Institute of Development Research (IDR)

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The Demographic Transition, Youth Potential and Development Nexus in Ethiopia: Dividend or Burden?
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Seifu, Yordanos; Adinew, Berhanu (PhD)
The thes is addresses the demographic tran si tion potential in Ethiopia and the poss ibility of capturi ng the demographic di vidend observed in some East Asian COllntri es. as well as. suggests mechan isms to facilitate this possible opportunit y. It is based on the " Spectrum" Projection Model covering the period from 1994 to 2050. The age structure of the Ethiopian popu lation has remained chi ld and youth dominated for along time now. but wi th recent incipient ferti lity decline ex pected to be expedi ting. Ethiopia's demographic profile wi ll see considerable shift in the nex t four decades.Education and employment indicators witness that despite striking improvements in primary educat ion and modest decline in unemployment rate past years. there is still huge unemploymcnt rate and low secondary school enrollment. as well as. wide gender disparity in both secondary educa tion and formal employment. Proj ecti ons under three different fertility scenarios re veal that fertility plays multiple roles in boosting Ethiopia to rcap the clemographic di vidend through; reduci ng population size. changing the age structure and raising the sta tus of womCn. Thus it will determine Ethiopia's future development coursc including its prospects of joining Middle Income Countri es. This requires the government to allocate more funds for family planning sen'ice provision and diffu sion of small family norm in its development strategy as well as establi shing quality institution including evalu ati ng the old population poli cy of Ethiopia.Nonethelcss. the demographic dividend is not au tomati c. nor does the window of opportu nity lasts forever. l-lence it can be reaped if pol icics and programs in countries at the incipient stages of the demographic transition are focused on the needs, aspi rations and expectations for a growing bulge of young people. These preconditions. among ot hers. include training and job crea tion for YOll th. quality and elTicient educational ~ys le lll . agri cu ltural moderni zation and intensifica tion. labor intensive production technology. healthier li fes tyles, and institutional development s. Under business as usual scenario. however, the future is bleak and the youth would turn out to be given up burdens rather than grown up dividend.
Assessement of Water Use Management of Community-Based Irrigation Schemes in Koga Irrigation Development, Amhara Region, Baher Dar, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2013-07) Gode, Tamiru; Tulu, Taffa (PhD)
Irrigation contributes significantly in increasing availability of farm products, income of households and in reducing poverty. It is one approach to address the weak performance of agriculture sector due to lack of adequate rainfall, variabi lity and duration of rainfall. Koga Irrigation Project is one of the projects designed to satisfy basic needs of society and to ensure self sufficient in food production. It is community-based large scale irrigation. Managing such large scale irrigation scheme is a challenge. This study is aimed to assess and identify the factors affecting the successful implementation and Water Use Management problems of communitybased irrigation schemes and to indicate and recommend solutions to the problems. Based on the identified problems I set the objectives: to assess the current community-based irrigation water use management and its impacts on the irrigation development; to examine the constraints and to identify the factors affecting the successful implementation of community-based irrigation development; and finally to identify the type of interventions that should be taken to sustain the irrigation schemes. Based on the objectives appropriate methodologies are designed to investigate them. Lack of access to market, loss of water when irrigating, lack of awareness on irrigation were identified. Moreover, lack of training related to irrigation, low price for the products, crop disease and the high cost of inputs are the constraints encountered in the irrigation schemes. It is recommended that Koga irrigation project office should build strong institution accommodated well experienced marketing expert or a group of experts is/are recruited that can perform market assessment and create market ties with different governmental and public organizations such as hospitals, super markets universities and colleges; try to install agroprocessing firms in/around the scheme by organizing the union, taking credit from development banks such as ADB. Farmers should get continuous irrigation, land and water use management training and must be aware of the schemes and they should be informed to safeguard and to develop sense of ownership. Key Words: Water Supply, Water allocation, Water conflict, Water distribution, Water management, Community-based irrigation, Cash crops, Food grains, Market in/ormation "ystem, Market oriented! proposed crops
Farmers ' Perception of the Impacts of Population Pressure on the Environment and their Responses: The Case of Dandi Woreda, West Shoa Zone (Oromia Region)
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-10) Ahdissa, Fekadu; Amsaiu, Akililu (PhD)
Traditional Education of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and its Potential for Tourism Development (1975-present).
(Addis Ababa University, 2003-01) Tsegayey, Mezmur; G/Selassie, Teclehaimanot(PhD)
The traditional school of Ethiopian Orthodox Church is full of spiritual and cultural heritages with tremendous spiritual songs, better known as 'Saint Yared's songs' and has been used as center of learning in which the society depended on for their spiritual and secular life for centuries. It is endemic to Ethiopia, no where in the world is available such an exciting, colorful, amazing and eye-catching wealth of Saint Yared's songs with their religious dance in the traditional schools. Before introduction of modem education into Ethiopia, these schools were playing pivotal role in spreading literacy to the people. People were thought the skills of reading and writing, arithmetic, art, architecture, law, governance, medication and other skills in these traditional schools. There are different schools, in which different kinds of educational specialization are offered, namely, "Nibab bet" (school of reading) which deals with skills of reading and writing. "Kidasie bet" which deals with the kind of pray during mass service. "Kine bet" which deals with highly elaborated, strict, and multiplied form of 'geez' poetry. "Zema bet" (school of hymen) deals with the hymn of St. Yared and his musical notations. "Aquaquam bet" (school of swaying and chanting) deals with the chanting of St. Yared with its typical kind of dance and musical instruments. 'Metsahft bet' (school of books) deals with the details of Old Testament, New Testament, Liqawnt and Menekosta, After passing through this entire educational system, one becomes a master of one specific school The 1974 political change from a monarchical system to a 'communist' anti -religion system has affected traditional church life at all levels, and in its place secular education has increased. The number of students coming to these schools is decreasing in an alarming rate, the greatest teachers are passing away and the would be successor youth is attracted by modem life. In 2002 there were only few "four eyed" scholars left (who has mastered the Old and New Testaments, Book of the Church Fathers and the Book of the Monks.) Because of lack of these scholars and their students, thousands of Ethiopian Orthodox Churches are already closed in the countryside. Even though some of the schools are still offering church education, it is not in the way it was performed before. If properly conducted the schools have great potential to attract tourists from any comer of the glob.
Demographic and Socio-economic Determinants of Unemployment in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Endebu, Bullo; Emana, Bezabih (PhD)
This study is primarily aimed at determining important demographic and socio-economic factors influencing unemployment in Addis Ababa. Cross sectional data were collected from 539 households through systematic multistage sampling technique in which those members of the household aged 10 years and above were eligible for the study. The structured questionnaire and in-depth interview of key informants were used to collect the data. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were made. The result has indicated that 57. 4% of the sample population was employed while 42.6% were currently not working. Among those currently not working sample populations, 59% were available for work while 41% were not available to work (economically inactive). Hence, unemployment rate was found to be 30.01% and a considerable variation was observed between male and female. Male unemployment rate was 21.72% while that offemale was 37. 54%. There were strong association between unemployment and sex, age, marital status, migration status, relationship with the head of the household, educational level and household income. Finally, the study calls for the government and other private organizations for program intervention addressing the key factors that influence unemployment in the city. Improving internship and related programs aiming at assisting, empowering, developing and preparing the recent matriculates who could not join Colleges or Universities, for formal labour market jobs as well as self employment activities; promoting the development of micro enterprises along with provision of micro-loans for the purpose of expanding self employment by giving special attention to youth and households with low level of income; as female members of the households are more vulnerable to unemployment, efforts made by the go vernment and other organizations to empower women should be filrther enhanced through education, skill building and micro-entefprise development .
Demographic and Socio-economic Correlates of Fuel Saving Technologies in Tehuledere Wereda: The Case of "MIRT" Stoves
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Kassaw, Abdu; Adinew, Berhanu (PhD)
The major goal of this study is to analyze the demographic and socio-economic correlates of owning fuel saving technologies in Tehuledere Wereda. Here the household fuel technologies particularly focus to the ownership of improved "Mirt" stoves. This study is carried out using quantitative and qualitative data obtainedfrom the survey of 403 households in Tehuledere Wereda. A multilevel logistic regression is fit to analyze the demographic and socio-economic correlates of the ownership of improved "Mirt" stoves using the SPSS 15.0 version software. Qualitative data were also collected to --facilitate the interpretationQjresu/ts oiJhe anal)!sis oithe quantitative data. The descriptive analysis of the study revealed that only 54.6 percent of the sample households owned the improved "Mirt" stoves and those households that do not own the improved "Mirt" stoves constituted 45.4 percent. Ownership of improved "Mirt " stoves is determined by different demographic and socio-economic factors. The results on the bivariate analysis shows the demographic variables like age, household size and marital status of the household heads significantly correlated with ownership of household improved "Mirt" stoves. Among the socio-economic variables, literacy status, income and asset are also strongly correlated with ownership of the improved "Mirt" stoves. Moreover, the exposure related variables agro-ecology, training, and perception of prices are significantly associated with ownership of the improved "Mirt" stoves, whereas the multivariate analysis results indicated that age, literacy status, income, asset, marital status, number of rooms of the house, training, number of females in the household, perception of prices and agro-ecology are significantly correlated with household ownership of improved "Mirt" stoves In conclusion, modern technologies such as improved stove technologies can reduce environmental degradation through the efficient use of fuel wood for household activities. Moreover, these stoves are helpful for minimizing the number of times women and children are going to collect fuel wood from fields, and are means of reducing indoor air pollution which brings different health problems especially to women and children.
Women in International Relations: The Case of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Zerihun, Hanna; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)
This research was conducted at the Ministry af Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The establishment of the Ministry, which deals with Ethiopia's relations with the other countries and international organisations, dates back to 1907 G. C. The study focuses on female employees at the Ministry occupying professional posts. It examines the positions these women hold, the opportunities they are given, the challenges they encounter and their aspirations to advance their career and occupy higher positions in this important field. Qualitative method was used to conduct this study. Both primary and secondary data were collected. In-depth interviews were conducted with twelve women working in professional positions. Secondary data in the form of reports, research and journals were used. The study shows that the Ministry, as a Federal institution, recruits women from different parts of the country to ensure representation of women from the different notions and nationalities. The Ministry provides women the opportunity to advance in their careers by applying affirmative action, both during recruitments and promotion. The Ministry also upgrades women, who have improved their educational qualification while on the job. This exercise especially benefitted young female employees who aspire to reach higher positions inside the Ministry. The women who took part in the study also revealed that the support they have fram their families is essential for their achievement in the workplace. Unfortunately, despite these positive steps taken by the Ministry, the number of women in professional positions is still behind that of men. Lock of the required educotionol quolification and low self-esteem of the women themselves are some of the challenges cited by the female employees interviewed for this research. Cultural misconceptions on women's ability and gender stereotyped rales in the work place were also obstacles hindering women from joining the professional job category.
Impacts of Micro Finance on the Livelihood of Households, Particularly Women: The Case of Adea Liben Woreda
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-07) Tolesa, Chalchisa; Mekonnen, Mehary (PhD)
Poverty is highly affecting the life 's of the population of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) in general and that of rural women in particular. High vulnerab ili ty, lack of education and medical services, less participation in different decision-making activities are some of the major problems the rural women faced. They are •. Iso economicall y, socially, cultura ll y and politically marginalized. To overcome these and other related socio-economic problems, Micro finance Institutions (MFls) targeted the poor in general and the rural women in particular. This study is aimed to examme the impact of Oromia Credit and savll1g Share Company (OCSSCo) services on the life of women clients in rural areas of Oromia region. It is assumed that, the impact of the intervention of MFis could be observed at household, indi vidual, enterprise and community levels. The rationale for using household, indi vidual, enterprise and community as units of impact assessment is that, any institutional services that are aimed to provide financial services for the sake of poverty all eviation, its end effect is measured by the changes appeared on the lives of its cli ents. These clients are part of the household and the society in which they live. Therefore, household situations affect the activities of individual s. On the other hand, the impact of Micro finance (MF) intervention can be observed by the composi tion of the household, and due to one of their economic acti vi ti es. The study used a case Shldy method taking Adea Liban Worked as a sample. It included all women cli ents who stayed in the program for one to five years. It also covered 8 rural kebeles of 40 centers. The number of participants is 220 women clients, 24 informant groups and 7 OCSSCo members. Almost, all women client respondents are similar in their characteristics. Out of the to tal 220 client respondents, 11 6 of them were interviewed; where as 104 of them were participated in fc eus group discussions IFGDs). The informant groups were participated in FGDs. Besides, 7 OCSSCo staff members were interviewed. For all respondents structured questionnaires (open-ended and closed-ended) were used as an instrument. Observation of cli ents living situations was used in order to crosscheck the opinions given by the clients. During the discussion process, women clients living situation before and after their participation in the program were raised and responded by women clients and infolmant groups. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling techniques. In some centers, the number of women clients were less than the minimum standard required to conduct FGDs. Due to this reason, two and more centers were combined together and conducted FGDs. Hence, there were a total of 10 FGDs taken place. The result of the intervention of OCSSCo through financial services shows positive outcomes on the lives of women clients and their households. The provided loan also improved women socioeconomic and personal empowennents. The consumption of clients and their households is smoothed, and their living standards ore slightly improved in terms of living house, medical services, and sanitation, and they send their children to school better than before. Their selfImage, self-confidence, decision-making capabilities and saving culture show slight improvements. Some interventions such as skill training, improving loan size (selling), saving culture and close supervisions are very important in order to ensure the benefits of the targeted groups.
The Role of Mtcrofinance in Empowering Women in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Haileselassie, Meron; Susuman, Sathiya (PhD)
It is widely accepted that women are central to household wel l-being and nat ional economic development. However, the role of women is impeded because they generally hold a low status in many developing countri es. Owing to historical and cultural di sadvantages, women are also more vulnerable to poverty. In addition to being a human rights issue, the prevailing condition of women calls for taking measures to empower them. The empowerment of women is also the basis for tran sforming li ves at the household level and in the wider society. Ln th is regard, the delivery of microfinance is one of the approaches to the empowerment of women. This study has the objective of assessing the impact of microfinance in the empowerment of women. It recogni zes the multidimensional nature of empowerment as a process invo lving personal, soci al , economic and political dimensions. The research was conducted at the Specialized Financial and Promotional In stitution (SFPl). The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative methods to obtain a reliable data. Data were derived from a questionnaire su rvey of a sample of 373 women clients of the SFPI. In addition, tlu·ee focus group discussions were conducted invo lving 18 women whi le in-depth interviews were carried out with another 12. The study establishes that improved access to microfinance has been able to empower women economically. Although the results vary, the study indicated that the income and saving levels of the majority of the clients have increased after the delivery of microfinance. Encouraging results have also been shown in the enhancement of the women's of self-confidence with respect to the capability to work on their own and improve their lives. On the other hami, there is no indication of an enhancement in the decision making power of women and in their political empowerment as reflected in respect for their legal rights, ownership of household assets and holding of political positions. [n addition, the deli very of micro finance has failed to bring about changes in their decision making at the household level. The study recognizes the limits of the transformative capaciti es of microfinance and it shows that financial empowerment does not necessarily lead to a transformation In gender relation ships which is a basis for the overall empowerment of women .
Factors Affecting the Occupational Expectations of Women with Hearing Impairment: the Case of Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa University, 1994) Getaneh, Kalkidan; Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)
The overall aim of this qualitative study was analyzing the factors that affect the occupational expectation of women with hearing impairment who are attending their university education. Because of the negative perception that have been implanted within the society and lack of supportive services such as use of communication methods and counseling, students with hearing impairment are not sure whether they can assume job after they attain degree. Although both male andfemale groups are facing such bias in the labor mm·ket, the degrees of challenges are severe among females and this is in particular related to the denial of their right. Therefore identifying which factors are the most common to affect their occupational expectation was conducted in Addis Ababa University, Sidist kilo campus among those with hearing impairment. Interview guide were used to answer research questions related to the attitudes of students with hearing problem with regard to their job expectation. During the interview, an in-depth discussion was carried out with 15 f emale students with hearing impairments. Purposive sampling was used to select the site and Available Samplings were applied to select respondents. In the result of the study, almost allfemale respondents said that they may not assume job either because of scarcity of jobs, negative attitudes of employers, lack of information about job availability and lack of counseling while they are attending class. Lack of skill trainings also been reported to deter them from involving in business scheme. To resolve the factors affecting expectation problem, it is necessary and important to run development activities designed to address the particular needs of women with hearing impairment through sector-specific projects. But at the same time, it is also vital to address disability as a crosscutting issue, and to consider the needs of all sectors of a diverse population in generic development projects if the issues of concern to women with hearing impairment are not to remain as a side issue. All development staff should automatically consider and incorporate the rights and needs of women with hearing impairment into the design and application of their work, as they do regarding other marginalized and discriminated populations
Water and Sanitation Provision and its Effects on Poor Women: The Case of Selected Neighbourhoods in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Selfu, Nigist; Gebre Egziabher, Tegegne (PhD)
This study. by taking the case of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. investigates the effects of W ATSAN provision on poor wOmen. The study was instiga ted by the observation that the pressure of inadequate provision fall more on the poor than be tter offs; and among the poor, the problems are intense on women due to biological. economic and soc iocul tural fac tors. In order to thorough ly exam ine water supplv and sanitation issues affecting poor women in the Addis Ababa context, relevant primary and secondary data wcrc generated and perso nal observati ons were made and analyzed. Three poor neighbourhoods (two from the inner-citv slums and one from the in formal settl emen ts) were iclentilied as case study areas and 110 p")Or WOlllL'll were se lected through a multi-stage sampl ing method. Major finclings of th e study indicate that in the city III general and in the studied neighborhoods in particular unavailab ility of WATSi\N at the requi red quantity, place. afford ab ility. accessib ili ty and sa fety has been strongly affect ing the lives of poor women. It shows that these interrelated effects highly innuence the hea lth, income. pri vacy. dignit\·. sec urit y, social status of poor women including the time they ca n use for selfimprovcmcnl. As the effec ts are multiple so are the causes. The res ults of this st ud y show that the roots causes arc related to the socio-cconomic stntus of WOmen including the rigid division of labour. inadequate access to economic resources and poor decision mak ing power. These coupled with fa ilure to implement the nationally declared gende r and poverty po lic ies 'IS wel l as gender mainstrea ming st rategies made women arguably the 1110 St depri ved ill human as well as econo mic term s. The study concludes th at WATSAN, which is one of' the most import an t development chall enges fac ing Addis Ababa. has been alTecting the li ves of the poorest of the poor \\ho li ve in the ill . se rviced sluills and squatter settl ements. So, action to improve WATSAN situation is an important step to enable the poor peoplc in general anei poor women In parti cu lar to escape po ve rty. To escape Cram poverty. among other thi ngs. pom \\omen need \0 be empowCJ'ed. To achieve this goal. economic gro wth and finallcial resou rces arc 01" course necessa ry. but till'}" ,Ire no! ctlougl1. This study suggests Ih~ll hy ;ldoptillg ~lll intcgr<.l!cd <.mel nl\.!lti - ~cc t nr('d approach. by putti ng poor WOl llclt'S nceds at the centcr 01' \Vi\TSi\N se rvice pruvisions and hy CJl~lhlitl g them to ta~ c p~lrt ill the decision Il\;lking and pri() rity sell ing process it is possiblc to Illake a dii'li.;rcncc.
The Contribution of Small Scale Irrigation and Income Diversification to Household Food Security in Derra Woreda North Shew A, Oromia Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Dinku, Garedew; Negatu, Workneh(PhD)
This study examines the use of small-scale irrigation and income diversification in Den'a woredo. The main objective of the study is Ihe ossessment of the contribution of irrigotion farming and income diversification to household food security through enabling the household's to increose their income. The basic assumption of the study is that an increase in household income improves household 's food security through enhancing their entitlement and access to food. Two PAS with and wi/hoLiI in-igalion intervention were se /ee/ed /0 see (he comparative advantage of irrigated cash crop production two hundred sample households were rcmdomly selected from the 111'0 PAs lhe survey. FoclIs group discussions, and key in/ormanl h11erview were employed /0 collect relevant data at the community, household and individual levels. Data related to household's annual harvest, total income eamed, household asset endowment, food security conditions of the household were collected using structured questionnaire. Data IVas collected with the help of locally recruited and trained enumerators. Data generated Ihrough household survey wasjil/'ther consolidated through discussion withfocus groups and an interview with key informants. Both qualitative and quantitative data was generated and analyzed using simple statisticallools. The result obtained ji'om the survey reveal the positive impact of irrigation development. Irrigated cash crop could bring increased agricultural production, beller access /0 agricultural technology and improve the wealth status of the irrigation users. Irrigators were able to produce twice a year and reduce dependence on erratic rain-fed agriculture. The finding of the study reveals that irrigation promotes the use of agricultural inputs and availoble land resources through supply of water during the dry season. Such opportunities of irrigation improve food availability and access to food. It has been found that households who are access to irrigation have been able to double their annual income through the production of markel-oriented cash crops. The study has drawn the lesson thaI the development of small-scale irrigation and household income diversification would contribute to the alleviation of the problem offood shortage if properly planned and implemented.
The role of social networks in enhancing women's career advancement: The case of women employees in International Non-Governmental Organizations in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Nemera, Maliha; Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)
De;pite the evident importance of social capital in enhancing human capacity, research on its gender dimension especially in promoting women 's access and benefit fi'om such capital is virtually non-existent. If done at ali, it tends to focus on its economic benefit of the entire community or socielies, but rarely on gender fi'om social capital perspective or its role as critical adjunct to women 's career development Among several social capital indicators, social networking is the basic indicator of social capital formalion. Thus, Ihis paper deals with social networking in relation to women's career advancemenl and hence assesses how social network impacts in eilher jclcilitating or constraining structural opportuni/ies for women's career advancements. In order to obtain data for the study through a mixed of research methods (quantitative and qualilative) 63 women and 39 men working for international nongovernmental organization were approached Besides, various documenls were reviewed 10 supplement data collected ji'om primwy sources and finally analyzed both qualitatively using narration and quanlitatively using fi'equency and percenlage. The analysis reveals Ihat gender plays a crucial role in the kinds of social capilalformalion. As a result, the types of social capital women and men lend to form is different in that women often tend 10 form bonding of social capital whereas men tend to form objective or bridging social capital. This enables men to get non redundant and high level information Ihan women. . In summary, inlhe workplace women rely more onformal networking and a/lach less valuefor workplace informal networking. And gender role socialization, gender stereotype and institutional systems are the major contributing jclctors for women's less participation in different social networking both al community and workplaces. Accordingly, the findings of this paper confirm that women have less networking experiences which ajJecls their career advancements.
Households' Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Supply in Combo1cha Town, South Wollo
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Mussa, Kedir; Amsalu, Aklilu (PhD)
This paper tries to examine and analyze households' willingness to pay for improved water supply in Comboldw town, Soutlt Wallo Etltiopia. It also explores determinants of willingness to pay and examine the applicability of cost recovery strategy. A contingent valuation method based on a single bounded dichotomous choice format followed by open ended question was employed. A total of 247 saml)le Iwuseholds ran(lomly selected from all kebeles of Combolcha town were covered during the survey. Responses to tlte valuation questions revealed thot 98.6% of the respondents expressed their willingness to have private connection to the new improved water and are willing to pay for the new service with mean willingness to pay of 15.70 cents. This implies that, on average, the respondents are WiLling to pay birr 7.85 for one m' of improved water sewice which is greater than even twice of tlte town's highest consumption block. Results of the probit model also show tlwt income, initial bid, and attitude of tlte respondent for tlte responsibility of town water provision Iwve positive effects and age of tit< head of the household Iws a negative effect on the Iwuselwlcls' choice for improved water services. This implies that Iwuselwlds with high incont< are more likely to choose improved services. However, there is a tendency for aged Iwuseholds not to choose the improved water sewice. Mean willingness to pay for the probit model is 26.10 cents per 20 liters water, which implies tlwt rIte mean willingness to pay for the new improved water supply ranges between 15.70 to 26.10 cents.
The Role of Productive Safety Net Programme in Empowering Women in Food Security the Case of Jamma Woreda, South Wollo, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-07) Melaku, Mulumebet; Negatu, Workneh(PhD)
Ethiopia 's economy has been challenged by ji-equent food insecurity for decades as a result of many interrelated environmental, socia-economic and political reasons. Th e increasing severe food insecurity in recent years forced the Ethiopian government to develop the Food Security Strategy (FSS) that could provide social protection for the rural community. Food insecurity has a gender dimension. Women are the most vulnerable section of the society to food insecurity as they lack adequate access to productive resources, services and less participation decision making. The Strategy recognized the negative impacts of the existing gender inequality in achieving food security. Therefore, one of the food security programs, PSNP, is designed to address the gender disparities. The PSNP implementation manual (PIli;!) sets out the fi'amework for gender mainstreaming in the program. This study is an assessment and evaluation based research that aimed at assessing the role of PSNP in empowering wamen in food security by examining the implementation of the program in Jamma Woreda of the Amhara Regional State. Qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to generate and analyze data. Dmwn through purposive and convenience sampling techniqu es a total oJ371 people participated in the study out nJwhich 263 are in the household survey, 45 in the interview and 63 in the focus group discussion. The result of the research shows that PSNP has contributed in empowering women economically and in social aspects of their life. Women equally contribute to their community development by their participation in PW and able to generate income for their households. This in turn brought them personal empowerment, community re cognition and respect. However, on the other hand the mo st important gender proviSions have not been properly addressed in the implementation process. To allain the anticipated results of PSNP the implementers need to be trained on gender mainstreaming and be well informed about the con/ent of the PIM Revision of the PIM would be ins/rwnental to clear so me issues that have g iv en loopholes for not implementing the provisions strictly. The monitoring and evaluation system need to be st re ngthened and include gender sensitive indicators.
Impact of Male Out-Migration on Rural Women Livelihood, the Case of Chencha Woreda, South Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-12) Gebru, Belete
Migration is a selective process which encourages certain section of the community to involve more than the others. Gender is known to be one of the selective criteria of migration for a long time. Migration streams that are predominantly male or female have implications for the organization of gender roles in both communities of origin and destination. Although rural-urban migration is dominated by women nationally in Ethiopia, the feature of out migration from certain parts of the country has been largely men's affair. Little is known how the livelihood of women is affected in the long run when their counterparts migrate out and the former assume the virtual headship of their households' in Ethiopia. This study is therefore, intended to assess how women cope up in the absence of their husbands and support their family and identify the major socioeconomic and institutional factors that influence their effort to improve their livelihood. The result of the study indicates that male-out migration has greatly affected the livelihood of the women who are left behind. The labor gap created due to the absence of male head has negatively affected the agricultural production and the natural resource conservation activity in the study atea. The work burden of the women has increased due to their high involvement in domestic and outdoor activities. Moreover, access of women to Agricultural Extension Service, inputs and credit is constrained by lack of conh·ol over household resource and the male-biased agricultural extension orientation. To the dismay of most women remittance from most migrants is also found to be very low, irregular and unreliable. Thus, to improve the lives of de facto women heads by mitigating the social, economic and cultural barriers which hinder their effort to win a decent livelihood, certain recommendation, gleaned out from this study are suggested.
Child Labour in the Informal Sector (A Case Study of Child Shoe Polishers in Gulele Keflea Ketma)
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Shimelis, Solomon; Admassie, Assefa( PhD)
Child labour is pervasive probl elll throughout the world, especially in developing countri es. As in Illany developing countries, ch ild labour is a widespread problelll in Ethiopia . In rural arcas, agricu lture is by far the dOlllinant sector of child clllploYlllent where as in urban areas ch ild wgrk ers are Illostly engaged ill the informal ScclOr. There are different lypes of child labour in the info rillal scctor in Ethiopia but the study focus only on those ch ildren who are engaged in shoe shining activities in Gulele sub city. The objective of the study was to know the factors that led the chi ldren into shoe shining work, the types of hazards and ri sks they face, the number of hours they devote to work, the impact of work on the health and education of the working c hildren, the physical and verbal abuse they encountered, they work related injuries they experienced, the type of treatment they recei ved, the evaluation of working chi Idren about their work place, literacy status, levels of education and training, the attitude and pe rception of the children of their c urrent and future life and to systematically observe the working condi tions of the ch ild shoe shiners and finally forward some plausible recommendations for cons ide rat ion. Both qua ntitative and qualitati ve data were collected by usi ng su rvey method, focus group discussion and direct observation. The findings of the study indicate that nearly all the child shoe shiners that participated in the st udy were with disadvantaged background in vo lving lack of access to ed ucat ion, cOllli ng from poor fami li es, sOllle being orphaned and having mi grated from other parts of Ethiop ia to Addis Ababa. According to the study findin gs working children that partic ipated in the study were forc ed to engage in to shoe sh in ing carrier by so Illany reasons inc ludin g the socio- economic and cultural factor of their circul11stances. The study findings showed that child shoe shiners that parti cipated in the study were lead ing adult leaves, normally worki ng for long hours under conditions daillaging to thei,' healthy and to their physical development, facing physical and verbal abuse, freq uently deprived of mean ing ful educational opportunities that could open up for them better future. Final ly some important recommendations have been ra ised as a solution to reduce the problem faced by child shoe shiners in the stud y a rea
Food Security Status and Coping Strategies of Female-Headed Households in Addis Ababa: The Case of Woreda 01 in Gullelle Sub-City
(Addis Ababa University, 2011) Messele, Rabel; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)
The main purpose of this study was to assess the food security status of urban Female-Headed Households (FHHs) and their coping strategies in Woreda aI, Gullelle Sub-city of Addis Ababa. Mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative study was used for conducting the study. The main data collection methods employed during the study was household Survey, in-depth interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The data were analyzed using frequency tables, percentage, pearsons's correlation and cross tabulation. And their food security status was also reckoned using Coping Strategy Index and Food Consumption Score calculation developed by Dan Maxwell and World Food Program (WFP) respectively. The outcome of the study indicates that most of the FHHs relied on informal workfor their livelihood. Concerning their food security status, based on the above mentioned measurements most of them are food insecure. Using Food Consumption Score and WFP standard, it is found that 50.8% of the sample households are under poor food consumption, 43.3% are in borderline and only the remaining 5.9% are in acceptable food consumption level. Using Coping Strategy Index, it is found that all households use various types of coping strategies which implies that the sample households have food security problem. Based on quartile ranking categorization of food security status of the households, the study shows that 19.2% of the household are extremely severe food insecure status, 26.7% are severe food insecure status, 26.7% are moderately severe food insecure status and 27.5% are least severe insecure status. The study shows FHHs food insecurity problem is mainly attributed to lack of education coupled with low income, current food price inflation, less social capital, poor health and lack of physical capital especially housing. This in turn has an impact in buying better quantity and quality of food. It was also found that most food insecure households have various coping strategies to withstand food stress such as relying on less preferred and less expensive food, limiting the volume of meal, restricting consumption order for small children and skipping meals. The extremely severe strategy is sending children to eat with neighbors and sending household members for begging. Thus, the government interventions are highly required to address these problems, specifically after the extremely severe coping strategy.
Impacts of Female Infertility on Women's Lived Experience: The Case of Women Visiting Gondar Hospital, Amhara Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Berihun, Tinsae; Mulugeta, Emebet (PhD)
Ever exisled worldwide, bUI hasn 't been well researched aspecl Fom women's point of view, infertilily is a problem in which women are suffering Fom ils multidimensional consequences in North Gondar Zone-Amhara Region. Realizing this, this sludy is conducted 10 explore the impacts of Female infertility on women's lived experience in the socia-cultural, psychological, marital, economic, sexual and health dimensions. The primwy data were collected by employing in-depth interviews for infertile women, as a major source of data collection tool and interviews to key injormants complemented with survey questionnaire. The study revealed that childlessness affected the social, psychological, marital and economic conditions of infertile women. It was also found that infertility has a potential to affect the sexual life of women which resulted Fom the severe p;ychological trauma. Moreover, including the possible pains following their infertility, infertile women are found at the risks of STi and HIVIAIDS since extra-marital relationship is highly practiced by Iheir husbands as well as by Ihemselves. This filrther indicated that divorce and remarriage have grounds in childless marilal life. The study also pointed out thai inferiile women show maximal interesls to bear children due 10 various reasons like- 10 gain labor aid, financial and care supporllill death and even afier death 10 carry onfamily's name, to meet socielal expectations, tofiliJili the norms ofwomen 's idenlity, to get prestige and happiness, to keep husband's name, and to ensure legitimate tramier of their properties. Regarding their options, infertile women are told to get injimility test with Iheir husbands which imply the inclusion of men in the problem. Although there is a chance of undergoing infertility Ireatmel1l, poor medicalfacililies and inadequate medical specialists at GondaI' Ho;pital are hindrances in which infertile women encounlered when seeking solulions to Iheir problems. Hence, it is suggested thai the availability of inferlility treatment centers with proper facil ities, adequale and well-qualified professionals in infertility need 10 be fit/filled. In addition, counseling services for couples should be provided logether wilh the infertililY trealmenl. Raising the awareness of Ihe SOCiety about the causes and prevention methods Ihrough health education is also found to be central to reduce the blame and abused relationship that infertile women faced.
The Impact of Urban Expansion on the Livelihood of Peri-Urban Farming Communities in Alamgena Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Shishigu, Eyasu; Abwje, WOlldimu (PhD)
Urban ce" ters are expanding towards their periphery rescuing the livelihood of farmin g communities. Alamgena town has been expanding towards the periphery since its foundation. The expansion has two characteristics, demand driven expansion and supply driven expansion. Expansion before 2002 was caused by increased land demand while expansion after 2002 is caused by supply driven expansion. The second expansion is the result of revision of the town's plan by BOWUD. The plan has brought 646.9 hectares of land for urban use from the surrounding rural areas. Implementation of the expansion plan has been done through expropriation of land from (armers holding and as a result, more than 300 (armel's became land less. The thesis dealt about the impact o( the expansion on the livelihood of these farm ers. Surveying, key informant in depth interview, (ocus group discussion and personal obse rvatif''1s are the methods employed in the thesis. Result o( the (indings shows that implemenll..llion o( land expropriation was not participatory and hence (armers' resistance was observed. In order to control (armers ' resistance the implementers use force, which create hostility among farm ers towards government o((icials. Compensation payment bases have done at (ederal and regional government level. The amount o( income disconnected was what farm ers got as compensation. During implementation though the government promised bene(its to the farm ers, they fail to fUlfill all the promised benefits to the (armers. The expansion has destroyed (anners' assets through expropriating their land. Following thiS, they became job insecure. 1.ack of due follow up (rom concerned organization, lack of knowledge how to us their money and lack o( sill and education are the problems (armers face while they are adapting urban ways o( Ii(e. In order to alleviate farmers from their problem, Government, NGOs and private investors should put their effort for farmers.

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