Public Management and Policy

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Gender-Specific Investigation into the Problem of High School Dropouts in the Amhara Region
(Addis Ababa University, 1997-05) Kassahun, Tilaye; Teferra, Seyoum (PhD)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the problem of high school dropouts in the Amhara Region. The investigation was mainly concerned with determining the magnitude of the dropout rates among sexes and grades, dropping out, and the possible effects of dropping out of school. To this end, the study was conducted by using a fairly comprehensive strategy know as descriptive survey. Apart from consultation of documents from relevant sources, 254 high school dropouts and 27 school personnel respondents were drawn by applying diversified sampling techniques to fill the questionnaires prepared for them.The data obtained were analysed by using Various statistical mechanisms
Non Governmental Organizations' Partnerships for Poverty Aleviation in Addis Ababa
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Goshu, Gutata; Venkatakrislman, V(Dr)
Poverty is a multi-dimensional and multi-sectoral phenomenon. Hence no single institution can address all the dimensions of poverty. Further, no single problem can be solved anyone institution. On the other hand, there is ample evidence of success due to partnerships where joint efforts have proved a worthwhile option than merely shouldering the responsibilities by ei ther public, or private or non-profit sectors. Partnership between various sectors in public services delivery has become a viable option in di ffe rent parts of the world. Business sector and civil society are getting increasingly involved in social development through reduction of unemployment, elimination of social inequalities and exclusions. Indeed, partnership processes unlock diverse potentials and make available innovative solutions. This research attempts to delineate the range of partnership pattern for poverty alleviation among Civil Society Organizations and between them and Governments, and Private sector in the Addis Ababa city. This study followed qualitative strategy to a large extent. Survey method was used to gather information from forty-three representatives from Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Interviews were also held with the concerned officials of different government institutions such as Addis Ababa City Administration covering Houses Development Project Office and Addis Ababa Housing Agency. At the sub-city level, Arada Civil and Social Affairs and Cooperative Offices were also covered. A few community based organizations such as Jddirs, Councils of lddirs, and Cooperatives such as Saving and Credit Cooperatives, and Construction Cooperatives were also contacted for various other information needed for this study. Currently, governments at various levels are trying to alleviate poverty from the country. Poverty in Addis Ababa has also received considerable attention from various stakeholders. In this endeavor, the contribution of stakeholders cutti ng across all the sectors is crucial. NGOs are trying their best to incorporate the voice of the poor in policy cycle. In addition, NGOs are directly intervening on different areas to end up poverty from Addis Ababa. A substantial number of NGOs have developed partnership among themselves in the last five years. Nevertheless, they could achieve very limited partnership with the private sector institutions. Their partnership with the public sector is largely confined to implementation of projects together. However, it could be observed that the partnership between the Public and Non Profit sector is very much limited compared to the range of areas in which they can collaborate. Though the concept of institutional partnership is relatively new, many NGOs could realize the benefits of partnership such as reduced costs, sharing workload and increased efficiency. Most of the partnered organizations also faced problems such as lack of cooperation from their partners, lack of partnership experience, and misuse of resources are some of the problems that hinders the smooth development of pal1nership. To overcome these problems, constant progress report, and frequent audit could reduce the abuse of resources and may strengthen the partnership. In addition, once some problems occur, all the stakeholders should take immediate action to resolve the problems rather than leaving it unresolved for good.
Challenges, Problems and Limitations in Implementing Performance based Management in Addis Ababa Civil Service; The Case in Addis Ababa Education Bureau
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Belachew, Cherenet; Dash, CD (Dr.)
The environment within which organizations operate is dynamic and not static. To satisfy the needs of its stake holders, to grow and survive Organizations be it businesses or public should respond to the changes that occurs in the environment. A healthy organization which needs to win the wish and interest of its stake holders and their managers always devise new mechanism and new ways or tools which help them to be efficient and effective. Performance management is also one of the responses devised by managers for the ever changing environment. Public organizations too are not different in this respect. The Ethiopian Civil Service is now implementing the Civil Service Reform Programmes. The reform programme has five sub programs, which intern sub divided in to so many projects. Introducing the performance management system to the Ethiopian Civil Service is one of the projects of the human resource administration sub-programmers. The major objective of the project is to find ways or tools which able to replace the traditional way of performance appraisal by the better and a new one. The performance based management system with a six step one was selected to implement in the Ethiopian Civil Service. The aim of this paper is to identify the challenges, problems and limitations that face in implementing the performance based management in Addis Ababa Civil Service taking Addis Ababa Education Bureau as a case. Both the primary and secondary data sources are used in order to substantiate the findings. According to the research findings, the implementation processes did not as it was designed. The performance based management framework which selected for the Ethiopian Civil Service had not been well understood by both managers and employees. The limitations in terms of capacity, attitudes and lack of commitment also the reasons behind the problems
An Analysis of the Cause and Impact of Corruption and Anti-corruption Movement: A Case Study of Bahir Dar City Administration. (1996-1999 e.c.)
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Tafere, Abeje; Dhar, .Chakra (Dr)
This thesis analyzes the cause and impact of corruption; and the anti-corruption movelllent ill Bahir-Dar city Adminislmtion from 1996 up to 1999 e. c. to this effect data have been collected through both closed and open ended questionnaire from five randomly selected kebele administrations; and 250 respondents were selected randomly and 25 officials were also asked to respond to the questionnaire. besides this analysis the report of ANRS Ethics and anticorruption commission and personal observation of the researcher have been incorporaled ill 10 the research The study shows that exis tence of lengthy work procedure; lack of severe penalty on corrupt officials; absence of polilical stability; and cultuml problem related to corruplion are the 11111111 causes of corruption in the study area. Moreover, activities like leasing of land, purchas iug of goods and services thr01lgh bid process, traffic services, recruitment, promotion and trnn sfer of employees are the activities which lead to and result in corrupt practices. Corruption has washed out the trust of officials in government, influenced all public service delivery, and also become an obstacle for developmental activities of the city adlllinistralioll
The Role of Addis Credit and Saving Institution in Urban Poverty Alleviation; Case Study of Lideta Sub City Credit Scheme
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Afera, Abadi; Ayenew, Meheret (Dr.)
Micro finance can be defined as a term. that refers to the provision of financial services to low income Clients; financial services include savings and credit, insurance, payments services. The idea 'was initiated by :Muhaminad 'Yonus in (Bangladesh. Starting from the establishment of micro finance during 1970s, it has shown a tremendous growth and expansion throughout the world. Now it is being practiced in many developing countries to address the low income society and thereby to improve their live hood. In Ethiopia micro credit programs were introduced as components of NGO. in the 1980’s and the(NBE) National Bank of Ethiopia )productionNo.40/1996 helped to create many micro finance institution. . 'There is a wider agreement about the goal of micro finance, i.e. to improve the welfare of the poor through enabling them to participate in income generating activities, empowering women, create employment opportunity etc. But this wide agreement about the goals has not led to wide agreement how best to achieve that objective in practice. Hence, the study is interested to explore the practical impact of micro finance programs on urban Poverty alleviation. To examine the Success of micro finance in attaining the cited positive impacts with respect to the urban poor, the extent and success of out reaching the targeted urban poor: Methodologically the study uses both primary and secondary data. 'The primary data are collected from clients of Addis Credit and Saving Institution by taking Lideta Sub City as a case study. Out of the total borrowers in the Sub City, 125 sampled respondents (10% of total clients) are interviewed on. 'various issues. 'The findings show that there is a positive and promising outcome in areas of credit operations (types, terms, conditions) saving mobilization (type and magnitude), credit utilization of the borrowers, giving priority to Women, changing the living standard, loan size on the existing activity participating in the program. On the other hand, the program has also its short comings in areas such as out reaching the targeted urban poor, practicing group leading methodology leading interest rate , creating employment opportunity . and training and promotional to encourage the urban poor to participate in the program. ,
Non Governmental Organizations' Partnerships for Poverty Alleviation in Addis Ababa
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Goshu, Gutata; Venkatakrishnan, V(Dr)
Poverty is a multi-dimensional and multi-sectoral phenomenon. Hence no single institution can address all the dimensions of poverty. Further, no single problem can be solved anyone institution. On the other hand, there is ample evidence of success due to partnerships where joint efforts have proved a worthwhile option than merely shouldering the responsibilities by either public, or private or non-profit sectors. Partnership between various sectors in public services delivery has become a viable option in different parts of the world. Business sector and civil society are getting increasingly involved in social development through reduction of unemployment, elimination of social inequalities and exclusions. Indeed, partnership processes unlock diverse potentials and make available innovative solutions. this research attempts to delineate the range of partnership pattern for poverty alleviation among civil society organizations and between them and governments, and Private sector in the Addis Ababa city. This study followed qualitative strategy to a large extent. Survey method was used to gather information from forty-three representatives from non governmental organizations (NGOs). Interviews were also held with the concerned officials of different government institutions such as Addis Ababa city administration covering houses development Project office and Addis Ababa housing agency. At the sub-city level, Arada civil and social Affairs and cooperative offices were also covered. A few community based organizations such as lddirs, Councils of lddirs, and cooperatives such as saving and credit cooperatives, and construction cooperatives were also contacted for various other information needed for this study. currently, governments at various levels are trying to alleviate poverty from the country. Poverty in Addis Ababa has also received considerable attention from various stakeholders. In this endeavor, the contribution of stakeholders cutting across all the sectors is crucial. NGOs arc trying their best to incorporate the voice of the poor in policy cycle. In addition, NGOs are directly intervening on different areas to end up poverty from Addis Ababa. A substantial number of NGOs have developed partnership among themselves in the last five years. Nevertheless, they could achieve very limited partnership with the private sector institutions. their partnership with the public sector is largely confined to implementation of projects together. However, it could be observed that the partnership between the Public and non Profit sector is very much limited compared to the range of areas in which they can collaborate. though the concept of institutional partnership is relatively new, many NOOs could realize the benefits of partnership such as reduced costs, sharing workload and increased efficiency. Most of the partnered organizations also faced problems such as lack of cooperation from their partners, lack of partnership experience, and misuse of resources are some of the problems that hinders the smooth development of partnership. To overcome these problems, constant progress report, and frequent audit could reduce the abuse of resources and may strengthen the partnership. In addition, once some problems occur, al l the stakeholders should take immediate action to resolve the problems rather than leaving it unresolved for good.
A Critical Study of Public Personnel Administration in Ethiopia with a Focus on Oromia State Government
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Baissa, Kumera; Dash, C.D.(Dr)
In Ethiopia, a country of diversified people with their own distinct cultures, administrative Systems, religious and political ideologies which had fallen under the administration of aristocracy, no attempts were made to develop, nurture and adopt an indigenous national ideology and system of administration. Abuses of authority, inefficiency, corruption and Irresponsiveness were the main vices which still prevail in the political and administrative structure at all levels of governments in Ethiopia. Ethiopia's civil service system, therefore, is in urgent need of in-depth analysis of problems in specific contexts rather than prescribing western models as panacea for all evils in the civil service. In this thesis, efforts have been made to critically examine the public personnel administration system in federal Ethiopia with a focus on Oromo state Government. The scope of the research was limited to the assessment of the civil service administration which is under the direct regulation of the Federal and Oromia Civil Service Commissions. The Federal and the Oromia Civil Service Commissions were, therefore, the prime sources of information on the overall national and regional pubic service systems. The term public personnel is often used interchangeably with such terminologies as the civil service, civil servants, government employees, public sector employees and the like. Nowadays the idiom 'human resources administration' (HRA) is becoming popular instead of personnel administration, personnel management or manpower administration. Whichever idiom preferred, in its modern sense public personnel administration refers to the administration or management of the human resources through systematic, pragmatic and flexible approach towards the planning, attracting, developing, maintaining, coordinating, motivating them in such a way that enhances employees' quality of life and
Federal Budget Allocation and Control in Ethiopia: Challenges and Options
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Mamecha, Assefa; V.S, Tholada (Dr.)
The research work attempted to look into the budget allocation and control practices of the federal government of Ethiopia to assess and address the challenges faced by the major budgetary actors (HPR, MoFED and OFAG). Ethiopia as one of the poor countries is striving to ensure sustainable development by allocating its scarce resource (budget) to address the basic social and economic needs of the people. The intervention of the government for the provision of these basic services is very essential and to achieve the development objectives of the country, there should be efficient and effective budget allocation and utilization in the country. It was, therefore, necessary to examine the country's budgetary process focusing on the major budgetary actors. This study, conducted a survey to generate the required data and information from the targeted government institutions. It was found out that the current budgetary approach (line item approach) of the country has not created a conducive environment to link the budget with the major goals and objectives of public agencies. If was also realized that the budget and public accounts standing committees of the House of peoples' Representatives lack adequate institutional capacities to effectively carryout their roles of analyzing and controlling budget allocation and implementation of the country.
Board Practices in Emerging Local NGOS of Ethiopia
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Bisrat, Dereje; Venkatakrishnan, V (Dr.)
NGO governance has recently gained significance in development literature as the sector drew more attention for its increased engagement in development interventions and service deliveries than ever before. This also draws many to learn about its mode of operation and governance. NGOs need to ensure governance practices that fa ci litate their legitimacy to act on the very causes of their establishment. Board members in this regard are at the center of representing their organizations and become the basis for legitimacy claims. Employing a survey method, the Board effectiveness, board composition, board members selection criteria, founders' syndrome and board accountability of selected local NGOs from five major cities (Addis Ababa , Dire Dawa, Adama, Bahir Dar and Awasa) were studied. Stratified sampling was used and 103 respondents covering 33 board members, 18 CEOs and 52 staff provided the information used in this study. These Board members, CEOs and staff of the selected local NGOs perceived weak governance effectiveness in their respective organizations. Board composition in terms of gender representation far exceedingly favored men. In terms education, boards were found to be dominated by members relatively with higher educational achievement. The inclination by local NGOs in Ethiopia is to neo-institutional prescriptions, at the expense of some other feasib le criteria such as gender balance and community worthiness. Accou ntability practices favored one of relational accountabilities wherein stakeholders (government and donors) with powers of determining the fate of NGOs. Practices rather failed to consider the other view of relational accountability where those stakeholders whose lives are either posi tively or negatively affected by NGOs. Identity accountability, abiding by principles, values and ethics, perceived to be neglected. Founders' syndrome was pervasive in the selected local NGOs. Therefore, their governance practices need to be strengthened and their boards should reinforce accountability to the communities they serve.
Value Added Tax Practices and Problems in Federal Inland Revenue Authority of Ethiopia
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Minaye, Getu; Venkatakrishnan, V (Dr)
Most of the Governments revenue is generaled from taxes. It can redistribute society’s wealth by imposing the tax burden on one group in order to find services for another. Taxes are classified in to tow. These are direct and indirect taxes. Direct taxes are directly related to the tax payers where as indirect taxes are paid by an individual through purchase of goods and service. Value Added Tax (VAT) is one of the indirect taxes. It is a tax an consumption levied wherever the value of goods and services increase as they charge hands in course of production, distribution and final sale to the consumer. The value added at each stage of production is the difference between the sellers ‘cost for materials and the selling price VAT is a key source of government revenue in most of the the nations. So it is implemented in many developed as well as developing countries. The first proposal of VAT emerged in france in the 1920 and was recognized in 1948.Most of the developing countries of the world adopted this tax diring 1980s and 1990s cotedlvaire is the first African country to introduce VAT in 1960 VAT has become an indispensable component of tax reforms in developing countries Ethiopia has also implemented this tax primarily to raise more revenue. Modernizing its tax administration and encourage investment and trade Ethiopia ‘sax reform program has introduced VAT since January.2003 Tax reforms include changing polices to address insufficient revenue. To correct distortions that reduces economic welfare and growth. Or measure to reduce inequalities. The Tax reform has tow components: Overhanedeling of the tax legislation and improving the tax administration. Vat is a tax system that has replaced sales tax in Ethiopia. And it has applied a uniform rate of15% on most consumption goods and services. The replaced sales tax was collected only at the point of sales: as the result of this if has a double taxation has consoling effect and had server tax evasion problems.VAT. On the other hand. Is applied on the value added on each stage of production. Hence would solve the tax cascading and reduce its evasion with its modern administration system A threshold of half a million birr is a level above which registration for VAT is legally compulsory, but a category of taxpayers that fall below the threshold are registered for TOT VAT Is Collected At Stages In The Production and distribution process beginning with importers and producers raw materials and credits the final consumers. Unlike the format sales tax VAT is a board based tax is imposed at different levels of production and distribution. VAT is payable if there are supplies made in Ethiopia, made by a taxable person, made in the course or furtherance of a business and is not specifically exempled or zero rated. The survey of the study indicates that VAT implementation in Ethiopia faced different challenges. Some of the challenges are: Administration inefficiency, misunderstanding of the VAT laws by some business communities, resistance against registration of some traders. Failure to maintaining books of accounts. understated financial statements. And non-issuance of invoices has been exercised by VAT registered person particularly on sales made on final consumer: Non –issuance of invoices is practiced in various forms: providing options to their customers to choose between sales with VAT and sales with out VAT invoice. Print and use identical VAT invoice one registered by the tax office and other not registered .As the result of these constraints the implantation of VAT in Ethiopia could not be effectively implemented and achieve its objectives. The study of the survey indicates that to alleviate these constraints the FIRA has taken some measures. These measures include. Strengthen its tax administration functions by delegation of region/city administration, forced registration for non-compliance enterprises door-to door checking were made to identify those who should be registered but not yet registered for VAT. Intensive awareness program have been conducted using mass media. Seminars and workshops to disseminate information and to increase the awareness of the business community. Therefore the FIRA should continue to strengthen its administration capacity to curve the problems and achieve its objective. Its objectives.and the business community should also other the current VAT rules and regulations.
Good Governance and Participatory Democracy: The Challenges and Opportunities a Casesstudy of Addis Ababa City Administration (AACA)
(A.A.U, 2007-08) Otore, Dilamo; Abebe, Mulugeta (Dr)
Thi s study assessed key governance chall enges in Addis Ababa city govelnment, and present recent empirical evidences. the paper begins defining and elaborating key governance components, such as participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness consensus buildin g, effe cti veness and efficiency, accountability, fairness and inclusiveness and strategic vision. the study developed a random sample based on a multistage, stratified, area cluster approach, which gave every eligible adult in each enumeration area to have an equal chance of being selected. In the 10 sub-ci ti es, in total 350 of respondents were caltied out 3 18 of whi ch were responded- an overall response rate of 90.86%. design of the questionnaires used in the study has contained certain standard questions. ident ically worded items are used for purposes of comparison and locating public opinions in city govern anc e system. the main govemance issues discussed in this study include citizen participation and governance partnership, civil society engagement 111 governance process and development programs, working arrangements between city government and the private sector, culture of accountability, communication practices and access to infomlation, extent 0 0 transparency in financial arrangements, decision making approaches, inclusiveness and fairness in dealing with citizens, attractiveness of laws and programs to assist community, management efficiency and effectiveness in adopting and resourcing a customer-centered strategy for budgeting and finall y, democratic consolidation and its working culture in city administration. the study then provides evidences which suggest a sobering picture: on average, there appears to be weak progress in ten11S of good governance and participatory democracy in city government jurisdiction in recent times Recommendations in the study are suggested including ensuring effective participation, promoting ' effective partnerships and participatory planning approach, strengthening accountability culture and a corruption free govel11 ance system, addressing political polarization in governance system, and nurturing and choosing foresighted leaders
Growth Prospects of Registered and Women Operated Micro Enterprises in Increasing their Operators' Income: A Case Study of Lideta and Addis Ketema Sub-cities
(A.A.U, 2007-08) Dejenie, Mellese; Ayenew, Mihret (Dr.)
Micro enterprises are important tools in poverty alleviation through employment creation and income generation for low income groups with limited oppol1uni ties. Women, which constitute the largest pro portion of this group, the responsibility o[ handling domestic tasks and generating income for their family. Hence, many poor women operate microenterprises individually or in group. Among the poor urbanites of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa is believed to have the largest concentration. And among the sub-cities of Addis Ababa, the largest concentration of dwellers as well as Micro-enterprises is found in Addis Ketema and Lideta. Therefore, they are selected [or this study since they shed light on the performance of women operated micro-enterprises. The number of women operated micro enterprises have been increasing from time to time, with slow' and gradual growth. As a result, most operators abandon the enterprise in pursuit of other alternatives as they did not see any improvement in their personal in come. The study assessed the operation of the such enterprises Vis-a-VIs the change in their employment. customer size, business turnover, customer size, product portfolio and profitability. Primary data for the study are collected using questionnaire, interview and group discussion. Also Secondary sources are used to collect pertinent data . The study has learned that most women operated enterprises in the two sub-cities are at their earlier years or operation. Likewise, the income of most of the operators did not show increment. In order to facilitate the growth of women operated micro enterprises and improve the income o r women operators, the concerned bodies should make an in depth stud y on the operating condition of the enterprises. A special support package shall he designed to women operators and also the support shall be extended towards the growth of enterprises beyond startup. In order to provide technical support and advice the sub-cities need to build the capacity of their staff both at Kebele and sub-city levels.
The Causes and Consequences of Conflicts among the Nuer Clans in Gambella
(A.A.U, 2007-11) Gany, Lam; AYenew, Meheret(Ph.D)
This thesis is an initiative to explain the nuer violent intra clans' conflicts in Gambella. The core objectives have been put forward as to locate the main causes of prevailed Conflicts among Jeanie never in Gambella. Correspondingly, under this thesis seeking Imposed consequences and ways to resolve conflicts in relation to Nuer way of life were being made use of. In never land, such conflicts acutely shocked the life of those innocent Minorities like women and children; disabled and physically impaired persons and other Related victims. Moreover, the circumstances of intra-clans' group conflicts among the Nuer became a Drawback for efficient provision of government services in these particular localities. Those localities were over whelmed by the state of conflicts in Nuer land. Similarly, the Never intra-clans' conflicts involved major influential factors. And therefore, the thesis Primarily aimed at assessing the main causes and consequences of intra-Never conflicts Equally with those factors sought to have increased the state of hostilities among the Nuer Ethnic group in Gambella.
The Contribution of Faith Based Organizations in Alleviating the Urban Poverty of Addis Ababa a Case Study of Three Faith Based Organizations
(A.A.U, 2008-01) Hailu, Lulit; V . S, Tholada (Dr.)
The number of urbanites in Ethiopia is small when compared to the total number of Population; and out of the total number of urbanites a significant proportion lives under Poverty. Addis Ababa has the lion's share of the number of urbanites of the country as well As the urban poor in the country. Basically, urban poverty is characterized by high Unemployment and crime rate, poor sanitation, poor infrastructure, malnutrition, slum houses and areas, inability to send children to school, lack of reliable income, etc. The Prevalence of these characteristics of urban poverty has been increasing from time to Time in the City. Reducing this level of poverty is not an easy task and requires the concerted efforts of all segments of the society. Faith Based organizations are part of the Society and they have tremendous potential in promoting community participation and mobilization of resources. In view of this, the study is conducted to assess their contribution in reducing the level of poverty in Addis Ababa. The study has focused on the intervention of the FBOs through sponsoring and participating in income generation activities. The study is conducted on three FBOs namely, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Child And Family Affaires Organization(EOC-CFAO), Ethiopian Islamic Affairs Supreme Council-The Ethiopian Muslims Development Agency (EIASC-EMDA) and The Ethiopian Kalehiwot Church-Medan Acts Project. (EKHC-Medan Acts) It has been learned that about 502 individuals have benefited from the income generating activities of the FBOs, and they are enabled to create employment and generate income. The organizations have been providing vocational skill training, and/or seed money. Some 20% of the IGA beneficiaries were selected for the study and the data required for the study have been collected from both primary and second GlY sources. The survey has indicated that a large proportion of the respondents have experienced substantial increase in their periodic income . It is also learned that the beneficiaries were able to send back their children to School!. The scale of operation and the sustain inability of the IGA , however, are highly tied up with the availability of donors. The institutions also have capacity limitation to undertake large scale projects. Furthermore , the absence of proper monitoring and follow -up mechanisms, well developed documentations, and joint action (partnership) with government institutions are some of the factors hampering the institutions' operation. The study, whose major aim is strengthening the contribution of FBOs in fighting poverty, has put forward the following recommendations: • The leaders of FBOs should do Their level best 10 increase The institutional and human resource capacities of the organizations. • Financiers (donors) should look into the possibilities of increasing the scale of Operation of the FBOs and should not attach their financing plan to short term projects Only. • The alleviation of urban poverty requires a joint and concerted action of all segments of The society. Therefore, the FEOs should work in collaboration and consultation with Governmental, non-governmental and civic organizations.
Alternative Mechanisms of Electoral Systems for Vibrant Democracy and All Inclusive Representation in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Kahsay, Abraha; Ayenew, Meheret (PhD)
Electoral system design is being recognized as one of the key instruments in democracy in changing votes into seats. In Ethiopia since 1991 various elections have been held, and the electoral system in use is the plurality electoral system. The plurality electoral system is a system whereby, a party or a candidate who garnered most of the votes in a constituency is declared as a winner. It distorts the allocation of seats when changing votes into seats, and benefits the bigger parties. The system has the potential danger to produce a minority government as a result of ‘manufactured majority’ in the legislature, which can generally spell civil strife than democracy. Furthermore, it influences the behaviors of parties negatively in view of the culture of compromise and tolerance, and it is not as inclusive as much as possible to be recommended for such highly diversified and emerging democracy. This paper sets out to show the types of various electoral systems and their consequences. Ethiopia with its federal arrangement and in conjunction with its parliamentary system needs an electoral system that allows more inclusiveness than exclusion, a stable government that sustains credibility and legitimacy, than a government which looses credibility and legitimacy shortly, an electoral system that facilitates for compromises and tolerance than that widens the polarization of the political parties. To foster the democratization process and to redeem from the past backward political culture for a better future this paper argues for the re-thinking and redesign of the electoral system by substantiating with various evidences
The Effect of Human Resource Performance Management on Efficiency: the Case of Ethiopian Insurance Corporation (EIC). (Based on Staffs Opinion survey)
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Ferede, Manalegne; Dhare, Chakra (PhD)
This study mainly intends to explore whether there are any undesirable challenges and problems (limitations) in the implementation process of human resource performance management in one of the public owned enterprises i.e. the Ethiopian Insurance Corporation (EIC). The main objective of the study is to assess and identify the challenges encountered in the process of implementation of human resource management in the Corporation whcih closely examined. To this end, both the primary and secondary data were gathered through questionnaires and various documents; and analyzed quantitatively through frequency and percentage values. The results provided indicate towards the following conclusions. In the process of setting strategic planning and performance planning the involvement of employees is not sufficient, training and development of staffs in EIC is not programmed or scheduled, the existing performance evaluation of the employees of the Corporation is more of behavioral measurement rather than achievements oriented, and the rewarding policy of the Corporation is not clear. Relying on the above conclusions, among others, some of the recommendations are given based on the findings include that, in the process of setting vision, mission, strategic plan and performance standard, employees have to participate actively and adequately and the strategic plan has to be cascade to lower level units further more. The conducting performance appraisal system has to be more of result oriented than behavioral measurements, and to enhance the efficiency of employees, there should be clearly stated policy regarding rewards to high performers and actions against to below average performers
Effectiveness in Appraising Employees' Performance the Case Study of the Ethiopian Radio and Television Agency
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Hailemichael, Teferi; Dash, Chakradhar (PhD)
Performance is thus about the way the task is accomplished and the results achieved (outputs). The way inputs (resources) are utilized and the extent to which outputs (results) are achieved at institutional level designates organizational performance, which therefore, is best explained in what and how an employee in the structure is expected to get tasks geared and accomplished towards the organizational goals. The pattern a task is accomplished and the results achieved thereby flows through and within different interacting and interrelated sets of activities that constitute a system i.e. performance system. The contemporary period of increasing global competition has put more focus on effectiveness that the systems and processes in the organization be applied in the right way to the right thing: Performance management is of performance improvement process linked to performance appraisal. In effective organizations, goals are agreed and work is planned routinely, progress is measured and feedback is communicated. And this study draws on effectiveness in appraising the performance of employees for a continuous improvement of organizational performance in the Ethiopian Radio and Television Agency (ERTA). It focuses on how effective is performance appraisal in improving the performance of employees in ERTA and in achieving strategic and operational goals. The methods of participant observation and Likert-type questionnaires are the preferred methods to collect data from primary sources, and the required data regarding factors that contribute to effectiveness of the performance appraisal system are obtained. Accordingly, that indicates that the system in the agency is ineffectively implemented
Customers’ Satisfaction in Land Delivery Service by Urban Local Governments A Case Study of Bishoftu Town Administration
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Mama, Mohammedhussen; V.S., Tholada (PhD)
To evaluate customers’ satisfaction by local governments, Bishoftu Town Administration (BTA) was considered as a case study. Problems identified include, lack of integration of duties, the absence of good governance and there is a huge gap between supply and demand for land. The land acquisition, and development process is very long and the city administration has no capacity to provide full flegged infrastructure proactively for the users. Absence of land development finance,, lack of skilled and motivated manpower, and the absence of private ownership of land. The general objective of this research is to evaluate customers’ satisfaction in land delivery services and the factors affecting it to come up with some solutions. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from secondary and primary sources. The study period was from December 2007- May 2008 and a total of 216 customers who want land for different purposes were randomly selected as a study subjects. Moreover, the total numbers of employees of BTA who are engaged in land delivery services were also taken as a study sample. Structured and unstructured questionnaires of two kinds were used as an instrument for data collection. Interview questions were also prepared to collect data from an official. The data was analyzed through statistical software and percentages, tables, bar charts and pie charts were used for this purpose. The research reveals that there are a number of problems such as lack of motivation and the corresponding employee attitude towards customer’s service, the absence of proper information dissemination, and incompatibility of services with the value of customer and. Policy making did not include participation of customers. Concerning land, serious problems with land use in Ethiopia is land Policy and the corresponding land ownership increasing fees and the time to get land beyond imagination lack of full information about the land policy of the country. Compensation for farmers is made by customers and there will not be infrastructure at the time of receiving land there is a problem of applying good governance. Access to necessary resources that are used to carry out jobs is a problem for that matter there is lack of the required number of man power, technical instruments including computers for information technology and vehicles used to facilitate customer’s service. Demand and supply of land are far away from each other. This is the problem of many urban centers in Ethiopia. Preparation acquisition and development of land for the customers and the need for basic infrastructure complicated the problem and reduced the capacity of satisfying effective demand. There is no easy access to land this is supported by the fact that customers have been waiting to receive land most of them for 2-3 years some for over 4 years even though surprisingly few get land within 6 months time Therefore over all customers were not satisfied with land delivery service they are getting from Bishoftu Town Administration. The following recommendations were forwarded. From the findings of this research employees were not given proper emphasis both filling the vacant positions and developing the existing employees were absent, therefore, there should be filling the vacant positions and training and developing and controlling employees on work environment need to be done. Citizen participation in policy making is helpful not only for customers but also for the administration. It facilitates the sense of ownership to the policy and simplifies implementation process .Therefore, BTA is recommended to make the participation of residents in planning activities. There should also be single and one standard criterion that must be followed to provide land for the purpose of treating residents equally Accountability of officials, responsibility of staffs, equity and transparency in providing services should not remain on the post and should be implemented in real and must be witnessed by customers. All resources necessary to carryout the required task so as to satisfy customers must be present. Official interviewed and data collected from employees of BTA reveal that there are serious constraints of resources such as vehicles and technical instruments. Therefore, it is recommended that these resources are available to the unit
Beneficiary Impact Assessment of Demobilization and Reintegration Program: The Case of Dansha Resettlements Project
(A.A.U, 2008-06) Kidanemariam, Aklilu; Regassa, Teferi
The purpose of this study is to assess the demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants in dansha resettlement project
Beneficiary Impact Assessment of Demobilization and Reintegration Program: the Case of Dansha Re-settlements Project
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Kidanemariam, Aklilu; Regassa, Teferi
The purpose of this study is to assess the demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants in Dansha resettlement project. It is to make impact assessments on the ex-combatants’ economic independence and their subsequent acceptance by the host community. The study was highly important to examine the potential risks of the resettlement, which is taken as a means to reintegrate ex-combatants, and draw possible lessons to prevent these risks. To meet the objective of the study, both primary and secondary data were used. For the primary data, key informants were interviewed and questionnaires were distributed to randomly selected 120 settlers and focus group discussions were undertaken. The data were analyzed using descriptive and qualitative techniques. The findings of the study clearly show that the settlers are reintegrated economically, socially and politically in a sustainable way. The economic impact assessment of the program revealed that the settlers were provided land for farming and housing facility. They also had access to credit, pension scheme, and other transitional subsistence support such as farming tools, seeds and other extension packages. Like wise, the settlers are now economically reintegrated, having the capacity to produce sesame for cash and sorghum for food. Livestock breeding and off-farm activities also helped them to have sustainable livelihood in the area. The social impact assessment also indicates that settlers have got sufficient social services, that are access to health, potable water and education which are comparatively adequate to support the settlers. The study also shows that settlers have close relationships with host community and high involvement in political and social affairs of the society. Therefore, it is inferred that, existence of sufficient social infrastructure, access to credit and market, with potential area for farming and livestock are observed to be potential strengths that enabled settlers to be successful. On top of that, the close relationship with the host community and among themselves encouraged the achievement of sustainable reintegration. The study concludes that resettlement scheme can be an effective way of reintegrating ex-combatants. For the success of such type of resettlement, it needs to be guided by well-organized documents, committed government, motivated staff and willing beneficiaries. It also should be based on adequate and reliable socio-economic study with proper implementation and monitoring. On top of that, the consent of the host community with the above mentioned factors is decisive for successful reintegration of ex-combatants. The study then recommends that clear and consistent orientation on benefits and modalities of reintegration should be stated appropriately. It also recommends better training on agricultural extension, and veterinary services should be realized

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