Food and Nutritional Sciences

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Possible Application of Data Mining Technology in Supporting Credit Risk Assessment: the Case of Nib International Bank S.C.
(Addis Ababa University, 204-07) Shawui, Meretework; Tadesse, Nigussie (PhD)
Financial institutions in a nation playa crucial role in the development of its economy. The banking sector as one type offinancial institution is indisputably the new ji'ontier of economic development in a country. In this respect, banking has to be sound and safe jar its clistomers as well as jar the stability of the currency and economy of a counl1y. One factor that affects the well fimctioning of the banking sector is credit risk. This factor is also a general problem among commercial banks in Ethiopia. In order to deal with high default rates banks in other countries are making use of data mining. The possible application of data mining in the commercial banking sector of Ethiopia has also been tested by the use of neural network techflique. As credit risk is a risk type that bank managers give more emphasis in the loan disbursement process because it is one of the major reasons that cause a bank to fail, the study of the possible application of data mining needed jilrther investigation. To this end, the present study focuses on the application of data mining to support credit risk assessment taking as a case study Nib International Bank S.C.(NIB). In doing so the aim of this research was to assess the potential applicability of decision tree technique to help in the loan disbursement decisionmaking process of banks. The methodology used for this research had three basic steps. These were collecting of data, data preparation, and model building and testing. The required data was selected and extracted ji'01l/ Nib International Bank records. Then, data preparation tasks (such as data tram!ormation, deriving of new fields, and handling of missing variables) were undertaken. Decision tree data mining technique was employed to build and test models. , Several decision tree models were built and testedfor their classification accuracy and the model with encouraging results was taken to generate rules to support credit decision makers and the procedures adopted are described in this document .The peliormance of the developed model is validated using new datasets and its predictive accuracy is also tested. The result shows that the use of decision tree technique produces rules for justifiable credit decision-making and that it is the best technique that needs to be adopted for NIB bank as it presents a means of providing explanation for proposed decisions as compared to neural network techniqlles. A 1/ things considered, the existence of an electronic system to support the credit risk assessment of NIB bank will promote the services of the bank to its customers as well as minimize risk
Human Resources Management Information System (Hurmis) For Ethio-Jibouti Railways Company: Employees' Perspective (Ejrc)
(Addis Ababa University, 1997-05) Ahbas, Mohammed; Mamo, Demissie (PhD)
TIlls study has been carried to propose an integrated Human Resource Management Infonnation System (HURMIS) that consists of Employee CommUillcation System (ECS) to facilitate infonnation exchange between employees and management, PersOlmel Research System (PRS) to generate new infonnation for decision, and infonnation service center to provide access to infonnation and promote the use of information. It is integrated so that the activities of each are interrelated with those of the others. The study envisioned such a system as a support system to top executive strategic activities. The marginal contribution of computer in this regard has been theoretically substantiated in two dimensions: top management activities and decision making. Furthennore from the theoretical analysis a framework has been developed to guide the evaluation and the design of the existing and proposed HURMIS. Moreover the factors that influence the characteristics of infonnation system such as the management needs for infonnation, company value, company infonnation policy, and reciprocity with environment have been hlghlighted. Accordingly, data that are pertinent and relevant to the existing HURMIS are collected. For the purpose of collecting data, methods, such as, questionnaire method, interview method, and literature review have been used. The study reveals that the existing HURMIS in EJRC is functionally and structurally deficient, and without reciprocity with its environment. The thorough analysis of data made certain that it is the management and the shareholders that share the blame for the inadequacy of the information system. The responsibility of bringing the change is ascribed to the board of directors.
Generalized Functions and Application on Aerodynamics
(Addis Ababa University, 2003-06) Tamiru, Andualem; Gedif, Tsgaye (PhD)
Housing Strategies in Inner City Areas The Case of Low-Income housing in Inner City Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-09) Tesfaye, Mihretu; Gossaye, Ashenafi (PhD)
The question of shelter has become more crucial with the rapid urbanization we see today. Developing countries such as Ethiopia have paid too little attention to the shelter problem and how deeply rooted it is in matters of urbanization. The existing housing stock plays the major role in housing provision in these developing countries. Consequently what is to be done with this existing housing stock is an overriding concern of urban renewal efforts. Various urban renewal approaches exist that have different effects on low income housing, such as slum clearance and resettlement, rehabilitation and conservation, slum and squatter upgrading. A study into the very nature of low income housing points in the direction of the roots of the problem. There are various concepts as to the nature of the inner city such as the idea of the compact city, diversity of use and equity. By taking a case study area within the city of Addis Ababa the thesis explores the nature and prospect of inner city low income housing in the context of the city. There has been significant population growth; internal as well as external in Addis Ababa. There have been changes of an economic, social and political nature that have affected the nature of inner city low income housing. Various aspects affect the condition of low income housing within the inner city such as the housing policy, forms of land ownership, availability of financing, land values, regulations, poverty and rapid urbanization. The thesis concludes that for a more effective and sustainable urban renewal approach, the potentials of low income settlements must become an integral part of local development plans. Our choice for the location of local plans should be based on inner city wide assessment of needs and potentials. At a more detailed level, the condition of the dwelling units has made improvements difficult for these settlements. The lack of security of tenure has limited the improvement drives of the people. There is a serious problem of poverty and there is a lack of secure employment. This has led to the inability for most of these settlers to get loans from banks. However, even with the evident dilapidated condition of the settlement, the residents prefer to stay. Cooperating with community based organizations will have far reaching effects in areas such as providing security for housing finance and community participation
Evaluation of Minerals, Reducing Sugar, Resistant Starch and Polyphenol Oxidase Activities of Selected Banana variety of Ethiopia BY
(Addis Ababa University, 2006) Beyene, Reba; Urga, Kelbessa (Prof.)
Banana cultivation is considered one of the most important agricultural activities of economic and social importance in Ethiopia. The objective of this work was to investigate minerals, reducing sugar, resistant starch and polyphenol oxidase activities of fi veselected banana varieties, these are giant cavendish,butuza,robusta,poyo and williamsofEthiopia. Banana fruits were collected, dried, ground and ashed. The mineral elements potassium(K), Iron (Fe) and zinc(Zn) were analyzed. Their composition was found to be 0.627 - 1.047 mg!IOOg for iron, 0.217 - 0.307 mg! IOOg for zinc and 287.171 - 355.271 mg! I OOg for potassium inripe banana fruits. Bananas are considered a good source of K in the diet, and the data obtained herein support these assertions. Zn and Fe are other minerals of nutritional importance in bananas and this study has shown that their average values are adequate to support its nutritive value at ripening stages.The RS content of banana were between 52.2 - 61.4 g! IOOg that containing the highest amount of RS, banana has a higher RS content the highest value comingfrompoyo fo llowed by Giant Cavendish.For reducing sugar, the sample extract was filtered through the two layers of cloths and reextracted in hot 80% alcohols. using 2 to 3 ml of alcohol per gm of sample and tested by Fehling's solution. The precipitate and color change of the sample were calculated by titration method and Polyphenol oxidase has been shown to be responsible for browning reactions and discoloration in banana fruit. Polyphenol oxidase was indirectly iso lated. The activity of the enzyme was evaluated using Hallberg and Halthen's algorithm method. Banana PPO catalyzes oxidation of both various substrates with catechol being the most readily oxidized substrate. The optimum pH of the enzyme was between pH 6 and 7 for all cultivars. Banana polyphenol oxidase was active towards catechol but not withgalloyl.The result obtained in this study showed that banana fruits can be a potential source of mineral elements supplement in the diet especially for k, and good source of resistant starch and reducing sugar. Key words: Banana, mineral,reducing sugar, resistant starch and polyphenol oxidase
Isolation and Characterization of Rennin Enzyme from Mucor Species and Utilization for Cheese Making
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-01-31) Getu Abebe; Abate Dawit (PhD)
Microbial milk-clotting enzymes are valued as calf rennet substitutes in the cheese industry. Rennet, a microbial coagulant, can be obtained from Mucor species isolated from cow dung. The aim of this work was to extract milk-clotting enzyme from Mucor species by submerged fermentation and to produce cheese. Among the physico-chemical parameters tested, the best results were obtained in a medium having initial pH of 7.0 and incubated at 25oC for 5 days, using glucose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. A partial purified extract of the enzyme was obtained by fractional precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and its maximum activity were obtained at pH 5.5 and 550C. The clotting activity of the purified enzyme was stimulated with increasing CaCl2 concentration up to 0.05%.The enzyme was completely inactivated by heating for 5 min at 70oC. This enzyme was stable at pH 4.5–6 and below 45 °C, and this was convenient for storage and transportation. The result showed that the enzyme from Mucor was a promising microorganism for industrial milk-clotting enzyme production in Ethiopia.
The Washback Effect of Grade Ten English Language (EGSEC) Examination
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Abate Melkamu; A.Tibebe (PhD)
This study addresses the issue of ‘washback’ effect of language testing. What is ‘washback’? What does it look like in practice? It has been widely asserted that tests influence language learners who prepare to take them (the tests), and teachers who try to help the students to prepare, thereby influence learning and teaching in schools. ‘Washback’ effect refers to these influences of the testing especially in language education (Alderson and Wall, 1993; Hughes, 1988). Although professionals have written about the concept, and definitions from the professionals’ perspective exist, as yet little is known about how ‘washback’ actually functions, whether it really exists and (if it at all exists) what its nature looks like in the day-to-day school operation. How do the Grade 10 students and their English language teachers react to (the nature and/or the effects of) the EGSEC English Language Examination? Has the exam any ‘washback’ effect on their perceptions of what the students do when they go about it? How well does the exam reflect the syllabi objectives, their content and method? By finding out answers to these and related questions, the researcher in this study attempts to examine the ‘washback’ effects of the existing Grade 10 EGSEC English Language Examination in six representative schools in Addis Ababa. An attempt is also made to determine the nature of the washback effect of the examination. In the study, the researcher employed various methodologies such as questionnaires and checklists. Two questionnaires were used to collect views concerning the examination from 248 candidates and 13 English language teachers. From the 248 participant students, 131 were males and 112 were females. Of the total, 131 are from government-maintained schools, 50 from public and 62 from private schools. Among the 13 teachers, 4 were females. From the total 8 were from government-maintained schools and 3 from public, the rest from private schools. And two checklists were employed to aid a detail analysis of two academic years (2004/05 and 2005/06) examinations. A total of 18 raters who represents the viewpoint of the program constituency, participated in selecting representative sample objectives for the analyses. Other five teachers also participated in making precise decision about the closeness of the items content and format to the syllabi objectives that the exam items attempt to measure. The findings of both investigations revealed that the examination has washback effect on the students’ as well as their English language teachers’ perception of the students’ learning and/or language use. And when seen from the point of view of coverage, relevance, and appropriateness, the examinations are found to have negative ‘washback’ effect on the learning /teaching process. Based on the findings, relevant conclusions were drawn and implications for future test design were discussed
The Perception and Implementation of Continuous Assessment of Efl Teachers The Case of Debub Ethiopia Teacher Education College
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07-16) Aragaw, Sileshi; Alemayehu, Tibebe (PhD)
As many scholars point out even though continuous assessment can be used to judge the language achievement of students, the primary purpose of using continuous assessment is to improve students' learning and guide teachers' instruction. In order to implement continuous assessment effectively teachers should have well developed knowledge and skills in this assessment type. In addition to this, teachers should employ various assessment devices, such as observation, self assessment, and reflective journals and involve students in the process of assessment. If continuous assessment is not practiced properly, it may hinder the instruction process. The study was conducted to find out how EFL teachers of Debub Ethiopia Teacher Education College perceived continuous assessment and to determine to what extent they were implementing it. The participants of the research were 11 EFL teachers and 127 third year EFL students. Data for the study were gathered through questionnaire and interview. The results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings of the study revealed that EFL teachers of Debub Ethiopia Teacher Education College had inadequate knowledge about the principles and purposes of continuous assessment. They also indicated that the teachers used the assessment primarily to judge the English language achievement of the students. Moreover, the findings showed that the teachers did not allow students to actively participate in the different aspects of the assessment process. Based on the findings, it was recommended that for the successful implementation of continuous assessment, the EFL teachers should get continuous training on principles, purposes and implementation of continuous assessment. In addition to this, they should implement this assessment for its prime goal by involving students in the assessment process
Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Orange and Tomato Samples from Piasa Atekelt Tera, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Geletu, Ashenafi; Berhanu, Tarekegn(PhD); Retta, Nigussie (PhD)
The concentration levels of ten organochlorine pesticides have been investigated in tomato and orange samples purchased from Piasa Atekelt Tera market, Addis Ababa. Sampling technique was used based on the Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia, standard sampling method ( ES ISO874:2007) and from United Nation Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO:2002). A standard analytical method was used for extraction of the pesticides in fruits and vegetables. Since the method was out of scope it validated before application to the analysis of these pesticides. Accordingly the limit of detection (LOD), Limit of quantification (LOQ), repeatability and reproducibility, and percentage recovery were determined. Target analytes were determined using GC-MS. The Spiked recovery results for five analytes were within the acceptable international standard . The LOD value and LOQ value are below the LCL and MRL of the analyte. Precision of the method was measured in terms of repeatability and reproducibility expressed in terms of percentage relative standard deviation (% RSD) values. The %RSD of all detected analytes were less than the acceptable international standard (<20%). The study found that both orange and tomato samples were contaminated by the five and four type of OCPs out of ten target analyte, respectively. In orange sample g- HCH, heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan and DDT were detected while in tomato heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan and DDT were detected. However from the detected analytes none of them above the international MRL values. Keywords: Organochlorine pesticide, Tomato and orange, Method validation, maximum residue limit
Effect of Processing on Some Physicochemical and Antinutritional Factors of Taro (Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott.) Grown in, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Tilahun, Adane; Admassu, Shimelis (PhD); Retta, Negussie (PhD)
Two cultivars of taro (Boloso I and Acc.236000) which were grown in Wollaita zone of Sothern Nations, Nationalities and People Ethiopia were analyzed for their proximate composition, mineral composition, functional properties, and physicochemical properties and antinutritional factors composition. The effects of processing on these parameters were also determined. It was found that the range of values for raw sample; moisture content 0.54-0.92%, protein 5.83-9.14%, fat 0.35-1.05%, fiber 2.2-3.38%, total ash 4.46-5.44%, utilizable carbohydrate 82.88-8565% and Gross Energy 370.5-375.1Kcal/100 g. From minerals studied; Fe, 5.86-6.08 mg/100g (db), Zn, 43.08-48 mg/100g (db), Mg, 7.24-7.32mg/100g. Among the functional properties, water and oil absorption capacity ranged from 1.85-3.82 and 0.9-1.63 ml/g, respectively; bulk density 0.69- 0.88 g/ml, emulsion capacity10.6-35.6ml/g, emulsion stability 7.4-12.9 ml/g and foaming capacity 7.4-12.9 ml/g. Values for some physicochemical properties include ; pH4.92-6.44, TTA 0.32-1.71%,. The range of values for the antinutritional factors for raw sample Phytate 117.4- 135.3mg/100g, Oxalate, 243-265.9mg/100g, Tannin,47.69-59.92mg/100g, and Cyanide was not detected in any of the cultivars studied. There was significance difference (p < 0.05) in the proximate composition between the two cultivars, antinutritional factors, some functional properties. Processing methods significantly affected the proximate composition of both cultivars. Boiling decreased the protein content of taro by 1.00-9.37%, but fermentation increased the protein content by 8.46-16.50%. The highest reduction of phytate about 86.6% was seen due to fermentation process. Boiling of taro resulted in highest reduction of oxalate (73.4%). The result indicated that fermentation was effective in the reduction of phytates from taro whereas the traditional processing, boiling was effective in the reduction of oxalate. Therefore, from the present study it can be concluded that no processing method is equally effective in reducing the antinutritional factors. From the two cultivars used in the present study Acc.236000 was more affected by the processing method in terms of all parameters studied than Boloso I.Key words: colocasia esculenta, antinutrients, fermentation, boiling, oxalate
Growth Inhibition of Grain Spoilage Fungi by Some Herb and Spice Essential Oils Grown in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06-05) Chewaka Diriba; Abate Dawit (PhD)
Microbial food contamination is an on-going limiting factor in crop production that can determine the shelf life of processed and unprocessed foods. Spice plants and herbs are commonly used as food flavoring and seasoning agents. Their antimicrobial properties as food preservatives are also well documented. In this study, essential oils of seven spice plants were tested for their antimicrobial properties against Aspergillus flavus and A. niger, two of the most important food and feed spoilage organisms. Agar disk diffusion assay was used for screening of the most effective essential oils, agar dilution assay was used to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the essential oils and broth dilution assay was employed to the spore germination inhibition assay. Tests were also conducted to examine the effects of the essential oils for sorghum kernel protection against the tested fungi, and the optimal protective dosages on the sorghum grains were also determined. From the preliminary tests, essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon) and Thymus schimperi (thymus) were found to be the most effective. However piper nigrum (black pepper) had no effect on the test organisms. In MIC, spore germination inhibition and grain protection assay, cinnamon essential oil was found to be superior where its MIC on the isolates was found to be 0.0156% and its optimum protective dosage on the grain was 5%. It inhibited spore germination at a concentration of 3 _L/ml. The effect of thymus oil was also very much comparable to these results (no significant difference at P < 0.05). Finally, it could be concluded that some plant essential oils can be a useful source of antifungal agents for protection of grain spoilage by fungi.
Nutritional Composition, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Some Capsicum Varieties Grown Inethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07-03) Kinfe Esayas; Admassie Shimelis (PhD); Fisseha Ashebir (PhD)
This study was conducted to generate base line information on nutritional composition, physicochemical and functional properties of three capsicum varieties which are grown in Ethiopia. In relation to proximate composition, Marako fana (Capsicum annum), Bako local (Capsicum annum) and Oda haro (Capsicum annum) contained 9.156%, 9.043% and 8.744% moisture, 11.809%, 8.728% and 9.210% crude protein, 27.264%, 25.966% and 28.566% crude fiber, 11.1625%, 9.518% and 9.147% oleoresin, 89.011 mg/100g, 84.011 mg/100g and 84.818 mg/100g vitamin C, 1.685 mg/100g, 1.670 mg/100g and 1.754 mg/100g potassium, 27.156 mg/100g, 38.205 mg/100g and 54.565 mg/100g calcium and 7.236 mg/100g, 6.876 mg/100g and 9.554 mg/100g iron on wet weight basis. In case of physicochemical properties, functional properties and antinutritional factors, Marako fana, Bako local and Oda haro contained 648331 ICU, 520687 ICU and 478085 ICU color value, 0.217 %, 0.174% and 0.161% capsacinoide, 0.034%, 0.022% and 0.021% paprika, 13.96 N/pod, 4.66 N/pod and 4.21 N/pod firmness and 8.667%, 9.667% and 10.333% gel formation capacity 0.142 mg/100g, 0.164 mg/100g and 0.148 mg/100g tannin and phytate was below detection. The analysis of variance and LSD test done on the above results at P< 0.05 revealed that protein, oleoresin, color value, paprika content, firmness and gel forming capacity of Marako fana were significantly higher than the other two varieties while its tannin content was less. Potassium, calcium and iron content of Oda haro were significantly higher than the rest two varieties. But all the three varieties had comparable moisture, fiber, vitamin C and capsacinoide. Hence, Marako fana is preferable for large scale production of oleoresin and paprika. It is good coloring agent and can be used in food formulation like sauces in a better maner. Oda haro is nutritionally preferable for its potassium, calcium and iron. All have comparable pungency.
Thematic Analysis of Amharic Oral Lyric Poetry of West Gojjam Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-05) Zewdie, Zelalem; Matthews, Berhanu (PhD)
This thesis aims to examine the major themes of Amharic oral lyric poetry of West Gojjam Zone. Since the oral lyric poetry of the Amhara people in West Gojjam Zone is an unexplored genre, one finds only few studies in such a widespread and most functional category of literature. This is the foremost reason for conducting this study. The basic method is qualitative analysis and the instruments that were used to gather the data and to solve the problem were observation, interview and note-taking, tape recording and photographing. The study revealed that the recurrent themes of Amharic oral lyric poetry of West Gojjam Zone are declaring the feel of discontent about various social issues, expressing the grief and consolation of mourners, reflecting the very and related concept of work, showing the multifaceted nature of matrimony and marital ties; and exposing the various issues of love affairs
i Hospital Food Safety An Assessment of the Hygienic and Food Handling Practices in Selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa- Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Getachew, Faben; Abegaz, Mulat (PhD); Desse, Gulelat (PhD)
The purpose of this study was to assess the status of food hygiene and food safety issues and practices in some selected hospitals in Addis Ababa- Ethiopia and provide a baseline data for implementing HACCP in hospital food services. In addition, knowledge and practice of food handlers with regard to food hygiene in hospitals was assessed, gaps in hospital food safety and hygiene was identified and microbial analysis of food was conducted. The assessment and observation checklist for comparing standards of GHP and GKP has uncovered some gaps regarding the status of the premises, status and storage of equipments, some aspects of personal hygiene and sanitation and pest control. The common unsatisfactory scores include having unclean floors, walls and ceilings, insect infestation and poor ventilation, poor storage of utensils, not using appropriate tools by food handlers, improper covering of refuse receptacle and absence of a hand wash basins near the toilets. The questionnaire based assessment has provided insight into inadequacies in the general food service staff knowledge with regard to food hygiene principles as 86.8% were not aware of the correct refrigerator temperature, 78.9% of them thought that chilling and freezing eliminates harmful germs in food. In addition to that, 71.1% of them were unaware of the best way to wash fresh fruits and vegetables to keep them free from food poisoning microorganisms. On the other hand, better results were obtained for self-reported food hygiene practices and control measures. High scores were obtained for knowledge about food related microorganisms such as Vibrio cholera (89.5%), Salmonella (97.4%) and Hepatitis A (60.5%). Knowledge of C.botulinum and S.aureus was absent. A total of 45 samples (15 meat, 15 vegetable and 15 legume based sauces) were analyzed for Aerobic colony count, total coliforms, E. coli type I and CNS. Data from the microbiological analysis show that most of the samples were within the good/acceptable range but the incidence of fecal coliforms and E.coli indicate a poor food handling practice and/or cross-contamination during distribution or in the kitchen.A HACCP system has not been implemented in any of the studied hospitals and in view of the findings of this study it can be underlined the importance of a full implementation of the system
The Impact of Horizontal Urban Expansion on Sub- Urban Agricultural Community Livelihood: The Case of Tabor Sub-City, Hawassa city, SNNPRS, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Bekele, Firew; Abdissa, Melese (PhD)
Throughout the world, we find human being residing either in urban or rural or in betweenperi- urban or peri-rural. Both urbanization and ruralism are counter competing areas whereas the area between is the field of contest. Globally, urbanization has as equal age as the ancient civilization of Babylonians. As it is concomitant with socio-economic development, urbanization has a higher level of development in developed nations than under developed ones.In Ethiopia, although its level is the lowest even among other under developed nations, its rate, however, is the highest and made a country one of twenty-three countries experiencing fast urbanization in the World. As a matter of this fact, Hawassa city is among the Ethiopian urban settings experiencing unprecedented rate of urbanization through expansion. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the impacts of horizontal urban expansion on peri-urban agricultural community's livelihood in Ethiopia by taking the Tabor sub-city as a case in Hawassa city, SNNPRS. Based on the descriptive research design, the study had applied the mix methods of both Qualitative and Quantitative approaches. A household survey was conducted on 156 households sampled through systematic sampling and non-random sampling techniques. Primary data had been collected through semi-structured questionnaire, semi-closed interview, participant observation and focus group discussion while the secondary one was from different written and documented sources. Having analyzing the collected data through the SSPS software as a model, the researcher had arrived at the conclusion that horizontal urban expansion has adverse impact on the livelihood of peri-urban agricultural community in Ethiopia, as theHawassa city case had shown us. Hence, the livelihood of such community has been at the verge of risk. This negative externality was attributed mainly to lack of urban good governance & lack of effective rules and regulations on land expropriation from and compensation to farmers while the difference in wealth, power, educational background, family size burdens, livelihood strategies and diversity before and after expropriation were determining factors. Thus, it is therecommendation of this study that there is a need to prevail urban good governance to curtail the problem, especially, following participatory approach on stakeholders, particularly, farmers, in to urban development plans and projects, there should exist effective rules and regulations which guide expropriation from and compensation to farmers when their land is expropriated for public interest, there should, also, be consideration of the recipients' interests on kind and quantity of compensation and if money is only possible resolutions on a kind of compensation to farmers', then, pre-trainings and post coaching need to be carried out to enable such community sustain and secure their livelihood in such changed and continuously rechanging urban terrains
The Social Function of Amharic Folk Poetry with Reference to Shänä in Rayya Qobbo
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Nigussie, Beakal; Mengistu, Melakneh (PhD)
In countries like Ethiopia, where the rate of literacy is very low, and the written word is deficient to wave public opinion, the role of folk literature is mammoth. Contrary to this fact, folk literature in Ethiopia is overwhelmed by western cultures and many such heritages are on the verge of oblivion, in the country in general and in Rayya Qobbo in particular; and Shänä a folk poetry is among the victimized assets. Bearing such assumptions in mind, this study was designed to record Shänä a folk poetry in Rayya Qobbo and to examine its social functions through thematic as well as contextual analyses. The study embraces six chapters, of which the first provides a general background to the study, physical and social setting of the study area and insights about the magnitude of the problem, the objectives, significances and scope. In the second chapter, different theories, approaches and studies are reviewed and definitions of terms are given to substantiate the research with guiding framework. In chapter three, the different methods employed in collecting Amharic Shänä a folk poetry using audiotape recorder and classifications used in the study are described. In the fourth chapter, a brief description of the ceremonial process of Shänä a and major occasions of performances of Shänä a folk poetry are given. Chapter five, mainly deals with a contextual analysis of Shänä folk poetry to brought to the fore its themes and social functions. Thus, forty poems were selected, transcribed on paper, translated in to English and analyzed accordingly. Chapter six, the conclusion, gives a succinct summary of the social functions of Shänä a folk poetry as reflected in the data collected and analyzed. Thus, the study revealed blessing, curse, praise, socio-political commentary, historical record and cherishing patriarchy as the major social functions of Shänä a folk poetry. Blessing appeared as the most common function served and wealth, power and fame, victory, successful marriage, health, long life and righteousness were identified as the main focuses. Regarding curse, contrary to blessing, weak sides of individuals got expressions. Praise also appeared playing roles in upraising individual’s generosity, wealth and heroic deeds. In the category of socio-political commentary, criticism of the manner of the society like envy and malevolent and protest against a government were reflected. In recording history, historical places, names of heroes and heroic deeds appeared as points of focuses. Finally, Shänä a folk poetry was also found playing roles in maintaining conformity to male supremacy by cherishing patriarchy.
Investigation on Nutritional and Microbiological Properties of Abyssinian Donkey Milk from Adea Woreda
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Tadesse Tiringo; Retta Nigussie (Professor); Lemma Alemayehu (PhD); Tefera Genene (PhD)
A study was carried out on donkey milk in Adea woreda with particular emphasis on characterization of the nutritional and microbiological properties of Abyssinian donkey milk from Adea woreda. The results were compared with those already published in literature for a potential future use as replacement of human breast milk. To this end, the study utilized primary data that were collected through direct collection of milk from 24 Jennies from three selected kebeles of Ada’a woreda; and secondary data were obtained from published literature for comparative purposes. Attempts were primarily made to analyze the physicochemical composition such as fat, total protein, lactose, minerals, vitamins C, acidity or pH, density, total solid and freezing points; and microbiological characteristics. Results indicated that the Abyssinian donkey milk have close similarity with other donkeys milk previously investigated elsewhere for most of the components. More importantly, the present findings confirmed Abyssinian donkey milk to have a very close similarity with human breast milk for protein, lactose, vitamin C, density, and acidity contents. However, it was found to have a significantly higher (p<0.01) concentration in all minerals investigated in this study than human breast milk. With regards to the microbiological properties, it was found out that the donkey milk didn’t ferment, and had lower microbial load as is common in cow’s milk. The present findings can generally provide strong evidence that the Abyssinian donkey milk in Adea woreda can provide an alternative supplement for human breast milk in many aspects of its composition. Key words: Abyssinian donkey, milk, nutritional content, microbiological property
Effect of Supplementing Biofortified Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato Flour to Wheat Flour on the Nutritional, Physical and Sensory Properties of Cookies
(Addis Ababa University, 2011) Melkie, Adugna; Abdisa, Melesse(PhD); Reta, Nigusse(Prof)
The effect of blending ratio and cultivar on the quality characteristics of cookies made from orange-fleshed sweetpotato and wheat composite flour were studied. A constrained, simplex lattice design was used to blend the composite flour and five different blending ratios of OFSPF: SWF (0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75,37.5:62.5 and 50:50) were found. The OFSP.F was processed from two different cultivars of OFSP roots, namely Tulia and Ku/fo, where as the soft wheat flour which has 17% gluten was purchased from the local market. Functional properties of the composite flours as well as physical, sensory and nutritional qualities of cookies developed from various composite flours were analyzed. Consequently, as the ratio of OFSPF increased in the blend, the water absorption capacity of the composite flour was found to be significantly higher (p< 0.05). The oil absorption capacity and moisture content were significantly higher (p< 0.05) fo'r SWF while bulk density and dispersibility were significantly higher (p< 0.05) for OFSPF. Blending ratio also had a significant effect (p< 0.05) on the quality characteristics of cookies. Increased ratio of OFSPF in the blend caused significant increase (p< 0.05) in moisture, ~-carotene, crude fiber, ash and Calcium content of cookies and resulted in a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in protein, carbohydrate, iron and energy value of cookies. Blending ratio also significantly affected (p< 0.05) the other quality parameters of .cookies (spread and sensory acceptability); the more OFSPF in the blend, the less spread and the less sensory -------,a""c''"c""e'pOf,"a'DiTi y. owever, coo ies made from 25: TSor-OFSPF:5WrnaC!s imria overa 11 ----acceptability with cookies made from 100% SWF. On the other hand, cultivar was found to have effect on the quality parameters of cookies. Cuukies made from Tulla-OFSPF and SWF blend had significantly higher (p< 0.05) spread and better sensory acceptability in terms of color, crispiness, taste, flavor .and overall acceptability than cookies made from Kulfo- OFSPF and SWF blend. It was also observed that the moisture, fiber, fat, ~-carotene, energy and Calcium contents were significantly higher (p< 0.05) for cookies made from Ku/fo-OFSP and SWF blend. However, the ashes, protein, Phosphorus were significantly higher (P< 0.05) for Cookies made from Tulla-OFSPF and SWF blend. Thus, formulation of composite flour for cookie making was optimized from Tulla-OFSPF and SWF blend and found that cookies developed from 71.0655% SWF and 28.935% Tulla-OFSPF blend could be the best to attain all the desired properties optimally with prediction value of 0.714 for desirability. In general, the result of this study indicated that supplementation of orange-fleshed sweet potato flour to wheat flour is possible and very promising to develop ~-carotene rich cookies. Key words: - Cookies, OFSP, VAD, ~-carotene, Blending ratio, Cultivar, Nutritional quality, Physical property, Sensory property, Optimization.
Effect of Traditional Processing Methods on Nutritional Composition and Anti-nutritional Factors of Anchote (Coccinia Abyssinica (lam.) Cogn) Grown in Western Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-04) Fekadu, Habtamu; Beyene, Fekadu (Prof .)
Organoleptic and Nutritional Evaluation of Tefinjera Supplemented with Treated and Untreated Fenugreek (Trigonella Joenum-Graecum L.)
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Abera, Woinshet; Abdisa, Melese (PhD)
The experimen/ was conducled wilh an objeclive of assessing nUlrilional, organo/eplic and anlinulrienl conI en Is of fenugreek sllpplemenled and unsupplemenled Tef Injera. Therefore, Injera prepared jiwn Ihe blends conlaining differenl proporlions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) of raw, roasled, soaked and germinaled fenugreek seed flour were evalualed for nulrilional composil ion and sensol), characlerislics. The proximale composition o.f fenugreek supp/emenled injera signijicanlly (p<0.05) increasedfor moiSlure, prolein, fal andjiber wilh blending ralio of 0%, 5% and 10%. The mean moisture, prolein, fat andjiber conlenl signijicanlly (p<0.05) increasedji-om 6.3 10 6.9 gl100g, 9.0810 10.4 gl100g, 1.61103.2 gi iOOg and 3.3103.7 gl100g respeclively. Conversely, Ihe nulrilional conlenls of lolal ash. carbohydrale, and energy generally significanlly (p

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