Veterinary Clinical Medicine

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Incidence of lameness, Associated risk factors, Treatment response and Milk yield loss reduction in Bishoftu dairy farms, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Ayana Bane; Fekadu Regassa; Teshale Sori
Lameness is one of the most serious global health issues in dairy cows, negatively affecting animal welfare, milk production, reproductive health and farm economics. Although several studies have investigated the prevalence of lameness in Ethiopia, there is a scarcity of research on its incidence and treatment response in Bishoftu town. Therefore, a seven- month longitudinal study was conducted on dairy farms in Bishoftu from November 2024 to April 2025 to assess the incidence of lameness, identify associated risk factors, evaluate treatment response, and determine its impact on milk yield. A total of 574 cows from 30 purposively selected dairy farms were included, representing small, medium and large scale operation through proportional sampling method. Lameness was diagnosed and scored through visual observation and clinical examination during weekly farm visits. Lameness positive cows were treated according to its cases and the recovery time was recorded. The result showed that, out of 574 cows followed for seven months from 30 farms, the overall incidence rate at cow level and herd level were 5.23 cases per 100 cow months at risk and 63.33% respectively. A poison regression analysis showed that the herd size, breed, age, milking status, and BCS were significantly associated with lameness (P < 0.05). As study showed, hind limbs was more affected (60%) than forelimbs (40%) and hoof overgrowth (26.67%) was the major cause of lameness in the current study followed by laminitis (20%). Locomotion score 3 was the major lameness score (40%) followed by score 2 (26.7%). The study showed that, 100% of treated cows (30/30) fully responded to treatment with different recovery time. Most cows recovered within 14 days after treatment, while a few took up to 28 days. In lactating cows, there was a significant improvement in milk production after treatment, with (p < 0.05). The study concludes that lameness significantly affects dairy farm economics and animal health. Therefore, early detection, timely treatment, farmers' awareness and automated diagnosis should be recommended as key essential strategy for preventing and diagnosis of lameness in dairy herd.
Evaluation of smart Dairy system for enhancing Reproductive herd health management in smallholder farms in Bishoftu town,
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Dejene Zegeye; Alemayehu Lemma; Teshale Sori
The integration of smart dairy farming technologies, encompassing sensors, mobile applications, and data analytics, presents a transformative opportunity for enhancing the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of smallholder dairy farms, particularly in regions like Ethiopia. To evaluate the practical application and impact of a smart dairy system, this study enrolled 30 smallholder farmers managing 519 animals into a virtual “Fertility Control Camp”. Their daily operations were augmented through the experimentation of data acquisition, digital recording via ODK-Collect, data analytics, generation of actionable insights, and a mobile alerting system. From this cohort, 40 cows whose estrus was characterized by CowsVille, dairy farm management software, were randomly selected for monitoring. Estrus detection tools and chemical pregnancy tests provided data that is processed by CowsVille, delivering mobile alerts to farmers. Mean Number Service Conception (NSC), days the last artificial insemination (DALAI), and days last conception (DALC) were 3.12±0.39, 68.23±10.37 days, and 249.07±35.4 days, respectively. The fertility window was identified in all cases (100%), averaging 14.82±0.4 hours, resulting in a FSC rate of 65.8%, significantly higher than the national average. CowsVille integrated with a mobile alert system has proven to be a valuable resource for guiding farmers in making AI-related decisions. Further analysis of 62 cows (38 normal-cycling, 24 repeat-breeding) from the CowsVille database explored estrus detection using physicochemical profiles and Vaginal Electrical Resistance (VER). Conception rates were significantly different (P < 0.05) between normal-cycling (70.6%) and repeat-breeding cows (41.7%). Body weight, insemination time, and VER significantly affected conception rates (P < 0.05), with optimal results at 7-12 hours poststanding estrus (71.43%), and VER of 181-220 Ω (84.21%). Sperm penetration, spinnbarkeit, VER, and crystallization patterns of cervical fluid proved useful in predicting optimal insemination time. The CowsVille system, combining digital recordkeeping, with analytical capabilities and direct farmer feedback, effectively mitigated the limitations in traditional smallholder management, enabling evidence-based decisions.
“Clinical Characterization, Detection of Canine Parvovirus and Bacterial CoInfections, and Evaluation of Treatment Outcomes in Clinically Suspected Puppies at AAUCVMA Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Kemal Ahmed; Abdi Feyisa; Bethel Befekadu
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) remains a leading and potentially fatal viral disease in canine populations, especially in young puppies. The presence of co-infecting pathogens can exacerbate disease severity and complicate clinical outcomes. This study aimed to detect CPV, characterize clinical signs, identify major bacterial co-infections, and assess treatment outcomes in puppies clinically suspected of CPV infection. A case-series study was conducted over eight months (October 2024 to May 2025) at AAU-CVMA, Professor Fisseha Gebreab Memorial Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Thirty fecal samples were purposively collected from diarrheic puppies suspected of CPV-2 infection. Samples were analyzed using microbiological methods and conventional PCR. All the examined puppies exhibited diarrhea, vomiting, and anorexia; 60% (18/30) showed bloody diarrhea. CPV was detected in 28 samples. Ten puppies tested positive for CPV alone, while co-infections with Salmonella or Escherichia coli were found in 16 cases, and two cases had both bacterial pathogens alongside CPV. One sample showed co-infection with Salmonella and E. coli without CPV, and one sample was negative for all tested pathogens. Following antibiotic and supportive treatment, five puppies died, while 25 recovered. The results demonstrate a high rate of CPV and frequent bacterial co-infections in diarrheic puppies, underscoring the complication of canine parvovirus infection with bacterial pathogens. This study highlights the need for further research on the prevalence and molecular characterization of CPV in the study area to improve diagnostic, treatment and prevention strategies
Evaluation and in Vitro Antimicrobial Effect Assessment of Ethyl Pyruvate's Efficacy Against Major Pathogens Associated with Bovine Mastitis
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Tseganesh Asefa; Alemayehu Lemma; Bethel Befekadu
The treatment of bovine mastitis is complex due to its varied etiology and the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance, which limits the efficacy of conventional antibiotic therapies, particularly in persistent infections or those caused by certain pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus. Ongoing research explores alternative treatments such as plantbased therapies. However, the efficacy and practical application of these alternatives are still under investigation. Cross sectional study was conducted in Bishoftu, Ethiopia, from November 2024 to May 2025. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on major pathogens of bovine mastitis and assess them in vitro susceptibility profiles. Bacteria were isolated and identified using selective media and MALDI-TOF MS from 90 milk samples of cows confirmed to have mastitis using CMT and SCC which resulted 59.3% were "strongly positive," 30.5% "distinct positive," and 10.2% "weakly positive," with a statistically significant correlation (p<0.01; r=0.653) with SCC result. Culturing revealed that 65.5% of the samples contained primarily Staphylococcus aureus (28.8%), Escherichia coli (21.1%) and streptococcus agalactiae 6.7%. Sensitivity tests were carried out with different concentration (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) of ethyl pyruvate with conventional antibiotic disks to see resistance pattern. The antibacterial effects of EP were found to be concentration-dependent. EP75 was the most effective at a 29.82 mm zone of inhibition, while EP25 had the lowest efficacy at 16.89mm. A significant difference was found in susceptibility among bacterial species, with E. coli showing the highest susceptibility at 25.63± 0.53 mm and S. aureus the lowest at 17.65mm. Furthermore, 100% multi-drug-resistant to Tetracycline, Ampicillin, and Amoxicillin showed across all tested species. In vitro analyses indicate EP possesses a significant antimicrobial property against major pathogens of bovine mastitis. Further in vivo investigation is warranted to ascertain its therapeutic efficacy and comprehensive doseresponse studies to establish the optimal dosage regimens and administration routes for ethyl pyruvate practical application in field settings
compiled case reports on different surgical cases: their procedures, outcomes and encountered complications in different domestic animals in and around bishoftu, oromia, ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Maranata Milkias; Abebe Fromsa
Livestock is an indispensable component of Ethiopian agriculture, with live animals and their byproducts contributing approximately 40% of the agricultural economy. Disease significantly impacts livestock productivity by reducing growth rates, reproductive performance, and milk production while increasing mortality rates and economic losses. Surgical interventions play a critical role in treating various diseases and conditions in livestock, thereby enhancing their health, productivity, and overall well-being. Complications following surgery at the incision site can include swelling, local infection, sinus formation around sutures, hematoma (blood accumulation), drainage from the incision site, incisional opening (dehiscence), and hernia formation. The present case report was compiled between September 2023 and May 2024 GC aimed to document a variety of surgical conditions affecting different body systems in domestic animals. The cases were referred to or directly presented to esteemed institutions such as Professor Fiseha Gebreab Memorial Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad, Donkey Sanctuary Veterinary Clinic, and Amanuel Veterinary Clinic located in Dire. The objective was to analyze the outcomes of these surgical interventions, their procedures and encountered complications. All the cases presented in this study were thoroughly examined to determine the organ or system that was affected. The animal's medical history, clinical observations, and laboratory results were meticulously documented in the patient record format. Animals with urgent surgical conditions underwent premedication, aseptic preparation, and anesthesia. They subsequently received specific surgical treatment and corrections, followed by adequate postoperative care and routine follow-up. A total of twenty-one cases were handled, 13 out of 21 (61.90%) were large animals and 8 out of 21(38.01%) were small animals. 4 out of 21 (19.05%) cases died, while 17 out of 21 (80. 95%) animals recovered. Continued research and detailed documentation of surgical cases should be encouraged to build a robust database of case studies that can serve as valuable references for veterinary practitioners
Estrus Characteristics of Menz Breed ewes and Effect Of Ostrus Cycle Phases at Initiation of Ovulation Synchonization On Pregnancy Rate
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Marshet Netsere; Dr. Tilaye Demissie; Prof.Fekadu Regassa; Dr. Tefera Yilma
The study was conducted from January to April 2024 with twofold objectives: to characterize estrus signs and the time of occurrence of estrus events in natural and PGF2α-induced estrus; and to assess the effect of estrus phase at the initiation of ovulation synchronization on plasma progesterone, plasma estradiol, and pregnancy rate in Menz breed ewes. To attain the objectives, two experiments were conducted. Briefly, in the 1st experiment, ewes (n = 12) were kept with vasectomized ram to get data from natural estrus, after which ewes were estrus induced by PGF2α to gather induced estrus data. In the 2nd experiment, ewes (n = 12) were estrus induced by PGF2α, and when ewes showed estrus (taken as D0 of the experiment), they were divided into two groups (n = 6 per group), balancing for age, live weight, and parity. In the 1st part of experiment two, ewes were treated with intramuscular (IM) injection of 50µg GnRH agonist on day 16th of estrus (at follicular phase of estrus, designed as follicular group); at day 7 of GnRH injection, ewes were IM injected with 250µg PGF2α; and at 48 hours of PGF2α (day 9), ewes were IM injected with 50µg GnRH. In 2nd part of experiment two, ewes were treated in a similar protocol as in the 1st part of experiment two, but the 1st GnRH injection was started on the 8th day of the estrus (at the luteal phase of the estrus, designed as a luteal group). In both protocols, ewes were kept with a vasectomized ram, and they were bred by Dorper rams standing estrus. The behavioral and physical signs of estrus were similar to those of natural and induced estrus. Estrus events were not affected (P > 0.05) by estrus source, although mean estrus duration was slightly longer in natural estrus (34.1±2.56 hrs) than induced estrus (32.85±3.540 hrs). The mean duration of natural estrus, interval from the onset of estrus to standing estrus, duration of standing estrus, and interval from standing estrus to estrus end were 34.1±2.56hrs, 17.14±3.52hrs, 4.3±0.5357hrs, and 12.07±1.08hrs, respectively. The mean estrus cycle length was 15.46±1.22 days. The luteolysis rate to PGF2α was 100% in the follicular group within 24hrs of PGF2α injection (P4 changed from ≥1ng/ml to <1ng/ml within 24hrs), however, in the luteal group, all ewes underwent spontaneous luteolysis before PGF2α (P4 <1ng/ml on D7). All ewes in the luteal group did not ovulate to D0 GnRH (P4 remains ≥1 ng/ml) while in the follicular group all ewes were spontaneously ovulated before D0 GnRH (P4 <0.5ng/ml at D0 GnRH). In the luteal group, the ovulation rate to D9 GnRH was 83.33% (P4 changed from >0.5 ng/ml to P<0.5 ng/m), while in the follicular group, all ewes were ovulated (100%) to D9 GnRH. The mean ±SE P4 concentrations were 0.448 ± 0.325 ng/ml at D0 and gradually increased to IX 1.348±0.162 ng/ml on D7 in the follicular group; however, the mean ±SE P4 concentrations were 2.464 ± 0.355 ng/ml at D0 and gradually decreased to 0.252±0.103 ng/ml on D7 in the luteal group. Mean plasma E2 concentration was significantly lower (P<0.05) on D7 (15.48±0.87pg/ml in luteal vs. 23.84±2.641pg/ml in follicular) and D8 (16.685±0.95pg/ml luteal vs. 28.104±2.93pg/ml in follicular, P<0.05) luteal group than follicular group. The pregnancy rate was significantly lower (50%) in the follicular group than in the luteal (83.33%) group (P<0.05). Based on this preliminary study, it could be concluded that the estrus phase at the intuition of ovulation synchronization affects the pregnancy rate in Menz ewes. Moreover, when the protocol was started on the 16th day of estrus (follicular group), ewes were already ovulated, which led to a plasma average P4 level below mid-luteal stage (1.348±0.162 ng/ml) 7 days later (at PGF2α), low pre-ovulatory P4, and a low pregnancy rate. When protocol was started on the 8th day of estrus (the luteal group), ewes underwent spontaneous luteolysis 7 days later (at PGF2α), although the protocol resulted in higher ovulation to D9 GnRH, higher pre-ovulatory P4, and a higher pregnancy rate. To get the best starting day for ovulation synchronization, we recommend a detailed study on the length of estrus stages (pro-estrus, estrus, met-estrus, and di-estrus) and the pattern of corresponding hormonal dynamics per stage (P4, E2, FSH, LH pulse/surge) throughout the estrus cycle of Menze ewes. To overcome the spontaneous ovulation and spontaneous luteolysis encountered in this experiment we recommend a study that asses preferable days to start ovulation synchronization that would provide better pregnancy rate in Menz breed ewes.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of E. coli O157:H7 Isolated from Swab of Ruminant Carcass from Municipal Abattoir and Small Butcher Shops in Akaki Kality Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Tirumengist Bayile; Getachew Tadessse; Liyuwork Asifaw
Ethiopian traditional diets frequently include raw meat and its products, which can include the high-risk pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7. Most of the time, E. coli O157:H7 causes antibiotic resistance in both humans and animals. Therefore, in the Akaki Kality sub-city , the investigation was carried out to ascertain the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of E. coli O157: H7 isolated from ruminant carcass swabs from abattoir and butcher shops. 408 samples were taken from the randomly chosen swabs of the floor, knife, and carcass from the butcher and abattoir that were investigated; of them, 11.76% (48/408) tested positive for E. coli O157:H7. Regarding the sample source, out of all the samples analyzed, the butcher shop had the highest overall prevalence of E.coli O157:H7 contamination (16.67% (30/180), followed by the abattoir sample (7.89% (18/228). Significant variations in prevalence were noted between sample sources (p<0.05). E. coli O157:H7 was highly prevalent in bovine, caprine and ovine (13.3% (24/180), 11.67% (14/120, and 9.26% (10/108), respectively, when it came to species. Based on the type of sample used in this investigation, the highest prevalence rate of E.coli O157:H7 was found in carcasses (14.5%) (29/200), followed by floors (12.1%) (12/108), and knives (7%/7/100). Using ten antimicrobial discs that were on hand, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 48 E.coli O157:H7 isolates showed that the isolates were susceptible to 100% of trimethoprim, 97.32% of oxytetracycline, 89.58% of gentamycin, and 83.33% of kanamycin. Tetracycline (87.5%), ampicillin (85.42%), and streptomycin (93.75%) had the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance. The high rate of antibiotic resistance and the general high prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 thus suggest that there may be a risk to patient safety and medication efficacy. Based on the findings of this study, government officials, project managers, and veterinarians should collaborate to establish more stringent oversight of antibiotic usage in both animal and human population.
Compiled Case Reports Of Surgical Procedures And Their Outcome On Different Domestic Animal Specieses In And Around Bishoftu Town, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Wengelu Welamo; . Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa which can generate income to the country and farmers’ livelihood. However, various surgical disorders requiring surgical interventions are one of the the major causes of direct and indirect loss in this sector. The current study was conducted to to record, document and compile various surgical treatments and corrections with their outcome in different domestic animals in the form of case reports in the study areas and period. The study was conducted at different veterinary service centers, namely: Addis Ababa University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Donkey Sanctuary, SPANA, and Dire veterinary Clinic, farms and open fields. For each and every case, the owners were asked about animals, the animals were assessed for clinical findings, recorded and compiled followed by surgical judgement for elective or emergency surgical operations. Besides, all animals undergoing the surgical treatments were followed up at regular interval and their outcomes were recorded. During the study period, a total of 28 different domestic animals were undergone various forms of surgical treatments and corrections. From the total animal species, Canine 8(28.6%), Swine 5(17.9%), Ovine 4(14.3%), Equine 4(14.3%), Bovine 3(10.7%), Feline 2(7%), while Caprine 1(3.6%), and Camelus 1(3.6%). From these, 92.8% (26/28 ) animals were completely recovered wile 3.6% (1/28) patient was died after month, and 1(3.6%) was slaughtered on 56 days after surgical intervention after the animal gain body weight. The study indicated that ailments deem surgical managements and corrections by experienced veterinarians under strict asepsis to reduce direct and indirect loss of animals and consequently save life of animals
Cooling Tolerance and Post-Thaw Quality of Bovine Epididymal Spermatozoa After Vitrification Using TrisCitrate-Sucrose Based Extender
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Bitseit Lukas; Fekadu Regassa; Haileleul Negussie
Cryopreservation involves preserving living cells, such as sperm, at very low temperatures to maintain their viability for extended periods, particularly in breeding animals. An experimental investigation was conducted between December 2023 and May 2024 aimed to assess the efficacy of a specific extender media-cryopreservation combination method for evaluating the quality of epididymal sperm under field conditions. The cooling tolerance of bull epididymal spermatozoa preserved in a homemade tris-citrate-sucrose extender media was evaluated. Further, the impact of two methods of vitrification (direct droplet and straw) on post-thaw sperm quality and the effect of supplementing high (12.8%) and low (2.5%) glycerol to the base media on cryosurvival were evaluated. All physical parameters including body weight, BCS, scrotal circumference and other testicular measurements were recorded. Mean scrotal circumference, size and volume of the testis were 32.06±1.2cm; 301.80±37.4g and 334.86±105.1cm3 , respectively. Pre-freeze motilities were generally higher (76.88% mass motility and 73.13% individual motility). A significant difference (P<0.05) in motility was generally observed between pre-freeze and post-freeze samples. Nevertheless, a very high cooling tolerance was evident during the first 30-minute cooling period with no significant difference (70%, p>0.05) in motility from prefreeze values. But a drastic 23% drop in motility was observed after 60 minutes, indicating declining cooling tolerance over time. Testicular and epididymal weight and scrotal circumference were significantly associated with improved sperm motility, suggesting that bulls with higher scores in these parameters tend to have higher sperm motility. Spermatozoa destined for vitrification showed significantly higher (P<0.05) pre-freeze motility, with the head region exhibiting a higher number of morphological defects than the tail. Glycerol concentration (2.5% and 12.85) in vitrified sperm had a significant role (P<0.05) in post thaw sperm parameters with higher concentrations improving cryocervival. Vitrification method also had a significant role in postthaw sperm parameters with straw vitrification in high glycerol (12.8%) having better impact in cryocervival compared to direct vitrification with lower glycerol (2.5%). In conclusion the recovery and cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from live or dead animals is a viable option in maintaining their germplasm available for future use. Further, the freezing technique is a promising method for field application particularly in evaluating preservice bulls before purchase.
Evaluation of Antidiarrheal, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of 80% Hydro-Methanolic Root and Leaf Extracts of Carissa Spinarum
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Berhanu Tafese; Lishan Asefa
Carissa spinarum L is a medicinal plant with therapeutic and nutritional properties; however, scientific evidence of its antidiarrheal and antibacterial potential against resistant bacteria is lacking. Similarly, there is limited evidence available about its anti-oxidant properties, particularly on the root and leaf. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal and antibacterial activities and antioxidant capacities of 80% methanolic root and leaf extracts of Carissa spinarum. Each root and leaf powder was extracted by maceration technique using 80% methanol as a solvent. The effects of the crude extract on entero-pooling, gastrointestinal motility tests, and castor oil-induced diarrhea were investigated at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses. The antibacterial activity was conducted by the broth dilution method, and the antioxidant activity was carried out by the 2-2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. The root and leaf extracts prolonged the onset of diarrhea and reduced the number of wet feces dropped and the total weight of feces significantly compared to the negative control at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (p<0.001). The results of the enteropooling test demonstrated that the extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg (p<0.001) significantly decreased the weight and volume of the intestinal content. At the test dose of 400 mg/kg, both the leaf and root extracts significantly (p<0.001) decreased the weight and volume of intestine content in the enteropooling experiment compared to the negative control group, as well as the 100 and 200 mg/kg doses. The root and leaf extracts at all test doses significantly reduced intestinal motility compared to the negative control (p<0.001). In the antibacterial activity test, it was shown that both root and leaf extracts exhibited comparable activity against resistant and susceptible bacteria but showed superior efficacy against resistant strains. The antioxidant assay demonstrated that both plant extracts exhibited promising activity and were comparable to the standard with their inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of (12.61±0.51), (13.6±0.28), and (5.86±0.35µg/ml) of root, leaf, and ascorbic acid, respectively. Thus, the methanolic root and leaf extracts of Carissa spinarum support the traditional claims of antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. However, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind antibacterial and antidiarrheal activity, and there is also a need to validate the antioxidant capacity through in vivo assays
Compiled SurgicCase Reports: Procedure, Technique and Its Outcome in Various Domestic Animals in And Around Bishoftu Town, Ada’a District, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Shiferaw Moltumo; Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia is home for Africa's largest livestock population. A number of infectious and noninfectious diseases affect this economically important sector including pets in the country. In recent times, an increasing awareness of the importance of individual animal treatment in both the rural and urban communities, and a growing trend of keeping exotic breeds as companion pets in urban areas contribute to the increased demand in the veterinary services. These stimuli may hasten veterinary surgical treatments. The current descriptive study was carried out from November 2020 to June 2021 at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University to compile different surgical affections along with procedures, techniques and their outcomes in various domestic animals.The domestic animals of different species, breeds and ages with both sex category, that were originated from different raising systems in and around Bishoftu town, Ada’a district, East Shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, were sampled purposively from cases admitted to VTH for various surgical treatments. During the study period, a total of twenty three surgical cases were diagnosed, undergone surgical interventions and followed up. Among these, seven cases were Bos taurus, four cases were ovis aries, one case was a Capra hircus, four cases were Canis familiaris, three cases were Felis catus, two cases were Equus asinus, one case was an Equus caballus and one case was a Camelus dromedarius. Except wound dehiscence after performing single mastectomy in a bitch, all the animals recovered with minor complications. The surgeons should be highly equipped with knowledge and skill to get successful outcome. Creating client awareness could reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications in outpatient settings.
Case Reports On Selected Clinical Cases of Domestic Animals Presented To Animal Health Facilities in and Around Adama and Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Bethel Befekadu; Dr. Abdi Feyisa
Animals play significant roles in human lives and economic well-being of countries. Thus, if people want to use animals, they must keep them healthy and handle carefully. Despite considerable efforts to prevent domestic animal diseases, their impact remains to be severe across the world. In Ethiopia, although extensive works have been done in veterinary clinics and hospital to diagnose and treat animal diseases, most of the works are being done empirically and getting well-documented data on clinical cases is challenging. Therefore, this study was aimed to give scientific documents on selected clinical cases of domestic animal in Adama and Bishoftu towns. The case handling began with the owner‘s complaint, then detailed clinical examinations and treatments were prescribed tentatively and later confirmatory laboratory diagnoses were done either to continue or alter treatments, and recommend prevention and control approaches. The animals were followed until they were fully recovered, either at the clinic during subsequent therapies or at home for diseases with prolonged recovery. Each case report was compiled following a scientific case reporting format and different diagnosis and treatment approaches were used depending on the types of the cases. A total of 19 case reports including 24 single animals and 2 flocks are included in this study. Cattle, small ruminants, dogs, chickens, and rabbit were among the domestic animals addressed. These case reports also include diseases that affect different body systems and various causative agents including bacterial, viral, parasites, fungal, metabolic, hormonal, mechanical and tumor cases. Therefore these case reports address and set scientific steps of disease diagnosis methods, rational treatment approaches of different diseases including treatment trial and prophylactic drug usage and gives evidences for the presence of some uncommon diseases and their impact.
Clinical Case Studies on Major Diseases of Livestock and Evaluation of Smart Phone Based Application as a Diagnostic Tool in and Around Bishoftu and Modjo Towns, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Dessalew Habte; Dr. Sisay Girma
Despite the large livestock population and relative diversity of animal species in Ethiopia, the current output to provide enormous contributions to the people’s national economy and livelihoods is less, which can be due to extensive prevalence of animal diseases. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to handle and organize case reports, and evaluate the accuracy of smart-phone-based App as a diagnostic and treatment aid tool on selected clinical cases of livestock presented to VTH and MVC in and around Bishoftu and Modjo towns from November 2020 to June 2021. This case study described that different animal species with different ages, sex and breed groups with different physiological statuses were examined based on history, detailed physical and clinical examinations and by using EDDIE smart-phone App. Animals were treated and managed promptly with antimicrobials, supportive drugs and combination based on recommendations of the manufacturer on the basis of tentative diagnosis. Alongside, appropriate samples from these animals were collected and processed in the laboratories for confirmation. The cases were followed either in the animal health services during therapies or at home until recovery. A total of 20 different clinical cases comprised of 31 total animals were examined in which 80.6% (25/31) were ruminants and 19.4% were others (equine, canine and poultry). From these, 35.5% (11/31) diseases were caused by bacteria followed by 29% (9/31), 22.6% (7/31), 3.2% (1/31), 3.2% (1/31) and 6.5% (2/31) were caused by parasites, viruses, protozoa, metabolic and others respectively. Among the examined and treated animals, 26 (83.9%) were recovered, 1(3.2%) died and postmortem examination was conducted on 4 (12.9%) animals. From 26 diagnosed animals with EDDIE App, 16 (61.5%) were similar with laboratory confirmation but 10 (38.5%) were not agreed, and the App was found good. Generally, this study showed that most animal diseases are curable, if prompt and rational drug use with good management can be practiced. Based on this finding, practicing veterinary extension program and training of animal health workers and farmers regularly, including poultry and pet animal diseases with relevant epidemiological data and further evaluation in smartphone App, and establishing advanced diagnostic facilities were recommended to reduce diseases and their associated losses.
Clinical Case Studies On Selected Diseases Of Veterinary Importance and Evaluating Smartphone Based Mobile App ‘ Eddie’ as a Diagnostic Tool In And Around Bishoftu, Central Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Tolesa Ebisa; Dr. Sisay Girma; Takele Beyene
Livestock provides crucial contributions to human wellbeing. Ethiopia possesses the largest livestock population in Africa. Despite of having a large number of livestock, Ethiopia is not optimally utilizing the sector due to low productivity and a wide range of disease prevalence. Treatment of ailing animals in Ethiopia had gotten fewer attention years ago because the health policies give more attention to preventive medicine. The present case study was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021 at VTH and SPANA of AAU-CVMA, Bishoftu, and its surroundings to study different clinical cases of various infectious and non-infectious diseases and their therapeutic management in different species of animals of different ages and different physiological status using detailed physical and clinical examinations of animals together with Ethiopia differential diagnosis and investigation center (EDDiE) as a diagnostic tool. Therapeutic management of animals was based on tentative diagnosis using broad-spectrum antimicrobials and supportive drugs based on the manufacturer‟s instructions. For a definitive diagnosis, following laboratory standards samples were collected from tentatively diagnosed animals and then further processed. To check the recovery status of animals‟ routine follow-up was continued at the clinic during the successive therapies, through a telephone conversation, or at home with prolonged recovery. A total of 19 different cases, 24 animals were examined of which 70.8% (17/24) were ruminants while 29.2% (7/24) were equine, canine, and poultry. Among these, 36.8 % (7/19), 31.6 % (6/19), 10.5 % (2/19), 5.3% (1/19), 15.8% (3/19), of the diseases were caused by bacteria, virus, parasites, fungal, and metabolic, respectively based on clinical pictures, therapeutic responses, and laboratory results. Among the treated animals 83.3% (20/24) were recovered, 8.3 % (2/24) (dog & donkey) died and 8.3% (2/24) passed for postmortem. From a total of 19 cases, in 13 (68.4%) cases; the EDDiE diagnosis was matched with the laboratory confirmation of the case, but in 6 (31.6%) of cases EDDiE was not matched with laboratory results on confirmation. In conclusion, this case study revealed bacteria and viruses followed by parasites were the most common pathogen causing disease in animals. Appropriate management and rational drug use revealed the highest proportion of animals‟ recovery and awering community in disease prevention and control method was forwarded.
Clinical Case Repots of Selected Diseases of Veterinary Importance on Different Domestic Animals In and Around Bishoftu Town, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Gishu Beriso; Dr. Abdi Feyisa
Ethiopia is known for its highest livestock resource worldwide; however, the benefits obtained from the sector are disproportional due to various factors. The livestock disease is among the principal constraints that hinder productivity either through morbidity or mortality of animals. Although there are no standardized diagnoses or treatment protocols to follow, veterinary health centers in Ethiopia have been handling plenty of clinical cases daily. Thus, these case reports were compiled to provide diagnosis and treatment approaches of various diseases in different species of animals brought to Veterinary Teaching Hospital and SPANA Ethiopia of CVMA from Bishoftu and its vicinity. Young and adult animals with different physiological stages and sexes were examined from December 2020 to June 2021. The clinical case handling began with the owner‘s complaint followed by a physical examination; then, tentative diagnosis and treatments were prescribed after samples were collected for further laboratory confirmations to continue or change the first therapy and recommend control and prevention measures. The animals were then followed until they fully recovered either at the clinic during the subsequent therapy or at their home. A total of 21 animals were examined of these, 7(33.3%) were cattle, 5(23.8%) goats, 4(19.1%) dogs, 3(14.3%) sheep, 1(4.8%) horse, and 1(4.8%) chicken. Of these, 15 (71.4%) were fully recovered, while 5 (23.8%) died and 1(4.8%) was euthanized. Livestock diseases with various causes including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and plant poisoning were handled. Out of these, viral diseases were the most frequently encountered followed by a bacterial disease. During this work, challenges from the owner‘s side and unavailability of drugs, health centers, and inpatient facilities were encountered. These had directly or indirectly affected the treatment outcomes of the cases. Therefore, based on the findings, creating awareness to the livestock owners, establishing animal health centers near them, and consulting suppliers to import drugs with remarkable therapeutic effects were recommended to lessen animals and economic losses of diseases.
Compiled Surgical Case Reports: Procedure, Technique and Its Outcome in Various Domestic Animals in and Around Bishoftu Town, Ada’a District, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Shiferaw Moltumo; Dr. Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia is home for Africa's largest livestock population. A number of infectious and noninfectious diseases affect this economically important sector including pets in the country. In recent times, an increasing awareness of the importance of individual animal treatment in both the rural and urban communities, and a growing trend of keeping exotic breeds as companion pets in urban areas contribute to the increased demand in the veterinary services. These stimuli may hasten veterinary surgical treatments. The current descriptive study was carried out from November 2020 to June 2021 at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University to compile different surgical affections along with procedures, techniques and their outcomes in various domestic animals. The domestic animals of different species, breeds and ages with both sex category, that were originated from different raising systems in and around Bishoftu town, Ada’a district, East Shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, were sampled purposively from cases admitted to VTH for various surgical treatments. During the study period, a total of twenty three surgical cases were diagnosed, undergone surgical interventions and followed up. Among these, seven cases were Bos taurus, four cases were ovis aries, one case was a Capra hircus, four cases were Canis familiaris, three cases were Felis catus, two cases were Equus asinus, one case was an Equus caballus and one case was a Camelus dromedarius. Except wound dehiscence after performing single mastectomy in a bitch, all the animals recovered with minor complications. The surgeons should be highly equipped with knowledge and skill to get successful outcome. Creating client awareness could reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications in outpatient settings.
Compiled Case Reports of Different Surgical Affections and Their Surgical Managements on Different Domestic Animals in and Around Bishoftu Town, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Zerihun Mulatu; Dr. Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia is endowed with various livestock potential that contributes for socioeconomic developments and values to sustain millions of livelihoods. However, limited coverage of veterinary services especially in relation to veterinary surgical managements and corrections of different deformities and injuries that can save the life of animals is the one of bottle neck factor that affects the effective and efficient utilization of this valuable subsector. Therefore, the objectives of this case study was to compile and document the various surgical cases and and their managements, and develop all rounded practical skills on different domestic animals in and around Bishoftu town from October 2020 to April 2021 at Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Donkey Sanctuary Clinic. During the study period, out of total of 24 different domestic animals 45.83% (11/24), 20.83% (5/24), 8.33% (2/24), 20.83% (/24) and 4.17% (1/24) of cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and donkey were handled at the stated veterinary cervices centres and had undergone different surgical corrections and managements. Before admission to any surgical treatment and managements, each and every case has undergone diagnosis thorough history, general physical and laboratory examinations. Surgical sites were aseptically prepared for surgical operation; the patients were anesthetized with suitable anesthetic protocols for the presented case and controlled in appropriate position depending on animal species and type of surgical intervention going to be performed. During the study period, surgical managements such as horn amputation, herniorrhaphy, cesarean sections, ovario-hysterectomy, exploratory ruminotomy, wound management, tumor excision, urethrostomy, eye enucleation, open castrations and correction of vaginal prolapse were performed. Of all the animals that undrgone surgical intervention, 95.83% (23/24) were cured and recovered; whereas, 4.17% (1/24) was died. Postoperative complication such as swelling at surgical site, frontal sinusitis development, abscessation, urethral stricture and death were occurred, despite all possible efforts made to minimize them. Thus, in addition to implementation of principles of surgical asepsis and other surgical adjuncts to minimize post-operative complications, anticipation of complication and proper management is crucial for good prognosis and outcome.
compiled surgical case reports: procedures, techniques and treatment outcomes in different species of domestic animals in and around Bishoftu town
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Solomon Amente; Dr.Jiregna Dugassa
The livestock sector plays a pivotal role in the economies of Ethiopia in terms of food and income sources, providing draught power and organic fertilizer for crop production, and as a means of transport. However, the sector is underutilized due to different factors, which can limit the production and productivity,and may cause death of animals. Amongst these, surgical disorders are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in animals, but most of the problems can be restored through surgical management. For effective surgical management, adequate practical exposure and empirical observation of surgical clinical cases are decisive. A few surgical cases on large animals have been compiled and published, but surgical procedures and techniques are not well documented on small animals and equines. Hence, this case study was carried out from October 2021 to May 2022 in and around Bishoftu town with the objectives of acquiring allrounded skills in handling surgical patients, compiling and reporting the surgical case management techniques and postoperative outcomes on different species of domestic animals. Case history, clinical examination and findings, surgical procedures and techniques, postoperative care, and the outcome were documented in detail for each surgical patient. During the study period, a total of 29 animals which comprises 48.27% (14/29) bovines, 24.13% (7/29) canines, 10.34% (3/29) ovines, 6.89% (2/29) felines, 6.89% (2/29) equines, and 3.44% (1/29) camel have undergone different forms of surgical management. Surgical sterilization of male and female animals 17.24% (5/29), cesarean section 13.8% (4/29), and penile amputation 10.3% (3/29) were the most commonly performed surgical operations. Of the total 29 surgical patients, 93.1% (27/29) were recovered successfully, whereas 6.9% (2/29) of animals have died. About 33.33% (9/27) of the recovered animals were recorded with different forms of postoperative complications. In general, to conduct successful surgical management efficient surgical skills and experience, sufficient surgical and diagnostic equipments, and adequate ambulatory services and intensive care units are required
Compiled Case Reports On Common Minor and Major Surgical Procedures, Techniques and Outcomes in Domestic Animals In and Around Bishoftu Town, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Melkamu Birhanu; Dr.Jiregna Dugassa
Livestock are one of the basic assets that provide livelihood and employment particularly for resource-poor communities in Ethiopia. However, their exploitation has been constrained by various hindering factors. Among them, poor animal feed and less coverage of veterinary services especially for the surgical treatment of different forms of congenital and acquired disorders. Surgery is an indispensable part of veterinary care though it has risks mainly associated with technical skill, inexperience, anesthetic risks, and nature of surgical procedures and animal condition. As a result, a few surgical patients may be get exposed to complications; peri, intra, and post-operations. The current study was aimed to document and compile minor and major surgical treatments and managements performed in different domestic animals presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Addis Ababa University, Donkey sanctuary and SPANA from september 2021 to June 2022. During study period, a total of 22 different animal species including 54% (12/22) large animals, 22% (5/22) small animals, and 22% (5/22) small ruminants were presented to different veterinary clinical centers with various ailments in the form of emergency and elective surgical treatments. Before performing and providing corresponding surgical treatments and managements, each and every case was examined carefully based on case history, clinical examination and findings. Different forms of surgical treatments were performed on animals including: cesarean section, ovariohysterectomy, herniorrhaphy, tail and penile amputation, correction of paraphimosis, excision of lymphomas, and eye enucleation, external coaptation, wound managements, rumenotomy, and surgical drainage of abscesses. From admitted surgical patients for treatment, about 86% (19/22) were completely recovered whereas 14% (3/22) of the animals were died. Besides, postoperative complications and outcome were followed and recorded. This finding indicate that, provision of aseptic surgical procedure, treatments and sound postoperative care by well-trained veterinarians on the surgery can save a significant number of life-threatening conditions in addition to improving overall animal condition
Compiled Case Reports On Different Surgical Affections, Treatments, and Their Outcomes in Different Domestic Animals in and Around Bishoftu Town, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Yobsan Degefa; Dr.Cheru Telila
Ethiopia is endowed with huge potential livestock resources and holds the largest livestock population in Africa. Livestock provide the majority of the draught power required by approximately 80% of farmers who use animal traction to plough their crop fields and to generating income. Despite a large livestock population and existing conducive environmental and climatic conditions, the livestock output of the country is low due to inefficient and low coverage of veterinary services particularly surgical treatments. Surgical manipulation and treatments of various ailments and abnormalities in various domestic animals play a critical role in saving the lives of animals. The current case report compilation was carried out between September 2021 and May 2022 G.C on various surgical affection of domestic animals that were presented to Professor Feseha G/AB VTH and Donkey Sanctuary Clinic with aim of compiling and documenting various surgical procedures, techniques, associated complications, and their outcomes in different domestic animals. Prior to surgical interventions, the history, general physical examinations, and clinical findings of all cases were assessed and recorded on the patient record format. Depending on the species of animals and the type of surgical procedure to be performed, each animal was aseptically prepared and anesthetized prior to surgery. The prescribed specific surgical procedure for each specific condition was performed using appropriate technique, suture material, and patterns based on the requirement of the body site, followed by the provision of appropriate postoperative care and follow-up. During the study period, surgical procedures such as ovariohysterectomy, caesarean section, herniorrhaphy, tenotomy, dehorning, wound management, open castration, urethrostomy along with penile amputation, subcutaneous abscess, rumenotomy, partial tail amputations, and different prolapses were successfully performed in different domestic animals. In this study, a total of 21 patients underwent surgical intervention. From these, 66.7 % (14) were large animals while 33.3% (7) small animals. Among surgically treated animals, 85.71% (18) were completely recovered from their illnesses while 9.52% (2) were dead due to different reasons. Due to owner hesitation, the remaining 4.76 % (1) was slaughtered. Based on these results, it was ascertained that appropriate and aseptic surgical intervention can save the lives of many patients

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