AAU Institutional Repository (AAU-ETD)
Addis Ababa University Institutional repository is an open access repository that collects,preserves, and disseminates scholarly outputs of the university. AAU-ETD archives' collection of master's theses, doctoral dissertations and preprints showcase the wide range of academic research undertaken by AAU students over the course of the University's long history.
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The repository contains scholarly work, both unpublished and published, by current or former AAU faculty, staff, and students, including Works by AAU students as part of their masters, doctoral, or post-doctoral research
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Recent Submissions
Estimation of Heterosis, Combining Ability and Reciprocal Effects for Production, Reproduction, Carcass Characteristics and Egg Quality Traits in Four Genetic Groups of Chicken from a Full Diallel Cross
(Addis Abeba University, 2026) Philimon Teshome; Prof. Gebeyehu Goshu; Wondmeneh Esatu; Tadelle Dessie
Crossbreeding is an effective strategy for improving productivity and adaptability of chickens under diverse production environments. This study evaluated heterotic effects (He ), general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), reciprocal effects (RE), and maternal effects (Me ) for production, reproduction, carcass characteristics, and egg quality traits in a 4×4 full diallel cross involving four chicken breeds: Improved Horro (H), Commercial Sasso (S), Potchefstroom Koekoek (K), and Dzwhite feathered (D). The experiment was conducted at the poultry research farm of Werer Agricultural Research Center (WARC), located in Amibara Woreda of the Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. A total of 960 purebred and F1 hybrid chickens representing sixteen genetic
groups were reared in a completely randomized design to evaluate growth performance, with body weight (BW) recorded from hatch to 14 weeks of age. At 24 weeks, 288 chickens (144 males and 144 females), comprising 18 birds per genotype (9 males and 9 females), were used for carcass component analysis. Fertility and hatchability traits were monitored throughout the incubation period. Egg production data were collected from 672 hens, with eggs recorded twice daily from the onset of lay until 40 weeks of age to determine egg production. Egg quality traits were evaluated using 480 eggs (30 eggs per genetic group)
randomly sampled at peak production (32 weeks of age). Heterosis estimates revealed that crosses between S males and K or D females (including reciprocals) exhibited the strongest positive He for BW throughout the growth period, whereas K×D crosses showed negative H , and H×K crosses displayed low and showed decreasing trend after WK 10. The GCA effects were highly significant (P < 0.0001), underscoring the importance of additive gene effects on BW, while SCA significantly influenced early-age BW (hatch, WK 2, 4, and 10), highlighting non-additive genetic contributions. The RE was significant only at hatch, WK 2, and WK 10, suggesting transient maternal or paternal influences. These findings suggest prioritizing parental GCA for consistent BW gains and developing broiler lines from S sires crossed with K or D dams and H sires with S dams. Carcass traits showed moderate to high heterosis in several crosses, particularly H×S, S×K, S×D, and H×K, with strongerresponses in males. The S breed exhibited the highest positive GCA for slaughter, dressed, and eviscerated weights, while H showed negative GCA effects. Favorable SCA estimates were observed mainly in H×S, S×K, and K×D, and significant reciprocal effects indicated important maternal influences. Reproductive traits showed generally positive heterosis, with H×K and H×S crosses exhibiting superior fertility and hatchability. Genotype K showed the highest positive GCA for fertility and hatchability traits, whereas H showed negative GCA effects. The H×K cross demonstrated the best SCA for reproductive performance, and significant reciprocal effects confirmed the importance of cross direction. For egg production traits, 800 chickens were evaluated over 40 WK, with significant genotypic variations (P < 0.0001) in age at first egg (AFE), body weight at sexual maturity (BWSM), egg weight at first egg (EWAFE), egg number (EN), hen-housed egg production (HHEP), hen-day egg production (HDEP), and egg mass (EM). Heterosis varied widely: BWSM and EM showed positive He in most crosses, while AFE consistently exhibited negative He . Notably, the K×H cross demonstrated the highest He for HHEP (26.85%), HDEP (29.44%), EM (40.88%), and EN (28.27%), while D×H and K×S crosses also displayed strong heterosis for key traits. Reciprocal crosses generally showed positive H e for all traits except AFE. Both GCA and SCA were highly significant (P < 0.0001), with
GCA/SCA ratios indicating non-additive dominance for AFE, additive influence for EWAFE, and balanced additive/non-additive effects for HHEP, HDEP, EM, and EN. RE and Me further modulated trait expression, supporting optimized crossbreeding strategies such as using K sires with H/S dams and D sires with H dams to enhance egg production. Egg quality traits were assessed using 480 eggs from purebreds and crossbreds, evaluating egg weight (EWT), egg length (EL), egg width (EW), shell weight (SWT), shell thickness (ST), shell ratio (SR), albumen height (AH), albumen width (AW), yolk height (YH), yolk width (YW), yolk weight (YWT), yolk ratio (YR), and Haugh unit (HU). Positive He was observed for most traits, with significant GCA effects (P < 0.001) for EWT, EL, EW, AW,
YW, YWT, and YR, while SCA influenced all traits (P < 0.001). The K×S cross showed positive RE for EWT and AW, whereas D×S had the highest RE for ST. Additive effects primarily governed EWT and YWT, while non-additive effects dominated EL, EW, ST, and YR. Maternal effects significantly varied across genotypes, emphasizing their role in egg quality. In conclusion, these findings underscore the importance of tailored breedingstrategies based on trait-specific genetic architectures. For growth, leveraging high-GCA parents is critical, while crossbreeding programs should prioritize synergistic heterotic combinations like S×K/D for broilers and K×H/S for layers. Egg quality improvement requires balancing additive and non-additive selection, supported by molecular tools for
precision. This integrated approach enhances genetic gains across production traits in poultry breeding.
Clinical outcome, Morphologic Index and Associated Factors in Multibacillary Leprosy Patients
(Addis Ababa Universtity, 2025) Hanna Bekele; Annisa Befekadu
Although Ethiopia has substantially reduced its leprosy burden, new cases
persist, and management challenges, such as poor patient adherence, limited education, and inadequate healthcare training, continue to impact treatment outcomes. However, clinical outcomes and morphologic indices in multibacillary leprosy patients upon multidrug therapy completion remain undocumented in the Ethiopian context.
Objective: To assess clinical outcome morphological indices and associated factors in multibacillary leprosy patients at completion of multidrug therapy (MDT) at ALERT Hospital, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Methods: The study was a facility based cross-sectional study conducted in ALERT Hospital. All patients diagnosed with multibacillary leprosy and given the advised MDT in ALERT Hospital between November 1, 2020, and November 30, 2025, were followed up. The data were analyzed and inputted in SPSS version 26. The demographic and clinical characteristics were summarized by descriptive analysis. BI/MI change was tested using
Wilcoxon signed-rank, bivariate (p[?]0.25) and multivariate logistic regression determined the outcome poor predictors. The outcome of the development of new and progressive lesions, active lesions or a continuance of active lesions, the BI persistence and a severe reaction after 12 months of MDT are considered poor outcome. The p-value of less than 0.05 was counted as significant. Results were presented using texts, tables and figures.
Results: In total, 107 MB leprosy patients were included. The median (IQR) age was 30 (25–36) years. Young adults (25–44 years: 67.2%) and males (65.4%, n=70) predominated. One third 33.6% had poor clinical outcomes and three-fourths, 83.2%, had persistent MI at the end of MDT. BI (z = -7.85, p < 0.001) and MI (z = 7.01, p < 0.001) were significantly reduced at end of MDT. End MDT- MI (1–10%) in 86.0%. High BI at diagnosis [AOR=11.7 (95% CI
1.44- 93.66)] and High MI at diagnosis [AOR = 5.13(95% CI: 1.94-13.57), p=0.001] were independently associated with poor clinical outcome. High BI at diagnosis was associated persistent MI at end of MDT [AOR=12 (95% CI: 3.53–42.28), p=0.001].
Conclusions: One third of the patients had poor clinical outcome, and more than three fourths had persistent MI at the end of Fixed 12-month MDT. We found discordance between achieved dermatological cure and suboptimal bacteriological clearance in the high-BI Ethiopian cohort. Post-MDT smear monitoring is recommended for lepromatous cases.
Stage At Diagnosis and Factors Contributing For Delay In Diagnosis And Treatment of Cervical Cancer Patients
(Addis Ababa Universtity, 2025) Fikrie Wondie; Eyasu Mesfin
Cervical cancer is still the fourth most frequent disease worldwide and one of the
most common cancers in women, with over 604,000 new cases reported and 342 000 deaths
annually. It is the third most prevalent cancer among women in low- and middle-income countries
(LMICs), where it accounts 85% and 90% of morbidity and mortality respectively. It is the primary
cause of death for females among all gynecologic malignancies.
Objective – To assess the factors contributing for delayed diagnosis and treatment of cervical
cancer patients at TASH and determine stage at diagnosis
Method – An institutional cross-sectional study was conducted in the gynecology and oncology
inpatient and outpatient departments of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. With 195 patients
participating in the research out of the 202 intended participants, a response rate of 96.5% was
achieved. Study participants were added using the consecutive sampling procedure until the
necessary sample size was reached. SPSS Version -25 was used to analyze the data that had been
gathered. An independent variable was deemed significant if its p-value was less than 0.05.
Result: - In this investigation 22% and 29% of the study participants were delayed in the diagnosis
and treatment of cervical cancer respectively. The predictor variables for delay in the diagnosis
were Age>55 years have 8.2 folds increase its DID compared to those of age 25-35 years
(AOR=8.2), Education level of unable to read and write (AOR=2.6), first visit of private health
facility were 9.4 folds increase its DID (AOR=9.4) and those not heard about cervical cancer were
16.2 times increase in DID (AOR=16.2). Conversely, though the statistically significant predictor
of delay in treatment of cervical cancer were age of >55 years have 5.1 folds increase its DIT
(AOR=5.1), residency of out of Addis Ababa were 1.5 folds increase its DIT (AOR=1.5), monthly
income of <5000 birr was 2.4 folds increase its DIT (AOR=2.4), Those having 1-4 children had
80% less likely of having DIT (AOR=0.20) and didn’t ever heard about cervical cancer were 5.3
times increase in DIT (AOR=5.3).
Yunivarsiitii Addis Ababaa kolleejjii barnootaa fi qo’annoo afaanii, muummee afaan, ogbarruufi fookloorii oromoo
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04-20) Reba Debal; File Jaleta
Kaayyoon qorannoo kanaa walfakkeenyaafi garaagarummaa jeekkarsa Amanatii Waaqeffannaafi Qaalluu qaaccessuudha. Jeekkarsi amantii Waaqeffannaafi Qaalluu biratti kan beekamuudha. Haa ta’u malee kaayyoon amanticha lamaanii gargari. Iddoo lamaanittuu jeekkarsi waan jeekkaramuuf garaagarummaafi walfakkeenya isaan qaban adda baasuuf qorataa kan kakaasedha. Qorannoon kun malleen qorannoo akkamtaatti dhimma bahuun madda odeeffannoo tokkoffaarraa hawaasa Waaqeffattootaafi hordoftoota Qaalluu mala iddatteessuu akkayyoofi darbaa dabarsaatiin meeshaalee funaansa ragaalee akka: daawwannaa, af-gaaffiifi marii gareetiin ragaan funaanamee jechaan qindaa’ee qaacceffameera.
Argannoon qorannichaa adeemsi jeekkarsa Amantii Waaqeffannaafi qaalluu jeekkaraadhaan qajeeluufi jalaa qabdootaan qajeelu qaba. Waaqeffannaa keessatti jeekkaraatuu yeroo xumuraa beeka. Yeroo tokko tokkommoo jalaa qabdootaatu jeekkarsa sanatti goolaba gochuu danda’a. Warra Qaalluu biratti garuu jeekkaraa qofatuu jeekkarsa sanatti xumura gochuu danda’a. Jeekkarsi faayidaalee akka: kadhataaf, barnootaaf, galataafi miira amantii uumuu qaba. Jeekkarsi Yoomessa dhaabbataa akka ganama galgala, guyyaafi halkan jeekkaramu yoo ta’u bakka akka iddoo Irreechaa (Malkaafi Tulluu) mana wadaajaa yoo ta’u kan warra Qaalluu ammoo, Galma Qaalluu keessattidha. Qabiyyeewwan Jeekkarsa Waaqeffannaa: olaantummaa waaqaa ibsuu, beekumsa, guddumaa, arjummaafi imaanaa waaqatti kennachuuf jeekkarama. Qaalluu birattis qabiyyeewwan kanaan ala bifa gabbarsuun jajuu waaqaa ofkeessaa qaba.jeekkarsi kun yeroo ammaa Waaqeffannaa biratti fooyyee qabaatus Qaalluu biratti dagatamaa jira. Yaboon qorannichaas hawaasni duudhaa Jeekkarsaa kana haalan kunuunfatee akka dhalootatti dabarsuuf
dammaqina horachuu qaba.
Waraqaa qorannoo ulaagaa digirii lammaaffaa (MA) guuttachuuf muummee afaan, ogbarruufi fookloorii oromoof dhiyaate.
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04-30) Reba debal; File jelata
Kaayyoon qorannoo kanaa walfakkeenyaafi garaagarummaa jeekkarsa Amanatii Waaqeffannaafi Qaalluu qaaccessuudha. Jeekkarsi amantii Waaqeffannaafi Qaalluu biratti kan beekamuudha. Haa ta’u malee kaayyoon amanticha lamaanii gargari. Iddoo lamaanittuu jeekkarsi waan jeekkaramuuf garaagarummaafi walfakkeenya isaan qaban adda baasuuf qorataa kan kakaasedha. Qorannoon kun malleen qorannoo akkamtaatti dhimma bahuun madda odeeffannoo tokkoffaarraa hawaasa Waaqeffattootaafi hordoftoota Qaalluu mala iddatteessuu akkayyoofi darbaa dabarsaatiin meeshaalee funaansa ragaalee akka: daawwannaa, af-gaaffiifi marii gareetiin ragaan funaanamee jechaan qindaa’ee qaacceffameera.
Argannoon qorannichaa adeemsi jeekkarsa Amantii Waaqeffannaafi qaalluu jeekkaraadhaan qajeeluufi jalaa qabdootaan qajeelu qaba. Waaqeffannaa keessatti jeekkaraatuu yeroo xumuraa beeka. Yeroo tokko tokkommoo jalaa qabdootaatu jeekkarsa sanatti goolaba gochuu danda’a. Warra Qaalluu biratti garuu jeekkaraa qofatuu jeekkarsa sanatti xumura gochuu danda’a. Jeekkarsi faayidaalee akka: kadhataaf, barnootaaf, galataafi miira amantii uumuu qaba. Jeekkarsi Yoomessa dhaabbataa akka ganama galgala, guyyaafi halkan jeekkaramu yoo ta’u bakka akka iddoo Irreechaa (Malkaafi Tulluu) mana wadaajaa yoo ta’u kan warra Qaalluu ammoo, Galma Qaalluu keessattidha. Qabiyyeewwan Jeekkarsa Waaqeffannaa: olaantummaa waaqaa ibsuu, beekumsa, guddumaa, arjummaafi imaanaa waaqatti kennachuuf jeekkarama.Qaalluu birattis qabiyyeewwan kanaan ala bifa gabbarsuun jajuu waaqaa ofkeessaa qaba.jeekkarsi kun yeroo ammaa Waaqeffannaa biratti fooyyee qabaatus Qaalluu biratti dagatamaa jira. Yaboon qorannichaas hawaasni duudhaa Jeekkarsaa kana haalan kunuunfatee akka dhalootatti dabarsuuf dammaqina horachuu qaba.