Veterinary Pathology
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Item Characterization of Lesions in Diseased Fishes; Isolation and Identification of Edwardsiella Tarda from Selected Lakes and Ponds Of Central Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Rediet Wolde; Dr. Jirata ShiferawFish is a nutritious animal rich in protein and consumed by many peoples throughout the world. A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted from December 2020 to May 2021 with the objectives of lesion characterization in diseased fishes, isolation, and identification of Edwardsiella tarda. From Batu, Langano, and Babogaya lakes and ponds in Bishoftu, a total of sixty fishes were examined for gross lesions. Skin, muscle, gill, liver, kidney, spleen, and heart were collected for microscopic lesion characterization and Edwardsiella tarda isolation. Grossly, few lesions were observed. Out of 60 samples, 25% (n=15) were positive for Edwardsiella tarda by conventional PCR. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the frequency of identifying E.tarda between the three study areas and four fish species. After the histopathological process and staining, tissues were divided into two based on E. tarda confirmation. Gills from Edwardsiella tarda positive fishes revealed hyperplasia, focal necrosis, and swelling of the lamellar epithelium. Microscopic lesions in the liver include nuclear condensation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and swelling of hepatocytes. Lesions in the hepatic blood vessels comprise severe hyperplasia of the endothelium, hyperemia, and elastic fibers in the intima of hepatic artery. Kidneys of Edwardsiella tarda positive fishes had suppurative interstitial nephritis, melano-macrophage deposition in interstitium, and interstitial hemosiderin deposition. Examination showed infiltration of inflammatory cells and focal area necrosis of the epidermis, lymphocyte infiltration in muscle, and accumulation of hemosiderin pigments in spleen. Microscopic lesions in Edwardsiella tarda negative fishes indicated significant changes like lamellar epithelial degeneration with vacuolation, and total necrosis of structure in gill, periportal hepatitis, and hepato-necrosis with vacuolation of liver, glomerulitis, multifocal tubulointerstitial nephritis, epithelial cells degeneration and cloudy swelling in kidney, dermal edema in skin and myocarditis with fibrosis of heart. Based on the study several lesions were identified from diseased fishes. Thus, further studies on lesion characterization in diseased fishes of different species with large sample sizes and study area should be conducted.Item Lesion characterization of organs and isolation of Marek’s disease virus in chickens in different poultry farms of Bishoftu, central Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Takuma Fetene; Dr. Jirata ShiferawA cross sectional study was conducted on clinically diseased chickens suspected of Marek’s disease (MD) virus infection on three intensive commercial poultry farms from January, 2022 to May, 2022 in Bishoftu town. Clinical and post-mortem examination was conducted on 70 chickens suspected of Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infection, virus isolation on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) and molecular detection of Marek’s disease virus using real-time PCR was conducted. In most of the examined chickens, classical signs of MD were observed while some did not show any clinical sign. Out of the 70 necropsied chicken, atrophy of the Bursa of Fabricius was observed in 44 (62.8%), ‘gray eye’ and skin nodules in 2 (2.85%), hepatomegaly in 38 (54.2%), splenomegaly in 16 (22.85%), ovary nodules in 2 (2.85%), kidney and lung nodules in 3 (4.28%), and heart nodules in 7 (10%) chickens. Peripheral nerve enlargement was not observed in any of the examined chickens. 65 feather follicles and 5 spleen samples were collected in viral transport media from the 70 clinically examined chickens under sterile condition. Molecular detection and confirmation of MDV was done using real-time PCR on the 70 samples and 53 (75.71%) of the feather follicle samples came out to be positive. Isolation of MDV was performed on CEF cell culture. Out of the 7 pooled samples, virus was isolated from 5 (72.42%). The isolates developed characteristic cytopathic effects of rounding of cells and plaques starting from the 5th day of 2nd and 3rd blind passage. Histopathological examination of 17 tissue samples of the sciatic nerves, liver, spleen, ovary, heart and lungs revealed heavy lymphocytic infiltration and multifocal lymphocytic nodules and also lymphocytic depletion was observed in the spleen. This study has confirmed the circulation of MDV in the study area showing clinical signs, lesions and cellular changes. Therefore, further study on the gross and histopathological lesions, isolation and molecular characterization of MDV, targeting different breeds, age group, and geographical areas on backyard and commercial poultry farms in Ethiopia is recommendedItem In vitro Anthelmintic Activity Of Aqueous And Methanolic Extracts of Allium Sativum, Zingiber Officinale And Ruta Graveolens Against Haemonchus Contortus(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Yodit Ayalew; Prof.Getachew TerefeIn vitro experimental trail were conducted from December 2021 to May 2022 to investigate the anthelmintic activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Allium sativum (Garlic), Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Ruta graveolens (Rue) against H. contortus. The plants were purchased from local market from Bishoftu town. Methanol and aqueous extracts of the selected medicinal plants were prepared by maceration technique. Each plant was also subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannis, triterpens and glycosides using standard procedures. Different graded concentration of the extracts were prepared and evaluated for in vitro anthelmintic effects using standard techniques of adult and larval motility inhibition test and egg hatch inhibition tests. For the adult motility inhibition test, 10 actively moving worms were placed into test tubes containing different concentration of plant extracts (100, 50, 25 and 12.5mg/ml). Similar concentrations were tested against larvae of Haemonchus but the number of worms was adjusted to 100 L3/well. The results were evaluated by counting the dead worms at an interval of three hours, for a total period of nine hours for adults and interval of six hours for 48 hours for the larvae. For the egg hatch inhibition test, the wells containing about 100eggs/ml were exposed to various concentration of the plant extracts (50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25mg/ml) and incubated at 27°C for 48 hours and evaluated based on the characteristics such as dead and hatched eggs. On the 3rd hour of observation, all higher concentrations (>25mg/ml) of both methanolic and aqueous extracts of ginger and rue have killed 100% of the adult worms. A similar level of efficacy for garlic was observed on the 9th hour of exposure. Nine hours after treatment, only 20% of worms incubated with PBS or DMSO alone were found dead and the difference between treatment and control groups was significant (P<0.001). The effect of methanolic extract of the three plant species against adult H. contortus worms at all extract concentrations was equivalent to the efficacy of 5% Albendazole (P>0.05). Aqueous extracts had also similar effect except for garlic where significantly lower number of worms than the others including Albendazole (P<0.05) were killed. Both Methanol and aqueous extract concentrations lower than 50mg/ml of all the three plants had significantly lower effect on H. contortus infective larvae compared to Ivermectin which has killed 100% of the larvae. At higher concentrations, however, almost all extracts had greater than 80% efficacy and the difference was significant between treatment and both positive and negative control wells (P <0.005). Methanolic extract of Ruta graveolens had inhibited less than 60% of nematode egg hatchability at all concentrations tested whereas ginger extract had shown a concentration dependent increasing efficacy which goes beyond the effect of Albendazole although the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In a similar manner, aqueous extract of rue had much less ovicidal effect at all concentrations compared to the other two extracts and the positive control. In conclusion, the present study revealed the potential nematocidal and ovicidal effects of extracts from the three plant species. Further study is required to fractionate active compounds, support the finding by in vivo test and evaluate any toxic effect that may hamper the use of the products as potential anthelmintics.Item Experimental study on pathological changes and performance variations in Chickens challenged by Eimeria tenella under different genotype, age and nutrition status(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Misgana Tefera; Dr. Jirata Shiferaw; Prof. Getachew TerefeEimeria tenella is a Protozoa which is a causative agent of avian coccidiosis. The disease cause bleeding in the cecum, diarrhea, high morbidity and mortality in chickens. The experimental study was conducted from November 2020 to January 2022 at the ILRI poultry research facility in Addis Ababa. First experiment was aimed to investigate the effect of Eimeria infection at different feeding regimes on chicken pathological changes and productivity diversity in adult Sasso T451A and Bovans brown breeds. Chickens were infected with 1 x 104 oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Three factors; feeding regimes, challenges level and breeds of chicken were seen to evaluate the effects of parasite. The results showed that Bovans brow feeds deficient infected group had significantly higher (P < 0.05) gut lesions as compared to the control group. Production performance of feed restricted groups was significantly low as compared to optimum feeding but there was no significantly difference (P < 0.05) in production performance between infected and control groups. The second experimental study investigated oocysts output, lesion scores, PCV, pathological changes and production performance following artificial intubation of 3 x 104 of Eimeria tenella oocysts. The results show that lesion scores in Sasso was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than Bovans brown on day 4 post-infection. PCV of infected chicken was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at day 8 post-infection in both breeds, similarly oocyst count and lesion score in the infected group of chicken was higher at day 8 than day 4 post-infection, this indicate that the infection was more severe at day 8 post-infection. Histopathological examination result of infected chicken by E. tenella was observed with infiltration of inflammatory cell in the cecum tissue. Therefore, the current result showed that the effect of E. tenella on infected chicken intestine had developed pathological lesions than non-infected groups of chickens.Item Lesion Characterization, Associated Risk Factors and Financial Impact of Hydatid Cyst of Dromedary Camels Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Akaki Kality Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Elias Gezaw; Dr. Jirata ShiferawA cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2021 to May 2022 to characterize hydatid cyst lesions, analyze associated risk factors and estimate the annual direct financial loss due to hydatid cyst infected organs condemnation during postmortem examination in dromedary camels slaughtered at Addis Ababa Akaki Kality Municipal abattoir, Ethiopia. A total of 370 camels were purposively sampled and systemic meat inspection was employed to detect the presence of hydatid cyst. Out of 370 examined dromedary camels in different organs, 96 (25.9%) camels were found harboring hydatid cyst. The percentage of hydatid cyst in adult camels were 29.67%; OR= 1.54 while in young it was 18.55%. Likewise, the prevalence of hydatid cyst in poor, medium and good body condition score was 61.4%; OR= 10.79, 30.89%; OR= 3.30 and 12.11% respectively. The current results indicated that age and body condition score were significantly (P<0.05) associated with the prevalence of hydatid cyst. The prevalence of hydatid cyst in male dromedary camel was (14.59%) found higher than female (11.35%). The prevalence of hydatid cyst in camels originated from Borana, East Hararge, Jigjiga, Karrayyu, Matahara, Minjarshenkora and Wollo were 9.18%, 0.54%, 4.86%, 3.51%, 3.78%, 1.08% and 2.97%, respectively. The result indicated, origin and sex didn’t have significant association (P>0.05) with the prevalence of hydatid cyst. Out of 96 totally infected camels, only 9 (9.38%) cases had hydatid cyst on both lung and liver while the remaining 87 (90.62%) cases had hydatid cysts only in single organ. Of 105 totally infected organs, percentage of distribution of hydatid cyst in lungs, livers, spleen and heart were 87.61%, 10.47%, 0.95% and 0.95% respectively. Grossly, hydatid cyst of lung had a shape of cotton ball, implanted in lung parenchyma, filled with clear to slightly turbid fluid, soft and malleable to touch and inside white germinal layer while hydatid cyst of the livers was firm, calcified and strong when it was about to be cut off. Microscopically, hydatid cyst structure overlying organs had a fibrous layer on the external (pericyst), an acellular eosinophilic laminated membrane layer on the middle (ectocyst) and a germinal layer internally (endocyst) and protoscolices were also seen in a lung section. Fibrous layer had infiltration of epitheliod macrophages, lymphocytes and eosinophils showed inflammatory response to hydatid cyst layer and cellular infiltration was lessened when they went away from hydatid cysts. Histopathology of lungs infected with hydatid cyst displayed massive alveolar damage, some alveoli were emphysematous, congested, hemorrhagic and atelectatic in the fibrous layer. In hydatid cyst infected liver histology, there was hemorrhage, hepatocyte degeneration and cytoplasmic swelling with dilation of nucleus in fibrous layer. The total annual direct financial loss due to hydatid cyst was estimated to be 86,209.63 Ethiopian birr. As conclusion, this study helps to identify pathological patterns, prevalence and financial impact of hydatid cysts at Addis Ababa Akaki Kality Municipal abattoir. So that creation of public awareness and control of stray dogs were suggested recommendation.Item Pathological and Molecular Characterization On Clinically Sick Chickens With Infectious Bronchitis Virus In Small Scale and Commercial Poultry Farms In Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Hana Desta; Prof. Mishra Shiv Kumar; Dr.Jirata ShifarewPoultry diseases are considered to be one of the most leading factors which are responsible for reducing both the total number and productivity of chickens. Infectious bronchitis virus is internationally important disease of high concern due its adverse effects on poultry production in different aspects. The Cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2021 to June 2022 in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia with the aim of confirming the presence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in the samples collected from suspected chicken through the combined result molecular, gross and histopathology. Depression with different severity, respiratory related signs, diarrhea and retardation in growth were the clinical signs which frequently seen and recorded in majority of them. Tissue (lungs, trachea and kidneys) and tracheal swab samples were collected from 40 chickens clinically suspected of infectious bronchitis virus. Among these 25 were from farm 1 (Alema) and 10 were from farm 2 (Elfora) commercial poultry farms and 5 were from farm 3 (Ato Yared small scale farm. The texture, shape, size and color of the organs were properly examined for gross pathology characterization. Accordingly, mild to severe tracheal hemorrhage, unevenly distributed color on the kidney and lung were observed during gross examination of the organs. From all grossly examined organs, the most frequently affected organs were the trachea, 22(55%) and kidney, 15 (37.5 %) followed by lung, 11 (27.5 %). From 40 swab specimens collected for molecular characterization, 8 were found positive for IBV. From a total of 32 tissue samples, 20 were found positive by histopathological analysis and the microscopic lesions described were infiltration of inflammatory cells at different condensation state, mild to severe congestion and hemorrhages, tracheal mucosal epithelium damage, degenerative changes in the renal tubule. The overall results of the current study indicate the production and reproductive performance of chickens in the study area were highly influenced by the presence of infectious bronchitis virus. Thus, further scientific investigation should be conducted through using advanced diagnostic tools for explaining the disease in vast.Item Characterization of infectious bursal disease lesion and molecular detection of the virus from outbreak cases in poultry farms in selected towns in Central Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Meron Teshome; Dr. Tilaye Demissie; Hika Waktole (Assoc. Prof.); Dr. Debebe AshenafiIn Ethiopia, chicken production is challenged by infectious diseases among which infectious bursal disease frequently occurs as outbreaks and causes significant number of deaths. It causes mortality to chickens aged between 3 to 6 weeks old. This cross sectional study was conducted in Bishoftu, Gelan, Mojo and Dukem poultry farms that had infectious bursal disease outbreak between December 2022 and April 2023. Purposive sampling method was employed in which samples were collected from 100 chickens showing clinical signs and indicative gross pathological lesions during postmortem. Based on questionnaire, 74% of the respondents said they regularly vaccinate their chickens for infectious bursal disease properly whereas 26% didn’t have proper follow up and gave vaccines repeatedly. Based on occurrence of diseases, 52% of respondents said, they had gumboro like disease in their poultry farm previously. And 74% of owners burn or buried dead birds but 26% used to throw the dead chickens out. Vascular disorder mainly hemorrhage and organ swelling were the most frequent gross lesions observed in many organs. The depletion of the lymphoid follicles and formation of cystic structure both in the cortical and medullary regions of bursa with accumulation of necrotic debris in the cystic structures was frequently examined microscopic lesion in bursa. Hyperplasias of the bursal inter-follicular epithelial and formation false glandular structure were also observed. In spleen, lymphocytic depletion in both white pulp and red pulp and hemorrhages in the trabecular sinuses were the common microscopic lesions. Severe hemorrhages in the interstitial space and necrosis of renal tubular epithelium were the repeatedly observed lesion of kidneys. The common microscopic lesions of the proventriculus were hemorrhage into the inter-glandular connective tissue, necrosis and slough off of the proventricular epithelium. Liver showed multifocal hepatocellular necrosis. Based on lesions and molecular detection result, it could be concluded that infectious bursal disease is still the real challenge to poultry producers by causing mortality and reduced growth in young and reduced production in adult chickens. Scheduled vaccination and strict biosecurity should be practiced to reduce the occurrence of the infectious bursal disease in poultry farms.Item Pathological characterization, viral isolation and molecular detection of Newcastle disease virus in small scale poultry farms in Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia.(Addis Abeba University, 2023) Hana Dejene; Dr. Tilaye Demissie; Prof. Marry young; Mr. Abdi AliyPoultry diseases are among the major constraints of chicken production in Ethiopia. Of which Newcastle disease (ND) is still one of the most important devastating diseases of chicken. Cross sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to May 2023 on clinically sick chickens to characterize lesions due to Newcastle disease, and to isolate the Newcastle disease virus, in 53 small scale farms of Bishoftu town. Questionnaire survey was done to evaluate farm biosecurity in farms that have had clinical diseases. Necropsy was done on a total of 120 chickens. Viral isolation was done on cell culture and detection of the viral genome was done by reverse transcriptase PCR. A total of 53 pooled tracheal and cloacal swab and tissue specimens were sampled from sick chickens showing clinical signs of Newcastle disease and from apparently healthy chicken that have had contact with diseased chicken. Out of 53 collected pools of swab and tissue samples, 24 pools (45.3%) were positive for Newcastle disease virus by real-time PCR. Newcastle disease virus was isolated from suspected cases in all ―kebele‖ or county with the proportions of isolation of 11.32% for Dembi kebele, 3.77% for Filtuu, 5.66% for Qurqura, 1.89% for Kata, 5.66% for Gorba, and 9.43% for Calalaka. Depression, greenish or white diarrhea, torticollis, labored breathing, respiratory rales and drop in egg production with softshelled egg were commonly observed signs. Hemorrhagic lesions in the proventriculus, intestine, cecal tonsils, and hemorrhagic tracheitis were the common grossly seen lesions. The spleens were enlarged, friable and dark red or mottled, while the kidneys were enlarged, congested and swollen. Among the microscopic lesions were necrosis of the proventriculus mucosal epithelium with mononuclear cell infiltration into the lamina properia; Cecal tonsil hemorrhages, and lymphoid depletion; tracheal mucosa epitheliums necrotized with loss of cilia and interstitial pneumonia. Bursa of fabricates showed lymphocyte necrosis, and cystic structure and interfollicular epithelial hyperplasia. Heart showed myocarditis, and myocardial necrosis. Kidneys showed swelling, pale necrotic areas and microscopic lesions include hemorrhages into the interstitium and renal tubular epithelial cell necrosis. Brain grossly showed encephalitis and hemorrhage, microscopically excessive lymphocytes in and around brain capillaries and multifocal hemorrhages. Based on findings, it could be concluded that Newcastle disease is causing death of chickens, reduced egg production and causes economic loss in the study area. PreventionItem Pathological Characterization of Pulmonary Lesion And Identification of Associated Bacteria and Parasite in Sheep and Goat at Dessie Municipal Abattoir, Northeast Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Nuredin Teshale; Dr. Jirata ShiferawLung is susceptible and vulnerable to many infectious and non-infectious agents. A cross-sectional study design was conducted from December 2022 and May 2023 on major pulmonary lesion of sheep and goat slaughtered at Dessie municipal abattoir with the objective of characterizing the pulmonary pathological lesions, and isolating and identifying potential aerobic bacteria and parasite from pneumonic lung. A total of 420 (302 sheep and 118 goats) were examined for pulmonary lesions using standard techniques. Additionally, detailed histopathological investigation was also conducted on purposively selected lung lesions. Besides, pneumonic lesions were subjected to bacteriological and parasitological analysis. The overall abattoir prevalence of pulmonary abnormalities in sheep and goat was 341 (81.2%). The common gross lesions encountered were Pneumonia (55.5%), emphysema (7.1%), atelectasis (3.3%), Hydatid cyst (4.3%), congestion (2.4%), haemorrhage (3.1%), adhesion (0.7%), Melanosis (0.9%), and Bronchoectasis (0.7%). Pneumonia, hydatidosis, and pulmonary emphysema were significantly associated (p<0.05) with animal age groups. In the current studies, pneumonia was the most common disorder, accounting for 233 (55.5%). Dictyocaulus filaria (47.7%), Mullerius capillaries (23.2%) and Protostrongylus rufescens (17.16%) were isolated lung worm parasites. Whereas E. coli (20.6%), Klebsiella Pneumoniae (12.7%), Mannheimia haemolytica (10.8%), Streptococcus species (4.9%), Staphylococcus aurous (7.8%) and Pasteurella multocida (2.9%), Pseudomonas (6.9%), Proteus (1.9%), Cornybacterium (1%) were the isolated bacteria. Additionally, 18 (4.3%) Hydatid cysts were identified. The pulmonary lesion of sheep and goats in the study are relatively high prevalent and therefore, have great health and economic impacts. To formulate feasible and affordable control measures, more research on the causes of problems of the respiratory organs, as well as the isolation and identification of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, viruses, and fungi, is necessary.Item Comparative Evaluation of Pathological Lesions in Fish Collected from Different Effluent Sites in Lake Batu and Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2023) Assaye Desta; Tilaye Demissie (Asst Prof)A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to May 2023 with the objective of comparatively evaluating gross and microscopicl lesions in fish collected from different effluent sites that were identified based on water chemical analysis in lake batu and lake hawassa. Water and fish samples were collected from effluent and reference sites. Mean (±SD) of water quality parameters were statistical different for a mmonia, nitrate, nitrite, silica, total dissolved solute (TDS) and alkalinity by sampling sites (P < 0.05). Mean for ammonia, nitrite, silica and alkalinity were found significantly higher (P<0.05) in Lake Batu water samples compared to Lake Hawassa. Means of all analysed water quality parameters were found significantly higher (P < 0.05) in effluent site of Lake Batu compared to reference sites. Similarly, except nitrite the mean water quality parameters were found significantly higher (P < 0.05) in effulent site compared to reference site for Lake Hawassa. Based on logistic regression analysis (OR) fish collected from lake Batu were 2.46 times more likely to develop gross gill lesions (P<0.05) ; and 1.8 times likely to develop gross skin lesions (P<0.05) than fish collected from lake Hawassa. Regarding sites of fish collection, fishes collected from effulent sites were 2.95 times mor likely to develop gross gill lesions (P<0.05); 4.67 times more likely to develop gross liver lesions (P<0.05) and 2.98 times more likely to develop gross skin lesions (P<0.05) compared to reference site in lakee Batu. For Lake Hawassa; fish collected from effulent site were 2.9 times more likely to develop gross gill lesions and 2.98 times more likely to develop gross skin lesions (P<0.05) in effulent sites compared to reference site. Based on microscopic lesions grading; la mellar necrosis for gill, multifocal hepatocelular necrosis and biliary epithelium necro sis for liver, and epidermal cell necrosis for skin were stage III lesions. Stage III lesions were identified more frequent for lake batu effulent site than lake hawassa effulent site and stage III lesions were nor identified for reference sites of both lakes. Based on microscopic lesions, haemorrhage, aneurysm and lamellar fusion in gill; aneurysm and hydropic degeneration in liver; haemorrhage, aneurism and separation of layers in skin, were stage II lesions. Stage II lesions were frequently identified in fish collected from effulent sites of both lakes and less frequent in reference sites of both lakes. Stage I lesions were lymphocytic infiltration, hyperplastic primary and secondary lamellae and goblet cell hyperplasia in gill; lymphocytic infiltration in liver; lymphocytic infiltration in skin. Stage I lesions were found in both reference and effluent sites of both lakes. It could be summarized that severe necrotic lesions (stage III) and degenerative and hemorrhagic lesion (stage II) swere more ferquent in fish collected from effulenet site than refrence site and this was also in parelell to chemical parameters of water quality. It could be concluded that the majority of stage III & stage II lesions were probably induced by contamination of lake waters by town sewerage, agricultural and industrial wastes. It also looks that lake Batu is more contaminated than lake Hawassa (based on lesion stages & water quality parameters), however, this need further detailed study. We think the result can be basics for further study and we recommend more detailed study.Item Pathological and Molecular Characterization on Clinically Sick Chickens With Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Small Scale and Commercial Poultry Farms In Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2022-06) Hana Desta; Mishra ShivPoultry diseases are considered to be one of the most leading factors which are responsible for reducing both the total number and productivity of chickens. Infectious bronchitis virus is internationally important disease of high concern due its adverse effects on poultry production in different aspects. The Cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2021 to June 2022 in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia with the aim of confirming the presence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in the samples collected from suspected chicken through the combined result molecular, gross and histopathology. Depression with different severity, respiratory related signs, diarrhea and retardation in growth were the clinical signs which frequently seen and recorded in majority of them. Tissue (lungs, trachea and kidneys) and tracheal swab samples were collected from 40 chickens clinically suspected of infectious bronchitis virus. Among these 25 were from farm 1 (Alema) and 10 were from farm 2 (Elfora) commercial poultry farms and 5 were from farm 3 (Ato Yared small scale farm. The texture, shape, size and color of the organs were properly examined for gross pathology characterization. Accordingly, mild to severe tracheal hemorrhage, unevenly distributed color on the kidney and lung were observed during gross examination of the organs. From all grossly examined organs, the most frequently affected organs ere the trachea, 22(55%) and kidney, 15 (37.5 %) followed by lung, 11 (27.5 %). From 40 swab specimens collected for molecular characterization, 8 were found positive for IBV. From a total of 32 tissue samples, 20 were found positive by histopathological analysis and the microscopic lesions described were infiltration of inflammatory cells at different condensation state, mild to severe congestion and hemorrhages, tracheal mucosal epithelium damage, degenerative changes in the renal tubule. The overall results of the current study indicate the production and reproductive performance of chickens in the study area were highly nfluenced by the presence of infectious bronchitis virus. Thus, further scientific investigation should be conducted through using advanced diagnostic tools for explaining the disease in vast.Item A Clinic-Pathological Study, Lesion Characterization and Financial Loss Due to Fasciolosis and Hepatic Necrobacillosis in Cattle Slaugthered at Three Municipal Abbatoirs of Central Ethiopia(2020-06) Wondimu, Hika; Dr. Bulto Giro, Dr Jirata ShiferawThe study was conducted from October, 2019 to May, 2020 by using cross-sectional study design to assess a clinic-pathological, lesion characterization, and financial loss due to fasciolosis and hepatic necrobacillosis in cattle slaughtered at three municipal abattoirs of central Ethiopia. Sixty cattle were selected using systematic random sampling for this study, from which blood samples and liver tissue of the same animals were collected before and after slaughter, respectively. Tissue sampling for bacterial culture and histopathology were collected from the infected liver. Post-mortem inspection results, 41.6% (25/60) gross pathologic lesions, of these, 20% (12/60) were mixed infection of liverfluke and Fusobacterium necrophorum while 8% (5/60) and 13.3% (8/60) of the infections were due to Fusobacterium necrophorum and liverflukes alone, respectively. The histopathologic examination of the affected livers indicated heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells, biliary cirrhosis and extensive fibrous of connective tissue proliferation in the hepatic capsule. The hematological assay results indicated that PCV, Hb, and RBC’s were lower in the infected cattle while, the WBC’s (Eosinophilia, Neutrophilia, Monocyte, and Lymphocyte) were higher. The biochemical analysis of blood samples from the infected cattle showed that the liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP were significantly higher in animals with hepatocyte degeneration. The estimated financial losses due to liver condemnation by fascioliasis and hepatic necrobascillosis were 1,747,200 ETB/ ($56361.3) annually. Therefore, the study concluded that the liverflukes and infections due to Fusobacterium necrophorum are the major problems of cattle slaughtered at the selected abattoirs of the study areas. Thus, corrective measures and further investigations are recommended to lessen economic loss from fasciollosis caused liver condemnation.Item Gross and Histopathological Study on Pneumonic Lungs of Small Ruminants Slaughtered at Different Restaurants and Modjo Export Abattoirs, Ethiopia(2020-06) Tsegaye, Wolde; Dr. Shiv Kumar Mishra, Dr. Bersissa KumsaCross sectional study designed to attain the objectives to characterize gross and microscopic lesions in pneumonic lung of small ruminants was conducted from October, 2019 to May, 2020. Totally 155 lungs (sheep = 86) and (goats = 69) were examined from export abattoirs and different restaurants in Modjo town during the study period. Out of which 107 (69.03%); 60 (69.8%) and 47 (68.12%) in sheep and goats, respectively, had displayed different types of pneumonia. Suppurative bronchopneumonia (45%) was the most frequent followed by interistitial pneumonia (21.5%), fibrinous bronchopneumonia (10.3%), granulomatous pneumonia (9.35%), verminous pneumonia (6.54%) aspiration pneumonia (4.67%) and embolic pneumonia (2.8%). Bronchopneumonia, both suppurative and fibrinous were grossly characterized by lungs consolidation commonly on the cranioventral area, however; fibrineous type was characterized by typical fibrin deposits while the suppurative type was characterized by suppurative exudates. The common microscopic characteristics were fibrin strands in fibrinous bronchopneumonia and massive neutrophils in suppurative bronchopneumonia. Interistitial pneumonia was typically identified grossly by prints of coastal ribs at the surface of lung and its rubbery texture on palpation and by proliferation of smooth muscle and slightly presence of edema in the alveolar interistitium microscopically. The gross appearance of verminous pneumonia was similar to interistitial pneumonia however, the cut surface reveal parasites both grossly and microscopically. The granulomatous pneumonia was recognized by the presence of nodules grossly and cellular granulomatous rim, a zone of layers consists of various inflammatory cells and few fibrosis in outer layer microscopically. Immunohistochemistry results revealed that the alveolar and peribronchiolar surface infiltrated macrophages were expressed CD45 and CD68 immunopositive reaction. Aerobic bacterias commonly Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Escherchia coli and Pasteurella spp. were isolated; and parasites commonly Dictyocaulus filarial, Mulleries capillaris and Protostrongylus rufescens were identified from pneumonic lung tissues. It could be concluded that pneumonia was one of the problem of small ruminants at abattoirs. Large number of aerobic bacterias and parasites were identified. Although no doubts that the parasites isolated were the causes of pneumonia from which they isolated, and xiii it was exactly while the animals were at the field for the bacterias isolated causal relationship should be done at the field.Item Comparative Study on Pathological Changes in Sheep and Goats Experimentally Infected with Haemonchus Contortus(2020-06) Bethlehem, Mesfin; Dr. Jirata Shiferaw, Dr. Getachew TerefeThe experimental study was done between October, 2019 and June, 2020 in the fly-proof experimental animal facility located in the premise of the college of veterinary medicine and Agriculture at Bishoftu. A total of 14 male goat (G1 and G2) and 14 male sheep (G3 and G4) were allotted in to four equal groups. Single dose of 10,000 of infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus (L3) was orally administered to each animal in G1 and G3. Parameters such as body weight, PCV, haemoglobin, worm count, serum total protein, serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase were measured. Moreover, histopathological sections were stained and examined for general changes as well as for changes in specific cells such as tissue eosinophilia and parietal cell population. The findings show that 1) All infected sheep and goats developed the infection with higher mean worm burden in goats (5590) than sheep (2887) and the difference was significant (P<0.05); 2) All infected sheep and goats exhibited a progressive anaemia; the level being more severe in goats than in sheep (P< 0.05) with mean PCVs of 13% and 18.6% respectively; 3) While body weight gain was minimal in sheep, goats have lost significant weight compared to pre-infection levels, to control animals or in relation to infected sheep (P< 0.05); 4) analysis of biochemical changes also revealed marked reduction in serum total protein and albumin but again it was much more significant in goats than in sheep (P< 0.05); 5) infected sheep and goats‟ abomasa have shown thickening, nodule development, eosinophilic infiltration and damage to parietal cells. Tissue eosinophilia was more prominent in sheep while parietal cell loss was severe in goats. In conclusion, goats under experimental infection and similar management condition with sheep develop much more severe infection and associated pathology compared to sheep and hence deserve special attention.Item Comparative Study on Pathological Changes in the Small Intestine of Sheep and Goat Experimentally Infected with Trichostrongylus Colubriformis(2020-06) Arega, Tafere; Dr. Jirata Shiferaw, Dr. Getachew TerefeThe experimental study design was conducted to determine hematological and serum biochemical parameters and pathological changes in the small intestine of sheep and goat experimentally infected with T. colubriformis in fly-proof experimental facility at College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. During the study period, 13 sheep (6 controls, 7 infected) and 14 goats (7 controls, 7 infected) were included in the experiment. The infective larvae of T. culibriformis (L3) as a single dose of 10,000 per-animal was administered orally to infected sheep and goats (G2 and G4). From the infected group, the total recovered mean worm burden was recorded higher in infected goat (5016 larvae of T. colubriformis) (P<0.05) than infected sheep (3446 larvae) with establishment rate of 50.16% and 34.46% respectively. The total mean hematological and biochemical values recorded in infected and uninfected sheep and in infected and uninfected goat were significantly (P<0.05) lower in infected than uninfected control, except RBC and WBC count. In sheep PCV, Hb and albumin were significantly (P<0.05) lower in infected group than uninfected control group. Gross lesions found in the intestine were enteritis with petechial hemorrhages, edema, hyperemia and mucosal slough which were marked in the duodenum (62.69%) and jejunum (33.33%) in sheep and 47.05% duodenum and 45.09% jejunum in goat. The microscopic lesions developed by T. colubriformis were subtotal villus atrophy, hemorrhage, straighten and elongated dilated crypts, loss of epithelium, mucosa erosion and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In conclusion, the present experimental investigation showed that T. colubriformis infection affected hematological parameters, biochemical indices and caused pathological changes of small intestine in sheep and goat, with more severe infection in goats than sheep although they were under the same management condition.Item HEMATOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON CHICKENS NATURALLY INFECTED BY COCCIDIOSIS IN AND AROUND AMBO TOWN, WEST SHEWA ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA(2015-06) Morka, Dandecha; Dr. Tilaye Demissie, Dr. Edilu JorgaA cross sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 with the objective to determine hematological and pathological changes on local, Isa brown and koekoek breeds of chickens naturally infected with coccidosis. The study involved hematological, post mortem, mucosal scraping, gross and histopathological examinations. A total of 113 chickens with clinical signs suggestive of coccidiosis were examined. Five Eimeria species namely: E. tenella (48.8%), E. necatrix, (11.9%), E. brunetti (10.4%), E. maxima (6%) and E. acervulina (3%) were identified. Reduction on the red blood cells, Hemoglobin and decreased packed cell volume values were seen due to the effect of the parasites. From a total of 113 chickens examined, 67 (59.3%) were positive for Eimeria species. Fifty three (79.1%) of the coccidian positive chickens, showed visible gross lesions in the intestine and caecum. The frequency of detection of gross lesions in koekoek breed was significantly higher than that of local and Isa brown breeds (χ2 = 20.731, p < 0.05). Comparisons were made between microscopic & gross lesions from small intestine and caecum and it was found that certain lesions that were graded as mild in gross examinations showed significant microscopic lesion. Histopathological examinations of the affected small intestine and caecum showed excessive tissue damage, severe hemorrhagic enteritis with epithelial necrosis, presence of large clusters of schizonts and meronts in the damaged epithelial cells along with infiltrating inflammatory cells especially of eosinophils. In conclusion, the present study showed that coccidiosis had a destructive effect on chickens that is represented by a high reduction in red blood cell, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, increment in leukocyte counts and various gross and microscopic lesions. Prevention and control methods need to be implemented to reduce the loss due to coccidiosis.Item CHARACTERIZATION OF SHEEP AND GOAT SKIN LESIONS CAUSED BY DIFFERENT AGENTS AND IMPACT ON THE RESPECTIVE LEATHERS AT TANNERIES(2014-06) NIGUSSU, FASIL; Dr. Tilaye Demissie, Dr. Getachew TerefeThe objectives of this study were to determine the type and extent of damage and to characterize gross and microscopic lesions as well as quality grading of processed skin to crust stage. In this study 500 animals (350 sheep and sheep and 150 goats) were examined for any skin problem from both ectoparasites controlled and non controlled areas. Nine goats and 11 sheep with skin diseases were conveniently selected for characterization of pathological lesions and evaluation of defect in the tannery and quality grading. Ten goats and 10 sheep skins which apparently look normal were also taken to tannery as controls. Out of the 500 animals examined for skin abnormalities 42 % were infested by lice, 15.7% by fleas, 18.57% by sheep ked, 2.5% ticks, 2% mange, and 25% were infected by pox virus. Generally, the predominant gross pathologic lesions were crusts, scabs, pit depression, alopecia nodules, lichenification, fissuring and erythema. In pox infection lesions were macules, papules with central depression which finally became gray (necrotic) lesion and developed to scabs. Histopathologically pox lesions include acanthosis, parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis in the epidermis and the dermis showed vasculitis, infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, fibroblasts and histiocytes. Generally microscopic lesions induced by ectoparasites were similar with little variation and includes parakeratotic, hyperkeratosis, and infiltration with eosinophils. Perivascular with eosinophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes infiltrations. Different downgrades to leather quality due to various agents were observed at tannery and this includes aesthetic appeal, poor grading and rejection of which 50% were rejected, 15.4% categorized as grade 6, 19.2% as grade 5, and 11.5% as grades 1-4 category (annex.2). Ectoparasites were the major causes of down grading and rejection followed by sheep and goat pox.Item PATHOGENICITY OF TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX ISOLATES FROM TSETSE AND NON-TSETSE INFESTED AREAS OF NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED CALVES: BIOCHEMICAL, CYTOKINE AND CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION(2014-06) Addisu, Awukew; Dr. Shimelis Dangachew, Dr. Getachew Terefe; Dr. Tilaye Demissie, Prof. Gooddeeris B. MTrypanosomosis is a protozoan disease of animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, particularly the northwest region is affected by both tsetse and non-tsetse transmitted trypanosomosis. The objectives of the present study were to determine biochemical changes, cytokine responses and clinicopathological findings and compare differences in virulence of Trypanosoma vivax infection between tsetse and non-tsetse infested areas of northwest Ethiopia. Sixteen calves were experimentally infected with T. vivax isolates from tsetse and tsetse free area of selected sites which was originally isolated from naturally infected cattle to study the hematological, biochemical, histopathological and major cytokine alterations during the evolution of the disease. The animals were divided in four groups, TT, NT1, NT2 and NIC, each consisting of four infected (TT, NT1 and NT2) and four (NIC) control animals, respectively. The animals were kept in strict hygienic conditions and on a zero grazing schedule. Animals of group TT, NT1 and NT2 were exposed to 1 x 106trypanosome/ml (2ml of blood) intravenously. The course of the experimental infection was followed up to 11 weeks. Non-infected control animals demonstrated a progressive and significantly higher weight gain (16.3% or 12kg at the end of the study period) compared to infected groups (P<0.001). Hematological analyses of the infected calves revealed a marked decline in hemoglobin (P<0.001) and packed-cell volume (P<0.001). In addition there was a significant difference in Hgb values between TT and NT2 (P<0.013); in PCV values between TT and NT1 (P<0.024); TT and NT2 (P<0.001). Biochemical analyses showed decreased serum albumin (P<0.001), serum cholesterol (P<0.001), glucose (P<0.001) values and increased AST (P<0.05), ALT (P<0.001) and ALP (P>0.05) values in all challenged groups following infection as compared to the control. On the other hand, serum total protein (P>0.05) showed decrease in the mean values at early stage of infection and start to increase throughout the experiment in all groups. There was no significant decrease in mean glucose values between TT and NT1 (P>0.05), but there was significant decrease among TT and NT2 (P<0.001). However, there was no significant decrease in mean 2 values of albumin, cholesterol and total protein between TT and NT1; TT and NT2. There was significant increase in values of AST between TT and NT1 (P<0.05); no significant increase between TT and NT2 (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant increase in mean values of ALT and ALP between TT and NT1; TT and NT2. In this study cytokine assays also showed an increase in the production of TNF- α, IFN- γ, IL-10 and IL-12 except for group NT1 for all cytokine assayed. There was significant increase in IFN- γ between TT and NT2 (P<0.001), TT and non-infected control (P<0.001). Moreover there was significant increase in the values of IL-10, IFN γ and IL-12 between TT and NIC (P<0.001); TT and NT1 (P<0.001); TT and NT2 (P<0.001). At necropsy, infected calves showed enlarged and hemorrhagic spleen; swollen, edematous and enlargement of prescapular lymph nodes; pneumonic and emphysematous lung; liver was enlarged, edematous with rounded edge. However, the post mortem examination of the animal in the control group did not reveal any significant gross lesions. The histopathological examination also conform the presence of significant abnormalities on major organs characterized by lymphoid hyperplasia in the white and red pulp of the spleen, interstitial pneumonia, zonal sever hepatic necrosis, tubulo-interstitial nephritis, multifocal myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, lymphoid hyperplasia in lymph node and mononuclear cell infiltration. In conclusion T. vivax isolates from both areas showed a variety of virulence factors leading to the development of acute clinical signs, reduction of PCV, decrease in biochemical values as well as increase in serum enzymes. In addition excessive secretion of cytokines, gross pathological lesion and histopathological abnormalities on major organs in the infected groups are manifestations of pathogenicity. However, the occurrence of parasitaemia and clinical signs were earlier in the NT groups compared to TT group. Therefore, equal attention is required for the control of trypanosomosis in both tsetse and non-tsetse infested areas of northwest Ethiopia.Item PATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON CLINICALLY SICK, DEAD AND SLAUGHTERED CHICKENS IN AND AROUND BISHOFTU, ETHIOPIA(2019-06) Waktola, Taddesse; Dr. Bulto Giro , Mishra S.K. (Prof)In Ethiopia, the contribution of poultry production to small holder farmer and country economy is still restricted by various factors mainly due to infectious and non-infectious diseases. To contribute to this end a case study with a purposive sampling was conducted from October, 2018 to May, 2019 in and around Bishoftu on the 135 chickens (25 clinically sick, 10 dead and 100 slaughtered chickens) which aimed to investigate clinical signs, necropsy findings and histological lesions with isolation of bacterial agents and finally correlate the results with the problems. In the present study, all of the clinically sick chickens were found with at least two of the major clinical signs recorded and 24 (96%) of them were clinically depressed with diarrhea, respiration problems, discharges, decrease in egg production, retarded growth, paralysis and other signs frequently. By necropsy findings, the presence of gross lesions were examined in terms of consistency, texture, shape, size and color of organs in all cases and the main gross lesions recorded included mild to severe hemorrhage and congestion, severe and diffused necrosis, ulceration/necrosis, abnormal size and discoloration, nodules on the organs, ascites and fibrinous inflammation in different organs of the examined chickens. Among the examined organs grossly, the most affected organ was liver, 106 (78.5%) followed by caecal tonsil, 25 (71.4%), trachea, 22 (62.9%), duodenum, 20 (57.1%), jejunum and air sacs, 19 (54.3%) of both. Corresponded to these gross lesions, the major histopathologic lesions recorded were mild to severe infiltration with polymorpho nuclear and mono nuclear cells, mild to severe congestion, hemorrhages and necrosis, massive depletion of lymphoid tissues, development of cysts, sloughed mucosal epithelium, edema and degenerative changes. Moreover, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, from most to least, were isolated and Coccidia oocytes were also identified by microscopic examination. The correlation of the overall results of the present study identifies the presence of infectious diseases as the main constraints hampering the productivity and reproductively of the chickens in the study area which needs long term solution based on the scientific investigation.Item BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS: PARASITOLOGICAL PREVALENCE, VECTORIAL DENSITY AND TRYPANOCIDAL DRUG UTILIZATION PRACTICE IN TSETSE SUPPRESSION AND NON-SUPPRESSION AREAS OF SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA(2019-06) Tegegn, Tesfaye; Hagos Ashenafi (Prof)Questionnaire survey to assess knowledge and attitude of trypanocidal drug utilization practices, entomological survey to know apparent cyclical vector density and other mechanical vectors responsible for trypanosome infection transmission and parasitological study to elucidate the prevalence of bovine trypanosome was conducted in tsetse suppression areas and tsetse non-suppression areas of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia from November 2018- May 2019. SPSS version 20 and R- software packages were used to analyze collected field data. For questionnaire survey, 124 cattle owners from tsetse suppression areas and 60 cattle owners from tsetse non-suppression areas were interviewed about their knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of trypanocidal drug utilization and constraints of trypanosome infection in the area. Blood samples from 1284 local breed cattle; 642 samples during dry season (344 from tsetse suppression areas and 298 from tsetse non-suppression areas) and 642 during wet season (344 from tsetse suppression areas and 298 from tsetse non-suppression areas) were parasitologically examined by using buffy coat technique and thin blood smear method. For entomological survey, 96 NGU traps were deployed (64 traps in tsetse suppression areas, 32 traps in tsetse non-suppression areas) in suspected Glossina multiplication habitats. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosome infection in South Omo zone was found to be 11.05% (142/1284). The overall seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosome infection in South Omo zone was 14.33% (92/642) and 7.78% (50/642) for dry and wet seasons, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) in disease prevalence between the two seasons. During dry season, only sex and the grazing system were significantly associated with trypanosome infection occurrence but in wet season none of the risk factors were statistically significant. Multiple logistic regression analysis of trypanosome infection prevalence indicated that sex, body condition score (BCS), grazing system and season were significantly associated (P<0.05) with the prevalence of the disease in tsetse suppression areas. However, only sex and season for tsetse non-suppression areas were significantly associated with the prevalence of trypanosome infection. Trypanosoma congolense (T. congolense) was the dominant trypanosome species; 80% and 71.64% respectively from tsetse suppression areas and for tsetse non-suppression areas followed by Trypanosoma vivax (T. vivax). Overall pooled mean packed cell volume (PCV) indicated parasitaemic animals (23.57±3.13) had significantly lower PCV than aparasitaemic animals (27.80±4.95) and animals examined during dry season (26.22±4.37) had lower mean PCV than animals examined during wet season with significant association. Similarly, parasitaemic animals from tsetse suppression areas (PCV= 23.76± 3.07) and tsetse non-suppression areas (PCV= 23.37±3.21) had significantly lower mean PCV than their aparasitaemic counterpart (tsetse suppression areas, PCV= 27.73±5.07 and tsetse non-suppression areas, PCV= 27.88±4.82). However, mean PCV of animals infected with T. congolense (23.59±3.22) was not statistically different (P > 0.05) from those animals infected with T. vivax (23.26±3.31). It was also indicated that the probability of anaemic animals to be parasitaemic was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than non-anaemic animals in both tsetse suppression areas and tsetse non-suppression areas. Entomological survey result revealed that 2.64 F/T/D and 2.03 F/T/D respectively from tsetse suppression areas and tsetse non-suppression areas during dry season and 0.42 F/T/D and 0.56 F/T/D during the wet season. Glossina pallidipes (G. pallidipes) was the only cyclical vector identified from the area along with numerous mechanical vectors of genus Tabanus, Stomoxys and Haematopota. Higher dependency of cattle owners on trypanocidal drugs to treat their sick animals and limited trypanocidal drug availability in the veterinary pharmaceutical market in conjunction with unsustainable and less participatory vector control activities may intensify the threat of the disease in the area. Furthermore, upsetting current prevalence report of the disease in such area with frequent trypanocidal drug usage and drug injection by unskilled herdsmen and owners report on trypanocidal drug treatment failure may point out the issue of trypanocidal drug resistance in the area. Therefore integrated and safe control and prevention effort should be engaged to uphold cattle production and productivity in the area.