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Item Study on Prevalence of Poultry Coccidiosis in and Around Ambo, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia(Addis Ababauniversity, 2006-06) Shiferaw, Solomon; Dr. Ayana, DinkaA cross sectional study was conducted on poultry coccidiosis of local and Rhode Island breed from October 2013 to February 2014 in and around Ambo town, Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of coccidiosis, to identify species of Eimeria and to assess potential risk factors(breed,age sex and manegment system). The study involved postmortem examination of chickens, mucosal scraping and parasitological examination of oocyst, gross and histopathological examination and identification of Eimeria species. Out of 390 examined chickens 18.7%(73/390) of them were harbor different Eimeria species. Statistically no significant differences p˃0.05 (χ2=0.921, p= 0.337) was noted between young and adult age groups. Additionally there were no significant differences between local and Rhode Island Red breed(χ2= 0.16, P>0.05), management systems (extensive and semi intensive)(χ2= 2.245, P=> 0.05 and sexes(χ2= 3.609, p˃0.05). In the attempt made to identify the prevalent species of coccidian in the study area, five Eimeria species were identified, namely Eimeria. tenella, Eimeria. necatrix, Eimeria. burnette, Eimeria. maxima and Eimeria. acervulina with the prevalence of 60.27%, 15.06%, 9.6%, 1.4% and 1.4% respectively. Eimeria. tenella was the predominant species in the study area. In conclusion, the present study showed that coccidiosis is an important disease of poultry in the study area and further strategy needs to be implemented to reduce the loss due to coccidiosis. Key words: Ambo, coccidiosis, Eimeria, poultry, prevalenceItem PATHOGENICITY OF TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX ISOLATES FROM TSETSE AND NON-TSETSE INFESTED AREAS OF NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED CALVES: BIOCHEMICAL, CYTOKINE AND CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION(2014-06) Addisu, Awukew; Dr. Shimelis Dangachew, Dr. Getachew Terefe; Dr. Tilaye Demissie, Prof. Gooddeeris B. MTrypanosomosis is a protozoan disease of animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, particularly the northwest region is affected by both tsetse and non-tsetse transmitted trypanosomosis. The objectives of the present study were to determine biochemical changes, cytokine responses and clinicopathological findings and compare differences in virulence of Trypanosoma vivax infection between tsetse and non-tsetse infested areas of northwest Ethiopia. Sixteen calves were experimentally infected with T. vivax isolates from tsetse and tsetse free area of selected sites which was originally isolated from naturally infected cattle to study the hematological, biochemical, histopathological and major cytokine alterations during the evolution of the disease. The animals were divided in four groups, TT, NT1, NT2 and NIC, each consisting of four infected (TT, NT1 and NT2) and four (NIC) control animals, respectively. The animals were kept in strict hygienic conditions and on a zero grazing schedule. Animals of group TT, NT1 and NT2 were exposed to 1 x 106trypanosome/ml (2ml of blood) intravenously. The course of the experimental infection was followed up to 11 weeks. Non-infected control animals demonstrated a progressive and significantly higher weight gain (16.3% or 12kg at the end of the study period) compared to infected groups (P<0.001). Hematological analyses of the infected calves revealed a marked decline in hemoglobin (P<0.001) and packed-cell volume (P<0.001). In addition there was a significant difference in Hgb values between TT and NT2 (P<0.013); in PCV values between TT and NT1 (P<0.024); TT and NT2 (P<0.001). Biochemical analyses showed decreased serum albumin (P<0.001), serum cholesterol (P<0.001), glucose (P<0.001) values and increased AST (P<0.05), ALT (P<0.001) and ALP (P>0.05) values in all challenged groups following infection as compared to the control. On the other hand, serum total protein (P>0.05) showed decrease in the mean values at early stage of infection and start to increase throughout the experiment in all groups. There was no significant decrease in mean glucose values between TT and NT1 (P>0.05), but there was significant decrease among TT and NT2 (P<0.001). However, there was no significant decrease in mean 2 values of albumin, cholesterol and total protein between TT and NT1; TT and NT2. There was significant increase in values of AST between TT and NT1 (P<0.05); no significant increase between TT and NT2 (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant increase in mean values of ALT and ALP between TT and NT1; TT and NT2. In this study cytokine assays also showed an increase in the production of TNF- α, IFN- γ, IL-10 and IL-12 except for group NT1 for all cytokine assayed. There was significant increase in IFN- γ between TT and NT2 (P<0.001), TT and non-infected control (P<0.001). Moreover there was significant increase in the values of IL-10, IFN γ and IL-12 between TT and NIC (P<0.001); TT and NT1 (P<0.001); TT and NT2 (P<0.001). At necropsy, infected calves showed enlarged and hemorrhagic spleen; swollen, edematous and enlargement of prescapular lymph nodes; pneumonic and emphysematous lung; liver was enlarged, edematous with rounded edge. However, the post mortem examination of the animal in the control group did not reveal any significant gross lesions. The histopathological examination also conform the presence of significant abnormalities on major organs characterized by lymphoid hyperplasia in the white and red pulp of the spleen, interstitial pneumonia, zonal sever hepatic necrosis, tubulo-interstitial nephritis, multifocal myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, lymphoid hyperplasia in lymph node and mononuclear cell infiltration. In conclusion T. vivax isolates from both areas showed a variety of virulence factors leading to the development of acute clinical signs, reduction of PCV, decrease in biochemical values as well as increase in serum enzymes. In addition excessive secretion of cytokines, gross pathological lesion and histopathological abnormalities on major organs in the infected groups are manifestations of pathogenicity. However, the occurrence of parasitaemia and clinical signs were earlier in the NT groups compared to TT group. Therefore, equal attention is required for the control of trypanosomosis in both tsetse and non-tsetse infested areas of northwest Ethiopia.Item Study On The Prevalence of Ovine Ectoparasites and Associated Risk Factors in Selected Ectoparasite Controlled and Uncontrolled Areas of Arsi Zone, Oromiya Region(Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-06) Bedada, Hailegebrael; Dr. Giro, BultoA cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2013 to May 2014 with the objectives to estimate the prevalence of ectoparasites of sheep in ectoparasites controlled and uncontrolled area, assess major risk factors as well as evaluate effect of ectoparasites on livelihood of farmer in ectoparasites controlled and uncontrolled areas of Arsi Zone, Oromiya Region. A total of 969 sheep (646 sheep from controlled area and 323 sheep from uncontrolled area) were examined for presence of ectoparasites. Accordingly, from controlled area 371 (57.43%) and from uncontrolled area 285 (88.24%) were infested with one or more ectoparasites. The ectoparasites identified from controlled area were B. ovis 48.9%, Linognathus spp 0.93%, sheep keds 7.4%, 2.32% B(R). decoloratus, 1.46% A. variegatum, 1.08 % A. gemma, 4.59% R. evertsi evertsi, and 0.31% mixed tick infestation and 12.5% mixed infestation. The ectoparasites identified from uncontrolled area were B. ovis 81.4%, Linognathus spp 0.9%, 1.79% B(R). decoloratus, 2.62% A. variegatum, 9.29% R. evertsi evertsi, 4.3% mixed tick infestation and 32.2% mixed infestation. The risk of ectoparasite infestation in sheep of uncontrolled area were 5.644 times higher than controlled area sheep (OR=5.644, p=.000). Significantly higher prevalence of lice, tick and keds infestation in the uncontrolled area than the controlled area was recorded. The risk of lice, keds and tick infestations in uncontrolled area was 7.061, 3.836 and 2.074 times higher than controlled area respectively. Age and management related variation was not observed in the prevalence of ectoparasite in both controlled and uncontrolled area. Significantly (OR=0.455, p=0.000) higher prevalence of overall ectoparasite infestation in the female sheep of controlled area than the male was observed. Female sheep in controlled area were 1.129 times at higher risk for lice infestation than male. Significantly higher prevalence of keds in controlled (OR=0.081, p=0.000) and in uncontrolled area (OR=0.715, p=0.000) on wooly than hairy sheep was recorded. The logistic regression results showed significant higher prevalence of tick infestations in female sheep (OR=1.861, p=0.000) and poor body condition sheep (OR= 0.478, p=0.015) of uncontrolled area. Female sheep and poor body condition sheep of uncontrolled area were 1.861 and 0.478 times at higher risk for tick infestation than male and good body condition sheep respectively. Favorable climatic x conditions, poor husbandry and animal management, lack of awareness by farmers, and weak animal health extension services are believed to have contributed for widespread distribution and occurrences of ectoparasites. Higher prevalence of ectoparasites observed in the controlled area put under question the effectiveness of ectoparasites control in selected districts of Oromiya Region. The growing threat of ectoparasites to small ruminant production and the tanning industry needs well-coordinated, appropriate and urgent control intervention. Key words: Controlled/uncontrolled, Arsi Zone, Ectoparasites, Sheep, OromiyaItem In Vivo Drug Sensitivity tests of Trypanosoma Vivax isolates from Selected Tsetse Infested and Tsetse Free Areas of North West, Ethiopia(Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-06) Tsegaye, Biniam; Dr. Demisse, TilayeTsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis is an economically devastating disease in Sub-Saharan Africa where trypanocidal drug treatment is the mainstay of control but their efficacy is hampered because of the widespread occurrence of drug resistance. The present study conducted from March to June of 2014 in young zebu cattle was to determine the drug sensitivity of T. vivax isolates from selected tsetse infested and tsetse free areas of Northwest Ethiopia and also to look for hematological profiles improvement after treatment. A total of three isolates one from tsetse infested and two from tsetse free areas were used. A prospective study and randomized controlled block design was applied to the experimental animals together with preliminary questionnaire survey on drug usages. The study revealed that one isolate from tsetse free area was resistant to 7mg/kg of DA. The finding of one relapse from the tsetse isolate to 1mg/kg of ISM is highly indicative that more relapses could be found if more isolates were used. The decrease in packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration improvements was more common in breakthrough infections. Results of the experiment on the low efficacy of the drugs were supported by respondents of questionnaire survey. In conclusion, drug resistance is a threat in both areas and the situation is magnified in the non-tsetse areas so that control of the disease should be an integrated approach. Moreover, the use of sanative pair with DA and ISM in accordance with the reported drug resistance is important to reduce the problems in the study sites. Furthermore, extensive data on trypanocidal drug sensitivity tests on more T. vivax isolates using advanced molecular techniques is essential. Key words: Trypanosoma vivax, diminazene aceturate, isometamidium chloride, young zebu cattle, North west EthiopiaItem Serum Biochemical, Haematological and Pathological Changes in Calves Experimentally Infected With t. Vivax Isolated From Tsetse and Non Tsetse Infected Areas of North West Ethiopia AfterTtreatment With Diminazen Aceturate and Isometamidium Chloride(Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-06) Tesfu, Frehiwet; Dr. Hailu, YakobLongitudinal research on biochemical, haematological and histopathological changes in calves experimentally infected with T.vivax isolate from tsetse and non tsetse infested areas of North West Ethiopia after treatment with diminazene aceturate and Isometamidium chloride were conducted. Calves were grouped in to7 groups of 6 animals per group and then challenged by T. vivax at a dose of 1x106parasites/ml intravenously (group 1&2 challenged with isolate from tsetse area, group 3,4,5,6 with isolate from non tsetse area) and group 7(control animals) were received saline water. 14 days post infection calves in group1, group3 and group5 were treated with diminazene aceturate at a dose rate of 7mg/kg body weight and group2, group4 and group6 were treated with Isometamidium chloride at a dose rate of 1mg/kg body weight IM. All trypanosome-inoculated cattle developed acute form of trypanosomosis following the detection of parasitemia in the blood of infected calves. There was variable degree of reduction in mean PCV, Hb concentration and RBC after infection. After treatment all infected groups has resulted in significant improvements in which PCV, Hb concentration and total RBC counts became similar to the pre-infection values for group1 and group2. There was significant reduction in serum glucose, total protein and cholesterol and significant increase in serum enzymes in all challenged groups. After treatment all groups has resulted in significant improvements in the values which were become equivalent to or better than the pre-infection measurements. Gross and histopathological changes were observed in different tissues of calves after treatment with diminazene aceturate and Isometamidium chloride in all groups of calves which were highly xiv significant in calves infected with isolate from non tsetse area. In conclussion the result of the current experiment revealed that there were improvement after treatment but differences in haematological, biochemical and pathological parameters remained significant in all groups of calves treated with both drugs in comparison to the non-infected groups. So trypanocidal drugs which can not only result in clinical cure but also cause a better improvement in pathophysiological parameters should be developed. Key words: Biochemical changes, haematological changes, Pathological changes, Trypanocidal drugs, TT, NTItem CHARACTERIZATION OF SHEEP AND GOAT SKIN LESIONS CAUSED BY DIFFERENT AGENTS AND IMPACT ON THE RESPECTIVE LEATHERS AT TANNERIES(2014-06) NIGUSSU, FASIL; Dr. Tilaye Demissie, Dr. Getachew TerefeThe objectives of this study were to determine the type and extent of damage and to characterize gross and microscopic lesions as well as quality grading of processed skin to crust stage. In this study 500 animals (350 sheep and sheep and 150 goats) were examined for any skin problem from both ectoparasites controlled and non controlled areas. Nine goats and 11 sheep with skin diseases were conveniently selected for characterization of pathological lesions and evaluation of defect in the tannery and quality grading. Ten goats and 10 sheep skins which apparently look normal were also taken to tannery as controls. Out of the 500 animals examined for skin abnormalities 42 % were infested by lice, 15.7% by fleas, 18.57% by sheep ked, 2.5% ticks, 2% mange, and 25% were infected by pox virus. Generally, the predominant gross pathologic lesions were crusts, scabs, pit depression, alopecia nodules, lichenification, fissuring and erythema. In pox infection lesions were macules, papules with central depression which finally became gray (necrotic) lesion and developed to scabs. Histopathologically pox lesions include acanthosis, parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis in the epidermis and the dermis showed vasculitis, infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, fibroblasts and histiocytes. Generally microscopic lesions induced by ectoparasites were similar with little variation and includes parakeratotic, hyperkeratosis, and infiltration with eosinophils. Perivascular with eosinophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes infiltrations. Different downgrades to leather quality due to various agents were observed at tannery and this includes aesthetic appeal, poor grading and rejection of which 50% were rejected, 15.4% categorized as grade 6, 19.2% as grade 5, and 11.5% as grades 1-4 category (annex.2). Ectoparasites were the major causes of down grading and rejection followed by sheep and goat pox.Item HEMATOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON CHICKENS NATURALLY INFECTED BY COCCIDIOSIS IN AND AROUND AMBO TOWN, WEST SHEWA ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(2015-06) Morka, Dandecha; Dr. Tilaye Demissie, Dr. Edilu JorgaA cross sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 with the objective to determine hematological and pathological changes on local, Isa brown and koekoek breeds of chickens naturally infected with coccidosis. The study involved hematological, post mortem, mucosal scraping, gross and histopathological examinations. A total of 113 chickens with clinical signs suggestive of coccidiosis were examined. Five Eimeria species namely: E. tenella (48.8%), E. necatrix, (11.9%), E. brunetti (10.4%), E. maxima (6%) and E. acervulina (3%) were identified. Reduction on the red blood cells, Hemoglobin and decreased packed cell volume values were seen due to the effect of the parasites. From a total of 113 chickens examined, 67 (59.3%) were positive for Eimeria species. Fifty three (79.1%) of the coccidian positive chickens, showed visible gross lesions in the intestine and caecum. The frequency of detection of gross lesions in koekoek breed was significantly higher than that of local and Isa brown breeds (χ2 = 20.731, p < 0.05). Comparisons were made between microscopic & gross lesions from small intestine and caecum and it was found that certain lesions that were graded as mild in gross examinations showed significant microscopic lesion. Histopathological examinations of the affected small intestine and caecum showed excessive tissue damage, severe hemorrhagic enteritis with epithelial necrosis, presence of large clusters of schizonts and meronts in the damaged epithelial cells along with infiltrating inflammatory cells especially of eosinophils. In conclusion, the present study showed that coccidiosis had a destructive effect on chickens that is represented by a high reduction in red blood cell, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, increment in leukocyte counts and various gross and microscopic lesions. Prevention and control methods need to be implemented to reduce the loss due to coccidiosis.Item Clinical Signs, Serum Biochemical Profiles and Reproductive Pathological Lesions in Horses Naturally Infected With Dourine in Western Arsi Zone, Ethiopia(Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-10) Gizaw, Yonas; Dr. Ashenafi, HagosDourine a venereal transmitted trypanosomosis is endemic in Ethiopia and is the major health problem threatening equines. Until recently, pathologic tissue changes associated with the disease are poorly described. The present study was conducted from November 2014 to June 2015 with an objective of investigating clinical signs; isolate T. equiperdum from blood, serum biochemical change and reproductive pathological lesions in dourine infected horses. A cross-sectional study design and purposive sampling were used to identify and select dourine infected horses. Twelve mares with typical signs of dourine and serologically positive with CATT/T. evansi were identified. The genital and nervous signs were most commonly observed in infected mares while the cutaneous signs were less prominent in the present study. Despite attempts made to isolate the parasite using woo test, no trypanosomes were detected in all of examined blood samples. There were no significant variation (p>0.05) in the mean values of total protein, albumin, AST, ALT and ALP between the infected and healthy groups but a relative increase were observed in all biochemicals analyzed except mean level of albumin which showed a relative decrease in infected group compared to healthy one. Gross lesions observed in the two euthanized infected mares includes, swollen vulva with visible areas of depigementation, congestion of the mucosa of vagina, thickened and congested mucosa of uterus, ovarian follicular cysts, slightly enlarged and congested spleen, enlarged and swollen liver with multiple necrotic foci. Microscopically, mononuclear cell infiltration mainly of lymphocytes and plasma cells and periglandular inflammation were observed in the vulva, vagina, cervix and uterus. In addition, interstitial mastitis, haemosidrine deposition in the spleen and liver and lymphcocyte depletion in the spleen were observed. The results of these gross and histological findings indicate the presence of various organs involvement with severe degree of lesions. Thus, dourine imposes further pathological studies in naturally and experimentally infected mare and stallions by increasing the sample size. Key words: Ethiopia, Infiltration, Mare, Mononuclear cells, Serum biochemical, Trypanosoma equiperdumItem Experimental Study on Sheep Infested With Bovicola Ovis and Melophagus Ovinus of Pathological Changes, Processed Skin Defect and Effect of Treatment in Improving Skin Quality(Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-10) Kebebew, Getachew; Dr. Demissie, TilayeExperimental study was conducted from January, 2015 to August, 2015 on sheep experimentally infested by B .ovis and M. ovinus with the objective of identifying specific pathological changes they induce, the type of defect at pickle and their effect on skin quality and effect of treatment on resumption of skin to normal state. For this purpose, thirty indigenous sheep of Arsi origin approximately 18 months age were bought from market. They were treated against infection and parasites and kept for a month to stabilize them before the commencement of the experiment. The sheep were then grouped in to five groups each with six individual sheep as non-infested control, B .ovis infested untreated, B .ovis infested treated, M. ovinus infested untreated and M. ovinus infested treated. B .ovis and M. ovinus were manually collected from donor sheep; identified, counted and then infested at 500 B .ovis and 50 M. ovinus per sheep to the respective treatment groups. All groups were managed under similar condition and followed for 95 days and Sheep within the infested treated groups were treated with diazinon and followed for additional 30 days. The total WBC count was increased in B .ovis and M. ovinus infested groups compared to non-infested control group. However, the statistically significant was only for groups infested by M. ovinus (P< 0.05). In all infested groups the differential leukocyte count was increased; nevertheless, the significant difference was only for eosinophil (P <0.05). The common gross lesions noticed were skin discoloration with excreta, crust formation, macules and erythema for M. ovinus and B .ovis with slight difference in intensity of lesion. Microscopically, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis were more severe in groups infested by M. ovinus than B .ovis. The density of inflammatory cells infiltrating dermis was severely intensive in groups infested by M. ovinus than B .ovis. In groups that were treated, the gross pathological lesions except skin discoloration were totally disappeared within 30 days; nonetheless, the microscopic lesions persisted with a decrease in number of inflammatory cells specifically that of eosinophils. At pickle stage M. ovinus was characterized by large elevated cockles and B .ovis by extensive but small cockles. All processed skins from B.ovis and M. ovinus infested groups degraded and lied toward the stages of moderate x grades (5 or 6) and less which is very poor. In treated group 50% of the processed skins from B .ovis were improved in quality and were lied to grades 1 to 4 (very good to good) but only 33% of skin from M. ovinus were improved and lied to 1 to 4 grades. It could be concluded that infestation by B .ovis and M. ovinus cause severe to mild gross pathological lesions however severe microscopic lesions to sheep skin and reduced the quality of processed skin from top grades to low grade. Definitely treatment improves skin quality but not in all affected skin, and varies between B .ovis and M. ovinus. Keywords: B.ovis, Cockle, Ethiopia, Experiment, Lesion, M. ovinus, Sheep, SkinItem Characterization of Pathological Lesions on the Nervous system of Horses naturally Affected by Dourine In and around Dodola Wereda, Arsi-Bale Highlands of Oromia, Ethiopia(Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-10) Meseret, Melke; Dr. Hailu, YakobA cross sectional study was undertaken in three purposively selected horse-breeding districts of the Arsi–Bale highlands of Ethiopia, namely Dodola, Assassa and Adaba from March 2015 to the end of June 2015. The aim of this study was to describe the neurologic signs and the pathologic findings in the nervous system of horses naturally affected by dourine; and to reveal the presence of the parasite in the nervous tissue or cerebrospinal fluid or in both. For this purpose, a total of 20 local breed of horses with naturally occurring neurologic signs of dourine were considered as study animals. Out of the 20 animals, 12 horses were clinically positive and then selected. From jugular vein of each animal, 7.5 ml and 10 ml of blood using heparinised and plain vacutainer tubes were collected for parasitological (Woo) test and serological (CATT) tests, respectively. The most common signs in the horses were notable weight loss, depigmentation on the vulva and perineal region, and hind legs paralysis. Out of the 12 horses, 2 mares revealed strong seropositive result in CATT test and were subjected for post mortem examination and followed by histopathological analysis. There were no clear gross pathological lesions in the brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerves of the two mares. None of the animals examined showed trypanosomes in Giemsa-stain as well as in blood samples by Woo test. Histopathological examinations of nervous tissue (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord and sciatic nerve) showed lesions primarily on the lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord and the left sciatic nerve. The primary lesions were degenerative changes and neuronal necrosis of the spinal cord, as well as cellular infiltration and degeneration of the sciatic nerves. Therefore, the present study disclosed that clinically sick horses being seropositive without parasites in the blood as well as nervous tissues revealed moderate degree of pathological lesions. Further sensitive and specific diagnostic techniques need to be applied in order to detect parasitaemia. On the other hand immunological methods seem vital to determine the exact cause of the lesion. Key words: Arsi–Bale highlands, CATT, Dourine, Ethiopia, Histopathology, Horses, Woo testItem Gross and Microscopic Lesions of Epizootic Lymphangitis on Carthorses in Central Oromia, Ethiopia(Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-10) Wakjira, Dereje; Dr. Ashenafi, HagosA cross sectional study was conducted in eight towns in central Oromia, Ethiopia, from March to August of 2015 with an objective of describing the pathological findings of topical and internal organs lesion in carthorses naturally infected with Epizootic lymphangitis and revealing the presence of the fungus within the lesions of internal organs. The study animals were local breed carthorses located in the study areas that are naturally infected with Histoplasma capsulatum variety farciminosum. Among the 70 disease suspected carthorses that were found in the study area 30 were purposively screened out. Field assessment, clinical observation, microscopical examination, isolation of the agent, autopsy examination, and histopathological examination were used for this investigation. Field Survey part of this study revealed presence of a gap on knowhow of the disease. In spite of the fact that 76% (76/100) of the interviewed carthorse owners were trained by SPANA, 44% of them still believe that the disease is caused by an evil-eye or “Buda”.71% of them are accustomed to use both traditional and modern treatment methods. 37% of them believe presence of small and large nodular lesions which is found to be true that out of the 804 nodular lesions counted on this study 396 (49.3%) were small type (Female) and 408 (51.7%) large type (Male). Early and moderate stages of Epizootic lymphangitis are considered curable, however, the fate of carthorses with sever stage of the disease was euthanasia. Severely affected and abandoned carthorses were usually found staggering at the middle of highways. All the 70 disease suspected carthorses showed signs of the cutaneous forms of the disease and there were no clearly separated three forms, rather there were an extension and manifestation of the cutaneous form lesions in and around eye and respiratory organs. Giemsa stained smears of the contents of pyogranulomatous skin nodules and imprint smear of affected internal organs revealed yeast like organisms; showing that the disease. The topical body parts affected with lesion were skin and superficial lymphatics of skin of the body extremities. Nodular lesions were observed mostly in the limbs, lower trunk and head regions. Severely affected regions were the limb extremities, especially the hind limb extremities. Tick infested parts seems to be more vulnerable. The gross lesions detected on internal organs were few in number and even on few organs. Although, diverse types of lesions were detected on different organs, a mass of nodule on x mucosal part of trachea and a large nodular lesion of right lung together with diffused small granulomatous nodules of both lungs were the reportable findings of this study. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained histopathological sections reveled the characteristic pyogranulomatous lesion and many yeast-like organisms distended within macrophages. Those characteristic histopathological lesions were found both from topical and internal organ lesions. The inflammatory cells that infiltrate the tissue were macrophages, polymorphonuclear cells and plasma cells; macrophages being the predominant one. There were neither gross nor microscopic lesions detected within internal organs of some cases in this study; even in one organ. There was neither pyogranulomatous lesion nor yeast-like organisms detected from normal tissue sections of internal organs and from some non-nodular lesions of internal organs. Having such an open skin, their internal organs were found to be normal in pathologically point of view. The pathological lesions were restricted on the skin and most of the vital organs were found normal. Additionally skin has a great regeneration capacity and early and moderate stages of Epizootic lymphangitis are curable. Therefore all stages of EZL seem curable, if handled properly. The treatment may not be cost effective, however, euthanasia of carthorses in sever stage of Epizootic lymphangitis for welfare reason seems against the principle of welfare. Key words: Epizootic lymphangitis, carthorses, pyogranulomatous lesion, necropsy, biopsy, histopathologyItem Morphometrical, Pathological and Bacteriological Study of Mammary Gland of Cows With Subclinical and Clinical Mastitis in Selected Farms and Abattoirs in Central Ethiopia(Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) Meaza, Mandefrot; Dr. Demissie, TilayeThe cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to May 2016 in Bishoftu, Addis Ababa and Adama areas to evaluate cow’s udder morphometrical changes in relation to mastitis, mammary gland lesion characterization and isolation and characterization of aerobic bacteria from lesions. A total of 252 dairy cow from selected dairy farms in Bishofu and 72 udders from Addis Ababa and Adama municipality abattoirs were included in the study. The study revealed that the overall prevalence of mastitis was found to be 44.44% with clinical and sub-clinical mastitis accounting 16.11% and 36.67%, respectively. Morphometrically, cows with longer and thicker teats, greater distance between hind teats, Longer glandular longitudinal length and shorter teat end to floor distance had higher frequency of subclinical mastitis and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, udder and teat end shape had no significant association (P>0.05) with subclinical mastitis. Distance between hind teats and front udder height had direct statistically (p<0.05) association with somatic cell count. Out of 217 quarter milk samples cultured, 147 (67.74%) were positive for single colony, 46 (21.2%) for mixed bacterial growth and 24 (11.06%) were negative for bacterial growth. Predominant aerobic bacteria isolated were Coagulase Negative Staphylococci 66 (34.2%) followed by S. aureus 63 (32.8%) and E.coli 40 (20.7%). On the other hand, from culture result of 53 mammary gland tissue samples collected from abattoirs, the major isolated bacteria were E. Coli (35cases), streptococci (32 cases), S. aureus (23 cases), Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (14 cases),, and S. hyicus (11 cases). Tissue sections from abattoir showed glandular epithelial degeneration and necrosis, atrophy of alveoli and the glands, intestinal fibrosis, acute to sub-acute suppurative inflammation with neutrophil infiltration and chronic inflammation with mononuclear cell infiltration. Serum alkaline phosphatase analysis did not show significant difference between mastitic and non mastitic cows. In conclusion, mastitis was one of diseases of dairy cows in the study areas which could affect dairy production. Some udder traits could be risk factors to mastitis and chronic mammary lesions characterized might severely decreased milk production and could be reason for culling of dairy cows. Therefore udder traits might be part of dairy cattle selection and improvement programs with detailed further study on the subject in the country. . Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase, Bacterial isolation, Cow, Ethiopia, Histopathology, Mastitis, Somatic cell count, and Udder morphometryItem Bovine Tuberculosis Lesion Description with Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium Species from Cattle Slaughtered at Abattoirs Bishoftu, Ethiopia(Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) wagari, Akinaw; Demissie, Tilaye (Prof)A cross-sectional study was conducted at ELFORA and Bishoftu Municipality Abattoir from November 2015 to April 2016 to describe the gross and microscopic lesion of bovine tuberculosis and characterize its causative agents. Post-mortem examination, pathological scoring, bacteriological culturing, Zeihl Neelson staining, histopathology and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for investigation. Six hundred twenty six (626) Cattle were recruited for the study and the prevalence was found to be 2.9% (18/626) on the basis of gross lesion. There was statistical significant (X2=24.01 and P=0.000) difference between age of the animal and tuberculosis lesion. Eighty eight percent (88%) of the gross lesion was detected in the thoracic cavity while 12% of the lesion was found in the abdominal cavity and head region. Only twenty eight percent (28%=5/18) of the suspicious lesions yielded colonies of which one were acid-fast positive. Severe depletion of lymphocytes, calcification, cellular debris and aggregation of macrophage were observed microscopically. Further identification of the isolates using multiplex PCR revealed that the isolates belong to the Genus Mycobacterium. Of the isolates that showed signal to the Genus Mycobacterium, it was the members of the non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium complex. In conclusion, TB lesions were caused by the non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium complex. Hence, as the isolates were the non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium complex members, the pathogenecity and public health importance of these members in cattle needs further study. Key words: Bishoftu, Bovine tuberculosis, Calcifications, Cattle, Non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium, PCRItem Pathological Changes in the Reproductive Organs, Lesion Characterization and Bacterial Isolation From cows Slaughtered at Addis Ababa and Adama Municipality Abattoir(Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) Tamirat, Banteyegegn; Dr. Abie, GetinetA cross-sectional study was conducted on reproductive organs of cows slaughtered in Addis Ababa and Adama municipality abattoir with objective of characterize the pathological lesions and isolate and identify possible aerobic bacteria from lesion. Out of the 209 genital tracts examined 12.9% (n=27) were pregnant and excluded from study. From total 182 reproductive organs examined 55 (30.2%) have one or more visible gross lesions. The most common abnormalities encountered were follicular cysts (2.20%), Luteal cysts (1.6 %,) Par ovarian cysts (3.3%), ovarian hypoplasia (2.2%), ovarian bursa adhesion (2.7 %), ovarian hemorige (1.6%), endometritis (18.7%), Pyometra (2.2%), Mucometra (1.1%) and Hydrometra (1.6%) with endometritis being the most frequent abnormality. Age, breeds, body conditions (BCS) and origin of animals were not statistically associated with the disorders (P>0.05). Endometritis were the major disorder recorded in this studies accounting for 34 (18.7 %) and all 34 endometritic ureine tissue were positive either single and/or mixed bacteria. E. coli 17 (50%), S.aureus 18(52.9%), S. hicus 1(2.9%) S. intermedius 2(5.9%), C.N.S. 12(35.3%), Streptococcus spp. 24 (70.6%) Proteus bulgaris spp 5(14.7%), and C. fundi 1(2.9%) were the bacteria isolated. It could be concluded that reproductive tract abnormalities were important diseases in the study areas which could have considerable impact on the reproductive performance of cows and in fact could be the sole reason for coming of these cows to abattoir. Another thing that worth mentioning was that significant (12.9%) of number of pregnant dairy cows were slaughtered which in fact should not have been happened. Key words: Abattoir, cow, endometritis, Ethiopia, lesion, reproductive disorderItem CHARACTERIZATION OF LESIONS AND EVALUATION OF HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN SCAVENGING CHICKEN NATURALLY INFECTED BY GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTHS IN AND AROUND BISHOFTU(2017-06) Debella, Taweya; Dr. Tilaye Demissie, Yacob Hailu (Prof)A study was conducted from November 2016 - May 2017 on eighty free range chickens purchased from Bishoftu local markets, to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths,for characterizetion of lesions of lesions in parasite positive chicken, and to evaluate change in haemathological and serum biochemical parameters. The gastrointestinal helminths were isolated and characterized. Blood sample was collected from brachial vein in vacutainer tube with anticoagulant for hematological examination and also in plain vacutainers for serum biochemical analysis. After gross lesion characterization tissues were collected into sample bottles containing buffer neutral 10% formalin for microscopic lesion characterization. From a total of 80 chicken examined by postmortem 76 (95%) were infested with one or more types of helminth parasites. Seven nematode parasites namely, Aucaria hamulosa, Ascaridia galli, Hetrakis.dispar, Hetrakis gallinarum, Hetrakis isolenchae, Subulura brumpti, Allodapa sucturia and 6 cestode species namely, Raillietina tetragona, Raillietina cesticillus, Raillietina echinobothrida, Hymenolepis Carioca, Hymenolepis continana and Choenetenia infun were identified. The diference in isolation rate was not significant between male and female (x2=0.278, P>0.05) and among age group (x2=0.268, P> 0.05). The frequent gross lesions include necrosis and haemorrhages in gizard,very soft feces containing much mucous exudate in the small intestine, tickened mucosal wall with petechial haemorrhage and thick white pesty mucous in the lumen. Microscopic lesions revealed degeneration and necrosis of epithelium and intestinal glands, infiltration of inflammatory cells arround the parasite attachments in intestines, excessive tissue damage, hemorrhage, and necrosis in the affected gizzard.The mean haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count and packed cell volume were 11g/dl, 2.67x106/ul, 3.04 x103/ul, 30.3% respectively in naturally infected chickens and 12g/dl, 3.5 x106/ul, 2.4 x103/ul, 36.3%, respectively in negative chicken.The mean difference was statistically significant for total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, and packed cell volume (P<0.05). Chickens with mixed parasites showed decreased levels of glucose and increased in total protein and aspartate aminotransferase. Means diference for the single and mixed infection was statistically significant for aspartate aminotransferase, total protein and glucose. It can be concluded that gastrointestinal helminthes are one of major problems of local backyard chicken.Item COMPARATIVE STUDY ON LESIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF COWS AND FEMALE DROMEDARY CAMELS SLAUGHTERED AT ADDIS ABABA, ADAMA AND AKAKI ABATTOIRS WITH BACTERIAL ISOLATION(2017-06) Aynalem, Mandefro; Dr. Tilaye DemissieA cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 on reproductive organs of cows and dromedary camels slaughtered at Akaki slaughter house, Addis Ababa and Adama municipal abattoirs to compare lesions and bacteria isolates. A total 280 reproductive organs (140 form cows and 140 from camels) were grossly inspected. Grossly visible lesions were documented and tissue samples with lesion were collected for histopathological lesion characterizations and bacteriological isolations. Various pathological lesion with different degrees of severity were observed in 36.4% (n=51) and 34.2 % (n=48) of cows and dromedary camels, respectively. Age, species and body conditions of animals were not statistically associated with most of the disorders (P>0.05). Comparatively, in cow the most frequently observed lesions were that of ovaries 16.4% while in camels it was that of uterus 21.4%. Grossly, endometritis were characterized by congestion in acute cases and congestions and thickening in chronic cases. Microscopically, endometrial glands degenerations, sloughing of epithelium, periglandular cuffing and infiltrations of inflammatory cell were some of characteristics change observed in endometritis. Grossly, the follicular cyst were large, some of them occupied the entire ovary and very thin walled. Microscopically, the follicular cysts were characterized by extremely thin granulosa layers. Most of endometritic tissues cultured for bacterial isolations were positive for either single and/or mixed bacterial infection. Staphylococcus species 28.5%, Streptococci species 19.6%, Coynebacterium species 8.9%, Escherichia coli 26.7%, Salmonella species 10.7% and Klebsiella species 5.35% were isolated from cows uteri, while in the dromedary camels, Escherichia coli 35.5%, Staphylococcus species 26.6%, Streptococcus species 13.3%, Pseudomonas species 6.6 %, Proteus species 4.4%, Salmonella species 8.8% and Klebsiella species 4.4% were isolated. It could be concluded that reproductive organ lesion were important problem in both species of animals and these disorders might be causes of infertility and appearance of these females in abattoir. The role of each identified lesion on infertility needs further investigations.Item DETERMINATION OF ANTI-RABIES VIRUS ACTIVITIES OF CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM SOME TRADITIONALLY USED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN EAST WOLLEGA, ETHIOPIA(2017-06) DEMEKE, ZEWDE; Dr. Fufa Dawo, Mr. Brihanu HurisaAn experimental study was conducted between November, 2016 and April, 2017 at Ethiopian public health institute to evaluate the anti-rabies activities of the leaf of Justicia schimperiana, root of Phytolacca dodecandra, root bark of Croton macrostachyus and their combination at 1:1:0.75 ratio, respectively. The plants are widely used traditionally for the treatment of rabies in humans and animals in East Wollega, Ethiopia. The plant parts were dried, grinded and crude extraction was conducted as per standard of Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Crude extracts were prepared from the powders of these plants using 80% hydro-ethanol and dried by condensation process. The anti-rabies activities of these plant extracts were tested in three different doses: 300, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg in mice and compared with positive control based on the difference in mean survival time of group of mice challenged with rabies virus (CVS-11). The result showed that P.dodecandra, J. schimperiana and combination of all the three plant extracts at 300 and 2000mg/kg dose levels and C. macrostachyus at 300 and 5000mg/kg doses didn‟t significantly(P>0.05) increase the survival period of mice. However, at 5000 mg/kg dose level for P.dodecandra (P=0.002), J. schimperiana (P=0.038) and combination of all the three extracts (P=0.021) and at 2000mg/kg dose level for root bark of C. macrostachyus (P=0.011); the plant extracts were significantly (P<0.05) increased the survival time of mice. The finding illustrates the existence of promising active compounds against rabies virus in extracts of roots of P. dodecandra and root bark of C. macrostachyus at indicated doses preferably to other extracts and needs further research to elucidate its active ingredients targeted to antiviral activity. The results also suggested good correlation between the in vivo anti-rabies virus activities and traditional therapeutic uses reported by traditional healers.Item PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LESIONS AND BACTERIOLOGICAL ISOLATION OF CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF SWINE TUBERCULOSIS AT BISHOFTU AND ADDIS ABABA ABATTOIRS, BISHOFTU, ETHIOPIA(2018-06) JIRATA, SHIFERAW; Dr. Gezahegne Mamo, Dr. Kasa Demissie; Dr. Tilaye Demissie, Gobena Ameni (Prof)A cross sectional study was conducted at Bishoftu and Addis Ababa Abattoirs from September 2017 to May 2018 to estimate abattoir based prevalence of tuberculosis in swine, to isolate Mycobacterium species involved and to characterize the lesions. Five hundred and fifty six (556) swine were examined. Tubercle like granulomatous lesion were detected in 19.6% (109/556) of different organs of which 12% (69/556) was in lymph nodes, 5.7% (32/556) in the lungs, 1% (6/556) in the liver and 0.36% (2/556) in the spleen. Based on microscopic changes 4.7% (26/556) of lesions were tuberculous granulomatous type with central necrosis, calcified foci, epitheloid cells admixed with lymphocyte and connective tissue boundries, 3.6% (20/556) pyogranulomatous and 2.5% (14/556) non necrotic granulomatous lesion without epitheloid cells and connective tissue capsules. In lymph nodes, severe depletion of lymphocytes, calcification, cellular debris and aggregation of macrophages were observed microscopically. The tuberculous lesions found in lymph node were statistically significant (P < 0.05) than in other organs. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that old aged swine were more likely to have characteristic tuberculous lesion (OR = 3.14, 95% CI, 1.62-6.09) than younger ones. From the tissue cultured, 7.5% (3/40) yield growth on primary culture media. The observed colony morphology was smooth whitish or yellowish color, sticky, off-white and breaks apart easily and two (5% (2/40)) of these growth were acid fast positive by Zeihl-Neelsen staining technique. Based on culture result, and typical histopathologic lesions it could be concluded that pork can be source of tuberculosis to human when consumed under cooked and routine abattoir inspections should be conducted. Therefore, further molecular and biochemical research to isolate the species of microbacteria is highly recommended to elucidate the type of lesion and its magnitude in different body organs by considering large number of swine.Item CYTOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TUMORS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN AND AROUND BISHOFTU, ETHIOPIA(2018-06) Mesfin, Mathewos; Dr. Tilaye DemissieTumors are one of the disorders that affect domestic animals. The present study was conducted from October, 2017 to May 2018 with the objectives of determining the types and frequencies of tumors of domestic animals based on cytological and pathological characteristics. A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling of animals with swelling or masses was conducted for evaluation of masses by gross examination, cytology and histopathology. A total of sixty neoplastic swelling were identified. Based on cellular origin, the overall frequencies of tumors were found to be 46.7% epithelial, 36.7% unclassified, 13.3% mesenchymal and 3.3% were round cell tumors. Gross lesions observed include firm consistency, cauliflower like lesions, nodular mass, ulcerated, inflamed and haemorrhagic surfaces, pediculate, necrosis, and lobulated mass with irregular margins. Cytologically, most of the epithelial cell tumor and equine sarcoid revealed clusters of cells with different arrangements, deep nuclear chromatin, anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Where as, all tumors of mesenchymal origin including fibropapilloma showed pleomorphic spindle cells. Mast cell tumors was characterized by its cytoplasmic granules and transmissible venereal tumors by clear punctuate intracytoplasmic vacuoles, cell shape and prominent central nucleoli. Histopathologically, equine sarcoid and papillomatosis were characterized by dermal keratinocytes proliferation, long rete pegs that extend deep into the dermis. Ocular squamous cell carcinoma was characterized by keratin tonofilaments and keratin pearls while, leiomyoma, cutaneous fibrosarcoma, basal cell carcinoma and hemangiopericytomas were characterized plump smooth muscle-like cells, herring bone pattern, cluster of neoplastic basal cells and perivascular whorls of pericyte nuclei, in the respective order. Mammary tumors were characterized by severe cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, and highly infiltrative. Sertoli cell tumor, fibrothecoma, cutaneous mast cell tumor, transmissible venereal tumor and malignant fibrous histiocytoma were chracterized by sheets of sertoli cells, spindle cells with plump thecoma cells, granulated mast cells, round cells with vesicular nuclei and pleomorphic histiocytic cells, respectively. Based on the result it could be concluded that domestic animals were widely suffering from tumors of different origin. Thus, studies involving large sample size, and wider diagnostic tools should be conducted. Key words: Cytology, Domestic animals, Ethiopia, Histopathology, TumorsItem TICK INFESTATION IN CATTLE IN THREE DISTRICTS OF METEKEL ZONE BENISHANGUL-GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA: ITS PREVALENCE, CONTROL STRATEGIES AND MONETARY IMPACTS(2019-06) Said, Muhammed; Yacob Hailu (Prof)Ticks cause substantial losses in cattle production, in terms of diseases, reduced productivity and fertility and often death, and are economically the most important ecto-parasites of cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts (Dangur, Mandura and Pawi) of Metekel zone, Benishangul-Gumuz regional state from November, 2018 to May, 2019 to investigate the abundance and compostion of tick species in cattle to assess control strategies and financial losses by infestation of ticks. Out of 1052 local breed of cattle randomly selected from three districts, 798 (75.9%) of them were found infested with one or more tick species. A total of 8559 adult ticks were collected from the animal body and identified to different genera and species. Six tick species were morphologically identified from four genera. Among the four genera 24.3%, 40.5%, 31.9% and 3.2% were Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus, Rh. boophilus and Hyalomma, respectively. The relative prevalence of each species was Amblyomma lepidium (6.8%), Amblyomma variegatum (17.5%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (31.9%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (27.5%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (13%) and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (3.2%). The host related risk factors such as sex, age and body conformations of cattle were statistically significant associated with tick infestation (P value = 0.05). Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma species were abundant under tail, udder/scrotum, brisket, and ano-genital area while Rhipicephalus boophilus decoloratus preferred dewlap, brisket, belly, leg, and ear. In the study districts acaricide were commonly used for treatment during the time of tick infestation. Monetary losses associated with tick infestation were estimated in terms of production losses, hide losses, treatment cost and marketability reduction cost. Effective tick control program should be formulated and implemented based on the distribution pattern of ticks and factors responsible for their distribution in addition enhance skills of farmers about the effective dose and application of acaricides.