AAU Institutional Repository (AAU-ETD)
Addis Ababa University Institutional repository is an open access repository that collects,preserves, and disseminates scholarly outputs of the university. AAU-ETD archives' collection of master's theses, doctoral dissertations and preprints showcase the wide range of academic research undertaken by AAU students over the course of the University's long history.
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The repository contains scholarly work, both unpublished and published, by current or former AAU faculty, staff, and students, including Works by AAU students as part of their masters, doctoral, or post-doctoral research
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Recent Submissions
Work Environment and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Work Motivation in the Banking Sector
(Addis Ababa University, 2026-05-23) Kalkidan Samuel; Jemal Mohammed
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of work environment on employee job satisfaction through work motivation as a mediating variable at Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, New Building Headquarters. The study is grounded in the positivist paradigm and employed a quantitative approach with a survey design. The total population of the study is 3765, from which a sample of 362 respondents were selected using Taro Yamane’s (1967) sample size determination formula. A proportional stratified sampling technique was used to ensure the representativeness of the sample to the population. The study includes three variables: independent (predictor variable), dependent (measured variable) and mediator variable. In addition demographic variables such as age, gender, educational level, job position, and work experience were collected to describe the respondents. Age, gender, and job position were used as control variables in the regression analysis and as grouping variables in t-test, ANOVA and post hoc to analyze differences in employee job satisfaction across demographic groups. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire adapted from the Work environment Questionnaire, Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire and Work motivation scale. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation, multiple regression analysis, independent sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, post hoc tests and mediation analysis. Face and content validity were evaluated by experts, and internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Ethical principles, including informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity, were observed.
Swollen Gland Syndromei Haemorluiagic Septicaemia of Camels in Northern Kenya: Indigenous Knowledge and Socio-Economic Implications
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Diba Dida; Baumann, Maximilian
Swollen Gland Syndromei Haemorluiagic Septicaemia of Camel in Northern Kenya: Indigenous Knowledge And Socio-Economic Impllca Tions TIus study describes camel hemorrhagic septicaemia/swollen gland syndrome (HS/SGS) in NOrthem Kenya (Marsabit North, Mandera West and Wajir East Districts), with the objectives of tapping the local knowledge regarding the disease, assessing its socioeconomic implications and attempting to determine its causative agent. The locations of the study and the informants were purposively selected based onconcentration of camel herds during June to September 2011 period. The following participatory methods were used in the data collection: focus group discussion (FGD), semi-structured interviews (SS1), matrix scoring, proportional piling, participatory mapping, seasonal calendars, time lines and pair-wise ranking. Clinical examination and sampling of camels suspected to be suffering from HS/SGS were done. Laboratory analysis of whole blood and lymph node swabs, nasal swabs, pharyngeal swabs and tissue swabs was also carried out. Camel HS/SGS was ranked the top
most important disease of camels ahead of Respiratory Disease Complex I (RDC 1), Camel Pox, Wry Neck and Respiratory Disease Complex 2. Enlarged superficial lymph nodes, lachrymation, fever, recumbency, bad odour and high mortality were heavily associated with HS/SGS. Other clinical signs given by the infom1ants include shivering, little or no urine, slight cough, dyspnoea and extreme weakness. Main post-mortem flndings are enlarged and hemolThagic lymph nodes, haemolThages in the intestines and subcutaneous tissue and swollen lungs. Furthem10re, according to the informants, the age group most affected by HS/SGS are young adults (3-5 years) with an expected mean morbidity rate of 67%, followed by older calves (0.5-2 years) at 49%. Adults are less affected with an expected mean morbidity rate of 18%. Expected mean within herd morbidity and mortality rates of HS/SGS were estimated at 49% and 46%, respectively. The disease is said to run a clinical course of about 2 weeks' and a prolonged outbreak is estimated to take an average of 3.5 months in a herd before it ceases. There was no significant agreement regarding the seasonality of HS/SGS though most informants gave high scores for the cold and dry period of the year (June-August). HS/SGS, RDC I and Pox were ranked as the most frequently occurring camel diseases in that order. HS/SGS and wry neck had the worst relative response to treatment compared to trypanosomosis, RDC 2 and RDC 1, and trypanosomosis having the highest relative response. There was good agreement (W=0.815) between the groups regarding the ranking of the benefits derived from camels in order of importance as follows: milk (21 %),
transportation (17%), cash/barter (15%), dowry (13%), meat (11 %), sacrifice (9%), slaughter for funeral (8%), skin (4%) and prestige (2%). On estimating the relative effects of priority
diseases on these benefits, HS/SOS had the highest relative effects on some of the most important benefits of camels such as milk, transportation, dowry and funeral, while pox hadthe highest relative effects on skin and sacrifice. The relative effects of both HS/SOS and Pox on the meat and cashlbarter were the same. The agreements between groups regarding these effects were moderate to good except for funeral where there was no significant agreement. In the investigation of an outbreak of suspected HS/SOS that occurred in Wajir East and Mandera West, the clinical signs given by the infom1ants were confinned. The mean morbidity rate of HS/SOS was 20% and the mean case fatality rate was 37% in this outbreak.The majority of camels affected were mainly between 10 months and 5 years of age and the Upper Age Limit Was 12 Years Confirming The Infom1ation Given By The Informants. Out Of The Fourteen Samples Collected, Seven (Nasal Swabs) Were Positive For Genus Pasteurella When Tested By Api 20 ne (Analytical Profiling Index For Non-Enteric Bacteria). However The Test Could Not Determine Specific Species Involved. Based On The Result Of This Study, It Was Concluded That Hs/SGs Is an Important Disease In Northern Kenya Exerting High Relative Socioeconomic Pressure On The Pastoralists. It Was Also Concluded That The Infonnation Given By The Informants Largely Agreed With The Description Of This Disease In The Available Literature And It ' Leaned ' Towards SGs More Than The Typical Camel Hs Description. However, Due To The Inability Of This Study To Put Clear Difference Between Hs And SGs And Find Their Causative Agent (S), It Was Recommended That More In-Depth Studies Are To Be Done To Ascertain The Occrrence Of Both Hs And SGs And Clearly Differentiate Them Or Conclude Beyond Doubt That Only One Of Them Is Present In Northern Kenya.
Effect of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control on Growth and Mortality of Calves in Arbaminch District in the Southern Rift Valley, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Geja Gechere; Kelay Belihll
A study was conducted to assess the effect of tsetse/trypanosomosis control on growth and mortality of calves in tsetse controlled and tsetse uncontrolled blocks of southem tsetse
eradication project (STEP), at Arba Minch Zuria district of southem region. A total of 182 farmers were interviewed with structured [formal questionnaire from the two blocks. They were
mainly interviewed on socioeconomic and farming system characteristics, livestock herd size and composition, cattle herd size and composition, the objectives of cattle keeping, cow housing,
feeding and culling, major animal health problems and calf management. 180 clusters (house hold heads) herds from two blocks were established to collect blood samples in wet and dry
seasons. From each household an average of calves three (total 1080) were examined to detennine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis using dark groundl Buffy coat examination
technique. To assess tsetse and biting fly population in both blocks 240 NGU traps were deployed from October 2009 to March 2010 (40 traps every month). A case control study of 40
calves, (20) from each blocks were performed for consecutive six months to determine the body weight gain, hip height increment, body length measurement and body condition score.
The questionnaire survey indicated that Mean livestock herd size and composition In tsetse controlled block were 6.05±0.31 cattle, 0.48 ±0.12 sheep, 1.56 ±0.22 goats, 0.37 ±0.07 donkey
and 4.66 ±0.47poultry, were as in tsetse uncontrolled block were 11.26 ± 1.18 cattle, 0.93 ±0.22 sheep, 0.93 ± 0.21 goats and 2.38 ±0.48 poultry. No donkey was found in tsetse uncontrolled
block. Mean livestock herd size and composition was smaller in tsetse controlled block than tsetse uncontrolled block. All cattle owned by the sampled households were indigenous. Mean
cattle herd size and composition in tsetse controlled block was cows 2.14 ± 1.18, heifers 0.77 ±0.08, bulls 0.98 ±0.83, male calves 0.74 ±0.08, female calves 0.66 ±0.07 and steers 0.77 ±0.07.
In tsetse uncontrolled block were cows 3.41 ±0.43, heifers 1.45 ±0.24, bulls 1.77 ±0.23, male calves 1.26 ±0.20, female calves 1.04 ±0.16, and steers 1.13 ±0.15. Mean cattle herd size was
smaller in tsetse controlled block than tsetse uncontrolled block Results of parasitological study revealed that the prevalence of trypanosome positive calves in dry and wet seasons were higher in tsetse uncontrolled block (p<0.05). It was 5( 1.85%) in wet season and 3( I. I %) in dry season, while in tsetse controlled block no positive cases detected in both seasons. Trypanosoma congolense 75% and trypanosoma vivax 25% was responsible for trypanosome infection of calves. Mean rev value of 30.48± 0.42% was recorded in tsetse controlled block, while in tsetse uncontrolled block it was 28.37± 0.37%. The difference in the level of anemia between the two blocks and between parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals was significant (P< 0.05).
The entomological survey showed that the apparent density (fly/trap/day) in tsetse controlled block were 0.12 for tsetse fly, 1.67 for Tabanus and 0.76 for Stomoxys, whiIe in tsetse
uncontrolled block, 32.16 for tsetse fly, 2.41 for tabanus and 1.26 for stomoxys. Mean catch (average ±SE) of tsetse and biting flies varied significantly between the two blocks (P<0.05).
The case control study of calves after six months revealed that the mean (±SE) body weight of calves in tsetse controlled and tsetse uncontrolled blocks were 40.23 ± 0.70 kg and 34.74 ± 0.68
kg, respectively, which were statistically different (P<0.05).The above findings strongly suggest that trypanosomosis is a disease of economic importance in the area and control programs being implemented by the STEP project is registering a significant improvement in livestock production in the areas it has intervened.
Use and Utilization in Food and Nutrition Security, With Particular Emphasis on School Children in Kuyu Woreda, North Shewa, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2026) Kassahun Ketema; Mogessie Ashenafi; Aregash Samuel
Background: Global food insecurity continues to pose a major public health and development challenge that disproportionately affect Sub-Saharan Africa. Due to their reliance on the availability of home resources and caregiving methods, schoolchildren in Ethiopia are especially susceptible to nutritional shocks. The intricate relationship between household (HH) resource limitations and caregivers' behavioral "gatekeeping"— including their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about food safety, child feeding and care—remains understudied despite increased focus on isolated approaches. Since caregivers are crucial in converting available resources into actual dietary consumption and nutritional outcomes, it is imperative to comprehend this link. Objective: To examine household food insecurity and undernutrition among schoolchildren and to assess the impact of a tailored nutrition and water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention on schoolchildren and caregiver KAP in Kuyu Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia 2023/4. Methods: A mixed-methods longitudinal study was conducted with 610 caregiver-child pairs. Baseline data were collected using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS). Anthropometric measurements (HAZ, BAZ, WAZ, and MUAC) were obtained following standard WHO protocols. A school-home intervention, including nutrition education and WASH infrastructure support, was implemented. Data were analyzed using logistic regression, Chi square test, and t-test for baseline predictors and mixed-effects models to evaluate the intervention’s impact. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, and all ssociations
were presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the adjusted odds ratios (AOR). Results: Majority (80%) of HHs reliance on subsistence farming. HH food insecurity was (83.1%) and over 90% of the HHs consumed less than four food groups. Malnutrition was very prevalent, with 64.3% exhibiting single, double, or triple growth failures; 27.5% stunted and 7% overweight. Baseline data showed overcrowded classrooms (>70), poor school sanitation, and an inconsistent water supply with student-to-water point ratio was 776:1. All schools used unsafe pit latrines, and only 9% of HHs had basic sanitation. A
school-based intervention significantly improved KAP, reducing inadequate food safety and nutrition knowledge from 73.3% to 17.2% (p < 0.0001). A regression analyses identified significant associations between HHs food access, caregiver hygiene practices, and child growth. The longitudinal phase tracked improvements in caregiver nutritional literacy and hygiene behaviors following the school-home and peer-led intervention activities. Conclusion: Findings suggest that food availability alone is insufficient to ensure nutritional health; rather, caregiver KAP and the environmental WASH context are critical mediators of nutrient utilization. The integrated school-home approach proved to be a viable model for improving dietary habits and health practices, providing an evidence-based framework for policymakers to address "hidden hunger" and stunting in similar low-resource settings.
Female Students Achievement and Associated Factors In Foot Ball Practical Class Participation: (The Case of Werda Merb Leke Secondary School In Tigray Region).
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-08) Kinfe Hailemariam; Mebrahtu Belay
The purpose of the study was to investigate the Female student achievement and associated factors in foot ball practical class participation in Merb Lelce Werda Secondary School. Samples were taken from the werda secondary school females students, from the total of 400 female students, 50 female students were selected by using Random sampling technique. To get supplementary information for the study area 3 subject teachers, 3 knowledgeable teachers and the school administration selected randomly. The study was camed out with descriptive survey method and both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. Questionnaires focus questioner, interview and observation checklist was analyzed by using percentage and word. The major finding indicated that the performance of the teachers' ability to demonstrate during the lesson was poor; lack of adequate material and facilities also affected the females ' need of participation. Physical education teachers' interactions with their students were not in admiring level. Lade of interest and motivation had also seen as problems during the lesson. It was concluded that the participation of female students with football lesson as subject matter were highly affected by the school with short age of facilities and equipment, attitude of female student and teachers. Therefore, based on the findings of the study, it is recommended to allow female students to participate in football activity with the help of physical education teachers. It is also recommended that the school facilities and materials should be fulfilled to enhance females ' participation with football in addition to the community help. Key words: achievement, foot ball, motivation, learning, education, techniques and participation.