Browsing by Author "Genet Solomon"

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    Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Persea Americana Mill Fruit Juice in High Fat Diet and Low Dose Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Type 2 Diabetic Male Albino Wistar Rats
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-06) Girma Ture; Genet Solomon ; Tufa Abdisa
    Introduction:Type II diabetes is an alarming rate problem globally and in Ethiopia due to change in diatery habits and sedentary life style. Serious complications are associated with diabetes, particularly macrovascular and microvascular complications. Early controlling blood glucose significantly reduces the risk of complications of diabetes, but yet no effective cure for it, even though available drugs currently used in managing the disease are associated with several undesirable side effects. Traditional treatment with low cost and minimum side effect is used to treat diabetes across the world due to the different types of ingredients present in medicinal plants that act on a variety of targets by various modes and mechanisms. Ethiopia is rich in traditional medicinal plants and Persea americana mill is also part of this which people comsume as food. Objectives: In this study the effect of Persea americana mill fruit juice on FBG, weight, LDL-c,TG, TC, HDL-c and total protein in HFD/ low dose STZ indued type II diabetes mellitus has been evaluated in male albino wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty six male albino wistar rats of 150-200 g weight were divided into six different groups. Except six rats, the rest thirty fed on HFD for one month to induce prediabetes and insulin resistance, next followed by 35mg/Kg of STZ injection. Group I served as normal control; Group II served as diabetic control; Group III recieved 7mg/Kg of metformin;Group IV, V and VI were given 856 mg/kg, 1712 mg/kg and 2568 mg/kg of Persea americana mill fruit pulp juice for six weeks respectivily. The effect of fruit pulp juice on food intake and weight was measured by triple beam balance. After forty-five days treatment, the rats were fasted overnight (12 to 14 hours), anaesthetized and blood sample was collected by cardiacpuncture for biochemical tests. Results were analyzed using one way ANOVA at a 5% level of significance. Results: In higher dose (2568 mg/Kg) of Persea americana mill fruit pulp treated group food consumption, weight, FBG, LDL-c were significantly reduced and HDL-c increased (P<0.005)compared to diabetic control. Middle dose (1712mg/Kg) treated group showed a decrease inFBG on 6th week and improve HDL-c. Treatement of rats with Persea americana fruit juicechange TG ,total protien and creatinine but not significant. Oral antidiabetes drug metforminshowed significant reduction on pellet consumption, weight, FBG and lipid profile. Conclusion:These results indicated that Persea americana mill fruit juice has antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic effect possibly through reduction of fasting blood glucose, LDL-C and increasing HDL-C, in T2D induced rats.
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    Assessment and Evaluation of Fatty acid Content and type in Various types of Imported Oils in Ethiopia, Using Gas Chromatography
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-02) Gedefaw Zewdu; Genet Solomon; Menon Menakath; Ele Estifanos
    Edible oil is a vital component of our diet. It is composed of different types of fatty acids. The type and proportion of fatty acid in oil determines the nutritional value, physical and chemical properties of edible oil and is also implicated in its quality and applicability for consumption. The main objective of this study was to assess and evaluate the fatty acid content and their type in imported edible oils widely consumed in Ethiopia. Five edible oils were analyzed for their fatty acid composition by Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detector (GC MS). Fatty acid profile was determined after fatty acids were transformed to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The result of this study showed that Chief palm oil, Hayat palm oil and Mona palm oil contain the highest percentage of total saturated fatty acids, 69.97%, 53.53%, and 50.11% respectively. Palmitic acid and stearic acid were the predominant saturated fatty acids in these oils. Among the evaluated oils, the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids were determined in sunflower oil (84.41%), and soyabean oil (79.55%) with the predominant presence of linoleic acid and oleic acid, compared to total unsaturated fatty acid in Mona palm oil (48.89%), Hayat palm oil (46.29%) and Chief palm oil (28.53%). The fatty acid composition of soyabean oil contains a healthy mixture or proportion of all the types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, it contains balanced proportion of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid and P/S index value greater than one. Therefore, soyabean oil presented the healthiest fatty acid profile followed by sunflower oil and Mona palm oil, while Chief palm oil presented the least healthy fatty acid profile. Key words: edible oil, saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, poly unsaturated fatty acid, cardiovascular disease, Gas chromatography.
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    Assessment of Acute Malnutrition Using Transthyretin Levels in Blood of Children Under Five Years of Age in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-03) Tsegaye Behailu; Genet Solomon
    Background: - Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five years in developing countries, including in Ethiopia. The most important forms of malnutrition in Ethiopia is protein energy malnutrition, but there is no reliable laboratory method present to assess acute malnutrition. Transthyretin level of immunochromatography method is one of the newly introduced method for the identification of children with acute malnutrition recently admitted to Hospital and used as valuable laboratory measurements in the identification of patients requiring malnutrition assessment and nutritional support. Objective: - To evaluate acute malnutrition status in children of age less than five years, who attend in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Yekatit 12 hospital; by using anthropometric methods, and by measuring albumin and transthyretin level in blood serum samples. Methods: - Hospital based cross sectional study design was applied from August 2014 to December 2014. 51 malnourished and 51 non- malnourished children were recruited for this study. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, length, MUAC) were performed and serum transthyretin and albumin levels were measured as biochemical parameters in these hospitalized patients. Results: - The mean age of the cases and controls were 1.14 year and 1.48 year, respectively. Comparison of mean between control and study group shows 14.32 cm and 10.45 cm for MUAC, 4.24 g/dl and 3.86 g/dl for albumin and 303.08mg/l and 132.89 mg/l for transthyretin for control group and study group respectively. All above mean values shows significant difference between controls and study groups with p value < 0.0005. Prevalence of malnutrition assessed by weight for height were categorized as 21.6% for moderate malnutrition and 78.4% for severe malnutrition. Using MUAC it could be predicted that 23.5% were moderately malnourished and 76.5% were severely malnourished. But using transthyretin tests, the prevalence of 82.4% for moderate malnutrition and 13.7% for severe malnutrition were obtained. Multivariate analysis revealed positive correlation between albumin and transthyretin level (r = 0.307, P=0 .03), but there was no significant correlation between anthropometrics measurement with biochemical measurements. The sensitivity and specificity of transthyretin using MUAC as reference standard were 91.60 %, and 15.38% (0.0318 Kappa agreement). The sensitivity of transthyretin using weight for height (wasting) as reference standard was 100 %, and specificity was 17.5 %. (0.16 Kappa agreement). Transthyretin validation by using MUAC as reference material was found to be a sensitivity of 81.82 % and specificity of 47.5 % with cut off of transthyretin 120 mg/l. Conclusions: - Transthyretin is a better acute malnutrition marker in the serial nutritional assessment and it is a cost effective, feasible, reliable tool for malnutrition screening, particularly for the purpose of settings where it is difficult to perform a more detailed and comprehensive nutritional assessment. Key words: - Transthyretin, Albumin, Anthropometric parameters, Acute Malnutrition
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    Assessment of Hemodialysis-Associated Thrombocy to penial and other Factors among Patients on Renal Replacement Therapy in Addis Ababa Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-12) Abeje Seblework; Genet Solomon; Menon Menakath
    Background; Hemodialysis is one of the renal replacement therapies, in addition to peritoneal dialysis and renal transplantation. Hemodialysis can improve morbidity and mortality in renal patients; however it has different multifactorial idiosyncratic complications that occur during the dialysis and/or during long term use of hemodialysis. Dialysis as treatment modality is extremely scarce in Ethiopia and affordable to only the rich. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of thrombocytopenia and associated factors among ESRD patient under hemodialysis in Addis Ababa Ethiopia from May 1st to June 1st, 2019: Method: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa Ethiopia from May 1st to June 1st, 2019. 100 patients who were on hemodialysis during the study period were involved in the study. Platelet number was determined by flow cytometry. The collected data was checked for completeness, entered to computer and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 Results: The total number of patients in the study was 100. The mean age of the subjects was 40.25± 12.84 years, with a range of 18-76 years and 70% (70) of the study subjects were male. 85% of the study subjects had hypertension, and 19% had diabetes mellitus. Only 5% had co- morbidities likely to contribute to CKD, such as chronic glomerulonephritis and renovascular disease. The mean duration of hemodialysis was 0.78 ±0.42 years, with a range of 2 months to 3.5 years. The mean pre dialysis and post dialysis platelet count was 233.5×103±72.13cells/μl and 178×103 ±71.8 cells/μl respectively and thought it is in the normal range PT and PTT showed slight increase post HD (16.66±3.19) seconds compared to pre HD (15.4±5.69) seconds and 34±6.76 seconds compared to pre HD 33.8±5.34 seconds respectively. Age of patients COR=0.4(0.12, 1.356) and duration of treatment COR=0.43(.118, 1.531) were statistically insignificantly associated with thrombocytopenia. Conclusion and recommendation: Over all prevalence of thrombocytopenia was higher in the study area and coagulation parameters; prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time showed slight increase after hemodialysis among ESRD patient.
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    Assessment of Malnutrition Using Biochemical Markers among Female Breast Cancer Patients Attending Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Gebremeskel Kibrom; Genet Solomon
    Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Malnutrition occurs frequently in cancer patients. Malnourished cancer patient responds poorly to therapeutic interventions, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery with increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate malnutrition in breast cancer patients through biochemical markers at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. Materials and methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 breast cancer patients and 50 healthy individuals from January to April 2017 at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. The required amount of blood was withdrawn from both group by well trained nurses in the hospital and serum stored at -800c refrigerator until analysis. Data were collected on socio demographic factors, biochemical, anthropometric and hematological parameter. Result: The mean age of the study and control group was 43.06 year. Comparison of mean between study and control group shows 3.89 ± 0.04 g/dl and 4.34 ± 0.17g/dl for albumin, 3.92 ± 0.08 g/dl and 3.35 ± 0.04 g/dl for globulin, 1.73 x 103 ± 0.29 cells / mm3 and 2.35 x 103 ± 1.12 cells /mm 3 for total lymphocyte count, 0.72 ± 0.03 mg/l and 0.96 ± 0.03 mg/l for creatinine, 25.19 ± 1.22 mg/l and 21.62 ± 1.01 mg/l for urea for study and control group respectively. All the above mean values show statistically significant difference between study and control groups with p value < 0.05. There were no statistically significant difference mean value levels of total protein and body mass index in our study. Prevalence of malnutrition assessed through albumin was 32%, TLC 46% and BMI 36%. Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive correlation between globulin and total protein level (r = 0.84, P < 0 .0001) and negative correlation between albumin and globulin level (r = -0.48, p < 0.0001) in the breast cancer patients. Albumin positively correlated with TLC (r = 0.51, p= 0.03) in the breast cancer patients. Conclusion: The present study revealed serum albumin, globulin, creatinine, urea level were reliable biochemical markers combined with TLC for assessment of malnutrition in breast cancer patients. Key words: breast cancer, Malnutrition, Albumin, Globulin, creatinine and total lymphocyte Count.
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    Assessment of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio as an Inflammatory Marker among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with and without Diabetic Nephropathy
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-11) Zewude Mesfin; Genet Solomon ; Gizaw Solomon ; Gnanasekaran Netsan
    Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus manifested as increased albumin in urine excretion. Total leucocyte count is a crude, but a sensitive indicator of inflammation and studied in many non-communicable diseases such as acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure and cancer as index of inflammation. In this study, the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was evaluated between T2DM patients with and without DN. Objective: To assess the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as an inflammatory marker among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with and without diabetic nephropathy. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare NLR between type 2 diabetic patients with and without DN at Bole 17 Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from October 15, 2019 to April14, 2020. Convenient sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. The data was entered in to Epi-data statistical software version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS software version 22.0 for analysis. Simple descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and percentages were used to present socio-demographic characteristics and magnitude of patients with DN, without DN and NLR ratio. Appropriate statistical tests, including student t-test, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation were done to analyze the statistical data. The p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Out of the 199 DM patients, 22.6% and 77.4% were found with diabetic nephropathy (albumin positive) and without diabetic nephropathy (albumin negative), respectively. Interestingly, the mean NLR value (2.66±0.49) was found higher in diabetic patients with DN compared to the mean NLR (1.65±0.20) of diabetes patients without Conclusion: The NLR was significantly increased in T2DM patients with DN, suggesting that inflammation and endothelial dysfunction could be an integral part in the pathogenesis of DN, and NLR may be considered as a predictor and a prognostic biomarker of DN. Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy, inflammatory biomarker, Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
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    Assessment of Plasma D-Dimer level and its Correlation with Disease Severity among Hypertensive Patients
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-09) Chekol Endeshaw; Genet Solomon; Menon Menakath
    Introduction: Hypertension is a single most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and the growing public health issue in developing countries. It has been reported that inappropriate acute thrombus formation (hypercoagulability) is the pathophysiological substrate underlying increased risk and severity of target organ damage of hypertension, such as acute coronary syndrome and stroke that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Plasma D-dimer level has been reported to be a good biochemical marker of thrombosis. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess plasma D-dimer level and its correlation with disease severity among hypertensive patients at Yikatit 12 Hospital Medical College. Methods: A hospital based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Y12HMC. Hundred participants (60 hypertensives and 40 controls) were recruited in the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire through face to face interview, reviewing medical records and direct measurement of variables. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 and categorical variables were described by frequency and percentage while continuous variables by mean and standard deviation. The association and correlation between variables were determined using correlation coefficients, regression analysis, and also using different parametric and non-parametric tests accordingly. Results: Among study participants, female to male ratio was 1.4 and the mean age was 52 year with a range of 20 to 80 years. Among hypertensives,30(50.0%) were in stage 1 while 14(23.3%) and 16(26.7%) were in stage 2 and severe hypertension respectively. We observed higher D-dimer levels among hypertensives when compared with the healthy controls . Key words: Hypertension, D-dimer, Yikatit 12 Hospital Medical College
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    Assessment of Renal Function among HIV Positive Patients Taking Ten of ovir and non-Tenofovir Containing Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-06) Gebremedhin Zemenfes; Genet Solomon ; Menon Menakath
    Background: kidney disease is becoming a global burden on public health. The use of HAART worsens the progression of renal failure in HIV patients. Previous studies have incoherent TDF outcomes on renal wellbeing. General objective: To evaluate renal function among HIV positive adult patients taking tenofovir compared with non-tenofovir containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional comparative study was conducted using a convenience sampling method from May 20/ 2019 to December /20/ 2019 at ACSH, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants were assessed using medical records, structured questionnaire, anthropometric measuring tools (electronic weighing scale, adult height board), BDFACA Presto for CD4 determination, Pentra machine for analyzing renal function was used and the obtained data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Result: During the enrolment to HAART, a total of( 9.1%,n=21) respondents had a lowered GFR level but after the intake of HAART for at least six months, the number of patients with lowered GFR level raised to 16.8%, n=39(9.5% for the TDF group and 7.3% for the non-TDF group). Among the total 39(16.8%) declined GFR cases, thirty (12.9%) of study participants had mild renal dysfunction, 18(81.1%) vs. 12 (70.6%) for TDF and non-TDF groups respectively. But there was no statistically significant correlation between the severity of renal dysfunction as described by GFR and the form of HAART regimen (P=0.31). After HAART initiation, there was no significant mean difference in almost all of the test parameters for renal function. In those who received TDF-group, renal dysfunction is significantly predicted by older age ≥50 years, being male, advanced immune-suppression (CD4 years of HAART intake; whereas those on the non-TDF group, renal dysfunction was significantly predicted by older age ≥50 years and being male. Conclusion: We found no statistically significant differences in renal dysfunction of HIV positive patients on TDF and non-TDF containing HAART regimen, but the overall prevalence of renal dysfunction after six months of HAART follow-up was 16.8%. Therefore, to enhance the early detection of patients at high risk of kidney failure after initiation of HAART, renal function of all patients on HAART must be checked regularly by the health care providers. Keywords- HAART, TDF, duration of ART, non TDF, renal function test parameters, renal dysfunction, renal safety
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    Bioactive me tabolites from Fusarlum sp. isolated from an aloe and Colletotrichum ,Coffeanum. isolated from a coffee plant
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 1990-06) Genet Solomon; Dagne Ermias (PhD)
    The Ethylacetate extracts of the fermentation culture broths of c. coffeanum and Fusarium sp , gaveaphytot oxic a ndantibiotic compound identified as Brefeldin A and an uncharacterized an tibiotic compound respectively . Brefeldin A has not hitherto been is olatedfrm the genus Colletotrichum. The structure was elucidated by spectro scopicmeans and comparison with the literature. C. coffeanum isafungus that causes coffeeberry disease and has not been chemically studied before
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    Comparative Study Between Dpp-4 Inhibitors Based Therapies and other Non-Insulin Based Therapies among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-05) Tesfamariam Alias; Genet Solomon
    Background: Type-2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. Over the years, attempts to regulate diabetics therapeutically through glycemic control have reduced complications and trauma associated with the disease. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors based therapies and non-insulin based therapies among type-2 diabetic patients attending diabetic clinics at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, and Huleshet Higher Private Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted between the two types of treatment strategies among type-2 diabetic patients. Sixty type-2 diabetic patients were randomly selected from patients attending diabetic clinic at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, who were receiving non-insulin based therapies and 30 type-2 diabetic patients who were receiving DPP-4 inhibitors based therapies from Huleshet Higher Private clinic were included in this study. Results: The mean total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), serum urea and serum creatinine were significantly lower in type-2 diabetic patients who received DPP-4 inhibitors based therapies than non-insulin based treated type-2 diabetic patients. The mean value of high density lipoprotein (HDL) was also significantly higher as compared to type-2 diabetic patients who were receiving non-insulin based therapies. The mean value of body mass index (BMI) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were lower in the DPP-4 inhibitors based therapies as compared to non-insulin based treated type-2 diabetic patients but statistically not significant (p>0.05). Among diabetic patients, females had higher level of FBS, TG, LDL, serum urea, BMI and lower level of TC, HDL and serum creatinine as compared to males in both groups. However, the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The DPP-4 inhibitors based therapy helps in normalizing lipid profiles, FBS and also better adjustments in kidney clearance pattern. It also as a result helps in adjusting the weight to height ratios and helps to maintain BMI in the normal range. Keywords: Type-2 diabetes, DPP-4, Lipid profile, Renal function test, Incretin-based therapy, Body mass index.
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    Determination of Iodine Content in Salt Samples Commercially Available in Debre Tabor town, South Gondar, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-03) Monie Amanu; Genet Solomon
    Background:  Iodine  is  essential  trace  element  important  for  synthesis  of  thyroid  hormones. Human  body  cannot  synthesize  iodine;  it  is  obtained  from  different  sources.  Inadequate consumption  of  iodine  leads  to  iodine  deficiency  disorder.  Iodine  deficiency  disorder  is  major global  public  health  problem  and  it  is  possible  to  root  out  this  problem  by  universal  salt iodization.   Objective:  The  main  aim  of  this  study  is  to  determine  iodine  content  in  salt samples commercially available in Debre Tabor town using rapid test kit (RTK) and iodometric titration.  Methodology:  The  study  was  conducted  in  Debre  Tabor  town  from  December  16  to  29,  2019 and  cross-  sectional  study  was  used  to  determine  the  iodine  content  in  salt  samples  purchased from  different  shops  of  Debre  Tabor  town.  All  statistical  analyses  were  analyzed  using  the software,  Statistical  Package  for  the  Social  Science  (SPSS)  version  21  and  results  were  expressed as  mean  ±  standard  deviation.  Statistical  difference  between  mean  iodine  content  of  salt  was  analyzed by  One  Way  Analysis  of  Variance  (ANOVA)  and statistical  significance  was  accepted at p < 0.05.  Result:  Iodine  content  of  different  salt  samples  determined  by iodometric  titration  was  found between  11.435  ±  0.441  mg/kg  to  37.252  ±  0.603  mg/kg.  The  highest  value  was  recorded  for Risa  (37.252  ±  0.603  mg/kg)  while  the  lowest  value  for  Ediget  salt  (11.435  ±  0.441  mg/kg). Iodine  content  of  salts  determined  by  rapid  test  kit  (RTK)  showed  that  for  almost  all  of  salt samples  iodine  content  was  >15 mg/kg  except  for  Ediget salt <15 mg/kg. Of ten salt samples (n =10) collected, according to WHO, (n =9), 90% were adequately iodized (1540 mg/kg), and one salt sample (n =1), 10% was insufficiently iodized (514.9 mg/kg). According to iodization level set in Ethiopia (3648 mg/kg) only one salt sample (Risa, 37.252 ± 0.603 mg/kg) was adequately iodized.   Conclusion:  The  iodine  content  of  salts  available  in  Debre  Tabor  town  was  determined  using rapid test  kit  and iodometric titration.  Different  salt  brands contained  different  amount of  iodine and  almost  all  of  salt  samples  collected  from  study  area  did  not  contain  adequate  amount  of  iodine  according  to iodization level  set  in Ethiopia.  But most of  salt  samples contained adequate level of iodine according to WHO’s level of iodization.  
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    Drugs Induced Hepatotoxicity and Anemia among TB Infected Children with and without HIV Attending Some Randomly Selected General Hospitals; in Tigray, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-05) Gebreyohannes Efriem; Genet Solomon ; Menon Menakath
    Background: Drugs available to treat diseases are not without problems and the same is true for drugs of Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus infections. Drug induced hepatotoxicity is the major serious adverse drug reactions encountered during the treatment of these diseases. Anti tube rculos is drugs are very well known causes of drug induced liver injury. Ethiopia is highly afflicted by the TB pandemic and is ranked 14among the high Tuberculosis burden countries worldwide implying that large amount of drugs are used annually to treat these diseases which are capable of inducing liver injury.Anemia is also another aberration in such chronic diseases that may be induced by these drugs. Thus, this study focused on assessment of drug induced hepatotoxicity and anemia among Tuberculosis infected children. Methodology:- Institutional based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from May-November, 2019 at Maychew, Adigrat, Mekelle, and Axum general hospitals.A total of 188 participants (94 Tuberculosis infected children and 94 control groups)were recruited and blood samples were taken for Liver function and hemoglobin test to assess drug induced liver injury and anemia among the Tuberculosis infected children. Result: Among the participants, 54.3% male and 45.7% female TB infected children and there was 58.5% male and 41.5% female in the control group. The mean age of Tuberculosis infected children was 9.46+(4.249), whereas the mean age of the control group was 8.35+(4.285) years. The mean serum enzymatic levels were elevated among portion of TB infected children (i.e. Aspartate aminotransferase 59/94(62.7%), Alanine aminotransferase 41/94(43.6%); and Total Bilirubin 37/94(39.4%)). Drug induced hepatotoxicity 8/94(8.5%) and anemia 29/94(30.9%) were observed in tuberculosis infected children. In this study only 11/94(11.7%) of the control group were anemic. Conclusion: ALT, AST and Bilirubin in this study were significantly increased amongTuberculosis infected children and TB-HIV co-infected children when compared to control group and TB only infected children respectively. Whole blood hemoglobin concentration were significantly decreased in Tuberculosis infected children compared to control group. The Anti-Tuberculosis drugs seem to induce hepatotoxicity and anemia over a time of period.th
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    Effect of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Leaf Extract on Highly Active Anti- Retroviral Therapy Induced Dyslipidemia and Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Albino Wistar Rats
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Wondimnew Tesaka; Genet Solomon
    Back ground: Tea is the second widely consumed drink in the world next to water and used by people in different parts of the world for treatment of different health ailments; especially, green tea. HAART which is a recently(since 1996) developed form of ART medication to treat HIV/AIDS is now becoming hepatotoxic to patients and found to be more hazardous to the health of HIV patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible remedial effect of GTE on HAART induced derangement of lipid metabolism in albino Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty female albino Wistar rats 10-12 weeks old and weight of 145-200 grams were divided in to five groups of six each randomly. Group-I (normal control group) which were given 1mL of distilled water per day, Group-II (negative control group) which were given HAART only, Group-III (which were given HAART and 100mg/Kg of GTE), Group-IV (which were given HAART and 200mg/Kg of GTE) and Group-V (which were given HAART and 400mg/Kg of GTE) for sixty days. On the 60th day of the experiment rats was fasted overnight and sacrificed by cervical dislocation after giving di-ethyl ether general anesthesia. Then blood was taken by cardiac puncture for lipid profile investigation and for liver function test. Liver was also taken from each experimental rat for histopathological evaluation and triglyceride extraction. Results: The results of our experiment showed that, the body weight change showed a significant decrement (p in group-II and more decrement in group-IV and group-V rats (p group-II. As demonstrated by NAS, most of group II rats developed steatosis followed by group-III rats and the histopathological observation showed the better remedial effect of GTE on liver especially with the higher dose (400mg/Kg). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the green tea leaf extract has a good protective effect against HAART induced hepatotoxicity.Hence,it prevents dyslipidemia and NAFLD which might be due to its antioxidant property. KeyWords;Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy, Hepatotoxicity, Green Tea leaf Extract, Dyslipidemia, Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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    Estimation of Total Oxidative Stress and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Levels in Malaria Patients in Logia Dubti Area, Afar, Ethiopia: a Case Control Study
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-06) Ebrahim Adem; Genet Solomon
    Background: Malaria is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Out of the five Plasmodium species that cause malaria infection, P. falciparum is the deadliest. Total Oxidative Stress might be increased in malaria patients. This may originate from several sources including intracellular parasitized erythrocytes and extra-erythrocytes as a result of haemolysis and host immune response. This might lead to oxidative stress induced oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin (will not have a normal function like the normal hemoglobin) and will cause further complication in the malaria patients. Aim of the study: To estimate the total oxidative stress and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels in malaria patients at Dubti Referral Hospital, Afar, Ethiopia, from October 2017- June 2018. Methodology: A case control study was undertaken with 60 malaria patients and 40 healthy controls. The severity of malaria was determined by density of parasitemia. Out of total 60 malaria patients, 32 were low, 16 moderate and remaining 12 were high parasitemia malaria patients. Levels of Total Oxidant Stress, Total Anti-Oxidant Capacity, Oxidative Stress Index, Uric Acid, Albumin, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin were measured in patients and healthy controls. Result: The ratio of total oxidative stress and total antioxidative capacity, uric acid, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were significantly increased in serum of malaria patients (30.47, 4.67mg/l, 2.65mg/l, and 3.37mg/l respectively) compared to healthy control groups (8.10, 4.1mg/l, 1.5mg/l, and 2.6mg/l respectively) Background: Malaria is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Out of the five Plasmodium species that cause malaria infection, P. falciparum is the deadliest. Total Oxidative Stress might be increased in malaria patients. This may originate from several sources including intracellular parasitized erythrocytes and extra-erythrocytes as a result of haemolysis and host immune response. This might lead to oxidative stress induced oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin (will not have a normal function like the normal hemoglobin) and will cause further complication in the malaria patients. Aim of the study: To estimate the total oxidative stress and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels in malaria patients at Dubti Referral Hospital, Afar, Ethiopia, from October 2017- June 2018.
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    Evaluation of Anti-Hyperglycemic Effect of Hydroethanolic Extract of Foeniculum Vulgare (“Ensile”) seed on alloxan induced Diabetic male Wistar Albino rats.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-12) Tigstu Feven; Genet Solomon
    Background: - Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition resulting from inherited and acquired deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas, and due to resistance to insulin’s effects. DM is one of the leading causes of death, disability, illness, and economic loss in the world. Nowadays herbal medicines have become a good alternatives for the treatment of hyperglycemia. Ethiopia has many plants that are useful in the treatment of different diseases from those fennel has a potential in reducing the hyperglycemic state during diabetes. Objective: - To evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic effect of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) seed hydro-ethanolic extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar albino rats. Method: -Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats with a weight of 180-250 grams were induced with diabetes using 175mg/kg alloxan monohyderate. After grouping, experimental rats were given daily oral administration of hydro - ethanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare seed (100, 200 and 400mg/kg) for 21consecuative days. Fasting blood sugar, total cholestrol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and histopatology of liver was assessed. Glibenclamide was used as a standard reference drug. Additionally in vitro study conducted on Free radical scavenging and α amylase inhibitory activity of the Foeniculum vulgare seed hydroethanolic extract was also investigated. Result: - Foeniculum vulgare seed hydro-ethanolic extract showed a highly significant blood- glucose-lowering effect. After induction of diabetes, rats treated with 400mg/kg extract respond in a better, gradual, and statistically significant way to reduce mean blood glucose levels from 352 mg/dl on day 0 to 189.1 mg/dl on 21st day. In addition, a significant reduction was observed in total cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase analysis also, liver abnormality restoration were seen in histopatological study. Besides, good anti- oxidative and α amylase inhibitory activity was shown from the in vitro lab tests. Conclusion: - The result of the experiment showed that Foeniculum vulgare seeds may have several bioactive secondary metabolites effective in lowering blood glucose levels and increasing body antioxidants. Keywords: - Diabetes mellitus, Alloxan, Foeniculum vulgare, Wistar albino rats
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    Evaluation of Heavy Metal Composition of Drinking Water Supplied by Pipe in Different Parts of Addis Ababa town.
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-12) Tilahun Anemut; Genet Solomon
    Background- Compromised drinking water quality due to accumulation of heavy metals is becoming a serious concern for many countries, including Ethiopia. Chronic exposure to heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium and manganese has been shown to have harmful effects on the health of human beings. The presence of high levels of heavy metals in drinking water brings a potential threat to the health of consumers.Aim of the study- The aim of this study is to determine the levels of heavy metals in drinking water supplied by pipe to Addis Ababa city. Methodology- The study was conducted in Addis Ababa town from April 2018 to December 2018 G.C. A community based cross-sectional study design was employed. Water samples were collected from both surface and ground drinking water sources. Inductively coupled plasma- optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to measure the concentration of heavy metals in drinking water samples. Data was entered using the software SPSS version 20. Result-This study showed that the highest concentration of lead was recorded in water samples taken from Gefersa, Asko and Kolfie areas (0.06mg/l, 0.06 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l respectively). Cadmium concentration was below the detection limit in all water samples except those taken from Asko and Kolfie areas. The result of this study also showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the mean levels of lead among water samples taken from different treatment plants and their respective catchments (0.02±0.002 mg/l in Akaki deep well, 0.01±0.001 mg/l in Legedadi surface water treatment plant and 0.05±0.001 mg/l in Gefersa surface water treatment plant) (p-value <0.01). Conclusion- The mean lead levels of water samples taken from different areas of Addis Ababa town was higher than the maximum admissible limit of lead in drinking water set by WHO in 2011. The mean levels of cadmium concentration was higher than the maximum admissible limit of cadmium in drinking water set by WHO in 2011 in water samples taken from the Gefersa surface water treatment plant and it’s catchment area. The mean levels of lead, cadmium, chromium and manganese in water samples were lower than their respective maximum contaminant level set by USEPA in 2010.
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    Evaluation of Serum Cystatin C and Serum Creatinine Levels for The Detection of Early Renal Impairment among Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-08) Asmamaw Tadesse; Genet Solomon; Menon Menakath; Tarekegn Getahun
    Introduction: -Kidney disease is a significant problem in the diabetic population. The proportion of patients with end-stage renal disease caused by type 2 diabetes has progressively increased during the last few decades, and diabetic nephropathy is now the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the world. Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate is an important parameter for assessing kidney function and serum creatinine level is the most commonly used biochemical parameter to estimate it in routine practice. Serum creatinine for estimation of GFR for the detection of renal impairment is simple but 50% of GFR can be lost before significant elevation of serum creatinine. Cystatin C is found to be a new promising marker for early detection of renal diseases. Objective of the Study: Aim of this study was to determine the value of serum cystatin C and serum creatinine levels as well as cystatin C and creatinine based estimation of GFR for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: A hospital based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 120. To recruit the study subjects, purposive sampling technique was implemented. The parameters measured were serum creatinine and cystatin C levels. Result and discussion: The result of this study showed serum creatinine and cystatin C levels were significantly increased in type 2 diabetic individuals compared to healthy controls. The mean ± SD value of serum creatinine was found to be ((0.87 ± 0.44) in cases and (0.63 ± 0.27) in control groups. serum cystatin C also found to be significantly (p=0.0001) higher in cases (0.92 ± 0.38) compared to controls (0.52 ± 0.20).The means ±SD of eGFR in three equations (Creatinine Equation, Cystatin C Equation and Creatinine Cystatin C Equation) were 105.7±27.5 ml/min/m2, 90.4 ± 28.2 ml/min/m2 and 100 ± 29.5 ml/min/m2 respectively. Conclusion: Serum cystatin C was found to be a better marker of renal function and correlates better to direct measures of GFR more precisely than creatinine, because unlike serum creatinine its serum concentration is not that much influenced by age, sex and muscle mass. Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy; Type 2 diabetes; Serum cystatin C and creatinine
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    Evaluation of Total Oxidative Stress and Creatine Kinase (bb) Level for Screening and Diagnosis of Brain Tumor among Brain Tumor Patients Attending Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. BY
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-10) Tadele Fitalew; Genet Solomon
    Background: The exact cause of brain tumors is still unknown, however, it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality of both adults and children, often generating severe disabilities and producing high burden in the health care systems. A recently growing advanced laboratory research has shown that oxidative stress can facilitate brain tumor initiation, growth and metastasis by altering tumor cell biology and microenvironment. Scholars are searching for an early biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis and potential target for treatment by looking at tumor metabolism as almost all type of cancer need high energy input and substrate via aberrant metabolism for survival. Therefore, the present study focused on investigating and examining metabolic activity of creatine kinase brain isoenzyme and oxidative stress in brain tumor patients for a potential use as a Biomarker for screening and early diagnosis of brain tumor.Aim of the study: To evaluate total oxidative stress and Creatine kinase (BB) level for screening and diagnosis of brain tumor among brain tumor patients attending Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from April 2018 - October 2018. Material and methods: Hospital based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 90 study participants (50 brain tumor patients and 40 healthy controls). The parameters measured were serum levels of total oxidative stress and creatine kinase BB. Purposive sampling technique was implemented to select study participant in the hospital. This was a collaborative work between Departments of Biochemistry, Neurology and Oncology center. Results: The present study result demonstrated that total oxidative stress and activity of creatine kinase BB were significantly increased in the serum (10.34±3.23μmoleH2O2eqv./l, 35.12±31.25 μg/L) of brain tumor patients as compared to serum control groups (3.87±2.62 μg/L, 6.9467±2.91μmoleH2O2eqv./l) (p<0.05). Total oxidative stress level of malignant brain tumors (12.76 ±3.38μmoleH2O2eqv./l) were significantly higher than benign tumor types (8.86±2.03μmoleH2O2eqv./l) (p < 0.05) but creatine kinase BB level were not significantly different between benign(38±34.33 μg/L) and malignant(25.98 ±25.98μg/L) types of brain tumor (p > 0.05). Both serum level total oxidative stress (p= 0.001, OR= 1.535, CI=1.247-1.889) and creatine kinase BB (p=0.001) were significantly associated with brain tumor. Conclusion: Catalytic activity of creatine kinase BB and serum total oxidative stress were significantly increased among brain tumor parents when compared to serum levels of apparently healthy control groups. The serum level of total oxidative stress and creatine kinase BB were not significantly different and correlated among different brain tumor sizes. Creatine kinase BB activity was significantly associated with brain tumor and may be simple non-invasive biomarker for diagnosis of suspected cases of brain tumor. Participants with increased total oxidative stress (brain tumor patients) have significantly high risk of brain tumor development compared to lower serum value (healthy controls).
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    Molecular Identification for Six Virulent Genes of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Diarrheic Calves and their Resistance Profile to Antimicrobials in Selected towns of South Wollo Administrative Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-10) Hussen Fentaw; Genet Solomon
    Background: Escherichia coli are normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract frequently used as model for various research questions. Potential gain and loss of virulent genes enable them to become pathogenic and causes calf diarrhea while beneficial ones subsidize vitamin K2. These virulent genes are found on plasmids, genomes or integrated on bacteriophages and horizontal gene transfer plays in its epidemiology. Objective: To identify virulence genes informative for four pathogenic strains of E. coli and study their antibiotic resistance patterns to eleven antimicrobials agents. Methodology: The study was conducted in Kombolcha, Dessie and Haik areas. Purposive sampling was used to collect 123 fecal samples from 53 farms of all sites. E. coli isolates were identified based on their green metallic sheen appearance on EMB agar, their characteristic reactions on MacConkey agar and IMViC (+ + - -) biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was carried out using agar disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar following standard procedures. Genomic DNA was extracted from the isolates using boiling method for strain identification using PCR. Results: One hundred (81.3%) pure isolates of E. coli were harvested, of which, 23 (29.9%) isolates carried one or more of the tested virulent genes. stx1 14(18.2%), stx2 7(9.1%), eae 9(11.7%), hlyA 1(1.3%) were the detected virulent genes with their respective frequency. However, no isolates were detected for bfpA and aatA genes. Virulent genes were detected in 2-4 weeks aged calves at significantly higher order (P ≤ 0.05). Calves housed with their dam and those given supplement feed were significantly associated with detected genes (P ≤ 0.05). From samples processed using PCR, 14 (18.2%) were confirmed as STEC strain, 5 (6.5%) of EHEC and 4 (5.2%) of EPEC. Most isolates were resistant to sulfonamide, clindamycine, ampicillin, Oxytetracyclne, trimethoprime and streptomycin and sensitive to nitrfurantoin, gentamycin, neomycin, clorampfenicol and ciprofloxacine. Conclusion: Zoonotic STEC and EHEC strains are collectively found highest and implies reservoir of calves to both farm animals and humans. Poor farm hygiene and frequent use of limited antibiotics was a problem observed. As a consequence, farms hygiene, more spatial and temporal distribution of E. coli should be concerned. Additionally, Antibiotics should be alternatively used to avoid resistance. Keywords: Antimicrobials, Calf, Escherichia coli, Resistance Strains, Virulent Genes.
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    Production and Characterization of Fungal Extremophilic Pectinase for Food Processing and Agro-Industrial Waste Utilization
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-06) Abita Ayetenew; Genet Solomon; Daba Tadesse
    Enzymes are increasingly used in different industrial processes across the globe because of their extreme efficiency and highly specific bio-catalytic activities. Pectinases are among the most industrially important enzymes. Despite the great potential of these enzymes, however, their industrial applications have been hampered mainly owing to undesirable property in terms of stability in extreme conditions when they are exposed during industrial processing. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the aims of isolating and screening fungal extremophiles from Ethiopian extreme environment and optimizing pectinase production using submerged fermentation. In the present study, 30 fungal strains were isolated and screened for their pectinolytic activity from Lake Shalla and Sodere Spring Waters and from those 18 were filamentous fungi and 12 were yeasts. Five potential isolates were used for further study. Pectinase production was studied on mango peel, banana peel, orange peel and wheat straw as media in submerged fermentation. Higher production of pectinase was obtained from orange peel and then different production conditions were optimized on it. The pectinase activity was assayed with 3, 5-dinitrosalysalic acid method. In this study, the maximum pectinase activity was achieved at pH 8.0 and 60 °C. Also, the activities of enzymes were found to be stimulated by Mg2+ and Ca2+ metal ions. The kinetics of the enzymes was studied and the enzymes Km and Vmax values were identified from Lineweaver-Burk plot as 2.196, 1.972, 2.103, 1.418, 1.199 mg/mL and 69.93, 68.97, 68.97, 65.36, 64.10 U/mL for isolate SL-1, SL-4, SS-2, SS-5 and SH-1 respectively. Key Words: Enzyme, Extremophile, Lineweaver-Burk plot, Kinetics, Pectinase, Submerged fermentation