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Item Prevalence of Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Factors Among Adult Residents of the Werabe Town, Siltie Zone, Central Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Said,Mohammed Aliye; Birru,Samuel Kinde(MSc,Assit.Prof, PhD candidate); Dekebo,Gobena Dedafo(MSc); Alem,Mekdes(MSc)Background:-Diabetes mellitus is becoming a big public health concern, especially in developing nations like Ethiopia. As long as early screening and follow-up are done, the illness is manageable. However, given the paucity and disarray of Ethiopian studies, and limited studies in a specific setting, tools have been chosen for this study. For that reason, determining the magnitude of undiagnosed diabetes and identifying associated factors for prompt intervention to prevent potentially fatal complications is quite essential. Objectives: -To assess the Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and associated factors among adult residents of the Worabe town, Siltie Zone, CentralRegion of Ethiopia. Materials and methods:-A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 10, 2024, to September 20, 2024, at Worabe town, Siltie Zone, Central Region of Ethiopia. A total of 212 healthy adults were selected. The required sample size was calculated using single calculation formula. Systematic and simple random sampling techniques were employed. Structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic and clinical data. A blood sample after overnight fasting for (10–12 h) was collected and serum was tested for glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Hexokinase, colorimetric and Triacylglycerol are laboratory assay methods to analyze FBS, TC and TG respectively. on-parametric statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results:-The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus among adult residents of the Worabe town was 9.4%. Undiagnosed DM was higher in males than in females (12.1%vs 5.7%, P>0.05).factors like khat consumption, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, TyG-index and body fat percentage were statistically significant independent predictors of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. Conclusion and recommendation:-The magnitude of the undiagnosed diabetes mellitus was high in the study setting. Therefore, creating awareness through activities targeting adults and identified factors should be devised and institutionalized in the health system in the study setting.Item Assessment of Serum Amylase and Lipase Levels and associated factors among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus follow up Patients at Hakim Gizaw Teaching Hospital Debre Berhan, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-07) Aseme,Afewerk Habtamu; Kinde,Samuel(MSc, PhD fellow); Dedefo,Gobena(MSc)Background: Diabetes mellitus is the leading non communicable disease in most low and middle income countries. Due to lack of proper follow up tools in most peripheral areas, majority of patients attending follow-up appointment at diabetic clinics failed to maintain good glycemic control causing destruction of the exocrinal cells of pancreas resulting in impaired secretion of pancreatic amylase and lipase. Therefore, assessment of serum amylase and lipase in uncontrolled and controlled type 2 diabetes may possibly help to effectively manage diabetes mellitus. Objective: To assess the level of serum amylase and lipase and associated factors among type 2 diabetic follow-up patients, 2025. Methods: A hospital based comparative cross-sectional study design from February 05 to March 30, 2025 was conducted at Hakim Gizaw Teaching Hospital Debre Berhan, Ethiopia with a total of 112(56 controlled and 56 uncontrolled) type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients recruited using convenient sampling technique. Sociodemographic data was collected by face to face interview using pre tested questionnaire. HbA1c, FBS, Serum amylase, and Serum lipase was measured using Siemens Dimension EXL 200 clinical chemistry analyzer. IBM SPSS Version 27 was utilized for data entry, clearing and analysis with a significance level of P <0.05. Result: The mean level of serum amylase and lipase were significantly decreased in uncontrolled T2DM than controlled T2DM (p<0.001). Serum amylase level showed statistically significant negative correlation with duration of DM (r = -0.599, p <0.001), Waist to Hip ratio (WHR) (r = 0.249, p = 0.008), SBP (r = -0.251, p = 0.008), DBP (r = -0.257, p = 0.006), FBS (r = -0.478, p = <0.001) and HbA1c (r = -0.575, p = <0.001). Serum lipase had a strong negative correlation with duration of DM (r = -0.484, p <0.001), FBS (r = -0.625, p = <0.001) and HbA1c (r = -0.679, p = <0.001). Increased HbA1c, taking OHA, abdominal discomfort were key associated factors for decreased serum amylase and lipase. The AUC from ROC curve for serum amylase and lipase was 0.849 and 0.955 respectively indicating the effectiveness of these enzymes to investigate glycemic status in T2DM. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that uncontrolled T2DM patients have significantly decreased serum amylase and lipase this might be due to destruction of exocrine compartment of pancreas. Therefore, these enzymes might be additional biomarkers to manage T2DM and further large scale studies are recommended to investigate their diagnostic role to predict glycemic control among T2DM.Item Bacterial profile, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors among children suspected for septicemia at St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-07) Lema,Hindiya; Abera ,Dessie(MSc ); Hailu,Melese(MSc)Background: Septicemia in children is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. As a result, the goal of this study was to find bacterial etiologies, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and risk factors for septicemia and mortality in children aged 5 to 14. Methods: Between August and December 2021, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was undertaken at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College. Each patient's socio-demographic and clinical information was gathered using a pre-designed questionnaire. A blood sample was taken aseptically from each patient and inoculated into Trypto Soya Broth. Each blood culture bottle was aerobically incubated for 7 days in a row. Blood agar, chocolate agar, and MacConkey agar were used for subculturing. Gram stain, colony features, and biochemical tests were used to describe positive cultures. Kirby-disk Bauer's diffusion method was used to test drug susceptibility. All data was entered into Microsoft Excel, exported, and analyzed with SPSS version 24 software. Statistical significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05. Results: Among 360 study participants, 21.3 %( n=77/360) showed bacterial growth, where 80.5 %( n=62/360) and 19.4 %( n=15/360) were gram negative and gram positive bacteria respectively. Commonly isolated organisms were Klebsiella spp 54.8 %( n=34/360), E. coli 30.6 %( n=19/360) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci 17.7 %( n=11/360). Birth weight, underlying chronic disease, congenital anomalies, was associated with positive blood culture. Antibiotic resistance was found in both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ciprofloxacin and Amikacin was the most effective antibiotic for gram negative bacteria while for gram positive bacteria Vancomycin, Clindamycin and Ciprofloxacin were effective drugs. Conclusion: This study discovered a high frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in gram negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were the most common cause of Septicemia in children. The most prevalent pathogen in this investigation was Klebsiella pneumoniae.Item Assessment of Liver and Renal Function Tests among Gasoline-Exposed Gas station workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Abdulkadir,Halima; Wolde,Mistire(PhD, Associate Professor); Alem,Mekdes(MSc); Tsegaye,Aster(PhD)Background: Gasoline station workers are at a higher predisposition to exposure by benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, which can adversely affect liver and renal functions. However, there is a scarcity of wide-ranging studies focusing on the specific impacts of occupational gasoline exposure in the Ethiopian context. Objective: To assess Liver and renal function tests among gasoline exposed gas station workers compared to unexposed controls from February 2025 to May 2025 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods: Comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among gas station workers versus non – gasoline exposed control group from February 2025 to May 2025 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It comprised of 146 gasoline exposed workers and 146 apparently healthy control groups. Based on a structured questionnaire, each study participants’ socio-demographic data was collected and afterward, five milliliters of blood sample was drawn into serum separator tubes. The samples were then transported to Ethiopian Public Health Institute’s laboratory for sample processing. Cobas c311 was used to measure the analytes. SPSS version 26 was used for statistical analyses – descriptive statistics to summarize the participant characteristics, independent t-tests, Mann Whitney U, One-way ANOVA tests, Kruskal Wallis test and multivariable logistic regression were employed to compare results among the groups. Result: From 292 participants, 146 Gas station attendants and 146 controls that were enrolled in this study. Gasoline Exposed workers showed significantly higher median ALT (12.4 vs. 7.8 U/L; p < 0.001), GGT (31 vs. 18 U/L; p < 0.001), ALP (64.0 vs. 61.0 U/L; p = 0.045), TBIL (0.37 vs. 0.30 mg/dL; p = 0.005), mean AST (19.77 vs. 18.44 U/L; p = 0.015), UA (5.91 vs. 5.16 mg/dL; p < 0.001), and Creatinine (0.90 vs. 0.81 mg/dL; p < 0.001), but no differences in DBIL or Urea. Employment >6 years increased GGT, TBIL, and DBIL; >8 hours/day and >6000 L/day elevated Creatinine, UA, and ALP Conclusion: Gasoline exposure impairs liver and renal function, likely due to benzene-induced oxidative stress. Overall, this thesis highlights the need for improved workplace safety practices, regular health checkups, and targeted interventions to reduce gasoline-related health risksItem Assessment of serum lipid profiles and electrolytes among type II diabetic patients with and without hypertension attending Wolaita Sodo University comprehensive specialized Hospital, Wolaita, South Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-01) H/mariam,Workineh; Edao,Abebe(MSc, Ass. Prof.); Alem,Mekdes(MSc)Background: Diabetes is disease characterized by hyperglycemia with a disturbance of metabolism ofcarbohydrates, lipids and electrolytes. Coexistence of high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and electrolytes disturbance with diabetes has a risk for increased morbidity and mortality. Despite these alarming figures, data on the biochemical impact of coexisting diabetes and hypertension — specifically lipid profile and electrolyte variations — are limited in the Ethiopian population and study area. Objective: To assess and compare serum lipid profiles and electrolytes level among type II diabetic patients with and without hypertension attending wolaita sodo university comprehensive specialized hospital, wolaita, South Ethiopia, from January 2024 to March 2024. Methods: Hospital based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 66 hypertensive diabetic and 66 normotensive diabetic patients. Trained data collectors gathered the data using a structured questionnaire. Serum lipid profiles (HDL, LDL, TG and TC) and electrolytes (Sodium, Potassium and Chloride) were measured by Dimension EXL-200 analyzer. During analysis, Chisquare is used to compare the study groups by mean level. Binary logistic regression was used to determine associated factors with lipid profiles and electrolytes abnormality. Results: The Mean level of TC, TG, LDL, Potassium and Chloride were significantly higher in HDM as compared with NDM. While, level of HDL-C and Sodium had a significantly lower in HDM as compared to HDM. In binary logistic regression: Hypertension, BMI, WC and DM showed strong significant association with abnormal serum level of TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and Sodium in HDM than NDM. Conclusion and Recommendation: HDM have more chances to develop high dyslipidemia and electrolytes disturbance than NDM. Hypertension, BMI, WC and DDM were factors significantly associated with abnormal lipid profiles and electrolytes level among HDM than NDM. There should be regular monitoring of lipid profile, electrolytes and hypertension for diabetic patients to prevent diabetes related complications.Item Prevalence of Transfusion Transmissible Infections and Its Cost Analysis among Voluntary Blood Donors at Shashemane and Wolaita Sodo Blood Banks, Southern Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Asrat,Bilen; Sisay,Abay(MSc, PhD, Ass.Prof.); Tamir,Zemenu(MSc, PhD, Ass. Prof.)Background: Blood transfusion is a vital healthcare intervention, but the risk of infections like Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and syphilis remains a major concern due to prolonged viremia and latent phases. Cost analysis, particularly the Activity-based costing model (ABC), aids in financial decision-making by linking costs to specific activities. Despite having these challenges, there is not well-documented evidence, particularly in the southern part of our country. Hence, this study aims to determine the prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors and its cost of analysis in Shashemane and Wolaita Blood Banks. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2024 at Shashemane and Wolaita Sodo Blood Banks, involving 568 consecutive blood donors. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire by trained personnel. Transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) were tested using Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay. The cost of TTIs was analyzed using Activity-Based Costing (ABC) to trace individual infections, and costs were compared between sequential and simultaneous testing approaches. Result: From the total number of 568 blood units collected, 34 donors were positive for any of the TTI tested, giving an overall positivity rate of 6.0%. The sero-prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Syphilis, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was 18(3.2%), 7(1.2%), 6(1.1%), 3(0.5%), respectively. In this study, by using the activity-based cost analysis method, the single cost of Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Syphilis, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus was 1.8926$, 2.9628$, 1.8231$, and 1.9631$. There was a difference in cost between the simultaneous versus newly sequential testing algorithms was $1,183.66. Conclusion: The prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) was higher in this study area than in other regions of Ethiopia. The simultaneous testing strategy incurred higher costs than the sequential testing strategy. This suggests that the newly proposed testing method is a more cost-effective solution compared to the parallel or current testing method.Item Magnitude and Determinants of Iron Deficiency Anemia among First Antenatal Care Attending Pregnant Women at Selam Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02) Dendir,Kedir; Tamir,Zemenu(Dr.); Wordofa,MogesBackground: Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a major global health concern, responsible for approximately 50% of anemia cases worldwide. It is defined as low iron levels in the body. This study points out the need for updated data on iron deficiency anemia and emphasizes understanding factors affecting maternal iron deficiency and its nutritional impact. Objectives: To investigate the magnitude of iron deficiency anemia and its determinants among first Antenatal Care attending pregnant women at Selam Health Center, Addis Ababa Ethiopia April to May, 2024. Methods: A prospective, institution-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2024 among 170 first antenatal care attendees at Selam Health Centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic and pregnancy-related data, and blood samples were taken to measure ferritin and hemoglobin levels using specific analyzers, following ethical consent. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, with factors associated with iron deficiency anemia assessed through multivariate logistic regression, considering a p-value below 0.05 as statistically significant. Result: The assessment documented in this research determined that the prevalence of anemia was determined 9.4%(16/170) have a mean Hgb level <11g/dl of , with a specific focus on iron deficiency anemia, which affected 4.1%(7/170) of the participants which have a ferritin level <15μg/l. Iron-deficiency anemia was significantly associated with lower mid-upper arm circumference (AOR = 8.33, 95% CI; 1.23-56.33, P = 0.03), less meal frequency per day (AOR = 5.53, 95% CI; 1.83–36.72, P = 0.046), and dietary diversity score less than five (AOR=7.12, 95% CI; 1-50.71, P = 0.04). Conclusion: In conclusion, our investigation revealed a low prevalence of iron deficiency anemia. Despite this, factors such as low mid-upper arm circumference, poor dietary diversity, and reduced meal frequency were noted. We recommend educating pregnant mothers on nutrition, and conducting community-based research to further understand these factors.Item Assessment of Platelet Count Changes in Adult Acute Leukemia Patients Receiving Platelet Transfusions at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Genene,Amanuel; Urgessa,Fekadu(MSc,PhD Candidate); Hordofa,Moges(MSc); Bisrat,Elias(MSc)Background: Many cancer patients, especially those with blood cancers like acute Leukemia, face a serious risk of bleeding, which can lead to death. About 52% of these patients have bleeding complications. The extent of optimal platelet transfusion response is not well known, and the predictors of transfusion effectiveness remain poorly understood. Therefore, assessing the factors influencing transfusion outcomes is essential, yet research on this remains limited. Objective: To assess of Platelet Count Changes in Adult Acute Leukemia Patients Receiving Platelet Transfusions at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2024 to May 2025 at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital involving 174 adult acute leukemia patients receiving platelet transfusions. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Blood samples were collected pre-transfusion, at 1 hour, and 24 hours post-transfusion. Corrected count increment (CCI) was calculated by subtracting pretransfusion platelet counts from post-transfusion counts, multiplying by the patient’s body surface area (m²), and dividing by the total number of platelets transfused. An optimal response was defined as a CCI ≥ 7.5 × 10⁹/L at 1 hour and ≥ 4.5× 10⁹/L at 24 hours. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of CCI. Result: Of the 174 patients, the mean age was 31.45 years, and 67.2% were male. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was more common (59.2%) than acute myeloid leukemia. Overall, 81.7% and 68.6% of transfusions resulted in optimal CCI at 1 hour and 24 hours, respectively. In multivariable analysis, not taking medication was significantly negatively associated with achieving optimal CCI at 1 hour (AOR=0.54, P=0.022). Additionally, new infection (AOR= 0.1248, P=0.003) were negatively associated with optimal 1-hour CCI. An increase in the number of transfused platelet units was significantly associated with decreased odds of achieving an optimal CCI at 24 hours (AOR = 0.027, p = 0.045 as the AOR was less than 1. Conclusion: Most patients achieved optimal CCI post-transfusion. The unit of transfused platelets was inversely associated with optimal CCI at 24 hours. Infection and not taking medication were inversely associated with optimal 1-hour CCI. Future longitudinal studies using incorporating immunological assessments are recommended to understand predictors of optimal platelet increment changeItem Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production and Multi-Drug Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Among Urinary Tract Infection Suspected Patients Referred to Wudassie Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Tamiru,Tamirat; Desta,Kassu(MSc, PhD); Diriba,Regasa(MSc)Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the commonly encountered infectious diseases globally, affecting approximately 150 million individuals each year. The rise of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae has made the management of urinary tract infections more difficult which is becoming common public health concern worldwide Objective: To assess the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae among UTI suspected patients referred to Wudassie advanced medical laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A laboratory based cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2024 to March 2025. A total of 502 UTI suspected patients were included using convenient sampling technique. The identification of Enterobacteriaceae was done using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (EXS3000, Zybio Inc., China). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Combination disk test (CDT) was used for confirmation of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae. Data ware entered in Epidata version 4.6 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 for analysis. Result: Among 502 patients presenting with clinical symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI), 29.4% (148/502) has positive culture for Enterobacteriaceae. The predominant species isolated were Escherichia coli 103(69.6%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 25 (16.8%). The prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLs-E) was 65.5% (97/148). The highest proportion of ESBL-producing isolate was Klebsiella pneumoniae (92.0%)..Among 148 Enterobacteriaceae isolated, 82.2% of them were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Conclusion: The findings highlight a high prevalence of MDR and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. This finding emphasizes a critical need to implement comprehensive surveillance systems in hospital settings to enable the detection and tracking of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Continuous monitoring of their dissemination is highly recommended for implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs.Item Umbilical Cord Blood Hematological Parameters Reference Interval for Newborns in Ambo University Referral Hospital, Ambo, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04) Soboka,Barecha; Tsegaye,Aster(Prof.); Urgesa,Fikadu(MSc, PhD Fellow)Background: Hematology RIs in newborns are a good informative for the evaluation of newborn‘s health condition. The values may possibly indicate difference within some factors such as Birth weight, Sex, and other factors. However, Published information/data on Reference Intervals of hematological parameter of newborns from UBC for Ambo and the surroundings of AURH is lacking. Objective: To determine RIs for umbilical cord blood hematological parameters of newborns In Ambo, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to June 30, 2024GC on Newborns with normal birth weight (2.5-4Kg) by using convenient non-probability sampling technique in Ambo town. About 2-3ml UBC was collected according to standard operating procedure from cord by using EDTA tube. Sample analysis was performed by using Sysmex XN-550. Finally, the data was entered and then data analysis was performed by using the SPSS version 25. Reference Intervals of 2.5th and 97.5th was established by using non parametric method. Result: 200 umbilical cord samples were collected from newborns and out of these 57% were female. Mean ± SD WBC (14.4±5.08), RBC (4.13±0.49), HGB (15.9±2.88), HCT (47.2±8.28), MCV (127.2±9.97), MCH (35.1±1.97), MCHC (40.5±4.17), RDW-CV (14.4±3.60), PLT(207.1±55.29), LYM(37.2±6.96), NEU%(58.3±9.04), MPV (11.2±8.60), PDW-CV (13.6±2.57). RBC counts are similar between sexes, with males at a median of 4.2 and females at 4.18. From our Results of Complete blood count (CBC), HGB and HCT, show no significant. Platelet counts are consistent across genders (P=0.057) whereas WBC indicate no significant sex-related differences. Conclusion and Recommendation: This study highlights the needs for region-specific hematological RIs for umbilical cord blood within newborns from Ambo, due to significant differences from other populations. Broader studies are recommended to improve clinical assessments and public health strategies tailored to local contexts.Item Blood and Blood Component Wastage Rate: Associated Factors in Ethiopia Blood and Tissue Bank Service and Selected Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-07) Saron Tamire; Daniel Beshah; Fatuma HassanBackground: Blood is an invaluable resource essential to human survival, making blood transfusion a critical, life-saving procedure: therefore: - blood transfusion can be a life-saving intervention. Discarding or wastage of blood can be attributed to several reasons namely expiration, Transfusion Transmitted Infection, storage problems, inaccurate volume collection, broken bags and seal with leakage, hemolytic reasons, clotted blood, lipemia, greenish or yellowish, discoloration, contamination, returned after 30 min and not used ordered blood. The main aim of this study is to assess the rate of blood wastage and associated factors at Ethiopia Blood and Tissue Bank Service and selected hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia during 2024/2025. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ethiopia Blood and Tissue Bank Service and selected hospitals in Addis Ababa. Three-month retrospective and three-month prospective data were collected by using a structured checklist from November 2024 to April 2025. The total blood and blood components issued were 84,501 units. A questionnaire was developed from assessment tools and a total of 105 professionals were participated. After verifying the completeness, the data were coded and entered into SPSS software for analysis. The association of variables was also analyzed using a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Three key personnel were interviewed for qualitative data and analyzed using a thematic approach to illustrate the findings. Result: A total of 48,235 units of blood were collected in Ethiopia Blood and Tissue Bank Service within six months. Of the total blood units 31,444 were kept as Whole Blood, and the remaining 16,791 blood units were made into components such as 16,207 Packed Red Blood Cells, 14,115 Platelet Concentrate and 14,115 Fresh Frozen Plasma. The total numbers of blood units issued during the study period were 75,881 from this blood wastage rate was 7,738 (10.15%) with 8,298,866.68 Ethiopian birr from November 2024 to April 2025; The highest wastage was observed in Fresh frozen plasma 3,355 (4.4%) units discarded, followed by Whole Blood 2,812 (3.7%), Platelet Concentrate 1,075 (1.4%), and PRBC 496 (0.65%). A total of 8,620 blood units were received by Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Myung sung Christian Medical Center within six months. Of the total of blood units received: - 1,556 were whole blood, 3,140 were Packed Red Blood Cells, 2,499 were Platelet Concentrate, and 1,425 were Fresh frozen plasma of x this blood wastage rate was 229(2.6%), with 245,638.24 Ethiopian birr from November 2024 to April 2025. The highest wastage was observed in whole blood 93(1%) followed by Fresh Frozen Plasma 66(0.7%), Packed Red Blood Cell 40(0.46%), and Platelet Concentrate 30(0.34%). Expiry date, Transfusion Transmitted Infection, Improper storage, Inaccurate blood collection volume, and Lack of pediatric blood bag show a significant association with blood wastage rate, P < 0.05. Conclusion: The study found a blood and component wastage rate of 10.15% at EBTBS and 2.65% at selected hospitals, with a total cost of around 8.5 million ETB from November 2024 to April 2025. From the components, Fresh frozen plasma had the highest wastage rate. Key factors associated with wastage included expired units, transfusion-transmitted infections, improper storage, inaccurate collection volume, and lack of pediatric blood bags. Notably, the discard of partially used pediatric units due to the absence of pediatric bags was a significant issue, highlighting a critical gap affecting a vulnerable patient group.Item Molecular Features, Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Selected Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens Among Diarrheic Patients in Three Selected Cities in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-09-01) Amete Mihret; Woldaregay Erku; Alem Abrha; Eyasu TigabuAbstract Background: Foodborne Disease Is a Devastating Global Health Threat, As It May Pose Risks of Serious and Life-Threatening Diseases Along with Chronic Complications. It Disproportionately Affects Low- And Middle-Income Countries Like Ethiopia. However, There Is Fragmented Evidence in Ethiopia on Specific (Mostly Single Pathogen), Restricted Age Groups (Mainly Children Under Objective: This Study Aimed to Determine the Molecular Features, Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Selected Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens (Fbps) Among Diarrheal Patients in Three Selected Cities in Ethiopia. Five Years), Limited Geographic Location, And Season of the Year. Method: A Cross-Sectional Study Was Conducted from October 2021 to November 2022 in Three Hospitals in Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, Gondar, And Harar). Information On Sociodemographic Characteristics and Clinical Signs and Symptoms Was Collected from Diarrheic Patients Submitting Stool Samples for the Physician Requested Stool Analysis (Microscopic Stool Examination, Culture and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing) To the Hospitals’ Clinical Laboratories Using a Structured Questionnaire. Stool Samples Were Tested for Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia Coli (Stec), Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (Nts), Shigella Spp., And Campylobacter Spp. Using Standardized Conventional Culture and Enzyme Immunoassay Technique. The Stool Samples Were Inoculated on To Selenite F-Broth, And Sub-Cultured on to Xylose Deoxycholate Agar (Xld), And Macconkey Agar (Mac), Followed by the Biochemical Tests (I.E., Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Lysine Iron Agar, Simmon Citrate Agar, Urease Agar, And Sulfide Indole Motility Agar) For the Isolation and Identification of Salmonella and Shigella. The Chromstec Agar Was Used for the Isolation of Stec Characterized by the Mauve Colony Due To Tellurite Resistance. Campylobacter Species Was Detected Using an Enzyme Immunoassay Technique Where Known Enzyme Labeled Antibody Was Used for the Detection of Campylobacter Antigens in the Stool Samples. The Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of the Isolates Was Determined Using the Phoenix (M50) Method, Using the Broth Microdilution Technique Where Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Each of the Tested Antibiotics and Their Respective Interpretation Was Provided According to The Inbuilt Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (Clsi) and European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (Eucast) Guidelines. Molecular Characterization of Virulence (Stx1, Stx2, Eae, Inva, Stm4200, Sen1392, Ipah, Lacy, 16s Rrna, Hipo, Glya), And the Antibiotic-Resistance (Bla-Tem, Bla-Shv, Bla-Ctx-M, Bla-Oxa-48-Like, Bla-Vim, Bla-Kpc, And Bla-Ndm) Genes Were Conducted Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction. All Statistical Analyses Were Performed Using Rstudio (Version 4.4.3). Univariate Analysis (Descriptive Statistics and Graphics) Was Performed to Summarize the Distribution of Variables. Age Distribution Was Explored Using Box Plots, And Summarized as Means with Standard Deviations, And Median with Interquartile Ranges. Categorical Variables (Socio-Demographic, Clinical, And Environmental Factors) Were Summarized as Frequencies and Proportions. The Prevalence of Targeted Pathogens Was Estimated by Dividing the Total Number of Positive Results for The Targeted Pathogen by the Total Sample Processed Overall, By Study Sites, And by Seasons. Univariable Logistic Regression Was Conducted Between Predictor and the Outcome Variables, For the Crude Odds Ratios With 95% Confidence Intervals Were Calculated. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analyses Were Used to Identify Associated Factors Associated with Occurrence of Pathogens by Controlling the Potential Confounders, And Adjusted Odds Ratio With 95% Confidence Intervals Were Calculated. Variables With P < 0.20 0 In Univariable Analysis Were Included, And Adjusted Odds Ratios (Aor) With 95% Confidence Intervals (Ci) Were Calculated to Quantify Effect Sizes. Multicollinearity Among Explanatory Variables Was Assessed Using the Variance Inflation Factor (Vif) With Values < 10 Considered Acceptable. Variables Exhibiting High Collinearity Would Have Been Considered for Exclusion or Combination to Ensure Model Stability. Results: A Total Of 2,331 Patients Were Enrolled in the Study, With A Median Age Of 28 Years (Range: 2 Months To 94 Years). The Majority of the Study Participants Were Within the Age Group Of 20-29 Years (23.51%) And the Lowest Was in the Age Group Of 15-19 Years (4.59%). All Participants from Addis Ababa Were Urban Residents While About a Quarter of Participants from Harar and Gondar Reported Living in Rural Areas. Most Participants in All Study Sites Were Males (54.78%). The Overall Prevalence of Nts, Stec, Shigella Spp. And Campylobacter Spp. Were 1.29% (95%Ci:0.91,1.84), 12.56% (95%Ci:11.29,13.98), 2.79% (95%Ci:2.19,3.54), And 4.46% (95%Ci:4.61,8.00), Respectively. Moreover, The Prevalence of Eae Harboring Stec Was Found to Be 3.43% (95%Ci:2.77,4.25). Harar Had the Highest Prevalence of All the Pathogens Compared to Addis Ababa and Gondar, For Stec (P<0.001), Nts (P <0.001), Shigella Spp. (P=0.030), And Campylobacter Spp. (P=0.004). Multidrug Resistance Was Detected In 83.33% (25/30) Of Nts, 71.64%Of Shigella Spp., And 48.12% Of Stec Isolates. Moreover, 2.5% Of Stec Isolates Were Extensively Drug-Resistant, All from Harar and Children Under 15 Years. Virulence Profiling of Stec Showed Stx1 In 66.89% Of Isolates, And the Eae Gene In 27.30%. Among Esbl-Positive Stec (N=110), Bla-Ctx-M Predominated (97.12% Overall; 100% In Gondar, 98.31% In Harar, and 86.67% In Addis Ababa), Followed by Bla-Tem (75.00%) And Bla-Shv (15.38%, Highest in Addis Ababa at 26.67%). Moreover, Among the Carbapenem Resistant Stec Isolates, 92.59% And 7.41% Were Found Positive for Bla-Ndm and Bla-Oxa-48-Like Genes Respectively. In Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis, Foodborne Pathogen Infections Were Significantly Associated with Study Site, Season, Age, Water Source, Sanitation, And Household Animal Ownership. All Predictors Included in the Multivariable Models Had Acceptable Variance Inflation Factor (Vif) Values (<10), Indicating No Problematic Collinearity. Modifiable Factors With The Largest Effect Sizes Included Unimproved Water Sources (Shigella: Aor:1.95, 95%Ci: 1.27,2.74, P = 0.003; Eae-Harboring Stec: Aor:1.06, 95%Ci: 1.01,1.10, P = 0.004), Unimproved Sanitation (Shigella: Aor:1.39, 95%Ci: 1.27,1.74, P = 0.030; Eae-Harboring Stec: Aor:1.08, 95%Ci: 1.01,1.16, P = 0.031), And Household Animal Ownership (Nts: Cattle Aor:1.38, 95%Ci: 1.18,1.46, P = 0.01; Sheep Aor:1.08, 95%Ci: 1.02,1.14, P < 0.001). Non-Modifiable Factors, Including Age, Season, And Study Site, Identified High-Risk Groups and Periods for Targeted Public Health Action Conclusion: The Findings of This Study Reveal Alarming Levels of Virulent and Drug Resistant Fbps, Particularly in Harar, Posing Urgent Public Health Threats. Targeted Interventions Addressing Seasonal, Environmental, And Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns Are Critical to Control the Spread and Impact of These Infections.Item Critical laboratory test result management practice and associated factors at selected public health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Arsemawit Teferedegne; Fatuma Hassen; Abay SisayBackground: Critical Result Is a Result That Requires Immediate Medical Attention and Action Because It Indicate a High Risk of Imminent Death or Major Patient Harm. In Ethiopian Public Hospitals Where High Patient Volume, Limited Resources and Varying Infrastructure Exists Managing This Result Makes More Difficult. Besides, There Is Very Limited Research Information in This Regard. Thus, This Study Aimed to Assess the Management Practice of Critical Results and Its Associated Factors at Selected Hospitals. Methods: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Was Conducted Across Four Public Hospitals Found in Addis Ababa, Using Both Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects, Different Data Collection Tools Are Used Like Staff Questionnaire, Document Review and Key Informant Interview Then Entered in to Microsoft Excel for Accuracy. Analysis Was Performed Using SPSS Version 23. Result: We Assessed Critical Laboratory Result Management Practice Across Four Public Hospitals, Among Laboratory Staff Respondents 96.6% Were Laboratory Technologists with Varying Years of Experience. 95.7% Reported No Training in Critical Result Management. Among The 422 Critical Results 46.6% Were Hematological Tests Followed by Carbohydrate (13.7%), Liver Function (11.8%), Electrolytes (10.19%), Renal Function Test (9.7%), Cardiac Marker 4.2% And Coagulation Tests (3.56%) From The 422 Critical Results Only 34(8.1%) Recognized and Managed as Critical Results, 38.6% Communicated in the Given Time Interval. St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) Achieved A 93% Rate of Timely Communication, While Yekatit 12 Hospital Managed Only 4%. Communication Of Laboratory Results Was Mainly with Electronic Health Record (EHR) And Most of the Critical Results Were Communicated with Electronic Health Record Like Every Other (Non-Critical) Test (91.9%), Which Makes Only 34(8.1%) Of the Results Communicated as Critical Results, The Communication Methods Used Inconsistently, Methods Were In-Person/Verbal, Phone Call, And Paper-Based Methods Are Used. And Only 17.6% Of the Tests Are Confirmed in Readback. There Was 0% Of Documentation of Critical Results in All Hospitals. Although Standard Operating Procedures (Sops) Existed, Stakeholders Were Not Involved in the Preparation of Standard Operating Procedures. Most Of the Staffs Reported High Workload and Resource Limitation as a Major Factor for Poor Critical Result Management. Physicians Expressed Dissatisfaction with the Current Practice 90%, By Stating the Consequence of Poor Management in Increasing Hospital Stay and Delayed Treatment, Emphasizing the Need for Faster Communication, Standardized Protocols and Improved Documentation for Better Patient Treatment. Conclusion: There Is a Significant Gap in Management of Critical Results, The Findings Indicate the Urgent Need for Standardize Protocol, Enhancing Training, And Improved Communication Systems to Ensure Effective and Prompt Management of Critical Results in Hospital Settings.Item Phenotypic And Molecular Characterizations of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated Among Patients Admitted at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-11-07) Matifan Dereje; Daniel Asrat; Göte SwedbergBackground: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Is a Leading Cause of Hospital-Acquired Infections and Is Increasingly Resistant to Multiple Antibiotics, Which Complicates Treatment and Infection Control. Its Ability to Form Biofilms, Express Multiple Virulence Factors, And Harbor Diverse Molecular Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance Contributes to Its Persistence and Pathogenicity in Healthcare Settings. Investigating Biofilm Formation, Virulence Traits, And Molecular Resistance Mechanisms of P. Aeruginosa Is Essential for Understanding Its Pathogenic Potential, Informing Effective Infection Prevention Strategies, And Guiding Clinical Management. Objectives: This Study Aimed to Determine the Phenotypic and Molecular Characterizations of P Aeruginosa Among Patients Admitted at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A Cross-Sectional Study Was Conducted from August 2022 to September 2025. A Total Of 422 Clinical Specimens Including Blood, Urine, Burn Swabs, And Surgical Site Wound Swabs Were Collected from Hospitalized Patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) And Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College (Y12HMC). Eighty-Four Isolates Identified as Pseudomonas Species Were Stored in STGG Medium At −80°C And Later Shipped to Uppsala University, Sweden, For Molecular Characterization. Isolation And Identification of P. Aeruginosa Were Performed Using Standard Microbiological Techniques. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Was Conducted Against 11 Antibiotics Using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Method According to CLSI Guidelines. Carbapenem Susceptibility Was Determined by Broth Microdilution, And Colistin Susceptibility Was Tested Using the Colistin Broth Disk Elution Method. Biofilm Formation Was Assessed Using the Microtiter Plate Assay. Whole-Genome Sequencing (Illumina Hiseq 2500) Was Performed on the 84 Isolates, And Downstream Genomic Analysis Was Conducted On 64 Isolates to Characterize Virulence Factors, Serotypes, Antibiotic Resistance Determinants, And Phylogenetic Relationships. Bivariate And Multivariable Logistic Regression Analyses Were Used to Identify Factors Associated with Multidrug Resistance (MDR). The Spearman Correlation Coefficient Was Applied to Evaluate the Relationship Between Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance. Results: The Overall Prevalence Rate of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Among The 422 Clinical Specimens Was 19.6% (83/422). The Distribution of Isolates Across Hospitals Was 43.4% (N=36) From Y12HMC And 56.6% (N=47) From TASH. Among The Positive Isolates, The Distribution by Specimen Type Was as Follows: Urine 32.5% (27/84), Blood 22.9% (19/84), Surgical Site Wounds 27.7% (23/84), And Burn Wounds 16.9% (14/84). High Resistance Rates Were Observed for Ciprofloxacin (51.8%), Ceftazidime (50.6%), And Cefepime (48.2%), While Low Resistance Was Noted for Ceftazidime-Avibactam (4.8%) And Imipenem (16.9%). The Overall Proportion of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Isolates Was 56.6%. Biofilm Production Was Detected In 95.2% Of Isolates, with 27.7% Classified as Strong And 39.8% As Moderate Biofilm Producers. A Significant Positive Correlation Was Observed Between Biofilm Formation and Multidrug Resistance. Previous Exposure to Ciprofloxacin Was Identified as an Independent Factor Associated with MDR P. Aeruginosa. Among The 64 Isolates Subjected to Whole-Genome Sequencing, Eight Serotypes Were Identified. The Most Prevalent Serotypes Were O6 (50%), O11 (14.1%), O3 (10.9%), O5 (9.4%), O1 (7.8%), O2 (3.1%), O4 (3.1%), And O9 (1.6%). Serotype O6 Was Most Frequent Across All Infection Types, While O1, O3, And O11 Predominated in Specific Specimens. Serotype-Specific MDR Rates Varied: O11 Had the Highest MDR Rate (88.9%), Followed by O5 (66.7%); O6 And O2 Had Equal Distributions of MDR And Non-MDR Isolates (50% Each), Whereas O4 And O9 Were Entirely Non-MDR (100%). Amongst The 241 Virulence Genes Identified, 83.4% Were Present in Nearly Every Isolate. The Virulence Genes Identified Were Flagella-Related Genes, Biofilm Related Genes, Secretion System Components, Secreted Factors, And Toxin Related Genes. The Most Common Toxins Identified Were Exoy (96.9%), Exot (96.8%), Exos (95.3%), Toxa (93.8%) And Exou+ (6.3%). There Were Four (6.3%) Exou+ Strains and One (1.6%) Exou+Exos+ Multidrug Resistant Strain, All of Which Were O11 Serotypes. The Most Frequently Detected ESBL Gene Among MDR Isolates Was Blactx-M-15 10 (15.6%). The Most Prevalent OXA Genes Identified Was Blaoxa-396 24 (37.5%). At Least One Aminoglycoside Gene Was Identified in All MDR Isolates. The Most Frequently Identified Aminoglycoside Gene Was Aph (3')-Iib (57.6%). Two Distinct Carbapenemase Genes Identified Were Blavim-2 And Blandm-1. Significant Mexr and Ampd Mutations Were Found Among MDR Isolates With 25 (75.8%) And 29 (87.9%) Respectively. Most Of Carbapenem-Non-Susceptible Isolates Were Exhibited Mutations in Mexr and Nalc Genes. Colistin Resistant Isolates Were Contained At Least One Mutation in Pmrb Gene. Multi-Locus Sequencing Type Analysis Revealed Two Global High-Risk Clone Types (ST235 And ST277) And Two Novel Sts (ST5135 And ST5136). Conclusion: This Study Showed the Presence of Diverse Virulence and Resistance Determinants in P. Aeruginosa. The Finding of Genetically Related Isolates Shows Potential Clonal Spread Within Hospital. This Showed the Need for Strengthen Infection Prevention Strategies in Healthcare Settings to Monitor Spread of Resistant StrainsItem Assessment of Liver Function Tests, Renal Function Tests, Serum Cholinesterase Level, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Horticulture Workers at Tana Flora Floriculture Industry, Bahirdar, Ethiopia,(Addis Ababa University, 2025-01-01) Habtamu Molla; Abebe Edao; Gobena Dedefo; Mekdes AlemAbstract Background: Workers In the Floriculture Industry Are Exposed to Several Pesticide Classes Through Various Routes, Including Skin Contact, Inhalation, And Ingestion. Although Many Pesticides Are Known to Be Hepatotoxic and Nephrotoxic, There Is No Published Article on the Effect of Pesticides on The Liver and Renal in Ethiopia, particularly in the Amhara Region. Objective: This Study Aims to Asses Liver and Renal Function Tests Among Horticulture Workers at Tana Flora Floriculture, Bahirdar, Ethiopia, 2025. Methods: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study Was Conducted from February 8 to May 28, 2025, Involving 51 Floriculture Workers and 51 Residents of Zege Town as Controls. Socio Demographic, Clinical, And Behavioral Data Were Collected Using Structured Questionnaires. 5 Milliliters of Venous Blood Were Drawn to Measure Rfts, Lfts, and Bche Levels on a Cobas 6000 Analyzer. Data Entry Was Done with Epidata 4.7 and Analyzed Using SPSS Version 27. Descriptive Findings Were Presented with Tables and Graphs, While Chi-Square/Fisher Exact Test, T-Tests, And Kruskual-Wallis Test Were Used for Comparisons. Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression Identified Key Determinants, With Significance Set At P<0.05. Result: Floriculture Workers Had Significantly Higher Mean ALT, AST, DBL, Globulin, Urea, Creatinine, And BUN/Creatinine Ratio, But Lower Albumin, A/G Ratio, Bche, And Egfr Than Controls (P<0.05). Workers With >10 Years of Exposure Showed Elevated ALT, AST, TBL, DBL, Globulin, Urea, And Creatinine, And Reduced Albumin, A/G Ratio, And Egfr (P<0.05) Compared to Those With <5 Years of Exposure. Increased Work Duration Was Significantly Associated with Increased ALT, AST, TBL, And Globulin, But Negatively with the A/G Ratio. Increased Age Was Significantly Associated with Increased Creatinine and Decreased Egfr, While Higher BMI Was Associated with Increased Urea and Creatinine. Regular PPE Use (Β = 724.28, P = 0.005) And Periodic Health Checkups (Β = 936.03, P = 0.020) Are Associated with Increased Bche, Whereas Female Sex (Β = –697.99, P = 0.009) And Higher BMI (Β = –203.64, P = 0.002) Are Associated with Low Bche. Overall, 51% Of Workers Had Good Knowledge, 51% Had A Positive Attitude, and 66.7% Had Good Practices Toward Pesticide Exposure. Conclusion: Our Study Found That Floriculture Workers Had Altered Liver Function Tests, Renal Function Tests, and bche levels than Controls, Associated with Pesticide Exposure in the Floriculture Industry. It Depends on the Time of Exposure to Pesticides in the Floriculture Industry. Prolonged Exposure to Pesticides Leads to More Alterations of Liver Function Tests, Renal Function Tests. Utilization of Personal Protective Equipment in Work Area Is Essential to Maintain Normal Bche LevelItem Assessment of Patient satisfaction and Turnaround time while using electronic laboratory information management system along with associated factors in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-07) Mecca Yesuf; Fatuma HassenAbstract Background: It is crucial and well documented to evaluate patient perception of laboratory service and turnaround time in order to provide high quality service. Although laboratory information management system is crucial for enhancing patient care and turnaround time, variables pertaining to LIMS that impact them must be investigated because there is lack of res Objective: To assess Patient satisfaction and Turnaround time while using Electronic laboratory information management system along with associated factors in selected public hospitals in Addis Ab Methods: A Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at selected public hospitals by using both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The hospitals were selected using a simple random sampling method from a list of 13 public hospitals. Data was collected from 422 patient interviews and TAT recording for hematology and clinical chemistry tests as well as purposive selection of laboratory staffs with a total of 30 participants for structured questionnaire and in-depth interview. The collected data was coded and entered into excel and transferred to SPSS version 25 for further analysis. Both binary and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to see the association between dependent and independent variables. The findings were taken as significant with a p value of ≤ 0.05 at 95% confidence interval and results were presented with text, graph and tables. Aba, Ethiopia. Arch in Ethiopia that focus on this area. Result: The study’s response rate was 100%. 52.8% of respondents were male. The three hospitals’ overall mean scores for patient satisfaction were 3.3. Lab price and the courtesy and respect of staff were main sources of satisfaction; cleanliness of the latrines and seating arrangements, which were a major issue in all hospitals, were the main sources of dissatisfaction. Hematology tests that achieve target TAT was TASH 40.7%, SPMHMC 34.7% and ALERT 23%, also TAT achieved for clinical chemistry was TASH 52.7%, SPMHMC 56.7% and ALERT 39.3%. Turnaround time and patient care are impacted by issues like equipment failure, power outages, system outages, and unstable networks. Conclusion: Patient satisfaction and TAT in laboratory services is mostly dependent on effective laboratory management and infrastructure. Even though LIMS adoption has had a positive impact on operational efficiency; technical issues must be resolved, staff must be well trained, and a steady power and network supply must be ensured.Item Epidemiology of Tuberculosis and the Diagnostic Performance of Lipoarabinomannan Assay for Tuberculosis Testing Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes Mellitus in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-11-01) Ayinalem Alemu; Balako Gumi; Nega Berhe; Solomon HabtemariamBackground: Individuals With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) And Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Have A High Risk of Tuberculosis (TB). The Prevalence of CKD And DM Is Alarmingly Rising in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Including Ethiopia, Where TB Is a Significant Public Health Problem, Potentially Complicating TB Prevention and Control Efforts. However, The Epidemiology of TB Among CKD And DM Patients Is Less Explored in Ethiopia. This Study Generated Data on the Epidemiology of TB And the Diagnostic Value of the Determinetm Alere Lateral Flow Lipoarabinomannan (Alere LF-LAM) Assay for TB Testing Among These Patient Groups. Objective: To Study the Prevalence, Associated Factors, Genomic Diversity, And Drug-Sensitivity Patterns of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTBC), And the Diagnostic Performance of the Alere LF-LAM Assay for TB Testing Among Patients with CKD And DM Who Attended Selected Public Health Facilities in Ethiopia. It Also Investigated the Diversity of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) And Probe Amplifications in the Genexpert Assays. Methods: A Health-Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study Was Employed Among Patients with CKD And DM Who Attended the Selected 11 Health Facilities from January to December 2023. Socio Demographic, Behavioral, Clinical, And Environmental Data Were Collected from Patients with Signs and Symptoms Suggestive of TB Using a Pre-Tested Questionnaire. Morning Sputum and Midstream Urine Specimens Were Collected and Transported to the Ethiopian Public Health Institute for Smear Microscopy, Culture, And Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra Assay Examinations. The Urine Specimen Was Also Tested Using the Alere LF-LAM Assay. The MTBC Isolates Were Examined Using Phenotypic Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST), Line Probe Assays, Genexpert Assays, And Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS). The NTM Isolates Were Characterized Using the Genotype Common Mycobacterium (CM) And Additional Species (AS) Assays, And Assessed for Probe Amplification Using the Genexpert Assays. Data Were Entered into Epiinfo Version 7.2 And Analyzed Using SPSS Version 27. Descriptive Statistics Were Employed to Characterize Study Variables. Association Between Variables Was Assessed Using the Chi-Squared Test, And A Logistic Regression Model Was Computed to Identify Independently Associated Variables. Amplified Probes' Cycle Threshold (CT) Values Were Compared Across Categories Using the Mann-Whitney U And Kruskal-Wallis Tests. A 95% CI Of the Estimates Was Computed, And Those Variables with a P-Value < 0.05 Were Considered to Have a Statistically Significant Association. The Diagnostic Performance Measurements, Such As Agreement, Sensitivity, And Specificity of the Alere LF-LAM Assay, Were Determined. The Illumina Nextseq Ii 550 Instrument Was Used to Generate Genomic Data, And A Bioinformatics Pipeline, Tbprofiler V6.4.0, Was Used for the Downstream Analysis of Genomic Data. Results: In Total, 1033 Study Participants (CKD; 381, DM; 652) Were Enrolled. Tuberculosis Was Detected Among 12.9% (49) Of CKD Patients And 11.2% (73) Of DM Patients. Among CKD Patients, Those With Previous Or Current Cigarette Smoking History (Aor; 2.82), Decreased Appetite (Aor; 5.97), Night Sweats (Aor; 2.21), DM Comorbidity (Aor; 3.01), Positive Dipstick Albuminuria (Aor; 5.55), < 1 Year Follow-Up In The Renal Unit (Aor; 9.49), BMI < 18.5 Kg/M2 (Aor; 6.69), And On Hemodialysis (Aor; 4.41) Had A Statistically Significant Association With Having TB. The Independently Associated Factors Of TB Among DM Patients Were Being Younger Age Group (15-24 Years; Aor; 10.98, 25-34 Years; Aor; 4.74, 35-44 Years; Aor; 5.70, And 45-54 Years; Aor; 2.68), Cough Lasting ≥ 2 Weeks (Aor; 2.73), Cigarette Smoking (Aor; 7.50), Contact With A Known TB Case (Aor; 9.16), HIV Seropositivity (Aor; 4.40), >10 Years Of DM Follow-Up (Aor; 4.87), Insulin Medication (Aor; 3.00), And Fasting Blood Sugar Level >126 Mg/Dl (Aor; 2.72). Among 47 MTBC Isolates with Valid WGS Results, Four M. Tuberculosis Lineages, Lineage 4 (33, 70.2%), Lineage 3 (12, 25.5%), Lineage 2 (1, 2.1%), And Lineage 1 (1, 2.1%), And M. Bovis Lineage La1 (1, 2.1%) Were Detected. Fifteen Sublineages Were Identified, With L4.2.2.2 (13, 27.7%) And L3 (10, 21.3%) Being the Most Frequent. Based On ≤ 5 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Distances, Six Genomic Clusters Comprising 25 Isolates (53.2%) Were Identified. The NTM Was Identified Among 9.39% (93) Of 990 Patients (369 With CKD And 621 With DM) With Valid Culture Results, With 13.01% (48) And 7.25% (45) Positivity Among CKD And DM Patients, respectively. Among The NTM Isolates, 87 Had Valid Genotype CM And AS Assay Results, With M. Fortuitum Group (45, 51.7%), Mycobacterium Species (17, 19.5%), M. Simiae (8, 9.2%), M. Gordonae (7, 8.0%), And M. Avium Complex (6, 6.9%) Being Most Frequently Identified. Any Drug Resistance and Multi-Drug Resistance Were Detected Among 25.0% (19) And 7.9% (6) Of MTBC Isolates, respectively. Resistance To Streptomycin (STR), Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF), Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide (PZA), And Fluoroquinolones (FLQ) Was 11.8% (9), 13.2% (10), 10.5% (8), 6.6% (5), 11.8% (9), And 1.3% (1), Respectively. The Common RIF And INH-Resistant Conferring Mutations Were Rpob P. Ser450Leu and Katg P. Ser315Thr, respectively. Resistance To STR Was Detected in the Rpsl and Gid Genes, Whereas Resistance To PZA, EMB, And FLQ Was Detected in the Pnca, Embb, And Gyra Gene, respectively. Any Drug Resistance Was Detected Among Four (33.3%) Lineage 3, And Three (9.1%) Lineage 4 Strains. Previous TB Treatment (Aor; 6.14) And TB Contact History (Aor; 6.14) Were Associated with Any DR-TB. The Overall Test Agreement, Sensitivity, And Specificity of the Alere LF-LAM Assay in Detecting TB Cases Were 74.4% (95%CI; 71.6-77.0%), 46.7% (95%CI; 37.6-56.0%), And 78.1% (95%CI; 75.2-80.7%), Respectively. All The Tested 87 NTM Isolates Had Negative Results in the Genexpert Assays. Of Them, 88.5% (77) And 78.2% (68) Had At Least One Rpob Probe Amplification in the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra Assay and Xpert MTB/RIF Assay, respectively. The Most Common Amplified Probes in the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra And Xpert MTBB/RIF Assays Were Rpob2 (77, 88.5%) And Probe C (64, 73.6%), Respectively. The CT Value for Rpob2 (X2=18.857, P=0.016) And Probe C (X2=13.199; P=0.041) Had A Statistically Significant Difference Among the NTM Species. Conclusions: Tuberculosis, Including Drug-Resistant TB, Is A Substantial Cause of Morbidity Among CKD And DM Patients in Ethiopia. Diverse M. Tuberculosis Lineages (L1-L4), And M. Bovis (La1), Comprising 15 Sub-Lineages, Were Detected, L4.2.2.2 And L3 Being the Most Frequent Sublineages. Genomic Clusters Were Detected. Any Type of Anti-TB Drug Resistance Was Detected Among the Identified Lineages Except L1. The TB Risk Was Higher Among Certain Patient Groups, Necessitating Strengthening Targeted Programmatic Interventions Such as Active and Regular TB Screening and Surveillance. The Ntms Are Also Common Among TB-Presumptive CKD And DM Patients, Necessitating Screening For NTM. The Alere LF-LAM Assay Has a Promising Diagnostic Performance for Rapid Point-Of-Care TB Testing in CKD And DM Patients. The Rpob Probe Amplifications Observed in the Genexpert Negative Specimens May Be Important in Suggesting the Presence of Ntms in the Specimens. The National TB Program Should Work to Strengthen the Integration of TB Prevention and Control Activities into the Routine CKD And DM Care, Including Active TB Screening, Contact Investigation, Implementing Infection Prevention Activities, and Considering NTM in its Program Management.Item Nasal Colonization of Metacillin-Resistant Staphylococus Aurus Among Surgical Ward Admitted Patients in Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital(Addis Ababa University, 2025-03-07) Chaltu Assefa; :MeronYohanne; :Andinet BekeleBackground: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Colonization Occurs When the Bacteria Are Present on the Skin Without Causing Symptoms, An Immune Response, Or Noticeable E Cellular Damage. How Ever, Colonization Increases the Risk of Developing an Infection and Serves as a Significant Source of Person-To-Person Transmission On. MRSA Can Be Acquired Through Direct Contact with an Infected Sharing Persona Items with Someone Carrying the Bacteria or Touching Contaminated Surfaces or Objects. Objectives: To Determine the Nasal Colonization Rate of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Patients Admitted to Surgical Ward at Assela Referral and Teaching Hospital Methods: A Hospital Based Cross Sectional Study Design Was Conducted from June, To November2024.Atotalof283Nasalswabswerecollectedduringadmissionandat Discharge Time and Processed Using Mannitol Salt Agar and Blood Agar. Disk Diffusion Method Was Used for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Association Of Risk Factors with Colonization of S. Aureus MRSA Was Assessed Using Bivariate and Multivariate with Colonization Logistic Regression. Apvaluelessthan0. 05wastakenasstatisticallysignifi Can’t. All Data Entry and Statistical Analysis Were Done Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26 Software. Results: Preval Enceofs.Aureusandmrsainthisstudywere16.3% (46/283) And7.1% (20/283) Respectively. Rateofmrsaamongs.Aureuswas43.4% (20/46). We Have Further Evaluated Whether the Isolated Strain Have Persistently Area, Fromatotalof283patients, Only Colonized the Nasal Area, From A Total Of 283 Patients Only 5patient Have Persistent MRSA. In This Study None of The MRSA Isolates Were Sensitive to Penicillin. However, Low Resistance Was Observed for Sulfamethoxazol Trimethoprim and Erythromycin. Conclusion: This Study Showed Lower Rate of MRSA Colonization Among Surgical Ward Admitted Patients Compared to Other Study Conducted in Ethiopia. Resistant To Other Tested Antibiotic Including Ethiopia. Clindamycin Is Also Reported. Therefore, Routine Screening and Infection Preventive Practice Are Crucial in Reducing MRSA Colonization and Its Association Risk.Item Epidemiology of Tuberculosis and the Diagnostic Performance of Lipoarabinomannan Assay for Tuberculosis Testing Among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes Mellitus in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-07) Bekalu Yirga; Mikias Negash; Rahel AlemuBackground: Hematological Parameters Have Been Proposed as Useful Adjuncts in the Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), Offering Potential Insight in to Disease Severity When Interpreted Alongside Other Diagnostic Tools. Objectives: To Assess Selected Hematological Parameters in Adult Patients with CHF Across Different New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classes. Methods: A Cross-Sectional Study Was Conducted Among 206 Adult Patients with CHF Attending the Cardiology Department at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, In February 2022. Peripheral Venous Blood Samples (5 Ml) Were Collected in EDTA Tubes and Analyzed Using the Dxh 800 Beckman Coulter Hematology Analyzer. Data Were Processed Using SPSS® Version 26.0. A P-Value Of < 0.05 Was Considered Statistically Significant. Result: Significant Differences in Hematocrit (Hct), Lymphocyte Count (Lymph), And Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) Were Observed Between NYHA Functional Classes. Specifically, The Mean Values of Hct, Lymph, And RDW Differed Significantly Between NYHA Class II And Class IV (Hct: P = 0.035; 95% CI: −10.567 To −0.284; Lymph: P = 0.035; 95% CI: 0.027 To 1.096; RDW: P = 0.002; 95% CI: −2.926 To −0.489). Additionally, Comparisons Between NYHA Class I And Class III Revealed Significant Differences in Lymph (P = 0.010; 95% CI: 0.127 To 1.279) And RDW (P = 0.046; 95% CI: −2.796 To −0.016). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve Analysis Demonstrated That RDW Had an AUC Of 0.663 (95% CI: 0.549–0.777; P = 0.009) And Lymph Had an AUC Of 0.657 (95% CI: 0.543–0.771; P = 0.012) In Distinguishing NYHA Class I From Class III, With Cut-Off Values Of 13.5% For RDW And 1.718 × 10⁹/L For Lymph. When Comparing NYHA Class I And Class IV, RDW Showed an AUC Of 0.708 (95% CI: 0.608–0.808; P = 0.001) And Lymph an AUC Of 0.622 (95% CI: 0.514 0.729; P = 0.035), With Corresponding Cut-Off Values Of 15.9% And 1.95 × 10⁹/L, respectively. Conclusion: Significant Differences in Hematological Parameters, Including Hct, RDW, And Lymph, Were Observed Across NYHA Functional Classes, Particularly in Later Stages Of CHF. These Findings May Support Their Further Investigation as Potential Markers in the Clinical Assessment of Disease Progression.Item Assessment Of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Factors Among Antenatal Care Attending Pregnant Women in Selected Health Centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-12) Getachew Wolde; Mistire Wolde; Gobena Dedefo; Mekdes AlemBackground: Vitamin D Deficiency Is a Global Health Concern, Linked to Various Pregnancy Complications and Long-Term Health Risks. It Is a Typical Issue During Pregnancy, Which Can Have Detrimental Effects on the Developing Fetus, The Newborn, And the Child. Despite Its Importance, There Is a Scarcity of Data Regarding Vitamin D Levels and The Factors Influencing These Levels Among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia. Objective: This Study Aimed to Assess Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Factors Among Antenatal Care Attending Pregnant Women in Selected Health Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024. Methodology: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study Was Conducted from April 1 to June 7 2024 Among a Randomly Selected 402 First-Trimester Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Services. Sociodemographic, Behavioral and Clinical Data Were Collected Through Semi-Structured Questioners. Five (5) Ml of Blood Sample Was Collected for Laboratory Analysis, And Vitamin-D Measurement Was Done by Using Cobas Integra E411 Chemistry Analyzer. The Collected Data Was Entered and Analyzed by Using SPSS Version 26 Software, And Logistic Regression Model Was Used to Identify the Associated Factor And P-Value<0.05 Was Considered as Statistically Significant. Result: In The Current Study Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency (<20ng/Ml) Among the First Trimester Pregnant Women Were 43.3%, And from This 4.5% Were Severely Deficient (<10ng/Ml). The Odds Of Having Vitamin D Deficiency Was Higher Among Participants With BMI Of ≥30 (AOR = 6.9, 95% CI: 2.9-16.3, P<0.001) And BMI Of 25-30 (AOR=6.75, 95%CI: 3.4 13.3, P<0.001) Who Never Ate Fish (AOR = 8.5, 95% CI: 4.5–16.2, P < 0.001) And Egg (AOR = 15.6, 95% CI: 5.1–27.9, P <0.001) And Also Being Multiparous (AOR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.6 6.5, P<0.001) . However, Pregnant Women Who Regularly Consumed Liver Were 69% Less Likely to Develop Vitamin D Deficiency (AOR = 0.31; 95% Conclusion: The Current Study Found VDD Is Highly Prevalent in the Study Population. Different Factors Such as Overweight, Obesity, And Being Multiparous Increases the Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency and Regular Consumption of Fish, Egg and Liver and Also Exposing >30% The Total Body Surface Area to Sunlight Were Greatly Associated with Lower Risk of Developing Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Women.