Federalism

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Accommodating Exogenous Communities at Local Level: The Case of Gura-Ferda Woreda of SNNPRS and Pawe Woreda of BGNRS
(AAU, 2017-06) Chekol, Melese; Ayitenew, Zemelak (PhD)
Ethiopia has adopted what is often referred to as ethnic federalism which aims to accommodate the ethnic diversity of the Ethiopian people principally, if not exclusively, through territorial mechanisms. It establishes nine ethnically demarcated regional states and provides the establishment of sub-regional territorial and political units for intra-regional ethnic minorities based on the same federal principle. Implied, or assumed to have been implied, in this federal arrangement is a notion of endogeneity in a sense only that only those ethnic communities that are viewed as endogenous to a specific territorial area are considered to be entitled for self-government either at regional or sub-regional level. This leaves out the millions who are considered to be exogenous without clear constitutional protection. A qualitative approach with purposive sampling techniques was employed during data collection. Interview, Focus group discussion and field observation was employed in this thesis. Among exogenous communities (not necessarily ethnic communities) in such constitutional quandary are those who moves to the areas now make parts such regions as Benishangul-Gumuz and SNNP as part of the villagization and resettlement of programs of the imperial and Derg eras. These communities are mostly found in clearly demarcated territorial areas which are equal or larger than a woreda in terms of territorial and population size. And, despite being of different ethnic background, the settlers have over the years developed a sense a community. Yet, they seem to have no constitutional protection and under the mercy of the endogenous communities of each region. Regardless of the position of the Constitution regarding such communities, this thesis undertook to investigate whether and how such communities are in practice accommodated in the regions they are found. To this effect it selected the Pawe woreda of Benishangul-Gumuz and Gura-Ferda woreda of SNNP. The so called exogenous communities are found in the majority in both of these woredas. However, they are treated differently. In Pawe woreda, where members of the exogenous community constitute over 99 percent of the population, they are allowed to have full control over the political and administrative institutions of the woreda. They are represented in the regional government and, compared to members of the exogenous communities living in other parts of Benishangul-Gumuz region, are least harassed by members of the endogenous communities. The situation is starkly different in Gura-Ferda. There, despite them being in majority, members of exogenous communities are excluded from the political institutions of the woredas. And they suffer from actual or threat of eviction.
Accommodating Exogenous Communities at Local Level: the Case of Gura-Ferda Woreda of SNNPRS and Pawe Woreda of BGNRS
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Melese Chekol Tuafie; Zemelak Ayitenew Ayele (PhD)
Ethiopia has adopted what is often referred to as ethnic federalism which aims to accommodate the ethnic diversity of the Ethiopian people principally, if not exclusively, through territorial mechanisms. It establishes nine ethnically demarcated regional states and provides the establishment of sub-regional territorial and political units for intra-regional ethnic minorities based on the same federal principle. Implied, or assumed to have been implied, in this federal arrangement is a notion of endogeneity in a sense only that only those ethnic communities that are viewed as endogenous to a specific territorial area are considered to be entitled for self-government either at regional or sub-regional level. This leaves out the millions who are considered to be exogenous without clear constitutional protection. A qualitative approach with purposive sampling techniques was employed during data collection. Interview, Focus group discussion and field observation was employed in this thesis. Among exogenous communities (not necessarily ethnic communities) in such constitutional quandary are those who moves to the areas now make parts such regions as Benishangul-Gumuz and SNNP as part of the villagization and resettlement of programs of the imperial and Derg eras. These communities are mostly found in clearly demarcated territorial areas which are equal or larger than a woreda in terms of territorial and population size. And, despite being of different ethnic background, the settlers have over the years developed a sense a community. Yet, they seem to have no constitutional protection and under the mercy of the endogenous communities of each region. Regardless of the position of the Constitution regarding such communities, this thesis undertook to investigate whether and how such communities are in practice accommodated in the regions they are found. To this effect it selected the Pawe woreda of Benishangul-Gumuz and Gura-Ferda woreda of SNNP. The so called exogenous communities are found in the majority in both of these woredas. However, they are treated differently. In Pawe woreda, where members of the exogenous community constitute over 99 percent of the population, they are allowed to have full control over the political and administrative institutions of the woreda. They are represented in the regional government and, compared to members of the exogenous communities living in other parts of Benishangul-Gumuz region, are least harassed by members of the endogenous communities. The situation is starkly different in Gura-Ferda. There, despite them being in majority, members of exogenous communities are excluded from the political institutions of the woredas. And they suffer from actual or threat of eviction.
Accommodating exogenous communities at local level: the case of Gura-ferda woreda of SNNPRS and Pawe woredas of BGNRS
(Addis ababa university, 2017-05) Melese Chekol; Zemelak Ayitenew (PhD)
Ethiopia has adopted what is often referred to as ethnic federalism which aims to accommodate the ethnic diversity of the Ethiopian people principally, if not exclusively, through territorial mechanisms. It establishes nine ethnically demarcated regional states and provides the establishment of sub-regional territorial and political units for intra-regional ethnic minorities based on the same federal principle. Implied, or assumed to have been implied, in this federal arrangement is a notion of endogeneity in a sense only that only those ethnic communities that are viewed as endogenous to a specific territorial area are considered to be entitled for self-government either at regional or sub-regional level. This leaves out the millions who are considered to be exogenous without clear constitutional protection. A qualitative approach with purposive sampling techniques was employed during data collection. Interview, Focus group discussion and field observation was employed in this thesis. Among exogenous communities (not necessarily ethnic communities) in such constitutional quandary are those who moves to the areas now make parts such regions as Benishangul-Gumuz and SNNP as part of the villagization and resettlement of programs of the imperial and Derg eras. These communities are mostly found in clearly demarcated territorial areas which are equal or larger than a woreda in terms of territorial and population size. And, despite being of different ethnic background, the settlers have over the years developed a sense a community. Yet, they seem to have no constitutional protection and under the mercy of the endogenous communities of each region. Regardless of the position of the Constitution regarding such communities, this thesis undertook to investigate whether and how such communities are in practice accommodated in the regions they are found. To this effect it selected the Pawe woreda of Benishangul-Gumuz and Gura-Ferda woreda of SNNP. The so called exogenous communities are found in the majority in both of these woredas. However, they are treated differently. In Pawe woreda, where members of the exogenous community constitute over 99 percent of the population, they are allowed to have full control over the political and administrative institutions of the woreda. They are represented in the regional government and, compared to members of the exogenous communities living in other parts of Benishangul-Gumuz region, are least harassed by members of the endogenous communities. The situation is starkly different in Gura-Ferda. There, despite them being in majority, members of exogenous communities are excluded from the political institutions of the woredas. And they suffer from actual or threat of eviction.
Accommodation of Diversity and Rights of Women In Ethiopian Federalism: the Case of Guraghe Zone, Snnpr
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-04) Sisay Kinfe; Emezat Hailu (PhD)
Absence of women‟s participation/voice in customary local institutions, limited empowerment of women, shallow understanding of autonomy and multiculturalism, and legislative gaps are factors that hinder the protection of rights of women in the family arena within ethno-cultural communities in Guraghe Zone of the SNNPR. This research by examining institutional system for the protection of collective rights and rights of women showed the opportunities and challenges of resolution of conflict of culture and rights at local level. In doing this, the thesis filled the gaps seen in the literature regarding process of transformation of customary local institutions and its limitation as a mechanism of resolution of conflict of culture and rights in the family arena in Ethiopian federalism. The limited emphasis given to rights of women to participate in customary local institutions is the main factor that undermines enforcement of rights of women in the family arena both in the state and non-state institutions. In patriarchal society, such as Ethiopia, women were/are voiceless in the (re)construction of culture, such as customary laws. This is one of the challenges in the process of elimination of discrimination and harmful customary practices against women within ethno-cultural community as well as in the enforcement of right of exit. Making multicultural feminist standpoint and human rights norms the theoretical and methodological framework for this research; the researcher explored the institutional systems for the promotion and protection of rights of women at local level. These theories have the purpose of resolving conflict of culture and rights, i.e., conflict between collective and individual right, by making all, who are concerned and involved, to have voice in the resolution of those conflicts. Document analysis, interviews, focus group discussion and observation are the methods used to collect qualitative data. Interpretional and reflective method of data analysis has been used to analyze empirical data. The findings of the research indicate that local government institutions, particularly local councils, refrain from dealing with transformation of customary laws. Community-based CSO in collaboration with their communities‟ customary local institutions are the main actors in the transformation/ (re)making of customary laws. Women member of ethno-cultural community hardly participated in the process of transformation of customary laws. In the transformed customary law documents discriminatory and harmful practices against women are not exhaustively prohibited, and in some instances, selectively prohibited, which indicates limited sensitivity of male-dominated institutions to wards rights of women. In addition, customary local institutions do not respect limits set on collective autonomy in transforming customary laws as well as applying these laws in the family arena. This goes to the extent of denying right of exit from customary institution while entering to marriage and during divorce, which is partly, supported by detailed law on right of exit in the Family Code of SNNPR and some local government institutions. Absence of clearly known state law regarding division of matrimonial property in bi/polygamous marriage also makes women to relinquish their rights of exit. Though entering into bi/polygamous marriage has been made criminal act, formal courts at local level are not sentencing perpetrators in this case based on the Criminal Code of the state due to the need/significance of protecting the best interest of the child or children, and coincidence of ethnicity and religion among some ethno-cultural community
Accommodation of Diversity and Rights of Women in Ethiopian Federalism: The Case of Guraghe Zone, SNNPR
(AAU, 2018-04) Kinfe, Sisay; Bayisa, Reggasa(PhD)
Absence of women‟s participation/voice in customary local institutions, limited empowerment of women, shallow understanding of autonomy and multiculturalism, and legislative gaps are factors that hinder the protection of rights of women in the family arena within ethno-cultural communities in Guraghe Zone of the SNNPR. This research by examining institutional system for the protection of collective rights and rights of women showed the opportunities and challenges of resolution of conflict of culture and rights at local level. In doing this, the thesis filled the gaps seen in the literature regarding process of transformation of customary local institutions and its limitation as a mechanism of resolution of conflict of culture and rights in the family arena in Ethiopian federalism. The limited emphasis given to rights of women to participate in customary local institutions is the main factor that undermines enforcement of rights of women in the family arena both in the state and non-state institutions. In patriarchal society, such as Ethiopia, women were/are voiceless in the (re)construction of culture, such as customary laws. This is one of the challenges in the process of elimination of discrimination and harmful customary practices against women within ethno-cultural community as well as in the enforcement of right of exit. Making multicultural feminist standpoint and human rights norms the theoretical and methodological framework for this research; the researcher explored the institutional systems for the promotion and protection of rights of women at local level. These theories have the purpose of resolving conflict of culture and rights, i.e., conflict between collective and individual right, by making all, who are concerned and involved, to have voice in the resolution of those conflicts. Document analysis, interviews, focus group discussion and observation are the methods used to collect qualitative data. Interpretional and reflective method of data analysis has been used to analyze empirical data.
The Accommodation of Ehnic Minorities in the Federal Ethiopia: The Case of Hadiya Nationality Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-10) Mekoro, Tigabu; Mesfin, Seyoum (PhD)
This Thesis focuses on the accommodation of ethnic minorities in the Federal Ethiopia: The case of Hadiya Nationality Zone. Based on the empirical evidences, the study specifically examines the effectiveness of theory and practice of local political and administrative institutions in the accommodation of the dispersedly settled intra-minorities rights to the political representation, appointment and language, and its approaches for managing inter-ethnic conflicts between Hadiya and Danta-Dubamo ethnic groups. There by evaluate whether the absence of political accommodation of dispersedly settled intra-minorities in the local political and administrative institutions, amplify the inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts. In order to achieve these objectives, the study employed an in-depth-interview, key-informants interview, Focus Group Discussion for obtaining primary data sources; and it has also utilized different secondary sources including books, Articles, international journals of published and unpublished sources. The study found out that, there is clear policy and institutional gaps in the accommodation of political needs of dispersedly settled intra-minorities in this local administrative unit. This approach has resulted in the exclusion and marginalization of some part of society from their needs of adequate political representation and its decision-making, appointment and use of language rights. For this, there are several underlining causes that ranging from social, economic, and political to identity issues after the adoption of the federalism. To this end, the inclusive political system through accommodation of power-sharing, cultural autonomy and an integrated approach (both traditional and modern conflict resolution institutions) have been utilized to manage the inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts between them. Nonetheless, the modern conflict resolution institutions are solution, which was predominantly formal in its form, to manage this inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts has been ineffective than the traditional conflict resolution (TCR). But the TCR alone, given the context of federal arrangement in the study area, could effectively resolve the conflict and the dynamics of issues at the interface between them. It is, therefore, a contention of this thesis that a good combination of the TCR and modern conflict resolution institutions could efficiently resolve the inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts between intra-Zonal majority and minorities ethnic-groups.
The Accommodation of Ethnic Diversity in SNNPRS: A Comparative Study of Ethnic Accommodation between the Ethnic Groups of D’irashe Woreda and other Ethnic Groups of Segen
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-05) Kegnalew Hale, Tefera; Bayissa, Regassa (PhD)
This thesis attempts to assess the ways of ethnic accommodation between the ethnic groups of D‟irashe Woreda and that of Segen Zone. Contemporarily, accommodation of ethnic minorities has become a hot issue in many parts of the world. Consistently, the thesis highlighted the recent global issues of ethnic, religious, linguistic and cultural minorities and the ways of accommodating their rights. Indeed; the corner stone used as a device of accommodation in Ethiopia is its federal political system. Of course, the research analyzed the reason why federalism is introduced in Ethiopia, its way of arrangment, and the mechanisms how it has been managed and accommodated its ethnic, linguistic religious and cultural minorities. Furthermore, it discussed the geographic and institutional arrangements, the exercise of political power and other instrument of ethnic accommodation in SNNPRS. Among the seven multi-ethnic Zones of SNNPRS, Segen Zone is the one which is recently established having eight ethnic groups that are arranged in to five Woredas. Generally, as a central team; the thesis assessed the ways of ethnic accommodation in comparative perspectives using different parameters such as: recognition, representation, self-determination, distribution of infrastructure, power sharing on the executive organ and participation of the people in the political, economic and social affairs. Finally, the study suggested possible devices of accommodating the minority ethnic groups existing in D‟irashe Woreda and Segen Zone.
The Accommodation of Minority Rights in Oromia National Regional State: A Case Study of Girar Jarso Woreda
(AAU, 2016-05) Shimelis, Kassaye; Yared, Tegbaru
This thesis aspires to investigate as to how the rights of Amhara minorities in Girar larso Woreda within Oromia National Regional State, particularly in North Shewa Zone resonate with the constitutional framework that installed an ethno-regional federal set-up since 1991. In the processes of investigation, secondary and primary sources were used. Accordingly, the researcher employed to show facts even during the Hailessellassie and the Derg regime of the nation-building policy, Amharic language was a national language and the members of Amhara nation had settled (occupied) in the boarder of Amhara and Oromia of some corners, and urban centers of Oromia. When we come to see and compare the laws governing the Ethiopia as a federal, contrasting the FDRE Constitution, the ONRS Constitution has not a room for non-Oromo nations found in the region. Unlike Oromia Regional States, some Regional States of federal Ethiopia, embraced and gave recognition for some minority groups in their regional governments. This causes dissimilarity among the regional states within the Ethiopian federation. The Amhara minorities of seven rural Kebeles, found in Girar larso Woreda, in Northern Zone of Oromia, that full fill the terms set by the FDRE constitution; as they are an ethnic group, territorially defined, known with their own language and unique culture is the case. Nevertheless, they have not been the beneficiaries of sovereign power and have not been entitled to the right to self-rule in their area, and shared the power with its regional states. In effect, this thesis found out that, as this minority group cannot be judged and get served fully in their own language, Amharic, and almost all literates of the group cannot be employed to serve in their public sectors of Woreda, Zonal, and Regional States of Oromia for often they fail to speak the working language of the region, Afaan Oromo. Now this discourages their literates and caused them to migrate far from their birthplace to search job where Amharic language is used. The up growing child students in primary schools are also decreasing in their schooling enrollments participation. Some enrolled students in the school are also resulted in dropouts. Therefore, these need solutions in considering the problems with the pillar gateways of the federal system self-rule and shared-rule.
Analysing the Nature and Dynamics of Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Federal Ethiopia: the Case of Bati-Oromo and Telalak-Afar Ethnic Groups
(Addis Ababa University,, 2022-05) Abdulhakim Jemal; Reggassa B. (PHD)
This study focused on analysing the nature and dynamics of Bati-Oromo and Telalak-Afar ethnic conflict since 1991 with respect to its causes, attempts to resolve the conflict and factors for its failure, newly emerging issues that escalated and deescalated the conflict, and also the current status of the conflict. To deal these objectives, qualitative research approach, both descriptive and exploratory in nature, and a case study design were employed. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. Accordingly, to collect the primary data, a total of forty eight (48) informants (18 in-depth interview informants, 12 FGD members and 18 key informants were selected through purposive sampling technique. The data, which were obtained from semi-structured interviews, document analysis and secondary sources were thematically analysed. The finding of the study depicted that elite politics and non demarcated boundary were the underlying causes that led to territorial claim between the two ethnic groups. This conflict was repeatedly exacerbated by proximate causes such as breakdown of law and justice, cattle rustling and charcoal production, etc. In order to solve the conflict, several efforts were taken by modern and traditional conflict resolution institutions. However, their endeavours have become futile due to high involvement of political elites in the resolution process and incapacitation of local elders to handle inter ethnic conflicts, the complexity of the issue beyond the realm of traditional methods, geo political factors, socio-cultural causes, lack of early warning and preventive mechanisms and misunderstanding of the conflict causes (ignoring the root causes during resolution process). The 2018 political change and the outbreak of COVID- 19 were the two most important dynamics that were escalating and de-escalating the conflict at different times. Currently, there is a considerable mutual distrust, enmity, murder, absence of conflict resolution efforts and amicable relations between the two ethnic groups.
Assessing Local Good Governance in the Ethiopian Federal System: The Case of Addis Ketema Sub-City Small Taxpayers Branch Office, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Berhane Gerezgiher; Regassa Bayissa (PhD)
The main aim of this study is to assess local good governance in Addis Ketema Sub-City particularly in the Sub city’s Small Taxpayers Office. The study has attempted to evaluate the prevalence of local good governance and to identify the major challenges in Addis Ketema Sub City Small Taxpayers Branch Office, and whether the federal system has helped the practice of good governance in the study area was also explored. The study has used survey method and the total of 330 samples from both category ‘A’ and category ’B’ taxpayers were assessed. Stratified proportional sampling method was employed to determine the taxpayer‘s sample. Interviews were conducted for 10 employees of the office. Mixed research approach with a descriptive design was used in this research. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Questionnaire and interviews were the main sources of the primary data. To analyze the quantitative data collected the SPSS software version 26 was utilized. The simple statistical methods including frequency percentages and means, were also employed. While the content analysis approach was employed to narrate the qualitative data. Generally, despite the claims of the organization, based on the five principles of good governance, good governance has not been effectively executed in Addis Ketema Sub city Small Taxpayers Branch Office. The findings of the study revealed that the level of transparency is not satisfactory in the organization, there is poor accountability, the level of customer’s participation in the office is not enough, responsive service delivery is not ensured, and customer’s interest is not fulfilled by the process of service delivery in the office. Frequent interruption of the internet system, employee’s different way of understanding and interpreting tax rules, the taxpayers’ low level of knowledge and understanding on the tax rules and proclamations were among the main challenges of good governance in the organization. Recommendations to enhance good governance and to tackle the challenges in the organization were stated in the study.
Assessment of Factors Affecting Interregional Conflict Resolution in Federal Ethiopia: The Case of Oromia and Somali Regions
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-05) Geremew, Gezu; Dejen, Mohammed (PhD)
The Elhiopian governmenl designed a conslillilion Ihal have a democralic and In/ilion righls Ihal gllaranleedjor Ihe cilizen ajier Ihefcdl of Derg regime. All peoples o.lElhiopia have a pro/ect;on as national and regional in both international convention and Domes/ic lall's wilhinlhe cOllntry. Th is study was designed to assess the foctors affecting interregional Conflict Resolulion in Gromia and Somali regions o.l Elhiopia. In order to address the research objective. Ih is sludy employed both Ihe descriptive and explanatOlY research design. Moreover. both qualitative and quantilative research approaches were employed since mixed methods helps to make use of different data source. Data were collected Fom prilllwy and secondwJI sources Ihrough questionnaires, inlerviews, doclimenl review. FGD and observalion. The researcher lIsed both probability and non probability sampling lechniques to draw Ihe sample. In tOlal, 50 high experts. 15 elders, 10 leaders 10 persons Fom diffirent sociel ies were selected randomly and 25 key informants were plllposefidly selected. Finally, the raw data collected through the survey were analyzed based on qualilative and qUClntitalive dolo analysis /echniques involving descriplive and SPSS analysis. From this analysis 10 bring sllslainable peace wilhin Ihe 1\110 regions were Ihe major problems wilhin the Slake holders. The SIIlC0' also found Ihal dijjerenliale the root cause and trigger or immediate cause of the two regions, IInclear demarcalion of lerrilorial arrangemenl as a rejerendum and Ihe miss use ollegal binding aclors are anolher problems. So, in order 10 accommodale Ihe two regions people beneficial differenlialions beller 10 have solve demarcalion ollerrilorial bOllndaries problems and mediate genuinely andjustice .
Assessment of Factors Affecting Interregional Conflict Resolution in Federal Ethiopia: The Case of Oromia and Somali Regions
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-05) Geremew, Gezu; Dejen, Mohammed (PhD)
The Ethiopian government designed a constitution that have a democratic and human rights that guaranteed for the citizen after the fall of Derg regime . All peoples of Ethiopia have a protection as national and regional in both international convention and Domestic laws within the country. This study was designed to assess the factors affecting interregional Conflict Resolution in Oromia and Somali regions of Ethiopia. In order to address the research objective, this study employed both the descriptive and explanatory research design. Moreover, both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were employed since mixed methods helps to make use of different data source. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources through questionnaires, interviews, document review, FGD and observation. The researcher used both probability and non probability sampling techniques to draw the sample. In total, 50 high experts,15 elders,10 leaders 10 persons from different societies were selected randomly and 25 key informants were purposefully selected. Finally, the raw data collected through the survey were analyzed based on qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques involving descriptive and SPSS analysis. From this analysis to bring sustainable peace within the two regions were the major problems within the stake holders. The study also found that differentiate the root cause and trigger or immediate cause of the two regions , unclear demarcation of territorial arrangement as a referendum and the miss use of legal binding actors are another problems. So, in order to accommodate the two regions people beneficial differentiations better to have solve demarcation of territorial boundaries problems and mediate genuinely and justice .
Assessment of Factors Affecting Interregional Conflict Resolution in federal Ethiopia: The Case of Oromia and Somali regions
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Gezu Geremew; Mohammed Dejen(PhD)
The Ethiopian government designed a constitution that have a democratic and human rights that guaranteed for the citizen after the fall of Derg regime . All peoples of Ethiopia have a protection as national and regional in both international convention and Domestic laws within the country. This study was designed to assess the factors affecting interregional Conflict Resolution in Oromia and Somali regions of Ethiopia. In order to address the research objective, this study employed both the descriptive and explanatory research design. Moreover, both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were employed since mixed methods helps to make use of different data source. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources through questionnaires, interviews, document review, FGD and observation. The researcher used both probability and non probability sampling techniques to draw the sample. In total, 50 high experts,15 elders,10 leaders 10 persons from different societies were selected randomly and 25 key informants were purposefully selected. Finally, the raw data collected through the survey were analyzed based on qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques involving descriptive and SPSS analysis. From this analysis to bring sustainable peace within the two regions were the major problems within the stake holders. The study also found that differentiate the root cause and trigger or immediate cause of the two regions , unclear demarcation of territorial arrangement as a referendum and the miss use of legal binding actors are another problems. So, in order to accommodate the two regions people beneficial differentiations better to have solve demarcation of territorial boundaries problems and mediate genuinely and justice .
Assessment of Fiscal Capacity of Urban Local Government on Municipal Revenue in Oromia Regional State: The Case of Sebeta City.
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Alemu, Teshager; Tesfai, Ghebrehiwet (PhD)
The 1995 constitution is the base for fiscal decentralization in the country, which provided for the division of power on expenditure and revenue-raising responsibilities of the central government and the regional state. Fiscal decentralization is one component of decentralization that gives authority to local governments to collect revenue through taxes and responsibility over spending decisions. As proclamation No. 65/2003 of the urban local government proclamation of Oromia regional state, municipalities of the region have powers and responsibilities over municipal revenue and expenditure. Even though fiscal decentralization has given revenue raising and spending decision powers to lower levels of government, the implementation process has often been a daunting task for many local authorities in the region. Although the region decentralized municipal revenue to its cities/towns on revenue raising and expenditure management are not efficiently and effectively exercised. Insufficient revenue collection and weak expenditure management leads to financial incapability such that public infrastructure and services could not be financed amply. Sebeta municipality faces the problem of financial capacity to deliver infrastructure and services to its citizens. While a number of studies have documented the financial incapacities of Ethiopian ULGs, they have been focused on state revenue which ULGs lack fiscal autonomy both on its revenue raising and expenditure but they did not gave much emphasis on municipal revenue. Municipals in the region have full autonomy over municipal revenue, even though there is little interference on the tariff setting, because the Regional Revenue Authority set the upper and the lower limit. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to assess Fiscal capacity of ULG on municipal revenue: the efficiency and effectiveness of revenue collection and expenditure management of Sebeta Municipality. To obtain edifying data the paper used a positivist survey study. Municipality financial documentation and questionnaires were the main sources of secondary and primary data respectively. Descriptive statistical methods were applied in the analysis of data to arrive at measures of efficiency and effectiveness in revenue collection and expenditure management of the municipality. The study revealed that the municipality is not efficient and effective in its revenue collection and expenditure management. The main explanation for such inefficiency comprise; weak assessment of taxable sources, poor organizational structure, inadequate accounting system, absence of clear operational guidelines, poor planning and data base management, and lack of skilled manpower. To resolve such challenges, the paper recommend the following actionable measures; Establishing Tax payers data base systems, improving planning and implementing capacity, Expanding and exhaustively raising the revenue base of local revenue sources, Establishing appropriate guidelines and methods of revenue collection, strengthening valuation, enforcement and tariff setting effort, installing accounting system that produces timely and reliable information, encouraging community participation in planning and resource allocation and revising municipal organizational Structure.
Assessment of Fiscal Capacity of Urban Local Government on Municipal Revenue in Oromia regional State: the Case of Sebeta City.
(Addis Abeba University, 2016) Teshager Alemu; Ghebrehiwet Tesfai(PhD)
The 1995 constitution is the base for fiscal decentralization in the country, which provided for the division of power on expenditure and revenue-raising responsibilities of the central government and the regional state. Fiscal decentralization is one component of decentralization that gives authority to local governments to collect revenue through taxes and responsibility over spending decisions. As proclamation No. 65/2003 of the urban local government proclamation of Oromia regional state, municipalities of the region have powers and responsibilities over municipal revenue and expenditure. Even though fiscal decentralization has given revenue raising and spending decision powers to lower levels of government, the implementation process has often been a daunting task for many local authorities in the region. Although the region decentralized municipal revenue to its cities/towns on revenue raising and expenditure management are not efficiently and effectively exercised. Insufficient revenue collection and weak expenditure management leads to financial incapability such that public infrastructure and services could not be financed amply. Sebeta municipality faces the problem of financial capacity to deliver infrastructure and services to its citizens. While a number of studies have documented the financial incapacities of Ethiopian ULGs, they have been focused on state revenue which ULGs lack fiscal autonomy both on its revenue raising and expenditure but they did not gave much emphasis on municipal revenue. Municipals in the region have full autonomy over municipal revenue, even though there is little interference on the tariff setting, because the Regional Revenue Authority set the upper and the lower limit. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to assess Fiscal capacity of ULG on municipal revenue: the efficiency and effectiveness of revenue collection and expenditure management of Sebeta Municipality. To obtain edifying data the paper used a positivist survey study. Municipality financial documentation and questionnaires were the main sources of secondary and primary data respectively. Descriptive statistical methods were applied in the analysis of data to arrive at measures of efficiency and effectiveness in revenue collection and expenditure management of the municipality. The study revealed that the municipality is not efficient and effective in its revenue collection and expenditure management. The main explanation for such inefficiency comprise; weak assessment of taxable sources, poor organizational structure, inadequate accounting system, absence of clear operational guidelines, poor planning and data base management, and lack of skilled manpower. To resolve such challenges, the paper recommend the following actionable measures; Establishing Tax payers data base systems, improving planning and implementing capacity, Expanding and exhaustively raising the revenue base of local revenue sources, Establishing appropriate guidelines and methods of revenue collection, strengthening valuation, enforcement and tariff setting effort, installing accounting system that produces timely and reliable information, encouraging community participation in planning and resource allocation and revising municipal organizational Structure.
Assessment of Intergovernmental Relation Between the City of Dire Dawa and Its Surrounding Local Administrations”
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-05) Girma Cheru; Ketema Wakjira
Studies on comparative federalism show that the increasing significance of IGR as the institutional and practical device to fit to contextual realities of the federal systems. When Cities expand, in need of more land for several purposes, they usually depend on their neighboring localities. Jurisdictional boundary disputes potentially occurred as cities appropriate a large portion of the neighboring territory as economic and functional hinterlands. The situation is even the worst in the cities like Dire Dawa which have other deriving factors like ethnic and socio-cultural diversities. The main objective of this study is to examine the nature of the existing IGR between Dire Dawa and its surrounding localities and its implication on the management of land specifically it identifies contextual factors shaping the relation between Dire Dawa and surrounding local administrations. It analyzes the impact of IGR between the City of Dire Dawa and surrounding local administration up on land management. The study uses a case study research design. It gathered data both from secondary and primary sources. For seeking primary data sources, it utilizes semi-structured interview, FGD, personal observation, and document review. The finding of the thesis shows that IGR played important role in handling land and boundary dispute between the City of Dire Dawa and Shinile Zone. The nature and form of IGR however, is not only informal but also weak and unsustainable. Hence, it is the contention of this thesis that the IGR between the City and surrounding locality needs robust guideline and sustainable institutional framework in order to handle mutual concerns.
“Assessment of Intergovernmental Relation between the City of Dire Dawa and its Surrounding Local Administrations”
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-05) Girma Cheru; Ketema Wakjira
Studies on comparative federalism show that the increasing significance of IGR as the institutional and practical device to fit to contextual realities of the federal systems. When Cities expand, in need of more land for several purposes, they usually depend on their neighboring localities. Jurisdictional boundary disputes potentially occurred as cities appropriate a large portion of the neighboring territory as economic and functional hinterlands. The situation is even the worst in the cities like Dire Dawa which have other deriving factors like ethnic and socio-cultural diversities. The main objective of this study is to examine the nature of the existing IGR between Dire Dawa and its surrounding localities and its implication on the management of land specifically it identifies contextual factors shaping the relation between Dire Dawa and surrounding local administrations. It analyzes the impact of IGR between the City of Dire Dawa and surrounding local administration up on land management. The study uses a case study research design. It gathered data both from secondary and primary sources. For seeking primary data sources, it utilizes semi-structured interview, FGD, personal observation, and document review. The finding of the thesis shows that IGR played important role in handling land and boundary dispute between the City of Dire Dawa and Shinile Zone. The nature and form of IGR however, is not only informal but also weak and unsustainable. Hence, it is the contention of this thesis that the IGR between the City and surrounding locality needs robust guideline and sustainable institutional framework in order to handle mutual concerns.
Assessment of Intergovernmental Relation between the City of Diredawa and its Surrounding Local Administrations
(AAU, 2017-05) Cheru, Girma; Wakjira, Ketema
Studies on comparative federalism show that the increasing significance of IGR as the institutional and practical device to fit to contextual realities of the federal systems. When Cities expand, in need of more land for several purposes, they usually depend on their neighboring localities. Jurisdictional boundary disputes potentially occurred as cities appropriate a large portion of the neighboring territory as economic and functional hinterlands. The situation is even the worst in the cities like Dire Dawa which have other deriving factors like ethnic and socio-cultural diversities. The main objective of this study is to examine the nature of the existing IGR between Dire Dawa and its surrounding localities and its implication on the management of land specifically it identifies contextual factors shaping the relation between Dire Dawa and surrounding local administrations. It analyzes the impact of IGR between the City of Dire Dawa and surrounding local administration up on land management. The study uses a case study research design. It gathered data both from secondary and primary sources. For seeking primary data sources, it utilizes semi-structured interview, FGD, personal observation, and document review. The finding of the thesis shows that IGR played important role in handling land and boundary dispute between the City of Dire Dawa and Shinile Zone. The nature and form of IGR however, is not only informal but also weak and unsustainable. Hence, it is the contention of this thesis that the IGR between the City and surrounding locality needs robust guideline and sustainable institutional framework in order to handle mutual concerns.
An Assessment of the Realization of the Right to Preschool Education for Children with Visual and Hearing Impairment Inaddis Ababa Ethiopia
(AAU, 2017-02-10) Fetene, Dehininet; Abate, Mizanie(Assistance Professor)
The principal objective of this research is to assess the realization of preschool education for visual and hearing impairment children in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. This research used qualitative research methodology. This research substantially relays on primary data which was collected through interviews conducted with specialist of education and leaders of organizations for and of persons with disability, teachers and owners of preschool institutions. The views of key informants from the implementers of the laws and policies of the country in the educational sector is secured through interview. The right to education has got recognition in the international human right instruments. In these human right instruments compulsory education starts from grade one to eight. Thus the right to preschool education does not gate a clear recognition in almost all human right instruments which Ethiopia ratified. Besides to this the constitution and subsidiary laws of Ethiopia does not give a clear guaranty for preschool education. Thus as the research disclosed preschool education is not available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable for visual and hearing impairment children as their non-disabled peers. Thus the researcher argues preschool education must be realized for visual and hearing impairment children without any discrimination based on their disability. And the policy of inclusive education must accommodate the needs of the visual and hearing impairment children in the ground based on their individual needs.
Challenges and Mechanisms For the Implementation of Language Right Under Ethiopian Federalism: the Case of Guraghe Zone, Snnpr
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-02) Yidnekachew Tadele; Ketema Wakijra
Language is an indispensable attribute of human race not only because it is a medium of Communication but also it is a source of pride, self-esteem and identity in the sense that it is a Defining characteristic of human society it plays valuable role for hannonic coexistence societies.

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