Food and Nutritional Sciences

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Adequacy of Iodine Content and Level of Contaminants in Edible Salts Produced In Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-01) Araya, Henok; Zewdu, Ashagrie (PhD)
Edible salt is the most commonly used food additive. Therefore, the quality of this important product needs to be certain as it can be a vehicle for a number of contaminants. This study was aimed to investigate the level of iodine, the content of sodium chloride, loss of mass, matter insoluble in water, sulphate, alkalinity, selected heavy metals and metal impurities, which are expected to be contained in edible salt. In order to determine the contents of table salt and common salt were collected from eight producers and re-packers which are located at different parts of the country. The levels of iodine were determined by iodotitration and metal impurities were estimated using FAAS after wet digestion of the salts. The value of iodine obtained for all analyzed samples were found to be within the range of 71.76 ± 8.09-4.24 ± 1.06 mg/kg in which 87.5 % of both common salts and table salts samples were lower than the Ethiopian Standard (ES) specification (60-80 ppm). The content of sodium chloride, Loss of mass, matter insolubility, sulphate, alkalinity and pH ranged between 96.13 ± 0.24-98.98.5 ± 0.29, 0.23 ± 0.05-2.66,0.18 ± 0.00- 2.16 ± 0.38,0.13 ± 0.10-5.15 ± 0.37, 0.12 ± 0.074 - 0.95 ± 0.01,7.85 ± 0.05-8.75 ± 0.02 respectively. The heavy metals Cadmium, Lead and Zinc content of the studied Table salt and Common salt remained lower than the permitted maximum for human consumption as prescribed by ES specification and codex. However, calcium impurities found to be 0.26 ± 0.05, 0.35 ±0.00, 1.63± 0.02, 1.52 ± 0.02,0.61 ± 0.01,0.41 ± 0.11,1.56± 0.52, 0.42 ± 0.02 which indicated that half of out of the four table salts samples meet the requirement set by the ES. Magnesium content were found to be 1.96 ± 0.01, 2.60 ± 0.01, 4.17 ± 0.02, 3.83 ± 0.03, 1.79 ± 0.01, 0.82 ± 0.01, 4.39 ± 0.09and 2.57 ± 0.03, respectively in which only two of the two table salts were below the ES. Iron content was ranged between 0.18 ± 0.00-0.56 ± 0.11, in which half values for iron in both common salts and table salts were lower than the permitted consumption level defined by ES. In general, the salts delivered to the community are poor in their iodine content the quality of both the common and table salts have to be improved through improving method of production and iodization as well. But, are safe with regard to their heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu. Key words: Salt; Iodine; Metal Contaminants; Sodium Chloride; Loss of Mass; Matter Insoluble; Sulphate, Alkalinity; Ethiopian Standard
Adolescent Girls’ Nutrition in Wolaita and Hadiya Zones, Southern Ethiopia: Evaluetion of Diets, Nutritional Status and the Effect of Iron- folic Acid Supplementation
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-04-05) Halala, Yoseph; Baye, Kaleab (PhD)
Background: Undernutrition, anemia and low dietary diversity are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescent girls throughout the world, especially in South-East Asia and Africa. Even though adolescence is a window of opportunity to break the intergenerational cycle of undernutrition, adolescent girls are the neglected groups. Objective of this study is to assess nutritional status, low dietary diversity, anemia, and their associated factors among adolescent girls in Wolaita and Hadiya Zones, Southern Ethiopia. In addition to these this study has identified the barriers and facilitators of nutrition service utilization, and the effect of iron folic acid supplementation among adolescent girls in southern Ethiopia. Methods: This study was conducted in Wolaita zone and Hadiya zone. These Zones were selected purposely. The study has used a mixed study design (cross-sectional quantitative, qualitative, and randomized control). Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 30/2019 to May 30/2019. A multistage sampling method was used to select a sample of 843 adolescent girls. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and dietary data through a face to face interview. Anthropometric measurement was collected from all adolescent girls and entered in WHO anthro plus software for Z-score analysis. Venous blood sample was collected from all selected adolescent girls. Hemoglobin level was measured in venous blood samples using a Hemocue photometer which was processed in the field (Hemocue R, Hb 301+ system). Structured 24-hour dietary recall (24HR) interview was conducted to capture detailed information about all foods and beverages consumed by the respondent in the past 24 hours, most commonly, from early morning to early morning of the previous day. In addition to this, a food frequency questionnaire was conducted to know usual frequency of consumption of food over the time period. Data were entered in the computer using EPI-data 4.4.2 and exported to SPSS version 21.0 for further analysis. Variables which shown significant association (p-value ≤ 0.25) in the bivariate logistic analysis were included in the final multivariable logistic regression model. Odds ratios for logistic regression along with 95% confidence interval were estimated. P-value less than 0.05 were declared as level of statistical significance. For qualitative study, health extension workers, school leader and gender focal person, health center expert and youth center leader from each village were involved in this study. For Focus group discussion: Eight adolescent girls in one group have participated from each village. For the selection of the participant, the purposive sampling method was applied to get the best information. Each audiotape interview was professionally transcribed word by word in wolaitegna and Hadiyagna (local language) and then translated to English. For intervention study, community-based, individually randomized trial (RCT) was conducted at four villages of Wolaita and Hadiya zones from April to September 2019. During recruitment, adolescent girls age range in 10-19 years (226 in total) were randomly assigned to the intervention group (G1=113) and control group (G2=113). Weekly IFA supplementation was given to the intervention groups for three months, and nothing was given to control groups. For assessment of micronutrient status, 5ml venous blood sample was collected at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Primary outcomes were analyzed based on intention to treatment analysis principle. The prevalence of anemia was calculated based on the hemoglobin levels measured in venous blood samples using a Hemocue photometer which was processed in the field (Hb 301+ system). Specimens were transported on dry ice to the Ethiopian public health institute and analyzed for serum ferritin, serum folate and C-react protein by Immune turbid metric methods with a clinical chemistry analyzer (Cobas 6000 system; Roche Diagnostic GmbH) at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Results: Thinness (27.5%) and stunting (8.8%) were found to be public health problems in the study area. Age [AOR (95% CI) = 2.91 (2.03-4.173)], family size[AOR (95% CI) = 1.63(1.105-2.396)], monthly income [AOR (95% CI) = 2.54(1.66-3.87)], taking deworming tablet [AOR (95% CI) = 1.56(1.11-21)], fathers educational status [AOR (95% CI) = 2.45(1.02-5.86)], source of food for family [AOR (95% CI) = 5.14(2.1-12.8)], visit by health extension workers [AOR (95% CI) = 1.72(1.7-2.4)] and hand washing before eating and after using toilet [AOR (95% CI) = 2.25(1.079-4.675)] were significantly associated with thinness and stunting among adolescent girls in Wolaita and Hadiya zones, southern Ethiopia. The mean (± SD) blood hemoglobin level of the study participants was 12.23±1.16 g/dL and 37% of the study participants were moderately anemic (Hg 7-12gm/dl) and 0.2% of the study participants were severely anemic (Hg<7g/dL). Overall prevalence of anemia was 37.2% among adolescent girls in the study area. Anemia is found to be a public health problem in the study area, because according to WHO, within 20– 39.9 % cut-off point is moderately public health problem. Family monthly income, illness with cough and malaria in the past two weeks and BMI for age were the main predictors of anemia among adolescent girls in Wolaita and Hadiya Zones, Southern Ethiopia. The mean dietary diversity score of the study participants was 3.56 (±1.2). In this study, 72.4% of the study participants had low dietary diversity score. Low dietary diversity score was found to be a public health problem in the study area. Family monthly income, fathers and mothers educational status, not taking nutrition education and decision-making power were the main predictors of low dietary diversity score among adolescent girls in southern Ethiopia. Barriers for nutrition service utilization among adolescent girls were lack of awareness for study participants and their families, shortage of iron-folic acid and deworming tablets, lack of trained experts who were responsible for the nutrition service implementation, low economic status of the family, lack of coordination among different sectors for nutrition service, low educational status of the adolescent girls’ family. Facilitators for nutrition service utilization among adolescent girls in the study area were supplementation of iron-folate and deworming tablets was without payment. In addition to this utilization of social and community networks motivated the utilization of nutrition services among adolescent girls. Awareness creation training should be given for adolescent girls and their families, and male adolescent before the implementation of nutrition service provision. In intervention study about 47-49% of adolescents had marginal iron store (<50μg/l). Hb, SF, and SFol concentrations increased in the intervention group, but not in the control group (P< 0.05). Marginal iron store decreased from 49% to 12% after three-months of WIFAS; whereas, the proportion of adolescents with elevated SF (>150μg/l) was slightly higher in the WIFAS than in the control group (P= 0.06). WIFAS intervention for three-months was effective in reducing iron and folate deficiency in adolescent girls. Future studies should evaluate the long-term impact of intermittent WIFAS. The inter-sectorial collaboration should be there to implement community-based health and nutrition programs i.e. school teachers and agricultural experts should work together with health experts to improve nutritional status of adolescent girls. In addition to this, awareness-creation training should be given for adolescent girls and their families, and male adolescent before the implementation of nutrition service provision. Similarly, community-based Iron folic acid supplementation and deworming tablet supplementation program should be implemented to help adolescent girls who are at risk of anemia. Family monthly income and education, malaria prevention mechanism, providing nutrition education and decision-making power should be improved. Future studies should evaluate the long-term impact of intermittent WIFAS. .
Aflatoxin and Microbial Contamination of Complementary Foods and Exposure Assessment Among Young Children Using Urinary Aflatoxin Biomarkers in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Ayelign, Abebe; Adish, Abdulaziz (Professor); Zewdu, Ashagrie( Assistant Professor)
With 40% of children five years and under being stunted (CSA, 2014), Ethiopia has one of the highest rates of under nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Growth faltering reaches its peak, during the period when complementary foods (CFs) are often introduced, indicating that inappropriate introduction and patterns of complementary feeding may contribute to the problem. Interventions have been designed to improve the quality of CFs, but these have paid little attention to the potential contamination with aflatoxin and microbial pathogens. Therefore, this study intended to assess the knowledge and practices of the mothers/caregivers on issues related to aflatoxin in CFs, investigate the safety of CFs in terms of microbial and aflatoxin contamination, assess aflatoxin exposure among young children using urinary biomarkers and develop HACCP based SOPs for the safe preparation of CFs. The knowledge and practice study involved 195 mothers from 20 Districts from Amhara, Tigray, Oromia, and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) regions and addressed a range of issues related to aflatoxin in CFs using structured questionnaires. A total of 146 samples collected from 20 Districts were tested for the presence of Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii), coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli); and determined for the levels of total aflatoxin. The incidence of C. sakazakii was detected using ISO/TS 22964:2006 method while coliforms and E. coli were detected using the conventional most probable number (MPN) method. The levels of total aflatoxins were determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The biomarker study was conducted with 200 urine samples collected from 200 children and assessed for the levels of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFM1 using a validated LCMS/ MS method. The knowledge and practice study results indicate that, 95% (186/195) of the respondents ploughing the land before growing the next crop, 91% (177/195) of them used crop rotation schedule, and 81% (157/195) reported the practice of removing old seed heads, stalks and other debris. A total of 70% (138/195) respondents used the threshing method known as trampling by hoofed animals on a threshing bare floor. Among the respondents, 27% (53/195) of them used ‘Gota’, 28% (54/195) used both ‘Gota’, ‘Gotera’ and polypropylene bags for home storage of cereals and legumes. Only, 7% (14/195) of the respondents used underground pit storage. C. sakazakii was detected in 12% (17/146) of the samples, while 45% (66/146) and 6% (9/146) of the samples collected were positive for coliforms and E. coli, at a level of >1100 CFU/g and 150 CFU/g respectively. Total aflatoxin was detected in19 out of 20 (with mean range of 2.3-88 μg/kg), 62 out of 66 (with mean range of 0.3-9.9 μg/kg), and 59 out of 60 (with mean range of 0.5-12.4 μg/kg) moldy, premilling and CFs samples respectively. The biomarker study also revealed that, aflatoxins were detected in 17% (34/200) of the urine samples whereby four out of five analyzed aflatoxins were detected. AFM1 was detected in 7% (14/200) of the urine samples in a range of 0.06-0.07 ng/mL. AFB2, AFG2 and AFG1 were detected in respectively 4.5% (9/200), 3% (6/200) and 2.5% (5/200) of the urine samples whereas AFB1 was not detected in any of the samples. In this study, there was no correlation between the different malnutrition categories (stunted, wasting and underweight) and aflatoxin exposure. In conclusion, most respondents were unaware of toxic effects of aflatoxins on human and animal health. The identification of more microbial contamination in CFs from post production to following one month storage implies poor hygienic practices or cross-contamination by production equipment. Although aflatoxin levels were considered safe for consumption in most samples, more effort should be implemented to reduce these contamination level, particularly as these CFs are intended for direct consumption by young children. The biomarker analysis showed a clear exposure of young children to aflatoxins. Therefore, message to improve public awareness is important to prevent the health consequences of aflatoxins. Further, implementation of the HACCP based SOPs should be encouraged for preventing the CFs from the risks of aflatoxin and microbial contamination. Keywords: Complementary food; Mothers; Aflatoxin; C. sakazakii; Coliforms; E. coli, Grain banks; Households; Biomarker; Urine; Children; Exposure assessment
Aflatoxin Content of Red Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in Relation to Quality Grading and Storage Duration
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-05) Gashaw, Habtamu; Abate, Dawit (PhD); Gashu, Dawd (PhD)
Aj/atoxin, a contaminant produced by the fungi Aspergillus j/avus and Aspergillus parasiticus in several agricultural commodities, is a known human liver carcinogen. Red pepper is widely consumed in Ethiopia and this agricultural commodity is known to be susceptible to aj/atoxin contamination. In this research, aj/atoxin contamination of whole and ground red pepper in relation with storage duration and quality grading and the magnitude of the contamination in grounded red pepper were studied. Samples were collected from farmers and wholesalers and Aj/atoxins were determined using HP Le. Whole red pepper samples stored for three months shows low aj/atoxin contamination compared to red pepper samples stored for six months (p<0.05).The mean aj/atoxin content increases from 19.56 pg/kg to 78.83pg/kg within three months of storage after harvest. Low quality graded red pepper showed significantly high level of contamination (p<0.05) compared to high quality graded red pepper. The mean aj/atoxin content found was 78.8 pg/kgfor Gradel, 160.11 pg/kgfor Grade 2 and 312.33 pg/kgfor Grade 3. The highest aj/atoxin content was found in the least grade level (Grade 3) with a concentration of 399.19pg/kg individual values ranges from 70.80 pg/kg to 399.19 pg/kg. The amount of aj/atoxin in grounded red pepper traded in retail stores ranges from 18.37pg/kg to 158.87pg/kg with a mean of 66.34pg/kg. All the grounded samples surpassed the maximum level set by the European Commission (10 pg/kg) for total aj/atoxins and (5pg/kg) for aj/atoxin B1. The observed practices of sprinkling water on whole red pepper I'nd.~ hy merchants was identified as possible factor for high level of contamination. The result of this study demonstrates that aj/atoxin contamination in red pepper is high and could be a health threat. The level of contamination is distinct with respect to quality. As a result, the practice of the merchants should be taken in to account when dealing with aj/atoxin management for red pepper in Ethiopia. Moreover, the use of high quality red peppers should be practiced whenever possible as Grade J red peppers shows relatively low aj/atoxin contamination compared to red pepper traded as Grade 2 and Grade 3. Key words: Red pepper, fungi, mycotoxins, aj/atoxins, storage duration, quality grade level
Aflatoxin Levels in Tella and Areki, Traditional Alcoholic Drinks, From three Zonal Administrative Towns of Gojam, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06-05) Birhanu, Workineh; Zewdu, Ashagre (PhD); Getu, Emana (PhD)
Aflatoxins are known mycotoxins of high public health significance. They are related to acute and chronic mycotoxicosis. This study evaluated the level of Aflatoxin in two traditional alcoholic drinks of Ethiopia (Tella and Areki) collected from three zonal administrative towns of East, West and Awi - zones of Gojam area namely in Debremarkos, Finoteselam and Enjibarra towns respectively. A total of 30 Tella and 30 Areki samples were evaluated for their Aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2) level by HPLC with fluorescence detection after clean up with an Immunoaffinity column. Moreover, Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) survey about Aflatoxin among consumers and producers of Tella and Areki were conducted. Method validation was done to address Limit of Quantification (LOQ), Limit of Detection (LOD), precision, accuracy, and recovery. Results revealed that, Aflatoxin levels detected in Areki samples were with inconclusive chromatogram peaks and the peaks possibly be “masked/modified” aflatoxins. While the mean total Aflatoxin level of the Tella samples were 12.8 ± 4.43 μg/kg, 14.4 ± 8.76 μg/kg, and 11.4 ± 3.38 μg/kg, in Debremarkos, Fintoselam and Enjibarra respectively. The level of individual Aflatoxin types detected were in the ranges of, AFG2 (< LOQ - 0.9) μg/kg, AFG1 (2.21 – 27.21) μg/kg, AFB2 (0.88 – 1.06) μg/kg, and AFB1 (< LOD - < LOQ). Except one sample, 96.67% of the Tella samples had total Aflatoxin level above the European Commission (EC) 4.0 μg/kg, total Aflatoxin limit legislation and this was contributed specifically by the G1 type of Aflatoxin only. Nevertheless, with regard to FDA Aflatoxin action level (max20 ppb Aflatoxin limit) and Codex Alimantarius (max 10 ppb Aflatoxin limit), only 10 % of the samples in the former, and 70% of the samples in the latter had total aflatoxin levels beyond the limits. The most Carcinogenic type of AFB1 was not beyond the limits of 2.0 μg/kg EC legislation. KAP study survey on Aflatoxin, results indicated none of the study participants were never heard of Aflatoxin. Their attitude towards inclusion of mouldy cereals in their recipes didn’t seem to worry them. It was observed the practices of the brewers and distillers in relation with Aflatoxin contamination, were vulnerable to Aflatoxin presence in the alcoholic drinks. Furthermore, it would be worth recommending also for further researches to integrate Mass Spectrometer with HPLC for certain identification of the peaks developed during Aflatoxin determination.
Aflatoxin Status in Teff Produced By Commercial Farms for Export Purpose in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Negib, Haileab; Zewdu, Ashagrie (PhD)
Conlalllinalion of cereal commodilies by mOlilds and lIIycoloxins resllils in cby IIwller, qualily, and nlllrilional losses and represenls a signijicanl hazard 10 Ihe food chain Ajlaloxins are loxic, hepalocarcinogenic, secondmy lIIeraboliles of Aspergillus species prodllced in 1II0s1 agricullllral commodilies, slored 01 inappropriale lemperallires and lValer aClivilies. Ajlaloxin conlaminalion of lef! in Erhiopia lVas reporled in 1987, indicaling Ihal ill!;her probabililY of conI aminal ion of leff, sampled Fom differenl parI of Erhiopia. The objeclive oflhis sludy lVas 10 invesligale occurrence of lola I ajlaloxin in lef!prodllced by commercial farms of Elhiopia and Ihe ef!ecl of slored lemperallire and relalive humidilY lVas also invesligaled In addilion, KAP sllldy lVas also conducled on OlVners and employees of commercial farmers. A IOled of Eleven commercial lef! producing farms lVere randoml)! selecled and, Ajlaloxin B1, B2, C I and C2 were delermined al microgram per kilogram (JIg/kg) levels by immllno-ajjinily column clean lip and reversed-phase liquid chromatography lVilh fluo rescence defection. The result showed all of Ihem were below the maximllm (4 Ilg/kg) ,olerable level of Elhiopion lef! jlollr slandard The highesl AF concenlralion lVas 3.99 JIg/kg and Ihe 10IVesl concenlralions lVas 0.5 JIg/kg. Blil 91% cOnlaminaled by AFB1 and 45% lVere lInsaJe Jar direcl hllman consumplion as per Ihe Elhiopian and EU maximllm (2 JIg/kg) ,olerable inlake level and, 27% oj Ihe samples velY close (above 3pg/kg) 10 Ihe 4I'g/kg. 711e highesl ajlaloxin BllevellVasJound in lVesl Cojam 3.25 Ilg/kg and aj/aloxin B1 is nole delecled in sample form Adam Elhiopia. From Ihe samples analysec/, 13. 88%, 0%, 8.38% and 77.73% were conlaminaled lV ilh qllanlifiable concenlralions of ajlaloxin C2, C1, B2 and 81 respeclively. Ajlaloxin C2 (/3.88%) and BI (77.73%) concenlralions lVere relalively higher Ihan Ihe olhers. In addilion, KA P sllldy lVas condllcled on commercial farms and il sholVs Ihe/l, Ihe farmers had knolVledge on mycoloxin re/a/ed question but their know/edge (0 AFs pracUce 100vards reducing the contaminalion level of A Fs is nol enough. Key word s: Ana toxin, Terr, KAP assessment, Immune-a affinity column
Analysis of Logistics Chain of Fertilizer from Port and Improved Seed from Production Area to Farmers
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-09-03) Bitew, Chombie; Gebresenbet, Girma (Professor)
Ethiopia is a landlocked country and movement of the import and export commodities depends on neighboring coastal countries port. The country is challenged in traversing through the neighboring countries due to high port charges and less effective logistics systems in the inland activities of import –export commodities. The development of logistics concept is in an infant stage which has not given special concern till recent years. There is a larger gap between the industry development and the logistics concept nationally. This thesis was to assess the logistics chain of fertilizer from Djibouti port and maize improved seed from production area, observe the seasonality of fertilizer flow, minimize the logistics chain costs and lead time, identification of barriers of fertilizer flow throughout the distribution network and make recommendations for efficient and effective logistics chain. Logistics chain of fertilizer was not well coordinated between the stakeholders. Warehouse-transport interface was the main challenge in overall efficiencies of logistics chain. The challenges are mainly unloading problems due to uncoordinated cooperative unions with transporters and importers. Late delivery of fertilizer to farmers especially during the farming time affected the effective application to the farm. The maize improved seed price was observed incomparable with the selling prices of farmers’ product of similar quantity. Seasonality of fertilizer flow from port was checked with one way ANOVA comparison test using SPSS 15.0. Demand forecasting was done with time series method and the forecasted value was adjusted with seasonal index. Location analysis was done with center of gravity method using the annual consumption of fertilizer for each zone of the country. The coordinates of each zone for this method was determined from GIS 9.3 based on the mean center of woredas’ population within the zone. To determine the dominant consumer level of fertilizer in Ethiopia, Cluster Mapping and hotspot analysis was made using GIS 9.3 based on the average six year consumption levels of each zone. Route optimization was also made with GIS 9.3 from Djibouti port to the central warehouses. The result might not be reliable for some routes as it was not used travel time for the optimization instead travel distance which provided the shortest possible distance for the un updated national digital road networks. The pair wise mean comparison of the four quarters indicated that there were a significant different fertilizer flow during quarter 1 (September, October, November) with Quarter 2 (December, January, February) and Quarter 3(March, April, May) but not different with Quarter 4(June, July, August). Using location analysis, proposed warehouses were suggested for efficient distributions of fertilizer throughout the country. The optimum route obtained in some cases required to be checked accounting for road condition.
Application of Optimal Control to the Epidemiology of Dengue Fever Transmission
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-08-05) Tigabie, Ayalnesh; Oseloka, Okey (Professer)
In this paper, I build epidemiological model to investigate the dynamics of spread of dengue fever in human population. I study the demographic factors that influence equilibrium prevalence, and perform a sensitivity analysis on the basic reproduction number. Among several intervention measures, the effects of two potential control methods for dengue fever are estimated: introducing educate and treat the population. A stochastic model for transmission of dengue fever is also built to explore the effect of some demographic factors and review a number of compartmental models in epidemiology which leads to a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations. I focus an SEIRS epidemic models with and without education and treatment. A threshold parameter R0 is identified which governs the spread of diseases,and this parameter is known as the basic reproductive number. The models have at least two equilibria, an endemic equilibrium and the disease-free equilibrium. We demonstrate that the disease will die out, if the basic reproductive number R0 < 1. This is the case of a disease-free state, with no infection in the population. Otherwise the disease may become endemic if the basic reproductive number R0 is bigger than unity. Furthermore, stability analysis for both endemic and disease-free steady states are investigated and we also give some numerical simulations. The second part of this dissertation deals with optimal education and treatment by drug strategy in epidemiology. We use optimal control technique on education and treatment to minimize the impact of the disease. Hereby we mean minimizing the spread of the disease in the population, while also minimizing the effort on education and treatment roll-out. We do this optimization for the cases of SEIRS models, and show how optimal strategies can be obtained which minimize the damage caused by the dengue fever disease. Finally, we describe the numerical simulations using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Computational Science program, AAU i Dengue Fever Application of Optimal Control
Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxin Contamination of Pre and Post-Harvest Maize in West Gojam Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Ahmed, Masresha; Zewdu, Ashagrie (PhD)
Maize is an important crop for overall food security and for economic development in Ethiopia. However, the grain is vulnerable to degradation by mycotoxigenic fungi which include Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Aflatoxins, a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus Parasiticus, have adverse health effects on humans and livestock that ingest aflatoxin contaminated food products and feeds. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the level of Aspergillus species and Aflatoxin contamination in pre and post-harvest maize from West Gojam. A study was carried out from September 1, 2014 to May 1 2015. Pre-validated structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on maize production practices. Aspergillus species were isolated from Maize kernels on potato dextrose agar medium. Aflatoxin contaminations in Maize kernels were analyzed by High Performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detector. The results indicated that from fifteen pre- and fifteen post-harvest maize samples 77.7 % of pre harvest with level range from 3.13 to 63.66 μg/kg and 80 % of post-harvest sample with level range from 9.02 to 139.8 μg/kg were contaminated by total aflatoxin. The mean total aflatoxin was 18.38 μg/kg for pre harvest and 43.36μg/kg for post-harvest. Average aflatoxin concentrations in the samples were (AFG2= 2.10 μg/kg, AFG1= 10.10 μg/kg and AFB2= 1.17μg/kg) in pre harvest sample and (AFG2= 8.14 μg/kg, AFG1= 18.11 μg/kg and AFB2= 7.2 μg/kg) in post-harvest sample. In addition, the pre and post maize sample was also showed that high mean aflatoxin B1 level of 5.00 μg/k with 66.7% in pre harvest maize and 9.86 μg/kg with 87.7% in post-harvest maize. To be precise, Paired t-test statistical analysis for mean of total and aflatoxin B1 in pre and post- harvest maize samples was showed that both total and aflatoxin B 1 increased significantly from pre harvest to post - harvest maize (p< 0.05). 33.3 % of pre harvest and 73.3 % of post-harvest maize samples were exceeded the US Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization (tolerance limit of 20μg/kg). About 66.7 % pre harvest and 86.7% post-harvest of this study sample were exceeded the acceptance limit of total Aflatoxin recommended by European Union maximum limit (4 μg/kg). About 66.7 % pre harvest and 86.7% post-harvest of this study sample were exceeded the acceptance limit of Aflatoxin B1 recommended maximum limit (2 μg/kg) of European Union. This research has also shown that high Aspergillus species contamination in pre and post-harvest maize, in pre harvest 53.3 % of s maize samples were contaminated by Aspergillus species (26.7% = A.flavus, 13.3%= A. parasiticus and 13.3%= A. niger) and in post-harvest X 79.9% of maize samples were contaminated by Aspergillus species (46.6 % = A.flavus, 20.0 %= A. parasiticus and 13.3%= A. niger) species. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that although it was expected that pre harvest maize to have minimal Aspergillus and aflatoxin contamination, the contamination was high in pre harvest and significantly increase from pre harvest to post harvest. Therefore, prevention through pre, harvest and postharvest control management practice should be done to ensuring a safe final product. Key words: Mycotoxin; Aspergillus species; Aflatoxin, pre and post- harvest; Maize
Assessment of Acrylamide Levels in Coffee Powder, Potato Chips and French Fries in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-07) Ashagrie, Henok; Zewdu, Ashagrie (PhD)
Acrylamide is a processing contaminant with genotox ic and carc inogen ic properties and it is form ed in food when free asparagine reacts with reduc in g sugars at high temperature. The present study was des igned to eva luate the levels of acrylamide in three commercial heat processed foods (roasted coffee powder, potato chips and French fries) co llected from the market in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of90 samples were studied for their acrylamide levels us ing high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. The acry lamide levels obtai ned ranged from 134.56 ~lglkg to 1138.86 ~lglk g in roasted coffee (n=30), from 2 11 .09 ~l glk g to 35 14.60 ~lglkg in potato chips (n=30) and from 35.66 ~l g/kg to 1410. 75 ~glkg in French fr ies (n=3 0). 43% of the coffee (n= 13), 57% of the potato chips (n= 17) and 40% of the French fries samples (n= 12) showed acry lamide leve ls higher than the maximum va lue recommended by the European Commiss ion. Eth iopia is the largest coffee consuming country in Africa and one of the biggest in the world. Nearly half of the coffee collected from Addis Ababa contained levels beyond the European Commission recommended value. The high levels of ac rylamide obta ined in the present study call for actions when considering large consumptions. These high leve ls ofacrylamide a long with the significantly la rge consumption history make it diffi cult to consider health ri sks associated with acrylamicic to be low. A knowledge assessment of French fries producin g street vendors (n=30) indicated a huge gap in informat ion as none of the interviewed producers knew about acrylamide, its formation, health impacts or food s susceptible to its fo rmat ion. Keywords: Acrylam ide; Mail lard Reaction; Coffee; Potato Chi ps; French Fries; Carc inogen
Assessment of Dairy Food Environment, Physicochemical Properties, and Microbial Safety of Milk and Cottage Cheese Across the Value Chain in Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-11-05) Keba, Abdi; Zewdu, Ashagrie (PhD); Kassa, Firew (PhD)
Milk and milk products are nutrient rich foods, supplying energy and high-quality protein with a range of essential micronutrients. But, it becomes a health risk to the consumers if not handled properly due to high perishability and vulnerability to microorganisms. The present study was conducted in a cross-sectional study design to evaluate the dairy food environment and assess physicochemical properties, microbial safety of milk, and cottage cheese across the value chain in the Oromia region. A total of 65 milk and cottage cheese were collected for laboratory analysis including clot-on boiling and alcohol test, acidity, pH, total solids, fat, protein, lactose, solids non-fat, phosphorus, calcium, iron, and zinc contents. Qualitative tests of Listeria and Salmonella spp. and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus and total coliforms were done following the standard methods. A total of 120 dairy products consumers of the respondents were interviewed to assess the dairy food environment. The result showed that nearly one-third and 14% of milk samples showed positive results for alcohol clot and clot on the boiling test, respectively. Statistically, there were significant differences (p≤0.05) of the physicochemical properties across the value chain. The mean of the milk acidity was 0.32 and it was lowered by 23% compared to cottage cheese. The mean of the fat contents collected from producers was 3.98% and it was reduced by 3.7, 14.6, 15.8 and 30.2% at milk collections, unions, raw milk, and pasteurized milk retailers, respectively. The overall mean of the milk ash was 0.66, but it was higher by 25% for cottage cheese. The microbial load of the raw milk was nearly higher by 50% compared to the pasteurized milk. The highest frequency of positive samples of Salmonella and Listeria spp. was found in raw milk samples collected from the union gate. The microbial load of the cottage cheese and pasteurized milk was lower compared to raw milk samples. The result of the survey indicated that above one-third of the respondents consumed dairy products frequently and the rest of them were constrained with fasting seasons. Despite the moderate dairy product availability, the majority of the study subjects responded as the price of dairy products was imbalance with their monthly income. Hence, consolidating the milk value chain to advanced formal ways and milk processing, dairy product diversification, and applying quality control system can enhance the safety and dairy food environment.
Assessment of Fluoride in take in Endemic Areas of Ethiopia and potential use of Calcium Rich Foods in Mitigating Ingested Fluoride
(Addis Ababa, 2014) Kebede, Aweke; Retta, Ncgussic
E\-cl!ssil'e infake of fluoride is accompanied by a c:JUlNIclerislk sequence of changes ill l e",1I. bUill' and periar'icular lisslies. Skeletal changes lead 10 a \'oriable degree of /ocomolOr disability. rtll1ging .li'o/ll simple mechanical back pain (0 severe, crippling and neurological illlpairlllelll. Fluorosis is (/n impUrllll'JI cliniced al!d public health prublem il/ several jJar/~ or fhe world. Reports indicate Ihall.J million EthiopiallS dwelling ill £/hiopian Rift /;olley (I.:~. RV) (Ire (1/ risk a/fluorosis. III Elhiopia, l/tl!re (Ire sewra! studies reportillgJllloride COIl/ellf a/waler sOllrces while Ihaf of die /lilY ill,ake aIfluoride is scarce. For fhe purpose ojprevelllioll and mitigatory measlires. studies oj a/l pOlel1/ill/ fluoride sources (Ire il11jJortal1l. The knowledge and pracrice~ of endemic cOlllllllmilies Oil eliology o/}luorosis IIIlIyalso help in ils mitigOliolllllld prerelllioll. The objective oI this .I'ludy is therefore fO identify putell/iol }luuride SOI/rces, fluorusis risks and to delermine fhe level of die tmy }luoride illtake lind its ejJecls fV suggest mitigatory means of ingesred jluoride based on nlllritional ill/en'ention. Moreover Ihe assessmel/l of rhe kllolt'ledge, all ifllde and pracI ices of endemic COlllllllll1ily 011 fluoride contallli/Utl iOll, jluorosis lIlId prevenliol1 pracfices is used 10 devise coordill(lfed al/d tal'geled prel'el1fiolJ mechanisms. Recollnaissance survey was conducted 10 idemify three waleI' sources /wvingjluoride COllfelll ill Ihe range of 5-7mg/L (calise skelelal jluol'm"i.\) ji-Olll three dijJerem dief(uy al'el/S iI/ E1hiopian R!fi Valley. In Ihe os.\·eSSIIICI1f ./8 waler sources were rOlldolllly selected and assessedjor /he level ojfllloride. alit afthose screened Bellli ill Female, !-Ill/akll;'/ Adami/IIIII alld Koboclwbllre in Alaba \rere selected 10 slIldy jluoride illlake and Ihe ejJecr of lIutrienl il1lake on jll/orosi.\". The selecrioll 0/ rhe waler source was based all service year (> lOyn), fluoride lewl (5 .$: X .$: 7 mg/LJ and dietary pracrice 0/ the co/III/IItHiry's /Ising Ihe selecred warer source. Foclls gl"Oup discllssions (FGD) were c:al/ducled in each selected dielOr)' areas 10 col/ect knowledge, allifllde and prac/ices (KAF) 0/ the endemic cOlI/lIUlI/ity 011 fluoride illtake and jluorosis. Index children and fheir bio{ogicallllOlhers were recruited /rom !lIe three cOI/I/J/llllilies. n,e eligibility criteria for house/wId se/ec/iol1 were dwelling for I/Iore tllall 10 yeors. 11.1'(' of .,e/ecred wafer source and 1II'lti/abilil)' of seI/Ool age c/lild ill tlte hOl/sehold. All eligible Ito/lseholds who are l"ollll1feered /0 participate ill the s flldy were recl"llited lI11d il//ormed
Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation and associated potential health Risk in Green Leafy Vegetables Grown on Urban Wastewater Irrigated soil in Southern Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (case of Chromium, Lead and Cadmium).
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Beyene, Yonas; Mehari, Tetemke (PhD)
A total of 16 Samples of wastewater, vegetable washing water, soil, root, stem, and leaf parts of the vegetables (Ethiopian Kale, Lettuce and Chard) were collected directly from the farm. All the samples were analyzed for the concentration of the three heavy metals lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd). The concentrations of Pb, Cr and Cd in the leaves, stems and roots of Ethiopian Kale, Lettuce and Chard were found to be in mg kg-1 Cadmium (Ethiopian Kale :0.011 }0.0000, 0.007 }0.0002 and 0.011 }0.0003; Lettuce: 0.014 }0.0002, 0.016 }0.0003 and 0.125 }0.0003; Swiss chard: 0.014=0.0000, 0.007 }0.0000and 0.005 =0.0002, Chromium (Ethiopian Kale: 0.124 }0.0117, 0.044 }0.0137 and 0.075=0.0021; Lettuce: 0.193=0.0105, 0.033 }0.0018 and 0.112±0.0074; Swiss chard: 0.103 }0.0088, 0.067=0.0072 and 0.162=0.0000) and Lead (Ethiopian Kale: 0.620 }0.0132, 0.221 }0.0156 and 0.373 =0.0021; Lettuce: 0.019 =0.0187, 0.009 }0.0089 and 0.002 }0.0022; Swiss chard: 0.689 }+0.0093, 1.336 =0.0043 and 0.133 =0.0168) on dry matter basis, respectively. Results showed that, all the samples contain the three heavy metals below safe value limit recommended by FAO/WHO. Accumulation factor has the maximum value in the stem and root parts of Swiss chard (i.e. 0.035 and 0.018 for Pb), respectively. Accumulation factor also has the maximum value in lettuce root and chard leaf parts of the vegetable (i.e. 0.048 and 0.041 for Cr) and 0.250, 0.032 in the lettuce stem and leaf parts for Cd, respectively. The BCF value of Pb is approximately 2- fold in stem than the root. However, all the 3 vegetables samples can be considered excluders of the 3 heavy metals (i.e.BF< 1). PCA (Principal Component Analyses) shows impact of wastewater irrigation and Pb contamination is serious in wastewater-irrigated agricultural soils of the study area. The potential health risk calculated by THQs of all three heavy metals in the three leafy vegetables were less than 1.0 for adults , indicating that the adult residents in the Addis Ababa are not exposed to significant health risks associated with consumption of green leafy vegetables grown around the study area. Keywords ; Wastewater Irrigated soil; Green leafy vegetables; Heavy metals; Bio concentration factor;Target hazard quotient
Assessment of Impacts of Social Protection Programmes on Subsistence Farmers’ Livelihoods: The Case of Dodota Woreda, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Tecleab, Ezgimeles; Bewketu, Woldeamlak (PhD)
Recently, social protection has received attention of policy makers and researchers to use it as an instrument to build the adaptive capacity of the vulnerable. As learned from a range of experiences of different developing countries, a number of social protection interventions have started to incorporate adaptive measures as a response to the impacts of climate change. This study was conducted with an objective to explore the impacts of both PSNP and OFSP, as social protection interventions, to build adaptive capacity of subsistence farmers by taking the situation in Dodota woreda of Oromia region. The result of the study would have a significance to provide an evidence based data for researchers as well as policy makers on the contribution of social protection to respond to the consequences of climate change. It employed the Longitudinal Impact Assessment (LIA) research methodology to measure the change on adaptive capacity of small holder subsistence farmers to the threats of climate change following the five years intervention of PSNP and OFSP. The result of the study showed that “distress asset sales” to meet food needs have significantly reduced but “distress asset sales” to raise cash for emergency needs such as health expenditure showed no change as a result of five years PSNP intervention. Impacts of implemented PW activities to harness rainwater and improve farmland soil fertility were found encouraging. The result of the study also showed that PW component of PSNP have significant role to promote application of irrigation for crop production. On the other hand, findings of the study have shown that implemented PW have little impact to reduce direct dependence of household livelihood on the sensitive climate related factors, particularly rainfall. Because of the programme design limitations and implementation challenges, OFSP impact to promote climate change adaption through livelihood diversification and income enhancement was found poor. The study showed that the combined efforts of PSNP and OFSP have started to show promising and encouraging result to improve the resilience of the smallholder subsistence farmers to cope or adapt impacts of moderate shocks (eg failure of rainfall) but brought hardly to change resilience to cope with impacts of extreme shocks, especially drought. Generally, PSNP and OFSP intervention have made significant progress to build the adaptive capacity of subsistence farmers to respond to the current vulnerability. But in relation to building the adaptive capacity to respond to the medium and long term trends of climate change impacts, the progrmmes have yet to bring a change and needs to improve the intervention quality and standards. In order to mainstream climate change adaptation into the existing social protection interventions (PSNP and OFSP), two important points must be critically seen by policy makers. Firstly, selection, design and implementation of activities through PSNP and OFSP/HABP must be conducted with the view of their significance to reduce the direct dependence of livelihood strategy to the climate related factors, mainly the unreliable and erratic rainfall. Secondly, both PSNP and OFSP need to focus on and give priority to activities that can enhance and promote livelihood diversification, both within and outside agriculture sector.While selecting of PW activities, priorities should be given to technologies which can promote ground water recharge and irrigation. As HABP documents seemed to properly answer the weaknesses of OFSP to diversify household income, the government needs to speed up implementation of HABP by establishing sufficient rural micro-credit service providers and allocation of adequate budget.
Assessment of Leaching of Pottery Processed Foods A thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate studies of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Food Selected Toxic Metals in Some
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Tadesse, Mahlet; Mehari, Tetemke (PhD); Gashu, Dawd (PhD)
Raw materials from uninspected sources used for making of cooking utensils could be a potential source for high toxic metal in food prepared in these utensils. Therefore, in the present work, the level of selected metals (Pb, Cd, and Al) in clay pots was determined. The clay pots were obtained from two sites kechene and legeberi the areas are selected because of the raw materials used to make them were brought from suspected places for metal contamination. In addition, leaching of those metals in some foods (bean stew, tomato sauce and coffee) prepared using these materials were investigated. Furthermore, factors that can influence metal leaching like frequent usage of the pots were also studied. Clay pots were crushed while the food and coffee samples were lyophilized and digested in a closed microwave digestion system. The levels of metals were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). The results showed that level of metals in clay pot from legeberi were Pb (26.7±0.0 mg/kg), Cd (5.6±0.1 mg/kg) and Al (38.74±0.7 mg/kg) and clay pot from kechene had Pb content (0.6±0.3 mg/kg), Cd (0.3±0.0 mg/kg) and Al (8.92±0.3 mg/kg). In addition, the level of metals leaching in food samples prepared using clay pots from legeberi showed tomato sauce Pb in range (from 9.6±0.0 mg/kg to 13±0.0 mg/kg), Cd (from 0.5±0.0 mg/kg to 1.2±0.0 mg/kg) and Al (from 11.53±0.4 mg/kg to 15.4 ±0.3). The bean stew prepared using clay pots from legeberi had Pb in the range (from1.2±0.0 mg/kg to 3.3±0.0 mg/kg), Cd (from 0.14 ±0.0 mg/kg to 0.38 ±0.0 mg/kg) and Al (from10.8±0.2 mg/kg to 13.5 ±0.3 mg/kg), whereas the coffee samples brewed in coffee pot from legeberi showed Pb in range (from1.6±0.0 mg/kg to 3.9±0.0 mg/kg), Cd (from 0.18 ±0.0 mg/kg to 0.34 ±0.0 mg/kg) and Al (from1.9±0.0 mg/kg to 3.8 ±0.1mg/kg). However, Pb and Cd were not detected in any of the food prepared using clay pot from kechene. The level of Al in food samples prepared in clay pot from kechene was tomato sauce in range (from10.5±0.5 mg/kg to 11.3±0.6 mg/kg), bean stew (from10.1±0.3 mg/kg to 10.4±0.4 mg/kg) and coffee (from1.1±0.0 mg/kg to 2.1 ±0.0 mg/kg). Results of the present investigation indicates that metal (Pb, Cd and Al) content of clay pot from legeberi was significantly higher (p<0.05) than clay pots from kechene. In this manner, food samples prepared using clay pot from legeberi had high level of metals (Pb, Cd and Al) beyond the permissible limit allowed by WHO, for Pb (0.01 mg/kg), Cd (0.003 mg/kg), and Al (1mg/kg) in food. Similar trend was observed for Al content of food prepared using clay pot from kechene. Therefore, metals (Pb, Cd, and Al) leaching due to cooking in legeberi clay pot and Al in clay pot from kechene could be a public health concern. Keywords: leaching; toxic metals;clay pot;;cooking frequenc
Assessment of Leaching of Sdeded Toxic Metals in Some Pottery Processed Foods
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Tadesse, Mahlet; Mehari, Tetemke(PhD)
Raw materials from uni nspected sources used for making of cooking utensils could be a potential sou rce for high tox ic metal in food prepared in these utensils. Therefore, in the present work, the level of selected meta ls (Pb, Cd, and AI) in clay pots was determi ned. The clay pots were obta ined from two sites kechene and legeberi Ihe areas are selecled because of the raw materials used to make them were brought from suspected places for metal contaminat ion. In addition, leaching of those metals in some foods (bean stew, tomato sauce and coffee) prepared us ing these materials were investigated. Furthermore, factors that can influ ence metal leaching like frequent usage of the pots were also studied. Clay pots were crushed while the food and coffee samples were lyophilized and digested in a closed microwave digestion system. The levels of meta ls were determined using flame atom ic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). The results showed that level of metals in clay pot from legeberi were Pb (26.7±0.0 mg/kg), Cd (S.6±0. 1 mg/kg) and AI (38.74±0.7 mg/kg) and clay pot from kechene had Pb content (0.6±OJ mg/kg), Cd (0.3±0.0 mg/kg) and AI (8.92±0.3 mg/kg). In addi tion, the level of metals leaching in food samples prepared using clay pots from legeberi showed tomato sauce Pb in range (from 9.6±0.0 mg/kg to 13+0.0 mg/kg). Cd (from O.S±O.O mg/kg to 1.2±0.0 mg/kg) and AI (from 1 t.S3±OA mg/kg to 1504 ±OJ). The bean stew prepared usi ng clay pots from /egeberi had Pb in the range (fromI.2±0.0 mg/kg to 3.3±0.0 mg/kg), Cd (from 0.14 ±O.O mg/kg to OJ8 ±O.O mg/kg) and AI (from I 0.8±0.2 mg/kg to 13.5 ±0.3 mg/kg), whereas the coffee samples brewed in coffee pot from legeberi showed Pb in range (from I.6±0.0 mg/kg to 3.9±0.0 mg/kg), Cd (from 0.18 ±O.O mg/kg to 0.34 ±O.O mg/kg) and AI (from 1.9±0.0 mg/kg to 3.8 ±O. I mg/kg). However. Pb and Cd were not detected in any of the food prepared using clay pot from kechene . The level of AI in food samples prepared in clay pot from kechene was tomato sauce in range (from I O.S±O.S mg/kg to 11.3±0.6 mg/kg), bean stew (fromI 0. 1±0.3 mg/kg to 10A±OA mg/kg) and coffee (from t. 1±0.0 mg/kg to 2.1 ±O.O mg/kg). Results of the present in vestigation ind icates that metal (Pb, Cd and AI) content of clay pot from /egeberi was signiticantly higher (p
Assessment of Malt Quality Attributes of Barley (Hordeum Vulgarre L) Genotypes Grown in Bekoji, Holeta and Ankober, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06-06) Kefale, Biadge; Zewdu, Ashagrie (PhD); Lakew, Berhane (PhD)
Barley is a crop of ancient origin in Ethiopia which is an important food source and industrial crop for beer production. This research was conducted to study the malt quality attributes of advanced malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L) genotypes in the central high lands of Ethiopia. Sixteen malt Barely varieties (four released varieties which were in production such as Holker, Traveller, EH1847 and IBON174/03and twelve promising varieties) were analyzed for their grain, malt and wort quality parameters. Except germination energy, the analysis of variance reveled that grain, malt and wort quality parameters were not significantly different among the sixteen varieties. Grain, malt and wort quality parameters were significantly different between the three locations. The Grain quality parameters for sixteen Varieties such as sieve size, germination energy, moisture content, hectoliter weight ,thousand kernel weight and protein content were ranged from 78.83%-92.66%, 13-99.33%, 12-13%, 64.36-67.3 kg/hL, 44.55-51.6 g, 9.0-11.5%, respectively. The malting and wort quality parameters for sixteen Varieties ,fine grind extract, coarse grind extract, extract difference, color of wort, pH of wort, malt moisture content, protein content, soluble protein content, kolbach index, friability, diastatic power, free amino nitrogen, zinc content and calcium content were ranged from 67.18-72.91%,64.91-69.79 ,2.43-4.89%,2.66-4.83%,5.84-6.03%,9.94-11.59%,3.51-5.43,32.92-75.5,50.9-76.7,288.8-428wk,223.48-357.06mg/L,1.72-5.08mg/L,475.75-742.0mg/L, respectively. Varieties MB1, MB3, MB5, MB7, MB9, and MB4 gave better result in grain and malt quality trait compared to the standard check over the three locations Bekoji, Holeta and Ankober. The varieties were differently responded for grain, malt and wort quality parameters. Varieties over locations did not perform consistently for grain, malt and wort quality parameters. However, most of the varieties fulfilled the quality requirements and within the acceptable range of the European Brewery Convention (EBC) and Asela Malt factory standard.
Assessment of Pesticide Residue Level in Fruits and Vegetables from Markets of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Ali, Ermias; Zewdu, Ashagrie (PhD); Berhanu, Tarekegn (PhD)
Fruits and vegetables are main sources of vitamins and minerals, thus, they are an essential element of a hea lthy diet. On the other hand, they may be contaminated with toxic substance such as pesticides res idues from farm area, heavy metals, etc. Regu lat ion of pesticide max imum residue limits in food commodities was esta bli shed in many countries. For Ethiopia, this regulation exists by law but is not fully enforced. Therefore, pesticide residues in frui ts and vegetables have not been well monito red. This study is the fi rst extensive assessment to determine the levels of 2 1 pesticides res idues in lettuce, tomato, strawberry and apple sold in Addi s Ababa markets. Residues of 13 organochlo rine pesticides (heptachl or, aldri n, dield ri n, endri n, y-chlo rdane, a -endosulfane, endosul fane slJirate, methoxychl or, a-BHC, p,p DDT, p,p DOE, p,p DOD and 8-BHC) ,3 organophosphate pesticides (malathion, chl opyri fos and diazinon ) and 5 synthetic pyret hri od pesticides (A-cyhalotrhin, cy fl uthrin cypennethri n, fenvalerate and deltamethri n) were detected using gas chromatography electron capture detector, and confi rmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The effect of wash ing with tap water was also investigated. In addition, KAP (Knowledge, attitude and practice) study was conducted on consumers. The samples were prepared using the multi- residue Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. Of the 21 pesticides, 10 pesticides were detected in 87.5 % of fruit and vegetable samples. The residue concentrations range from 0.92 to 27.09 ~l g/kg, 5.37 to 198.6 ~l g/kg and 6.61 to 96.74 fig/kg for organoch lorine, synthet ic pyrethriod and organophosphate pesticides respectively was observed. Lindane (a-BHC and 8-BHC) and fe nvalerate were the most frequent organochl orine and synthetic pyrethriod pesticides, respecti vely. Lettuce was the most frequent contami nated sample. The concentration levels of organochlorine, synthetic pyrethriod and organophosphate pesticides residues in lettuce, apple and strawberry exceeded the maximum residue limits adopted by Codex and/ or European Union. About 20% of the pesticide res idues were in this category. Washing lettuce and strawberry under funning water significantly reduced (p < 0.05) lindane and endosulfan residues by 32% and 7%, respecti vely. The running water method did not significantly decrease synthetic pyrethri od res idues in all samples. Knowledge, atti tude and practice study show that consumers had a moderate level of Knowledge, attitude and practice towards pesticide residues. This research suggests that routine monitori ng of pesticide residues is necessary to ensure the public health risks associated with eating contaminated fr ui ts and vegetables. Washi ng fruits and vegetables before consumption is adv isable as this helps to reduce at least some of the pesticide residues from entering into our daily intake. Key words: Assessment, Organochlorine pesticides, Organophosphate pest icides, synthetic pyrethri od pesticdes, frui ts and vegetable
Assessment of Quality and Constraints Affecting Production to Consumption of Milk from Peri-Addis Ababa Districts of Oromia to Milk Retail Centers in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Kuma, Amistu; Abdisa, Melese (PhD); Tolossa, Degefa (PhD)
The study was conducled at peri-Addis Ababa dislricls of Oromia wilh the aim to assess quality of milk at each critical point, and to identify knowledge gap, cOllstraints affecting production to consumption chain of milk supply. A total of 1 02 milk producingfarmers al Ho1eta, Sebeta and Sululta districts were selected by using multi-stage purposive sampling method. A total of 60 raw milk samples were collected hygienically from each presumed critical points and examined for their microbial and gross nutrient composition analysis. The main proximate and mineral values evaluated were ash, protein, fat, total solids and solid not fat; and Ca, Fe, Zn and P, respectively. The main microorganisms assessed were. aerobic mesophilic bacterial count, Coliform count, and fecal coliform count, E.coli count, Salmonella, Staphylococcus species and Yeast and Mold Counts. About 99% of participants in the areas market whole milk and 94% of the milk produced per households was sold. About 96.1 and 23% of the participants stated that milk production and marketing in areas maintain household food security and projitable farm activity respectively. The major challenges of milk production and marketing in the areas were; feed shortage, high feed cost, disease, shortage of land for grazing, and price fluctuation during fas ting season, long term contract for milk marketing and milk quality, respectively. Besides, lack of training for producers, lack of awareness on standard milk and milk product production and marketing, lack of aseplic milk handling and use of traditional flavor plants on milk microbial load were major knowledge gap in the areas. The mean ash content for Sebeta, Holeta and Sululta samples collected from farmers were O. 60±0. 032, 0.77±0.025 and 0.50±0.007 mgl100gm, respectively. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in ash content among critical points and between districts. Besides, protein and fat have showed a significant difference among critical points(p
Assessment of Quality and Safety of Super Cereal-Corn Soya Blend (Sc-Csb) Processed at Factory Level in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-01-01) Kebede, Wondimu; Zewdu, Ashagrie (PhD)
Super-cereal-Corn Soy Blend (CSB) is a cooked blend of milled, heat-treated corn and soybean and fortified with a vitamin and mineral premix. The ingredients are partially cooked through either extrusion or roasting. CSB is the most widely used foods in supplementary feeding programs as it is naturally wholesome blended food, nutritious and precooked for ease in use and handling. During pre and post-harvesting of the raw materials and processing of the CSB in the industries, hygiene and sanitation procedure should be followed in order to prevent different contaminations. Moreover the super cereal- corn-soya blend should be free from any hazardous contamination like aflatoxins and heavy metals since infants do not have the capacity to resist such kind hazards. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the quality and safety of CSB flour collected from four Ethiopian SC-CSB manufacturing factories based on their cooking processing methods (two extrusion and two roasting). Proximate compositions, minerals (Fe, K, and Ca), Vitamin A, physicochemical and microbiological composition were analyzed by official methods of AOAC, ICP-OES, High Performance Liquid Chromatography with DAD detector (HPLC/DAD) methods used, respectively. Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 were determined by immuno-affinity column cleanup and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. identification, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), linearity, precession, accuracy and recovery tests were done. Out of four SC-CSB factories, proximate composition (crude fiber) for each cooking methods were in the range of 2.34 g/100g to 3.75 g/100g. Mineral contents (Iron) of SC-CSB for all cooking method were in the range of 10.2 mg/100g to 13.4 mg/100g. Vitamin A contents for each factory were above the expected range between 21.8 mg/100g to 40.9 mg/100g. Physicochemical properties (peroxide value and urease index) for all cooking methods were not detected. Three of them were positive with a range of aflatoxin B1 between 2.49 and 4.66μg/l and one factory sample was less than Limit of Detection. Total aflatoxin level for each sample was detected with a range of 6.47 to 14.13μg/l. Total Aerobic Plate count/gm, yeast and molds and total Coliforms of sample for roasting cooking processing have positive (1.6 x 104 cfu/gm and 4.0 x 103 cfu/gm), 1.77 x 103 cfu/gm and 1.54 x 103 cfu/gm and (4.3 x 101 confirmed coliforms/gm and 3.9 x 101 confirmed coliforms/gm) respectively. It can be concluded that, the vitamin A result showed that all factories have used a higher concentration of Vitamin A fortificant during the processing of SC-CSB. Samples taken from factories using roasting cooking method were highly contaminated with total aflatoxin and aflatoxin B1 which is out of the range of maximum allowable limit according to CES, EU, and WFP standard. The super cereal corn soya blend manufacturing companies should have a system of checking the risk of containment of aflatoxin and other contaminant factors starting from the raw material selection and also via out the process. The concerned stakeholders need to make sure that the products are free of aflatoxin before the products delivered to consumers.

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