitudes towards their job indicate job dissatisfaction Objective of Study: To assess factors influencing job satisfaction level of MLPs working in selected private health facilities , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia 2021. Methods: Facility based cross-sectional study design was employed from Nov.- Dec 2021 in selected PHFs in Addis Ababa city using pre-tested and self-administered questionnaires with a total sample size of 318 MLPs. The collected data entered into Epi- info version 7.2 for editing and then exported to SPSS version 26 for further cleaning and analysis purpose. Frequency, percentage and cross tab was employed to determine the level of job satisfaction and relation with factors. All variables with P- value < 0.2 in bivariate analysis were considered for multivariable analysis. Multivariable analysis with 95% CI at P-value < 0.05 was used to determine the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction. Result: Out of the total of 318 participants 148 were females and 137 males .Less than one-third of participants, 88 (30.9%) were satisfied with their job. Laboratory technologists working in poor working environment [AOR = 0.130 (95% C.I for AOR, 0.049– 0.346, p = 0.00)] when compared to those working in good working environment, MLPs working under command based leadership style [AOR = 0.537 (95% C.I) for AOR, 0.275– 0.852, p = 0.048)] when compared to those under participatory leadership, and those working in facility with adequate availability of lab tests [AOR = 9.757 (95% C.I) for AOR, 1.071– 88.91, p = 0.043)] were independent predictors of job satisfaction. Conclusion and recommendation: According to this study job satisfaction of MLPs was significantly low. Owners and managers of private health facilities should consider factors that affect job .Further research should be conducted to investigate other factors that contribute to job satisfaction of MLPs in private health facility.Item Evaluation of Retention Mechanism of Medical Laboratory Professionals and Associated Factors in Selected Public Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Garedew,Andnet; Hassen,Fatuma(PhD Candidate); Sisay,Abay( PhD Fellow)Background: Retention of clinical laboratory professionals is the action of public health system to encourage employees to stay and maximize their period of employment in the health facilities. This can be done via different policies and practices which let the employees stay for a longer period in an organization. Evaluating retention strategies in the public health facilities and studying the corresponding determinants steps forward to retain these professionals in their current position. Objective: To assess the retention mechanisms of clinical laboratory professionals and associated factors in selected public health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2022 Methods: Cross-sectional study design was employed among 36 selected health facilities 282 medical laboratory professionals using quantitative data collection and additional 36 one of the three staff (medical directors, CEOs, and human resource managers) for qualitative approaches from January 01-March 31, 2022.Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews. The quantitative data was coded, entered, and cleaned; using SPSS version 20 statistical packages such as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were used. The qualitative data from the in-depth interview was categorized and discussed thematically. Binary logistic regression was also employed to identify significant factors which affect the retention of medical laboratory professionals in public health facilities of Addis Ababa Results: The finding of the study revealed that only 30.5% of the respondents were willing to stay in their current position in the public health facilities of Addis Ababa. About 196 (69.5%) of the respondents were seemed to leave their job if they get some more benefits from other companies. Positive and significant Pearson correlation coefficients between the medical laboratory professionals‟ retention and the independent variables were founded. The findings from the binary logistic model also revealed that salary and benefits, job satisfaction, professional development, training and working environment have significant effect on the retention of medical laboratory professionals. Conclusion: The results obtained from the quantitative analysis revealed that there is a low rate of retention of the medical laboratory professionals in public health facilities of Addis Ababa. It can also be concluded that working on salaries and benefits, employees job satisfaction, professional development and, training and working environment can retain the clinical laboratory professionals in their current position in the public health facilities.Item Immunophenotype of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients on Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor treatment at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Tarekegn, Azeb; Kinde,Samuel (MSc, Ph.D. fellow); Tsegaye,Aster (MSc, Ph.D.); Howe,Rawleigh(MD, Ph.D.)Background: Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a cancer affecting blood- forming cells in the bone marrow and blood. It is linked with an abnormal chromosome referred to as Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which occurs due to chromosomal translocation t (9; 22). Objective: The study aimed to assess the immunophenotype of CML patients in chronic or accelerated phase during treatment with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) drugs at TikurAnbessa Specialized Hospital. Methods: A total of 38 chronic myeloid leukemia patients on TKI treatment and 15 healthy control (HC) subjects were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were collected, and whole blood was stained with monoclonal antibodies. A number of cell surface markers were evaluated on both CD45dimCD34+ leukemic stem cells and normal lymphocytes. Differences in the frequency of cell subsets between leukemia patients and controls were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Data were summarized as median (interquartile range), and a P-value of less than 0.05 was taken as a statistically significant difference. Result: The percentage of CD45dim cells was significantly higher in CML patients than HCs (p=0.0001). Among CD45dim cells the percentage of CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ CD38- cell among CML patients was substantially elevated as compared to the healthy controls (p=0.0006 and p=0.0008 respectively). Normal CD19+ B cells were significantly reduced (p = 0.0014), and CD56+ NK and NKT cells were significantly elevated (p = 0.02 and p = 0.0001, respectively) in CML patients relative to controls. CD38 but not CD25 or CD27 was significantly associated with ABL-BCR genotype b2a2; however, none of three markers was associated with levels of the ABL-BCR transcript levels. Conclusion: According to the study, we observed significant associations with leukemic stem cell markers, and progression of CML from the chronic to imatinib resistant. Moreover, CML patients had an altered distribution of normal B, NK and NKT cells relative to healthy controls. These results suggest that flow cytometric characterization of CML patients may have prognostic value in predicting disease progression, and potentially alerting clinicians that blast crisis may be imminent.Item Assessment of Laboratory Turnaround Time and associated factors for Complete Blood Count and Clinical Chemistry Testes in Emergency and Trauma Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Adbibi, Betelhem; Hassen,Fatuma (Msc, MPH, PhD fellow); Rahmeto,Semira(Msc)Background: Laboratory tests are an important contributor to treatment decisions in the emergency department. Reporting in acceptable turnaround time (TAT) is a crucial indicator of quality. International standards recommend the laboratory to establish TATs for each of its tests and periodically evaluate whether or not it is meeting the established TAT. However, Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma (AaBET) hospital is the first dedicated Emergency and Trauma hospital in Ethiopia, the laboratory‟s TAT was not determined and assessed. Objective: To determine laboratory turnaround time and associated factors for complete blood count and clinical chemistry tests at Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma hospital. Method: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted from January to April, 2022. All emergency patient samples that had at list CBC, and/or Chemistry requests and received at the laboratory specimen accessioning room were taken consecutively. Using a structured data collection tool all related information were collected and entered to SPSS version 23 then calculation of major statistics for the time data (in minutes), bivariate and multivariate regression analysis were conducted to assess the relationship between high TAT and the suggested responsible factors. For all statistical tests, P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: specimen receipt to verification time data were obtained for 4132 tests. Of which, 2309, (55.9%) of them were CBC and 1823, (44.1%) were chemistry) tests. The determined 90th percentile (average) completion time for CBC and chemistry were 105 (53.9) and 457 (257.4) minutes, respectively. More than 28% of the tests did not achieve TAT goals i.e. 60 min for CBC and 240min for chemistry test. Specimen received in; Sundays, night shifts, sample porter not presented, and machine related problems encountered working periods were identified to have significant contribution for delayed TATs. Conclusion and recommendations: During this initial evaluation, we observed that AaBET hospitals‟ laboratory test TAT were longer and doesn‟t comply with the available benchmarks. Improvement in personnel and equipment management may provide effective ways to minimize test result delays in Emergency and Trauma hospital.Item Hematological and Clinical Profile of BCR-ABL Confirmed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients at Presentation in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Lengiso,Boki; Urgessa,Fekadu (Ass.Prof., PhD Candidate); Tsegaye,Aster (PhD, Prof.); Gebremedhin,Amha (MD, Ass.Prof.); Abdella,Fozia (MD, Ass.Prof.)Background: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a risk of morbidity and death across the world particularly in low-income countries, due to late detection, poor adherence and its impact on youth population. However, there is scarcity of evidence in hematological and clinical profile in newly confirmed CML patients in Ethiopia. Thus, we aimed to investigate the hematological and clinical profile of BCR-ABL confirmed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients during presentation at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital. Objective: To determine the Hematological and clinical profile of BCR-ABL confirmed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients during presentation at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted to address hematological and Clinical Profile among new BCR-ABL confirmed patients at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital (TASH) from August 2021 to December 2022. Convenient sampling technique was used and 256 patients were included. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the patients’ socio- demographic, medical history and physical examination. About 5ml of blood sample was collected for hematological profile test. The laboratory analysis was conducted by using Unicel DxH800 analyzer at TASH. Data was entered to Microsoft excel database and analyzed by statistical software for social science version 26. Descriptive statistics was used to explain socio- demographic, Hematological and clinical profile of study participants. A P-value of <0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Result: A total of 256 patients diagnosed with CML were identified. The majority (59.8 %) were male and the median age was 36 years. The distribution of CML phase among the participants was, 217 (84.78%) were in chronic phase, 31 (12.1 %) were in accelerated phase and 8 (3.1 %) patients were in Blast Crisis. Among the participants who were naïve to the Pre-chemo treatments, the median and IQR values for WBC, RBC, HGB and PLT counts were 262.7(190.5-352.1) x103/μL, 3.0(2.6-3.6) x106/μL, 8.8(7.9-10.1) g/dl and 320(209.5-449.8) x103/μL, respectively. All patients exhibited Leukocytosis, with about 93.3% of them experiencing hyperleukocytosis. Additionally, among the study participants, 91.8% of patients developed anemia, with 138 (53.9%) experiencing moderate anemia and 19 (7.4%) encountering severe anemia. Furthermore, about 75 (29.3%) patients had thrombocytosis, while 34 (13.3%) had thrombocytopenia. The most common sign and symptoms developed were Fatigue, abdominal pain, splenomegaly, and weight loss. ix Conclusion: This study revealed a significant prevalence of hyperleukocytosis and anemia among CML patients during their initial presentation. Fatigue, abdominal pain, splenomegaly, and weight loss emerged as the most commonly observed signs and symptoms in CML patients.Item Assessment of Laboratory Equipment Maintenance Practice and Associated Challenges in selected public Hospitals Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Melkamu,Daniel; Hassen,Fatuma(MPH, PhD Candidate); Nigatu,Alemayehu(BSc,MSc MPH)Background: Laboratory equipment maintenance practices are one of the key interventions to minimize equipment down time and service interruptions in public hospital. This study focused on the strategies of laboratory equipment maintenance practices for improving maintenance of laboratories equipment at public hospitals in Addis Ababa for effective service delivery. Objective: This study aimed to assess laboratory equipment maintenance practice and associated challenges in selected public hospitals present in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional survey supported with qualitative data collection methods were conducted at 12 public hospitals in Addis Ababa from May 2021 to July 2021. A convenient sampling technique was used for the quantitative part and Criterion based purposive sampling technique was followed to select participants for the qualitative data collections. A pre- tested structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the quantitative data and semi structured in-depth interview guides and check lists were used to collect the qualitative data. The questionnaire was returned and the data was analyzed by using SPSS Version 20 software and the result was presented in tables, figures and graphs. Result: A total of 48 respondents, 24 respondents from the quantitative and 24 respondents from the qualitative part were participated from 12 public health hospitals found in Addis Ababa, The findings showed that 95.8% equipment preventive maintenance practices takes place in their departments however, the practice of corrective maintenance was found to be 42.7%. Lack of spare parts and lack of trained biomedical engineers were the major laboratory equipment maintenance challenge which accounts about 29.2 % and 25% respectively. Age of the machine, work load and carelessness of the worker which is 45.8%, 33.3% and 12.5%, respectively were the major laboratory equipment failures among public hospital in Addis Ababa. Conclusion: The study shows that preventive maintenance practices take place for laboratory equipment among public hospitals in Addis Ababa. The study also showed that corrective maintenance practices were not carried out for most of the equipment’s and the majority of laboratory equipment was out of service due to lack of spare parts and lack of well-trained biomedical engineer. Age of the machine and work load were also the major laboratory equipment failures. Therefore availing spare parts and arranging training for biomedical engineers to improve the technical skill with continuous training is recommendedItem Bacterial profiles and drug resistance patterns of bacteria recovered from blood samples of Hospital admitted patients at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Tamere,Eleni; Bitew,Adane(Ass.Prof.); Mitiku,MequanintBackground: One of the leading causes of illness and mortality worldwide, bloodstream infections are frequently acquired in hospitals. As a result of the circulatory system's rapid spread of microorganisms and their toxins, it is a serious, perhaps fatal illness that gets worse with time. Objective: To determine bacterial isolates and drug resistance patterns of bacteria recovered from blood samples of hospital-admitted patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2021 and December 2022 among hospitalized patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, who were suspected of having septicemia. To isolate the bacteria, blood samples were taken. Bacterial culture was conducted following standard microbiological procedures. Agar diffusion was used to isolate bacteria, and the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to determine drug susceptibility patterns on Muller Hinton agar. Data input and processing were conducted using version 26 of the Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: The study included 218 paired samples in total, and 66 (30.3%) of the blood samples contained positive bacterial growth. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates were found in 62.2% and 37.8%, respectively, of positive blood culture findings. Staphylococcus aureus (34.8%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (15.2%) were the two most commonly encountered gram-positive bacteria. Among gram-negative bacteria, the majority were Escherichia coli (15.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.6%). E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were resistant to most antibiotics, whereas Staphylococcus aureus was identified as being responsive to oxacillin (78.1%) and resistant to penicillin (73.9%). Conclusion and Recommendation: This study identified a higher number of positive bacterial growths and resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin found for most bacteria. Therefore, there is a need to perform blood cultures and sensitivity tests before empirical treatment and also implementation of infection prevention should be strengthened.Item Assessment of platelet transfusion outcome and Factors associated with platelet refractoriness among platelet transfused adult patients at Saint Paul HospitalMillennium Medical Collage Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-07) Kelil,Gizachew; Negash,Mikias(MSc, PhD); Alemu,Rahel(BSc,MSc)Background: Platelet refractoriness is a clinical condition in which a patient's platelets count does not increase as expected following platelet transfusion and associated with both immune and non-immune mechanisms. It is a significant clinical outcome in platelet transfusion. Objective: To assess Platelet transfusion outcome and factors associated with platelet refractoriness among platelet transfused adult patients at Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Hospital based cross sectional study was carried out at Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College from November 01/2022 to June 30/2023. Convenience sampling techniques and structured questionnaires used to collect patient demographic and clinically relevant data. Blood sample was collected in Ethylediaminetetracid acid tube and run on Beckman coulter heamatolgy analyzer. Platelet refractoriness was identified using corrected count increment 1 hour, 18 to 24 hrs of transfusion and also descriptive statistics was used to present patient characteristics and clinical data. Paired t-test was used to compare platelet count, after and before platelet transfused to the patient and also factors associated to platelet refractoriness were analyzed by Multivariate logistic regression. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Of the total 216 patients, 28% had platelet refractoriness. we identified that platelet refractory patients associated with 1hr post platelet refractoriness , had previous history of transfusion(AOR:95%Cl,3.61,38, p=0.001), were carried on chemotherapy(p=0.001) prolonged hospital stay (one month and above) p=0.025, fever (P=0.001),Splenomegaly (AOR:95% Cl,17.92 (5.44,59.03), p=0.025) and similarly, post platelet increment 18-24hrs were associated with ABO non identical platelet(AOR:95% Cl 1.49,119.91, p=0.022).On the other hand platelet storage were lower significant with platelet refractory patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that statistical different independent variables associated with platelet transfusion refractoriness among platelet transfused adult patients. Factors found to be correlated with platelet refractoriness were previous history of transfusion, Chemotherapy, prolonged hospital stay for longer time, fever, splenomegaly and ABO non identical platelet.Item Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Malaria Co Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Anti-Natal Care Follow up at Batu General Hospital, Oromia, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12) Aschalew Deyasa; Kassu DestaIntestinal parasitic infection occurs when a parasite affects the gastrointestinal system of human being and it constitutes a global health burden of causing clinical morbidity in reproductive age women. About 90.6% of peripheral and 92% of placental Plasmodium infections were caused by asymptomatic malaria, which was found in 11.4% and 10.3% of peripheral and placental blood specimens, respectively. Intestinal parasite and malarial co infection has an effect on birth outcome characterized, low birth weight, preterm deliveries and small for gestational age infants and the odds of having anemia is also increased after birth for the fetus.Item Assessment of Coagulation Profiles among Chronic Liver Disease Patients Attending Worabe Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Central Ethiopia Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-18) Temesgen Sheferaw; Aster TsegayeLiver damage from chronic liver disease with substantial changes in the hemostatic system is frequently observed and can develop multiple coagulation abnormalities that disturb the balance between clotting and fibrinolysisItem Use of Urine as an Adjunct Specimen for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in People Living with HIV in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-05-23) Wendwessen Zewdie; Kassu DestaMycobacterial tuberculosis is a microorganism which causes a pulmonary disease called tuberculosis, and it enhances the disability and death of an immune compromised person. The diagnosis of it is done by ZN smear, culture, LAM, GeneXpert and radiology. The part of the bacterial antigen (Lipoarabinomannon) (LAN) is excreted by renal, due to this we have a long walk to go on tuberculosis samples to diagnose. To utilize urine as an additional samplesItem Hematological Profiles of War Trauma Patients Subjected to Long Hospital Stays at Armed Forces Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-13) Abebe Daniel; Aster Tsegaye (MSc,Hematological parameters such as leukocytes, neutrophils, hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width, reticulocytes, and platelets, may be altered due to exposure to trauma. Published study is lacking assessing these values and derivative ratios