About Addis Ababa University Institutional Repository (AAU-ETD)
AAU-ETD is an electronic open access institutional repository of Addis Ababa University that makes available and digitally preserves the scholarly outputs produced at AAU. The repository contains both published and unpublished work including: theses and dissertations,preprint,staff and student publications.
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Recent Submissions
Assessment of Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Risk management: The Case of Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Supply Agency
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Tamrie,Manaye; Mitiku,Shiferaw(PhD); Nitsche,Benjamin(PhD)
Background: Supply chain risk management is the process of identification, assessment,
mitigation, and monitoring of risks. Pharmaceutical suppliers and distributors face multiple risks
that disrupt the supply of drugs interms of quantity, quality, and delivery at the right place and
time to the right customer. Therefore, caution must be taken as health is critical and
pharmaceuticals are unique.
Objective: To analyze the pharmaceutical supply chain risks and assess the risk management
practice of the Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Supply Agency.
Method: An explanatory and descriptive case study design was employed. Totally, 101 samples
were involved in the study selected through purposive sampling technique. An interview guide,
questionnaires, and risk checklists were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from
respondents. The Excel-derived failure mode and effect analysis template, and SPSS version 23
were used for the data analysis. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was also employed.
Result: Eighty nine risks were identified and categorized into six groups. Among these, supply
and demand side risks take the priority in affecting the supply chain operation. Inability to meet
customer demand, lead time variability, and poor logistics performance of suppliers are under
high risk score categories. Most of the respondents, 45 (44.6%), agreed that the risk management
practice at Ethiopian pharmaceuticals supply agency is at its infancy. Risk identification methods
being used are found to be risk estimation, previous risk assessment, and brainstorming sessions.
The most applicable risk management tools are inventory optimization (29.9%), sales (22.4%),
and operation planning tool (27.6%). The overall implementation of risk management strategies
are below the average. Supply side (β = -2.171, P ˂ 0.020), process (β = -0.979, P ˂ 0.026), and
control (β = -1.694, P ˂ 0.004) risks negatively affect the supply chain performance, while risk
management practices (β = 6.440, P ˂ 0.002) affect it positively.
ii
Conclusion: Supply side risks took the primary position during prioritization followed by
demand side and operational risks while environmental risks were at the least position. The
overall risk management practice of the Ethiopian pharmaceuticals supply agency is weak. The
level of implementation of risk management processes are low while the applicability of risk
management tools are above the average level in the last 5 years history of the agency. Supply
side, process, and control risks affect the supply chain performance negatively. However, supply
chain risk management practices have a positive impact on performance.
Recommendation: The Ethiopian pharmaceuticals supply agency should establish a separate
team that primarily assess, analyze and control supply chain risks at all hubs. The agency should
also be engaged in more scientific methods of risk identification methods like surveys, and risk
assessment to identify, control, and minimize impacts of risks.
Survival of Stroke Patients According to Hypertension Status in Northern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019) Gufue,Zenawi Hagos; Gizaw,Naod Firdu (MD, MPH, Ass. Prof.); Ayele,Wondimu (MSC, PhD candidate); Yifru,Yared Mamushet(MD, MSC, Ass. Prof.)
Background: Globally, stroke appears as a major cause of preventable death and disability.
In Ethiopia, the intra-hospital mortality of stroke is significant and there is scarcity of
epidemiologic data whether there is a difference in the overall survival time between
hypertensive and non-hypertensive adult stroke patients admitted in specialized hospitals.
Objectives: To determine the survival of stroke patients according to their hypertension
status admitted in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northern Ethiopia from
March 1, 2012 to February 28, 2019.
Methods: A facility-based retrospective cohort study conducted among all cohorts of
confirmed first-ever stroke patients admitted in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital,
Northern Ethiopia. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis applied to estimate the survival
probability of hypertensive and non-hypertensive first ever stroke patients. Cox proportional
hazards regression model used to determine the adjusted hazard ratio of death for each main
baseline predictor variable, with 95% CI and P-value <0.05 was used to declare statistical
significance. The assumptions of Cox proportional hazards regression model assessed by the
global test, Schoenfeld residuals.
Results: There were 503 (323 were hypertensive, 180 Non-hypertensive) confirmed first,
ever stroke patients, the overall median age of the patients was 65 years, IQR (53-75) years.
Seventy-five (14.91%) of them were dead, with median survival time of 48 days and 428
(85.09%) of them were censored. At any particular point in time the hazard of death among
hypertensive patients was two times higher than non-hypertensive patients but this was not
found to be a statistically significant (adjusted HR=2.13: 95% CI 0.66-6.81). Glasgow coma
scale 3-8 at admission (adjusted HR=10.12; 95% CI 2.58-40.68), presence of stroke
complications (adjusted HR=7.23; 95% CI 1.86-28.26) and borderline high total cholesterol
level (adjusted HR=3.57; 95% CI 1.15-11.1), were the only independent predictors of intra-
hospital patient mortality.
Conclusion and recommendations: There was a non-significant difference in the overall
survival time between hypertensive and non-hypertensive first-ever stroke patients. Early
identification and treatment of stroke complications, co-morbidities along with strict follow
up of comatose patients may improve intrahospital survival of stroke patients and we
recommend community based studies using large sample size.
Solid Waste Management through Composting Approach and Its Contribution on Households’ Income and Food Security Situations, - in Bisoftu City, Gara Beru Village
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Robel Ayalew; Amare Bantider (PhD)
A developing country like Ethiopia does not begin to see the economic benefits of solid waste yet; they even dump the solid waste in unauthorized sites. Effective management of household solid waste through composting mechanisms can have paramount significance for agricultural crop production. The objective of this research work was to assess the contribution of solid waste management through composting approach to urban households‘income and food security situations in Gara Beru village of BIshoftu City. Data from 102 households that were chosen using the purposive sample method were gathered using a cross-sectional survey design. In order to gather the necessary information for addressing the required research objectives, questionnaires, personal observation, interviews, and focus group discussions were used. Data gathered through surveys, and interviews were examined using IBM SPSS version 20. The research findings showed that households refuse to pay for waste collection services and a lack of services led to rubbish being thrown on streets, in open areas, and near lakes. Some of the actions seen in the community of the research region to reduce solid waste disposed from the households were preparing the compost pit, sorting household solid waste, and putting the waste in the compost pit. Farmers in the hamlet employed compost to grow flowers, fruits, and other garden commodities because composting has a substantial impact on agricultural production. Using descriptive statics, the impact of composting on household income and food security was calculated and its impact on composting as solid waste management approach found to be the most important determinant factor for the production of cereal/crops for ongoing community food security challenges. The findings from the HFAIS model indicate that a majority of the participants who used compost had a higher level of food security (91.1%) compared to those who did not use compost (79.1%). This suggests that utilizing compost in an organic manner is an effective and promising strategy to improve household food security in the study area. At the same time, there is a strong relation evidence that support use of organic compost versus food security, with chi-square result of (87.100a), df=1, p<.005, which is 0.00. Hence, the result can best describe using compost organically was greatly acceptable and is a good start up approach to households‘ food security situations in the study area. A suggested solution is to creating an enabling environment to address constraints hindering increased compost production via integrated MSW management practices in the study area.
Assessment of E-Marketing Practices of Star- Rated Hotels in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07) Seid Ali; Shiferaw Muleta (PhD)
This research was aimed to Assessments of E-marketing Practice of Star- Rated Hotels in Addis Ababa. However, the existing empirical evidence in contrast with more settled theoretical evidence show the mixed result that the study got. The study employed a mixed-approach & descriptive design to answer the questions and achieve the research objectives. The information was obtained from sample respondents through questionnaires. As the sampling technique was implemented the study used two stage cluster sampling. The quantitative data were analyzed using frequency, percentage and tabulation by using SPSS 26 version. And hotels conduct e-marketing in a way of creating a web site. The Lack of privacy is challenging in practicing E-marketing. In addition there is insecurity (information abuse) as the challenge. Regarding to prospects even though there is government IT and E‐Commerce Policy, Laws, Rules and Support are in place. Meanwhile, IT and Telecommunication Infrastructure Costs are not affordable. In addition there is no general IT Knowledge and Culture in star rated hotel Community (including customers). Moreover, there is unavailability of resources and environmental opportunity. So, the study finally proposed are commendation it is better for the hotel industry to snatch out opportunity rather than seeking for it to minimize the adverse effect in absence of prospects for e-marketing. Finally the overall finding summary conclusion and recommendation indicated that the Ethiopia E-marketing system, works and implementation in the case of the starrated hotels still lack advanced, quality, various options to meet the desired goals of international hotel standards and satisfying its customer.
Assessment of Conference Tourism Development in Addis Ababa: Current Practices, Challenges and Opportunities
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Seid Mohammed; Ephrem Assefa (PhD)
The main objective of this research was to assess the current practices, challenges and opportunities of conference tourism development in Addis Ababa. The researcher used descriptive design to answer the objective of the research and used both primary and secondary data. Respondents a r e c o m p o s e d of 150 conference participants (meet them in star rated hotels conference centers or meeting halls. They have done the questionnaire during the coffee break on individuals hotels which are randomly selected, 14 event organizers and conference planners who are working in those hotels, 3 concerned government offices are ECB,AAACTB,AAICEC and one tourism professional which are purposively selected to get reliable and convenient data for the research purpose. Survey data was processed using SPSS version 26 and analyzed via descriptive statistics. The results of the study indicated that conference tourism sector in Ethiopia i s in a very young stage. Though Ethiopia has huge potential in attracting and organizing regional, continental, and global conferences, the sector is still struggling with many challenges. The lack of pre and post (both in the past and current) entertainment activities for conference participants, as a person worked long years in the industry and based on my observation conference centers are not well equipped with facilities, language/communication barriers, lack of cooperation among stakeholders, absence of policy package, lack of well-designed conference infrastructure, absence of one window service for conference participants are major challenges. Access of cheap labor, the presence of various national and international organizations such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, African Union, European Union, Inter governmental authority on development, and the city Addis Ababa is also the seat of more than 135 embassies and NGOs, are some opportunities for the development of conference tourism in Addis Ababa. Furthermore, access to the center of the city, safety and security issues are one part of challenges, countries past record/ experience, tolerance of others culture, venue facilities, costs related with conference product and service and quality of product and services are the major challenges or factor which affect the selection of conference center and venue. Therefore, the researcher recommended that the current organizational structure for the MICE sector should be well redesigned in a way that give full mandate, responsibility and authority for conference tourism sector by the government (Ethiopian Culture and Tourism minister). Furthermore, adequate budget should be allocated by the Ministry of Tourism and Convention Bureau to participate on international BID to bring international conferences to Addis Ababa. Moreover, hospitality professionals should be assigned to work with internal revenue administration office at Bole airport terminals as the tourists and conference participants need good treatment with good welcoming hospitality service.