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Item Acceptability of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) in Assosa Town, Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2002-06) Dcjen, Michael; Teklu, Tesfaye (PhD)A cross sectional survey was conducted in Assosa town of the Benshangul Gumze National Regional State on March 2002, to identifying factors that affect the acceptability of VCT services in Assosa town of the Benshangul Gumze National Regional State. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were utilized to gather the required information. The collected data was analysed using bi variate and mUltivariate techniques and results were presented using tables and in the form of rates and proportions. The observed association between dependant variables and covariates was presented in the form of Chi-square and Odds ratio. Results of the Focus Group Discussions and in depth interviews were presented as excerpt and in the form of case studies Six hundred ninety two respondents between the age of 15 and 49 years selected with using multistage sampling procedure were included in the study. The male female ratio of the study subjects was almost 1: 1 with the mean age of 25.6 and standard deviation of:!: 8.53 years. More than 86 percent of the respondents are aware of HIV/AIDS and about 85 percent of them know whether one can check his/her HIV status through a blood test and three fourth stated that the service is available in Assosa town. Nearly eighty seven percent expressed willingness to use VCT service; and about equal proportion (86.1 %) show intention to ask their partners for VCT, however, a lesser proportion (75%) expressed their readiness to declare the HIV test result. The bivariate analysis result showed a significant association between respondents that belief that People Living with HIV/AIDS need better care and support among those who intend to use VeT and with risk perception for HIV for those who expressed their readiness to declare the test result. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that sex employment status and respondents belief that People Living with HIV/AIDS need better care are significant predicators for the respondents readiness to request their partners for VeT. The VCT centre of Assosa hospital is found to be not functional on fu ll time bases and getting the HIV test result can take up to two weeks time. Furthermore mechanisms are not in place that ensure People Living With HIV/AIDS could be provided with a continuous care and support from the concerned. Intensive Information Education and Communication activities on VeT aimed at reducing stigmatising effects of AIDS and HIV positive result in Assosa town , strengthening the VeT centre of the Assosa hospital so as to enable it functional at full capacity and establishing other free standing VCT centres are the major recommendations of the study.Item Achievement and Challenges of Micro and Small Enterprises in Improving. The Income of the Poor: The Case of Two Sub Cities of A sella Town.(Addis Ababa University, 2010-05) Gebremariam, Yoseph; Alemu, Getnet (PhD)This paper analyzes the achievemellts of Micro ami small Enterprises ill improvillg the illcome of urban poor alld identifies the clllIlIellges they are encountering. The study is cOllducted in Asella town- Oromia regional state, ill two sub cities ami 011 44 ellterprises. The subjects of the study are operators of MSEs in the particular enterprises. Representative samples were selected usillg both random afl(l 1101l-rllfulom sampling methods from which data were gathered, usillg questiollllaires alld focus group discussiolls ami thell descriptive statistics afl(1 before alld after approach (paired sample T- test) of data analysis are employed. As a result, it is found that: the program has created employmellt opportunity particularly to those jobless dwellers, there are significant differences in operators' illcome, expansioll and growth is exhibited itl growth oriellted enterprises, improvements are realized in; households' fIXed assets, access to education ami medical services after establishment of the business ventures. The findings of the study revealed that Micro and small enterprises in the study area are playing a vital role ill illcreasing income, creating employment opportunities ami generally improving the livillg cOllditions of their operators. However, they are facing with various challenges afl(l threats that could lifJect their sustainable contributions to the proliferation of their overall benefits. These includes: financial constraints, inadequate technical ami mallagerial trainings, inadequate markets alld market linkages, high level of depelldellce 011 government projects, disagreement among members al/ll the like. Finally, for a better achievement of objectives of the program in the study area, illterventiolls such as: access to finance, appropriate supports to improve outputs (supply) and market demand, and promoting a culture Ihal sllppol'ls and rewards entrepreneurship, need 10 be undertaken.Item Achievements and Challenges in the Implementation of Result-Oriented Performance Management System in the Ethiopian Federal Civil Service: Case Study of Three Selected Ministries(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Mitchel, Sirgut; Ayenew, Meheret (PhD)PeljiJrmance measurement helps organizations to identify gaps and to take corrective ac/ions as important ingredients jiJr an organization to excel in today's competitive environment. In order to evaluate performance properly, developing and implementing a workable .system that suits the requirements ofa job is vital to prove that they are within the bounds' of the expected results. This research is conducted with the objective of assessing the implementation process of result oriented peljormance management system (ROPMS) in the civil service organizations focusing on identifying major achievements gained and challenges faced To assess the situation three civil service organizations were selected for the study they are: Ministries of Finance and Economic Development, Ministry of Trade and Indusfly and MinistlY of Revenue. The study employed qualitative research methodology. Data was collected through questionnaire me/hod and analyzed The main areas of focus in the study is to /.Inders/and and analyze the major organiza/ional factors which contributed for proper implementa/ion of ROPMS, the appropriateness of the implementation process and the level of commitment of managemen/ and employee to facilitate implementation of ROPMSfor /he intended results. Thefindings reveal that creation of awareness about strategic planning, and ROPMS, developed a positive altilude towards vision, mission and objectives of organizations, recognized as a belter system to minimize subjectivity and helped organization /0 streng/hen employee - supervisor rela/ionship are some of the achievements of the .~yslem. The necessity of maximizing stalf participation in the developmen/ of strategic plan, improvemen/ in leadership quality, in/egrating ROPMS wi/h other systems of /he organiza/ions, absence of proper monitoring and evaluation sys/em and organ, inadequacy of measurement standards, lack of proper culture to implement the system are identified as major challenges faced during the implementation. To overcome the challenges the importance of developing and implementing an integrated peljormance management system, monitoring and evaluation system, empowering civil service organizations, the think-tank groups, continuous training and coaching, conSidering the name ROPMS andjilrther study for the .system implementability and sustainability are recommended II' proper allention is given ./i'om the part of the government at large and leaders of individual organizations ROPMS can bring about ejjiciency and effectiveness for the organizations within a short period of time.Item Achievements, Gaps and Prospects of The Productive Safety Net Program in Ethiopia: The Case of Lemo Woreda, Hadia Zone, Snnprs(Addis Ababa University, 2007-05) Molla, Tefera; Nigatu, Workineh (PhD)Combinations of natural and man-made factors have resulted in a serious and growing food insecurity problem in many parts of Eth iopia. About fifteen million people are lacing food insecurity that is either chronic or transitolY in nature. The governments of Ethiopia and its development partners have made concel1ed effort to avert the problem of food in security and vulnerability. To this effect, a national food security strategy was developed in the year 2002, one component of which is the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP). This program has been designed and implemented to address the needs of chronically food insecure households in a total of 267 targeted woredas from seven regional states of the countly. Meanwhile, in order to ensure an effective implementation of the program, the government put in place a guideline which clearly defines the rules to be applied in its way to achieve the expected outcomes. Specifically. the implementation guideline stipulates, among others, the institutional arrangements, targeting, payments, as well as monitoring and evaluation system. Even if the PSNP is still in the course of implementation and has brought about encouraging results, there are some evidences that its implementation has also encountered problerlls. Thus, assessing the achievements and gaps as well as indicating the prospects 01 ti le PSNP is, more than any thing, a relevant and trmely agenda in Ethiopia. Therefore, this thesis was conducted to assess the achievements, gaps and prospects of the Ethiopian PSNP taking the case of Lema Woreda , which is one of the 267 Safety Net Woredas in Ethiopia. The thesis argues that, no matter how a program is properly designed, unless the rules are implemented to the level of expectations, it would be difficult to expect the envisaged outcomes from tire program. The thesis tries to examine whether rule are properly applied; i. e. institutions are right, targeting criteria are properly applied, payments are appropriate and progresses are tracked properly vis-a-vis the program documents. Besides, the thesis investigates the expected outcome of rescuing household asset depletion and explores, if there are any, undesirabfe outcomes of the program. To come up with the research findings, afresh cla ta Irom household level sUNey plus face-to-face inteNiew with key informants as well as focus group discussions were supplemented with secondary data obtained through consulting pertinent literatures. Analysis of sUNey results shows that institutions are not performing well, targeting-related problems are obseNeci. payments are inadequate and mechanism of monitoring and evaluation is practically missing. The findings, however, also revealed that the PSNP, either directfy or indirectfy, has been successful in terms of preventing the deple tion of the human, physical, social, natural and human capitals of most of the targeted beneficiaries. Corroborating with other fin dings, the study also uncovered that there are also undesirable outcomes like creating andlor aggravating dependency attitude as well as weakening of informal institutions. Hence, scaling-up or out of the specified achievements and redressing the gaps thereof is tantamount to make the PSNP bear a fruit. Tefera Molla: Addis Ababa Uni versity, RLDS-School of Graduate Studies Key: Words: Asset Depletion ; protection ; prevention Household stafynet safety net; and implementationItem Administrative Powers of the Federal Environmental Protection Authority of Ethiopia in the Protection of the Environment: The Law And The Practice(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Teklemedhn, Merhatbeb; Bedri, Abdulhamid(PhD)This study examines into the extent of exercise of rule making, adjudication and investigative powers of the Federal Environmental Protection Authority of Ethiopia (FEPAE). The investigation has mainly focused on revealing gaps in the law and the practice of implementation of the mandates of the organization under study. Reviews of legal instruments, key informant interview, as well as documentation of prevalent realities pertaining to the institutional operation of FEP AE were the major sources of data. Qualitative analysis were employed, and the analysis were multifaceted, iterative, and simultaneous which eventually mirror out what has been intended to put into practice and what is actually being accomplished. Findings revealed that the FEPAE is not up to expected to review and approve the enabling directives, guidelines and environmental standards which are thought to be the sine qua conditions for the realization of its very mandates and that have a far reaching implication on regional environmental authorities to apply the same or formulate their own no less stringent laws. Secondly, the study uncovered that the FEPAE has no full-fledged legal and institutional machineries that guarantee the protection of the environment with regard to review of environmental impact assessment and adjudication of complaints. Thirdly, the FEPAE's act of delegation of the power to review EIAR to sector institutions is found to be subject to substantive and procedural ultra virus. Fourthly, it is learnt that the FEP AE institutional structure does not consist of environmental inspectors unit which is expected to generate up to date information that enables it to take timely action in the case of actual or potential damage to the environment. Finally, the study implied that the failure of the FEPAE to exercise its mandates up to the expected may have negative implication on the protection of the environment, and in turn in the realization of sustainable development.Item Adolescent Perceptions of Sexual Health Issues: A Case Study of Students of High School in Addis Ababa.(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Yimer, Wossen; .B, R. Upadhyay (PhD)The concept of Adolesce nt reproductive Health (ARH) has gained attent ion follow ing the international conference (ICPD) held in September 1994 in Cairo, Egypt. Reproductive heahh problems assoc iated with the ri sk behaviour and vulne rabil ity of adolescen ts, especially in re lation to early and unwanted pregnancy, un safe abortion, sexually transmitted infection and HIV/AIDS. Therefore, addressing risk behaviour is certainly important, considering that many adolescents have ins ufficient factlJaI knowledge of sexual and reproductive health. Also they have in adequate guidance from adults and limited access to health care services, of course sexual intercourse is an inevitable precondition for the generational continuation of human existence. In the current conditions of HIV/AIDS as a new glo bal risk, however, sex has become a possible threat to existence of people in all societies.In this study, an attempt has been made to in vestigate the i~of sex u a l ~alth among the school adolescents in Addis Ababa High School. Risks of sexual behavior cannot be predicted in the current circumstances in which especially adolescent meet many ri sky challenges that drive their behav ior and even their int imacy. When th e world around them is rapidly changing young people face threatening syndromes like HI V/AIDS, which cause ontological uncertainty because of their un known character. Adults impose their sex ual worries on to children and young adu lts in ways, which are relatively inaccessible and bounded by what cannot be sa id aloud or clearly s e~n because of the taboo character of sex. Taboo makes the issue of sex extremely diffi cult to di scuss with young people, the exact ri sks, however, being warned about. Most of these risks arc preventable but many paren ts, opin ion leaders and policy makers are afraid to act. They do not want to inform young people about sex and its consequences because they believe th is will lead to teenage promiscu ity and immorality. Parents might be embarrassed to bring up reproductive health wi th their children, opinion leaders may not speak out because they wish 10 avoid contro ve rsy. As a consequence, our societies face unnecessary human and social costs. The purpose of th e study is to in..x.e~t i ga t e... th e_status of reproductive hea lth among ado lesce nts in Addis Ababa High Schools, by usi ng prin)ary and seconqary sources of information. Its main objectives arc I) to assess the knowledge, attitude, beliefs and perceptions of reprod uctive heal th pract ices of high school s tudents in Addis Ababa, and 2) to map out their sources of information and 3) to assesses att itudc of adolescent towards sex education. This study was carried out in Addis Ababa High School students. At the time of data coll ection, there were 70 High Schools and a total of 96,57 1 students all in at! in the city. Out of these l..Q..schools randomly se lected and 600 students were sampled from each grade and gender (3 14 males and 286 females). The study was conducted in Mwch 2005. The major findin gs of the study showed that age of adolescents determine thei r sexual behaviour; the ir knowledge on aspects of their own sexual ly is seen incomplctc and not enough to minimi ze ri sk-taking behavior. Younger adolescents shown more open att itudes toward sexual issues th an the older adolescents do. The knowledge about sexual health issues comes from health professionals and teachers as well as some patchy information is receivcd from peers of the same sex who may th emse lves be too litt le informed or misinformed. Based on the out comes of the study, seeking of general information on how to behave in the sexual life sphere was positively percei ved, as claimed by both male and female adolescents. Yet more than half of all adolescents believe that it is unacceptable to discuss these matte rs openly with their parents or adults. It is a lso found from the ana l y~is that a greatcr number of male than fema le respondents know more about the top two co ntraceptive methods namely condom and pill s. Most part, more than (8 1.8%) of all adolescen ts, indicate their interest to use contraceptive mcthods in the futu re. The study indicates that quite large portion of male (44.3%) and females (39.5%) among the population undcr the study were sexually active, more th an half of them (67.5%) reported to have had unprotected sexual intercourse. While the rest telt that they used contraception (condom) in the past. The general attitude is that the act of premarital intercourse is not supported in this survey. Based on the findin g, some suggestions arc forwarded for futu re needs to initiate sex education in the school curriculum emphasizing the community-based efforts, as recommended. Furthermore, for practical reasons, community based preventive interventions s ites need to be established by enabling the ex isting networks: health fac ilities, relig ious organi zation s, school teachers and peer educators.The usc of trained peers as educators could be a part of lhe school curricu lum and an inc rease of lhe responsi bi lity of parents in matters concerning sexuality of adolescents might ease the workload on health profess ionals and teac hers.Item Adolescent Sexual Behavior and the Risk of HIV Infection in Urban Ethiopia: The Case of Awassa City(Addis Ababa University, 2005-12) Getahun, Dejene; Hailemariam, Assefa (PhD)II/V I A II)S is one of the seriolls health and social problems the world is facing 10 day. The epidemic is unique in its deuQS1Qting impact on the social, economic and demographic development. III Ethiopia. the highest rltllnber of AJ[)S cases was reported in the age group 2 0-39 in I he year 2003. ThIS fOCI revealed that most of the infections OCCUlTed much earlier during the period ofyuJth. IJas l researches have focused on knowledge about condonl d is tn'bution, pattern oJ condom utilization, . sexual violence, knowledge, altitude and practice of HIVI AIDS and knowledge and sexual behavior 011 IIIVI AIIJSI STDs. Little is known, however, about correlates of youth sexual activity , ris /cy sexual behavior and factors that motivates youths to engage in sex. This study, therefore, addresses the sexual risk taking behavior among youths aged 15-24 who are of particular interest given the fact that HIV is mainly transmitted through sexual contact.' The study was aimed at exploring the sexual behavior of youths in the city of A. Jassa. A sUl'IJey was conducted involving 383 unmarried youths aged 15-24 in the year 200S using a stll1ctured questionnaire. Multinomial regression was used to examine whether different p rediclor variables were associated with sexual risk fa ctors for HIV infection. Descriptive analyses of respondents' characteristics were made to obtain a general description of sexual ris k behavior. According to Ihe analyses majon'ty of the youths had never had sex and those who have ever had sex were se:n.lOlly aclive occasionally. Despite the fact that most of the youths were aware of IIIVI AJ[)S. considerable prop011ion oj the respondents had misconception regarding hal/} the virus con he ( . transmitted. The regression analysis re vealed that household s ocia economic stat"·s wasJound to have an influence on sexual risk taking behavior oj youths. FurthelIDore, living an'Ollgements of youths explains the van'alion in risk taking behavior i.e. living with both parents in the past and currenlly were protective fa clors frOTH sexual risk. J\10reover, current religiosity was also a protective faclor from sexual risk taking behavior. Nevertheless, involvements in other behavioral risks and engagement in economic activities during the nlOnth prim' to the survey were found to be s igm/icanl in increasing the likelihood oj risky sexual behavior. 13ased on t he findings of lhe study a better and widespread public educalion on fIlV I AIDS, expansion oj sexual health services for unmarried yO/lII1" and implementation of programs that are inlended to enhance household slandard of living w ere commented. A policy issue lhal m;ghl em.erge from this sludy is lo open opportunities in the area where parents, healthcare providers, the school and religious leaders can guide .I'U1(II!.\ on making responsible decisions esp ecially on se.>..:ual iss ues.Item Agricultural Product Marketing: Challenges Towards A Commercial Approach With Particular Reference to Cereal Crops (A Case Study in Bahir Dar Zuria Woreda)(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Kebie, Abebe; Pa ul, Issac (PhD)Agriculture is the main stay of Ethiopia's economy and it is the point of concern in today's policy arena. The present government has given a due and prior importance to the sector and have subscribed to Agricultural Development led Industrialization policy as basic strategy of the economy. However, Ethiopian agriculture is intertwined with multiple problems such as traditional means of farming along with minimum use of modern imputes; ever increasing population and consequently small amount of plot per household; poor market infrastructure which is characterized by insatiability of prices, financial and credit problems, post harvest losses, transportation and communication problems, high and exorbitant transaction costs etc. Market among other things playa make or break role in agricultural development and transformation since increase In production is no more than useless in the absence of efficient markets.This study aims to asses the challenges of agricultural product marketing with reference to cereal crop producing farmers in Bahir Dar Zuria woreda in terms of production, pricing and distribution of agricultural crops and identifying the major actors in the sector at the woreda. To this end a survey was made on 200 farm households selected from the woreda and the data obtained from the survey (from184 valid cases) was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies and graphsIt was learned from the study that farmers who produce the products, consumers who purchase the products for consumption (both rural and urban), retailers and assemblers who purchase the products for profit purpose are the main actors of agricultural product marketing at the woreda level. Majority of farmers in the study woreda are subsistence oriented in their production decision and hence their business/ commercial motive is low. They mostly select the products that they cultivate in line with crop rotation needs, land suitability for the crop under consideration and food habit of the family members and the society around. Their consideration of market prices is low. Land scarcity and lack of finance to buy agricultural imputes are the main problems of the farmers. When it comes to pricing most farmers are not informed about the price of similar products in other woredas due to lack information and communication technologies. Distribution wise majority of the farmers transport their products by traditional methods mainly through animal backs such as donkeys and mules.Item Agricultural Product Marketing: Challenges Towards a Commercial Approach With Particular Reference to Cereal Crops a Case Study in Bahir Dar Zuria Woreda(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Kebie, Abebe; Paul, Issac (PhD)Agriculture is the main stay of Ethiopia's economy and it is the point of concern in today's policy arena. The present government has given a due and prior importance to the sector and have subscribed to Agricultural Development led Industrialization policy as basic strategy of the economy. However, Ethiopian agriculture is intertwined with multiple problems such as traditional means of farming along with minimum use of modern imputes; ever increasing population and consequently small amount of plot per household; poor market infrastructure which is characterized by insatiability of prices, financial and credit problems, post harvest losses, transportation and communication problems, high and exorbitant transaction costs etc. Market among other things playa make or break role in agricultural development and transformation since increase In production is no more than useless in the absence of efficient markets. This study aims to asses the challenges of agricultural product marketing with reference to cereal crop producing farmers in Bahir Dar Zuria woreda in terms of production, pricing and distribution of agricultural crops and identifying the major actors in the sector at the woreda. To this end a survey was made on 200 farm households selected from the woreda and the data obtained from the survey (from184 valid cases) was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies and graphs. It was learned from the study that farmers who produce the products, consumers who purchase the products for consumption (both rural and urban), retailers and assemblers who purchase the products for profit purpose are the main actors of agricultural product marketing at the woreda level. Majority of farmers in the study woreda are subsistence oriented in their production decision and hence their business/ commercial motive is low. They mostly select the products that they cultivate in line with crop rotation needs, land suitability for the crop under consideration and food habit of the family members and the society around. Their consideration of market prices is low. Land scarcity and lack of finance to buy agricultural imputes are the main problems of the farmers. When it comes to pricing most farmers are not informed about the price of similar products in other woredas due to lack information and communication technologies. Distribution wise majority of the farmers transport their products by traditional methods mainly through animal backs such as donkeys and mules.Item Agricultural Productivity Growth and Its Impact on Household Poverty in Selected Villages in Rural Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-05) Ayalew, Zewdu; Alamirew, Bamlaku (PhD)Poverty is pervasive in rural Ethiopia. The Growth and Transformation Plan stipulated that increasing agricultural productivity of farmers is one entry point for poverty reduction. In this Regard, studying the sources of productivity growth and its implication for poverty reduction is very important for policy making. So far, studies in Ethiopia focused on productivity per se. Other studies on household poverty also paid more attention on the impact of productivity-enhancing factors such as roads and improved agricultural water management technologies on household poverty. However, studies on the impact of productivity growth on poverty reduction are limited. In an attempt to fill this gap, this study analyzed sources of agricultural productivity and its impact on household poverty. Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) was employed to decompose the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index using the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey data. The results showed that agricultural TFP grew for the sample households. The analysis further showed that the main source of TFP growth was improvement in technical efficiency. The results also revealed that there is no growth in technology (the state of knowledge) of the farmers that sign ificantly shifts the production frontier upward. Results of Two Stages Least Squares (2SLS) fixed effects regression also indicated that growth in technical efficiency reduces household poverty. Other productivity indicators, land and labor productivity, also reduces household poverty, albeit not as responsive as technical efficiency.Item Agroforestry a Diversified Agriculture Accommodating Dense Population: The Case of Yirgacheffe Woreda, Gedeo Zone, Snnpr, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-01) Bekele, Solomon; Gebreselassie, Kidist (PhD)Ethiopia, as in many sub-Saharan African countries is undergoing extensive environmental degradation. This is manifesting itself through rapid deforestation, thinning of tree cover, soil erosion and declining soil productivity. Various explanations have been given for the causes of such degradation. Among the causes, the population growth-environment nexus has been extensively debated. As a result, contrasting views, i.e., the "Malthusian" and the "Boserupian" emerged. Similarly land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa is a subject of an on-going debate. Conflicting perspectives emerged on the effects of increasing population on land degradation. The bulk of literature emphasizes that land degradation is caused mainly by population pressure and several related issues, while a recently growing literature views population pressure as an important resource for conserving the environment through enhancing intensive farming of the agroforestry system. The thesis aims at analyzing important components of the Gedeo agroforestry system namely IK, inclusion of varied large trees and crop diversity on household farms in the face of intense demographic pressure. The potential effects of demographic variables on the IK of agroforestry system, inclusion of diverse large trees, and the diversity of crops is analyzed by setting out three specific objectives. Data obtained from a survey of 420 sample households, Focus Group Discussions and Key informant interviews in 4 kebeles ofYirgachaffe woreda is employedfor the analysis. Regression models are estimated to analyze the potential effect of demographic variables on IK of agrofores!IY practice, and the relationship between demographic variables and the inclusion of diverse large trees in croplands and to identify variables that explain the farm level crop diversity. Results indicate that demographic pressure through a positive influence on the components of the agroforestry system, namely, IK system of the community, inclusion and conservation of more diverse large trees in croplands, and diversity of crop species on household farms is likely to enhance environmental conservation and agricultural production in the Gedeo setting. Hence, the intriguing question of how the study area is able to accommodate the high population density without facing serious environmental issues finds part of the explanation from the evidence that population pressure enhances the key environmental components of the agroforestry system. This suggests that taking action to devising a way of transferring IKfrom the bigger sized and older households to the smaller sized and younger households, enhancing information and input sharing on the management of diverse large trees, and raising the capacity of small sized and female headed households is a useful strategy 10 enhance the important components of Ihe Gedeo agroforestry system and thereby conserve the environment.Item Analysis of Gender Vulnerability to Climate Change and Variability: The Case of Bako Tibe Dish-iet(2014-06) Regassa, Zina; Aseffa, Engidawerk (PhD)Recently, climate change is becoming a global phenomena, but its impact is unevenly distributed among the regions, economic class, age class and between males and females. This study analyzes the vulnerabililY of gender to climate change and variability in the three dominant agro ecologies of Bako Tibe district. Multi-stage stralified random sampling was designed, for which Ihe sample kebele, that represent Ihe respective agro ecology, was purposively selecled while Ihe sample households were randomly selected, keeping Ihe male and female headed household representatives equal in each kebele(agro ecologies).Accordingly, 138 household~ were surveyed in the dislrict, for which 46 household in each representative agro ecology andfinally, equal proportion of both gender were selected FGDs ,key informant interview and observations were employed to collect primary dala while secondary data was basically collected on metrological data jrom Bako Agricultural Research Center(BARC) for lowland ago ecology and Shambu metrological station for the olher two agro ecologies. The sludy used integrated vulnerability assessment method through the construction of indices ji-om the selecled indicator of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The indicalors were weighled using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The overall result of gender profile aClivity assessment shows unequal dislribution of workloads and unfair traditional work division between males and females figuring that females discharges a higher work load and constrained wilh unfair work division in relative to males. This unequal dislribution of work load and unfair work division darken the overall picture offemales in the community and shapes Ihe degree of vulnerability to climate change ,since it hampers the asset formation ,ownership and control of females, that filrther brings a lower livelihood asset pos~'ession in relative 10 males. The results of gender vulnerability analysis shows that females are relatively vulnerable to climate changes compared to the males in their respective agro ecology even though their vUlnerability level varies across agro ecologies. The study implies that better possession of livelihood asset even under the slress filii climatic condition lowers vulnerability level. The separale vulnerability analysis of male and female in different agro ecology shows Ihat the existing exposure in a locality is oflen modified at household level depending upon the inherent adaptive capacity of gender to give the picture of overall vulnerability(i.e. lowland agro ecology). Using only Ihe biophysical indicators of vulnerability (exposure and sensitivit)'l can thus lead to an erroneous policy implication. Furthermore, intra-agro ecology analysis of gender vulnerability indicates thai poor males and females with low adaplive capacities are vulnerable, irrespeclive of where they are located Policy measures and development efforts should be focused towards improving the adaptive capacity of the rural households especially females, while keeping Ihe posl-disaster emergency relief measures in place for localilies with higher exposure to climate extremes. The females wilh lower livelihood asset should be the primary target of any interventions. Keywords: Gender, Vulnerabil ity, Cli mate change and variabi lity, Agro ecologiesItem Analysis of Household Consumption Patterns in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 1982-06) Aredo, Dejene; Mulat, Teshome (PhD)The point o f departure o f this study was a n examination o f the limita tions o f the traditi onal appr oach t o consump ti on a nalysis in the developinG countries . An a l ternative appr oach was developed a nd applie d t o the socio- e c o nomic r ealities o f pos t-revolutionary Ethiopi a . The appr onche ' permitted one t o a nalyse h ousehold c onsumption pat t er ns o f the c ountry fr om diff erent aneles. The s t~ tly suggested that th os e who a r e c oncerned with c onsumption planning Gould be able t o contribute more t o t he de velopment o f the national economy by r e c onsidering their appr oach t o the subject .Item Analysis of Medium Term Expenditure Framework and Budget Allocation: The Case of Addis Ababa City Administration(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Abera, Yetmgeta; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)In the developing world the level oj development remained unsatisJactory partly due to insufficient access to financial resources, poor utilization and management oj the resources in the public sector. To contribute its part the general objective oj this study is to examine the pelformance oj Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and its outcome on budget system oj Addis Ababa City. The thesis is designed to Jollow descriptive and exploratory type oJresearch method. Data have been collectedFom both primmy and secondary sources in order to generate relevant and valid result. Accordingly both structured and semi-structured questionnaires and interviews were implemented to access primary data Fom 76 respondents oj 22 public bureaus and 5 sub citiesThe findings oj the analysis revealed that MTEF is integrated in to the budget process; improved reallocation oj budget towards poverty oriented sectors based on the city's strategic plan when compared to the pre-MTEF implementation period. Acknowledging some benefits oj MTEF, its overall contribution to the budget system observed to be limited. Budget is highly input oriented rather thanJocusing on perJormance. There is no unit cost and standardization oj activities to estimate operational and project costs in the budget processOn the basis oj the empirical finding, the linkage between MTEF and the budget trend indicate that there is improvement on both revenue and expenditure perJormance. However, due to the Jact that many exogenous Jactors are left out only MTEF may not be attributed to these improvements. It is concluded that coupled with weak capacity oj the city, a fiill-fledged MTEF, is not sequenced by overall PEM reJorm restricting its Jull benef it. As a result, in order to improve the budget system, it calls Jor Jurther reJorm, which includes redesigning a city level MTEF, Jollowed by sequences reinJorcing reJorms to bring successful paradigm shift.Item Analysis of Vegetable Market Chain in Dugda Woreda, East Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Setegn, Dawit; Paul, Issac (PhD)This study is aimed at assessing vegetable market chain in Dugda Woreda, Oromia Region oj Ethiol'ia(ocusing on tomato and onion products. Irrigated vegetable production is increasing with pop Illation grOlvth and changes in consumption habits in Ethiopia creating business 0pp0i'lunity Jor many actors along the market chain, despite number oj production and marketing constraints. Analysis oj marketing peljormance oj vegetable plays an important role in an ongoing or Juture market development plan. This study aimed at analyzing the market chain of vegetable Jor Dugda Woreda with the specific objectives of identifoing the key vegetable marketing aclOrs and channels: examining market structure oj major actors: assessing the market peljormance Jar key vegetable markeling aclors and channels by quantifoing costs and profit margins: and identifying key production and marketing constraints and opportunities Jaced by smallholders. The data was generated by household survey using a pre-tested structured questionnaire, key in/ormanl interview, Jocus group discussions, semi structured questionnaires and checklists. This was supplemented by secondcu), data collected from different published and unpublished sources. The data analyzed using SPSS version 20 and summarized info descriptive formals slich as frequ encies, percentages, means and standard deviation. Besides, Structure, Conduct and Performance (SCP) model employed to evaluate Ihe slructure and peljormance oj vegetable market. The study finding shows that vegetable market chain actors are broadly classified into Ihree: input suppliers: direcl market actors (producers, brokers, Jarmer traders, wholesalers, relailers and consllmers): and enablers (extension service providers & credit providers). Vegetable producers sell their products to different market intermediaries andfinal consumers. About five vegetable marketing channels were idenlified. The total amollnt oj vegetable that was transacted through these marketing channels in 201-1115 was 32,010 quintals. Chunnel II was Jound to be the dominant lIlarkeling channel in terms oj volume oj vegetable supply, where about 23,752 qllintals oj vegetable (74.2% of the total vegetable) was supplied to the market. Channel {II was the second dominant market supplier, where about 6,786 quintals oj vegetable (21.2%) supplied through this channel. The study result also shows that the total gross marketing margin was 30% with producer participation margin oj 70%. The markel intermediaries incurred different marketing costs such as packing, sorting, transportal ion, loading and unloading. Central wholesalers obtain relatively highest profit in channel /I and 1/1, which amounted to Birr 204,827 and 58,675, respectively. The study result signifies that thefirst Jour largest volumes of vegetable purchased by traders (CR,) constilule 50% of market share. which indicates the market structure Jor vegetable is strongly oligopolislic. OLS regression results also revealed that there are econamies oj scale Jor wholesalers at Meki market, which clearly indicates the presence oj barrier to entry/exit Jor wholesalers in the market. Opportlll1ilies idenlified Jor vegetable production include: existence oj groundwater, convenient agro-ecology and ideally appropriate for agro-processing induslries. On Ihe other hand, challenges recognized for vegetable market chain includes: oligopolislic market structure, absence qf storage Jacililies, soil salinity, overutilizatioll oj inputs (fertilizers), increasing cost oj inputs, lack of il1lproved seeds and chemicals (insecticides and jill7gicides), price fluc tuatian, and high markel involvemenl oj brokers. Policy implications drawn from the study findings necessitate legalizing and supporting actors in the local vegetable markets, creating access 10 accurate and regular nwrkel inJorlllation and technical support to producers on crop diversification. Keywords: Vegerable, market chain, market margin, OrdinOlJI Least Square, challenges.Item Analyzing Land Management Challenges and Willingness to Pay of Developers to Pay For Land in Special Zone of Oromia Region Surrounding Addis Ababa the Case of Sululta Sebeta and Legetafo-Dadi Towns(Addis Ababa University, 2010-07) Jima, Wondwossen; Mahiteme, Yirgalem(PhD)ABSTRACT: Land management addresses all issues related to the sound and susta inable use of land. It is the process by which the resources of land are put to good use. Like in many other developing countries, in Ethiopia, land management process has not been immune to the growing phenomena of land management cha llenges. This paper analyzes land management challenges and determinant factors of Willingness to pay (WTP) of investors for land. It specifically questions causes, effects and response options of the problems such as land speculation, the issue of governance and information in relation to land management and land lease policy implementation as well as informality on land. It also seeks to identify factors that affect WTP of developers to pay for land using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) econometric model. The study utilized the survey method, interviews with selected government officials, and review municipal documents to generate empirical data. A sample of 290 households from formal residents (200), informal settlers (40) and developers (50) was used. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select formal residents and developers, whereas purposive sampling was used to select informal settlers. Empirical evidence was complemented by a study in three selected towns from a Special Zone of Oromia National Regional State surrounding Addis Ababa, namely Sebeta, Sululta and Lege Tafo-Dadi. Descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis and Liker Scale questions were employed using SPPS-16, E-Views-6 and Severity index calculation, respectively, to analyze the collected data. The results obtained from th is study ind icated that governance, information, lease policy, speculation and informality in the land management process are plu ral and characterized by multiple linkages. These multiple dimensions affect the content, process and outcomes of the land management system in the study area. A significant number of developers buy land not for consumption but for saving. Like the local town government, land speculators have also provided land for those who have the capacity to buy. Farmers at the expansion area have break up their land in small sizes and offered it for sell. Informal settlements in the study area are not necessarily perceived as illegitimate by the actors concerned. Major determinants of informality in this analysis include poverty, shortcomings associated with the social housing programs, unrealistic urban land use regulations and standards, bottleneck bureaucratic tendencies and bad governance. Institutional response options from state and local authorities have taken a va riety of forms including 'laissez-fai re' approach, negotiation and bulldozing. Public opinion on some governance norms (l ike transparency, inclusiveness, equity and responsiveness) clearly depicts the absence of good governance in the study area. Rampant corruption is also another major factor that decreased the efficiency of the land administration and delivery system. Adequate land information systems are prereq uisites to land management and administration. However, the findings of the study revealed that land registration procedure in the study area is t ime consuming and cumbersome. Most town municipalities in the study area lack clear enabling law to affect real property registration. Shortage of critical mass of skilled man power coupled with lack of technolog ical support system further compounded the problem. Respondents blame the existing lease price as discouraging real developers and unaffordable to the poor. Lease was initially publicized as it will finance the local government's revenue from land lease and has to be re-invested for local infrastructure development. However, in reality, the commitment on the part of the implementing agencies is incredibly low. Even though more efforts have to be ca rried out to promote the notion of lease holding tenure, no significant measure had so far been taken by the local administration to build trust among the citizens. Econometric model indicated that the va lue for a particular land in towns is positively affected by plot size, investors' capital and accessibility to basic services. In the study area, investment cost, distance of the plot from the main road and price of land had negatively affected investors' WTP for a particular land. Finally, the analysis of the study strongly suggest for the need to promote public participation, public awareness raising and outreach on land lease policy, build inst itutional ca pacity including critical mass of skilled manpower, facility, etc in local administra tions, bridge the prevailing gap in the contract agreement and information communication technology tra nsformations. A more proactive mechanism to deal with informality is adopting a collaborative approach consisting of three steps, namely recognit ion, awareness creation and identification, and result assessment is recommendedItem Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Activities of Essential Oil of Myrtus Communis L(Addis Ababa University, 2011-10) Chala, Adugna; Engidawork, Ephrem (PhD)The essential oil of Myl'/us communis (EOMC) was evaluated for its antid iarrheal and antispasmodic potential against isolated guinea ileum (OPI), ex-vivo antispasmodic model; normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit in mice; castor oi l-induced diarrhea in mice and prostaglandin induce enteropooling in rats. Atropine was used in OPI and normal intestinal transit test as a positive control, whereas loperamide was used in the castor oil-induced intestinal transit and castor oil-induced antidiarrheal test. EOMC inhibited normal intestinal transit siginificantly (p<0.05) and the effect was comparable with that of atropine. All doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) of the oil employed showed significant antidiarrheal and antienteropooling activities which was comparable with that of the positive control loperamide. Different concentrations of the essential oil were used in the presence of agonist (Acetylcholine) in OP! as contraction stimulator in ex-vivo. The oil exhibited significant reductions in Acetylcholine-induced contractions of OP!. The agonist-induced contractions of OP] were greatly reduced by both doses of 50 fig/ml (p<0.01) and 100 fig/ml (p<0.01), suggesting a powerful spasmolytic property of the oil. The effect produced showed that the oi l is much more efficacious than atropine (6.66 xl 0.9 M) in ex-vivo model. The oil appears to be more efficacious in ex-vivo than in vivo which may be due to the difference in physiological conditions that exists between the two systems. This study suggested that the essential oil of M. communis possesses spasmolytic and antidiarrheal properties which are likely to be due to the a-pinene and linalool present in the oil. The spasmolytic and antidiarrheal mechanisms might be in part mediated via Ca + -channel blockage. The results obtained in this study also SUpp0l1 the traditional use of the plant for stomach pains, and diarrhea. However, fUl1her study should be conducted in order to determine the exact mechanism (s) of action of the oil and also to characterize the constituents responsible for the activity observed.Key words: M. communis, essential oil, antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, antienteropoolingItem Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Activities of Essential Oil of Myrtus Communisl(Addis Ababa University, 2011-10) Chala, Adugna; Engidawork, Ephrem (PhD)The essential oil of Myl'/us communis (EOMC) was evaluated for its antid iarrheal and antispasmodic potential against isolated guinea ileum (OPI), ex-vivo antispasmodic model; normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit in mice; castor oi l-induced diarrhea in mice and prostaglandin induce enteropooling in rats. Atropine was used in OPI and normal intestinal transit test as a positive control, whereas loperamide was used in the castor oil-induced intestinal transit and castor oil-induced antidiarrheal test. EOMC inhibited normal intestinal transit siginificantly (p<0.05) and the effect was comparable with that of atropine. All doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) of the oil employed showed significant antidiarrheal and antienteropooling activities which was comparable with that of the positive control loperamide. Different concentrations of the essential oil were used in the presence of agonist (Acetylcholine) in OP! as contraction stimulator in ex-vivo. The oil exhibited significant reductions in Acetylcholine-induced contractions of OP!. The agonist-induced contractions of OP] were greatly reduced by both doses of 50 fig/ml (p<0.01) and 100 fig/ml (p<0.01), suggesting a powerful spasmolytic property of the oil. The effect produced showed that the oi l is much more efficacious than atropine (6.66 xl 0.9 M) in ex-vivo model. The oil appears to be more efficacious in ex-vivo than in vivo which may be due to the difference in physiological conditions that exists between the two systems. This study suggested that the essential oil of M. communis possesses spasmolytic and antidiarrheal properties which are likely to be due to the a-pinene and linalool present in the oil. The spasmolytic and antidiarrheal mechanisms might be in part mediated via Ca + -channel blockage. The results obtained in this study also SUpp0l1 the traditional use of the plant for stomach pains, and diarrhea. However, fUl1her study should be conducted in order to determine the exact mechanism (s) of action of the oil and also to characterize the constituents responsible for the activity observed. Key words: M. communis, essential oil, antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, antienteropoolingItem The Application of GIS in Mapping, Analysis, Monitoring and Management of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2008-05) Tesfay, Solomon; Kassahun, Samson (PhD)Ethiopia is experiencing an HIV/AIDS pandemic of shattering dimensions. A total of 1,3 19,795 persons were estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS in the year 2005 in Ethiopia (MOH, 2006) .The HIV/AIDS epidemic had already spread to all the admini strative provinces of Ethiopia. However, the prevalence levels were different, suggesting a difference in the times when the epidemic started in the provinces. In Ethiopia, the appl ication of GIS to benefit our society has not been optimized. The argument of the present thesis is that recent developments in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can greatly increase our capacity to undertake the spatial tasks needed to improve monitoring and management of the spread of HI VIA IDS. GIS a powerful computer based technology; is involved in the storage, analysis, retrieval, and visual ization of spatially referenced information for monitoring, planning, assessment and management due to the options and capabilities for data maintenance and manipulation through addl deletel change,overlay,query ,proximity, display and data retrieval and reporting. Visualization of maps in various combinations and permutations as in itial and final output (ranged color maps or proportional symbol maps to denote the intensity of a mapped variable) to depict various ART Hospitals and health centers for general monitoring health infrastructure. The study strongly supports the usefulness of advanced technology like GIS for the Management and handling of large database of spatial and aspatial nature in context of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Key words: HIV/AIDS, GIS, ART Health centers and Hospitals, Mapping, AnalysiItem Appraiser - Appraisee Perception of Teacher Performance Apprai sal in Senior Secondary Schools of Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 1992-06) Yimam, Melaku; Yimtatu, Zaudneh (PhD)This exp l oratory study was designed to identify the major prob l ems of the curren t system of TPA operating in senior secondary schools of Addis Ababa ; and hence, to discover if relationships existed between appra i sers and appraisees in perceiving the problems thus identified . To this end , a nswers to basic questions pertaining to the purposes and criteria of TPA, skill and competence of appra i sers, t iming and frequency of appraisal, and process and procedures involved in appraisa l were sought. Following a review of the literature related to the problem under study , a survey questionnaire was deve l oped , field-tested and modified , and distribu t ed to a samp le of 154 appraisers and 356 appraisees drawn from 13 senio r secondary schools of Addis Ababa . Of the respective tota l sample size of the two study gr oups , 144 93.51 pe r cent) apprais ers and 324 ~1.01 per cent) apprais ees filled in and returned the ques tionna ir e . The findings of the study showed th at the two study groups perceived the pr imary purpose of a system of TPA to be formative rather than summa tive . On the contrary , summative purposes were report ed to be the ix primary concern of the current system of TPA; and the effectiveness of the system in achieving its purposes was rated a little more than average. Moreover, the validity , reliability , and utility l evels of the performance criteria under use were rated far below the maximum high; and the level of satisfaction of appraisers and appraisees with the criteria was a little more than average. Respon ses from the majority of the appraisers and appraisees revealed that no pre- appraisal meetings and post-appraisal conferences were held in senior secondary schools under study . eRO , on the other hand , was reported to be widely practised in most of these schools; but, on average, once in a semester and not for more than 40 minutes. Appraising the performance of teachers was , by and l arge , the responsibility of assistant principals and department heads . However , as perceived by most of the two study groups, teachers would prefer department heads to be designated appraisers of teachers ' performance . Moreover , most of the appraisees had no trust and confidence in their appraisers ' skill and competence in appraisal. It was confirmed by almost al l appraisers and appraisees that performance ratings of most senior secondary school teachers were above 3.00 points. However , reports revealed that while high performance ratings proved ineffective to stimulate teachers to improve performance , low ratings obsessed teachers and they often antagonized their appraisers and negatively affected their job. In general, the level of satisfaction of appraisers and appraisees with the system of TPA currently operating in senior secondary schools was below average . Nevertheless , a l most al l appraisers and appraisees perceived the potential value of the system ; but for it to functio n effectively, they recommended necessary revisions in the d es ign and operation of the system in which teachers would have meaningful participation .