Veterinary Clinical Medicine

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Compiled SurgicCase Reports: Procedure, Technique and Its Outcome in Various Domestic Animals in And Around Bishoftu Town, Ada’a District, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Shiferaw Moltumo; Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia is home for Africa's largest livestock population. A number of infectious and noninfectious diseases affect this economically important sector including pets in the country. In recent times, an increasing awareness of the importance of individual animal treatment in both the rural and urban communities, and a growing trend of keeping exotic breeds as companion pets in urban areas contribute to the increased demand in the veterinary services. These stimuli may hasten veterinary surgical treatments. The current descriptive study was carried out from November 2020 to June 2021 at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University to compile different surgical affections along with procedures, techniques and their outcomes in various domestic animals.The domestic animals of different species, breeds and ages with both sex category, that were originated from different raising systems in and around Bishoftu town, Ada’a district, East Shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, were sampled purposively from cases admitted to VTH for various surgical treatments. During the study period, a total of twenty three surgical cases were diagnosed, undergone surgical interventions and followed up. Among these, seven cases were Bos taurus, four cases were ovis aries, one case was a Capra hircus, four cases were Canis familiaris, three cases were Felis catus, two cases were Equus asinus, one case was an Equus caballus and one case was a Camelus dromedarius. Except wound dehiscence after performing single mastectomy in a bitch, all the animals recovered with minor complications. The surgeons should be highly equipped with knowledge and skill to get successful outcome. Creating client awareness could reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications in outpatient settings.
Case Reports On Selected Clinical Cases of Domestic Animals Presented To Animal Health Facilities in and Around Adama and Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Bethel Befekadu; Dr. Abdi Feyisa
Animals play significant roles in human lives and economic well-being of countries. Thus, if people want to use animals, they must keep them healthy and handle carefully. Despite considerable efforts to prevent domestic animal diseases, their impact remains to be severe across the world. In Ethiopia, although extensive works have been done in veterinary clinics and hospital to diagnose and treat animal diseases, most of the works are being done empirically and getting well-documented data on clinical cases is challenging. Therefore, this study was aimed to give scientific documents on selected clinical cases of domestic animal in Adama and Bishoftu towns. The case handling began with the owner‘s complaint, then detailed clinical examinations and treatments were prescribed tentatively and later confirmatory laboratory diagnoses were done either to continue or alter treatments, and recommend prevention and control approaches. The animals were followed until they were fully recovered, either at the clinic during subsequent therapies or at home for diseases with prolonged recovery. Each case report was compiled following a scientific case reporting format and different diagnosis and treatment approaches were used depending on the types of the cases. A total of 19 case reports including 24 single animals and 2 flocks are included in this study. Cattle, small ruminants, dogs, chickens, and rabbit were among the domestic animals addressed. These case reports also include diseases that affect different body systems and various causative agents including bacterial, viral, parasites, fungal, metabolic, hormonal, mechanical and tumor cases. Therefore these case reports address and set scientific steps of disease diagnosis methods, rational treatment approaches of different diseases including treatment trial and prophylactic drug usage and gives evidences for the presence of some uncommon diseases and their impact.
Clinical Case Studies on Major Diseases of Livestock and Evaluation of Smart Phone Based Application as a Diagnostic Tool in and Around Bishoftu and Modjo Towns, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Dessalew Habte; Dr. Sisay Girma
Despite the large livestock population and relative diversity of animal species in Ethiopia, the current output to provide enormous contributions to the people’s national economy and livelihoods is less, which can be due to extensive prevalence of animal diseases. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to handle and organize case reports, and evaluate the accuracy of smart-phone-based App as a diagnostic and treatment aid tool on selected clinical cases of livestock presented to VTH and MVC in and around Bishoftu and Modjo towns from November 2020 to June 2021. This case study described that different animal species with different ages, sex and breed groups with different physiological statuses were examined based on history, detailed physical and clinical examinations and by using EDDIE smart-phone App. Animals were treated and managed promptly with antimicrobials, supportive drugs and combination based on recommendations of the manufacturer on the basis of tentative diagnosis. Alongside, appropriate samples from these animals were collected and processed in the laboratories for confirmation. The cases were followed either in the animal health services during therapies or at home until recovery. A total of 20 different clinical cases comprised of 31 total animals were examined in which 80.6% (25/31) were ruminants and 19.4% were others (equine, canine and poultry). From these, 35.5% (11/31) diseases were caused by bacteria followed by 29% (9/31), 22.6% (7/31), 3.2% (1/31), 3.2% (1/31) and 6.5% (2/31) were caused by parasites, viruses, protozoa, metabolic and others respectively. Among the examined and treated animals, 26 (83.9%) were recovered, 1(3.2%) died and postmortem examination was conducted on 4 (12.9%) animals. From 26 diagnosed animals with EDDIE App, 16 (61.5%) were similar with laboratory confirmation but 10 (38.5%) were not agreed, and the App was found good. Generally, this study showed that most animal diseases are curable, if prompt and rational drug use with good management can be practiced. Based on this finding, practicing veterinary extension program and training of animal health workers and farmers regularly, including poultry and pet animal diseases with relevant epidemiological data and further evaluation in smartphone App, and establishing advanced diagnostic facilities were recommended to reduce diseases and their associated losses.
Clinical Case Studies On Selected Diseases Of Veterinary Importance and Evaluating Smartphone Based Mobile App ‘ Eddie’ as a Diagnostic Tool In And Around Bishoftu, Central Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Tolesa Ebisa; Dr. Sisay Girma; Takele Beyene
Livestock provides crucial contributions to human wellbeing. Ethiopia possesses the largest livestock population in Africa. Despite of having a large number of livestock, Ethiopia is not optimally utilizing the sector due to low productivity and a wide range of disease prevalence. Treatment of ailing animals in Ethiopia had gotten fewer attention years ago because the health policies give more attention to preventive medicine. The present case study was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021 at VTH and SPANA of AAU-CVMA, Bishoftu, and its surroundings to study different clinical cases of various infectious and non-infectious diseases and their therapeutic management in different species of animals of different ages and different physiological status using detailed physical and clinical examinations of animals together with Ethiopia differential diagnosis and investigation center (EDDiE) as a diagnostic tool. Therapeutic management of animals was based on tentative diagnosis using broad-spectrum antimicrobials and supportive drugs based on the manufacturer‟s instructions. For a definitive diagnosis, following laboratory standards samples were collected from tentatively diagnosed animals and then further processed. To check the recovery status of animals‟ routine follow-up was continued at the clinic during the successive therapies, through a telephone conversation, or at home with prolonged recovery. A total of 19 different cases, 24 animals were examined of which 70.8% (17/24) were ruminants while 29.2% (7/24) were equine, canine, and poultry. Among these, 36.8 % (7/19), 31.6 % (6/19), 10.5 % (2/19), 5.3% (1/19), 15.8% (3/19), of the diseases were caused by bacteria, virus, parasites, fungal, and metabolic, respectively based on clinical pictures, therapeutic responses, and laboratory results. Among the treated animals 83.3% (20/24) were recovered, 8.3 % (2/24) (dog & donkey) died and 8.3% (2/24) passed for postmortem. From a total of 19 cases, in 13 (68.4%) cases; the EDDiE diagnosis was matched with the laboratory confirmation of the case, but in 6 (31.6%) of cases EDDiE was not matched with laboratory results on confirmation. In conclusion, this case study revealed bacteria and viruses followed by parasites were the most common pathogen causing disease in animals. Appropriate management and rational drug use revealed the highest proportion of animals‟ recovery and awering community in disease prevention and control method was forwarded.
Clinical Case Repots of Selected Diseases of Veterinary Importance on Different Domestic Animals In and Around Bishoftu Town, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Gishu Beriso; Dr. Abdi Feyisa
Ethiopia is known for its highest livestock resource worldwide; however, the benefits obtained from the sector are disproportional due to various factors. The livestock disease is among the principal constraints that hinder productivity either through morbidity or mortality of animals. Although there are no standardized diagnoses or treatment protocols to follow, veterinary health centers in Ethiopia have been handling plenty of clinical cases daily. Thus, these case reports were compiled to provide diagnosis and treatment approaches of various diseases in different species of animals brought to Veterinary Teaching Hospital and SPANA Ethiopia of CVMA from Bishoftu and its vicinity. Young and adult animals with different physiological stages and sexes were examined from December 2020 to June 2021. The clinical case handling began with the owner‘s complaint followed by a physical examination; then, tentative diagnosis and treatments were prescribed after samples were collected for further laboratory confirmations to continue or change the first therapy and recommend control and prevention measures. The animals were then followed until they fully recovered either at the clinic during the subsequent therapy or at their home. A total of 21 animals were examined of these, 7(33.3%) were cattle, 5(23.8%) goats, 4(19.1%) dogs, 3(14.3%) sheep, 1(4.8%) horse, and 1(4.8%) chicken. Of these, 15 (71.4%) were fully recovered, while 5 (23.8%) died and 1(4.8%) was euthanized. Livestock diseases with various causes including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and plant poisoning were handled. Out of these, viral diseases were the most frequently encountered followed by a bacterial disease. During this work, challenges from the owner‘s side and unavailability of drugs, health centers, and inpatient facilities were encountered. These had directly or indirectly affected the treatment outcomes of the cases. Therefore, based on the findings, creating awareness to the livestock owners, establishing animal health centers near them, and consulting suppliers to import drugs with remarkable therapeutic effects were recommended to lessen animals and economic losses of diseases.
Compiled Surgical Case Reports: Procedure, Technique and Its Outcome in Various Domestic Animals in and Around Bishoftu Town, Ada’a District, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Shiferaw Moltumo; Dr. Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia is home for Africa's largest livestock population. A number of infectious and noninfectious diseases affect this economically important sector including pets in the country. In recent times, an increasing awareness of the importance of individual animal treatment in both the rural and urban communities, and a growing trend of keeping exotic breeds as companion pets in urban areas contribute to the increased demand in the veterinary services. These stimuli may hasten veterinary surgical treatments. The current descriptive study was carried out from November 2020 to June 2021 at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University to compile different surgical affections along with procedures, techniques and their outcomes in various domestic animals. The domestic animals of different species, breeds and ages with both sex category, that were originated from different raising systems in and around Bishoftu town, Ada’a district, East Shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, were sampled purposively from cases admitted to VTH for various surgical treatments. During the study period, a total of twenty three surgical cases were diagnosed, undergone surgical interventions and followed up. Among these, seven cases were Bos taurus, four cases were ovis aries, one case was a Capra hircus, four cases were Canis familiaris, three cases were Felis catus, two cases were Equus asinus, one case was an Equus caballus and one case was a Camelus dromedarius. Except wound dehiscence after performing single mastectomy in a bitch, all the animals recovered with minor complications. The surgeons should be highly equipped with knowledge and skill to get successful outcome. Creating client awareness could reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications in outpatient settings.
Compiled Case Reports of Different Surgical Affections and Their Surgical Managements on Different Domestic Animals in and Around Bishoftu Town, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Zerihun Mulatu; Dr. Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia is endowed with various livestock potential that contributes for socioeconomic developments and values to sustain millions of livelihoods. However, limited coverage of veterinary services especially in relation to veterinary surgical managements and corrections of different deformities and injuries that can save the life of animals is the one of bottle neck factor that affects the effective and efficient utilization of this valuable subsector. Therefore, the objectives of this case study was to compile and document the various surgical cases and and their managements, and develop all rounded practical skills on different domestic animals in and around Bishoftu town from October 2020 to April 2021 at Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Donkey Sanctuary Clinic. During the study period, out of total of 24 different domestic animals 45.83% (11/24), 20.83% (5/24), 8.33% (2/24), 20.83% (/24) and 4.17% (1/24) of cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and donkey were handled at the stated veterinary cervices centres and had undergone different surgical corrections and managements. Before admission to any surgical treatment and managements, each and every case has undergone diagnosis thorough history, general physical and laboratory examinations. Surgical sites were aseptically prepared for surgical operation; the patients were anesthetized with suitable anesthetic protocols for the presented case and controlled in appropriate position depending on animal species and type of surgical intervention going to be performed. During the study period, surgical managements such as horn amputation, herniorrhaphy, cesarean sections, ovario-hysterectomy, exploratory ruminotomy, wound management, tumor excision, urethrostomy, eye enucleation, open castrations and correction of vaginal prolapse were performed. Of all the animals that undrgone surgical intervention, 95.83% (23/24) were cured and recovered; whereas, 4.17% (1/24) was died. Postoperative complication such as swelling at surgical site, frontal sinusitis development, abscessation, urethral stricture and death were occurred, despite all possible efforts made to minimize them. Thus, in addition to implementation of principles of surgical asepsis and other surgical adjuncts to minimize post-operative complications, anticipation of complication and proper management is crucial for good prognosis and outcome.
compiled surgical case reports: procedures, techniques and treatment outcomes in different species of domestic animals in and around Bishoftu town
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Solomon Amente; Dr.Jiregna Dugassa
The livestock sector plays a pivotal role in the economies of Ethiopia in terms of food and income sources, providing draught power and organic fertilizer for crop production, and as a means of transport. However, the sector is underutilized due to different factors, which can limit the production and productivity,and may cause death of animals. Amongst these, surgical disorders are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in animals, but most of the problems can be restored through surgical management. For effective surgical management, adequate practical exposure and empirical observation of surgical clinical cases are decisive. A few surgical cases on large animals have been compiled and published, but surgical procedures and techniques are not well documented on small animals and equines. Hence, this case study was carried out from October 2021 to May 2022 in and around Bishoftu town with the objectives of acquiring allrounded skills in handling surgical patients, compiling and reporting the surgical case management techniques and postoperative outcomes on different species of domestic animals. Case history, clinical examination and findings, surgical procedures and techniques, postoperative care, and the outcome were documented in detail for each surgical patient. During the study period, a total of 29 animals which comprises 48.27% (14/29) bovines, 24.13% (7/29) canines, 10.34% (3/29) ovines, 6.89% (2/29) felines, 6.89% (2/29) equines, and 3.44% (1/29) camel have undergone different forms of surgical management. Surgical sterilization of male and female animals 17.24% (5/29), cesarean section 13.8% (4/29), and penile amputation 10.3% (3/29) were the most commonly performed surgical operations. Of the total 29 surgical patients, 93.1% (27/29) were recovered successfully, whereas 6.9% (2/29) of animals have died. About 33.33% (9/27) of the recovered animals were recorded with different forms of postoperative complications. In general, to conduct successful surgical management efficient surgical skills and experience, sufficient surgical and diagnostic equipments, and adequate ambulatory services and intensive care units are required
Compiled Case Reports On Common Minor and Major Surgical Procedures, Techniques and Outcomes in Domestic Animals In and Around Bishoftu Town, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Melkamu Birhanu; Dr.Jiregna Dugassa
Livestock are one of the basic assets that provide livelihood and employment particularly for resource-poor communities in Ethiopia. However, their exploitation has been constrained by various hindering factors. Among them, poor animal feed and less coverage of veterinary services especially for the surgical treatment of different forms of congenital and acquired disorders. Surgery is an indispensable part of veterinary care though it has risks mainly associated with technical skill, inexperience, anesthetic risks, and nature of surgical procedures and animal condition. As a result, a few surgical patients may be get exposed to complications; peri, intra, and post-operations. The current study was aimed to document and compile minor and major surgical treatments and managements performed in different domestic animals presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Addis Ababa University, Donkey sanctuary and SPANA from september 2021 to June 2022. During study period, a total of 22 different animal species including 54% (12/22) large animals, 22% (5/22) small animals, and 22% (5/22) small ruminants were presented to different veterinary clinical centers with various ailments in the form of emergency and elective surgical treatments. Before performing and providing corresponding surgical treatments and managements, each and every case was examined carefully based on case history, clinical examination and findings. Different forms of surgical treatments were performed on animals including: cesarean section, ovariohysterectomy, herniorrhaphy, tail and penile amputation, correction of paraphimosis, excision of lymphomas, and eye enucleation, external coaptation, wound managements, rumenotomy, and surgical drainage of abscesses. From admitted surgical patients for treatment, about 86% (19/22) were completely recovered whereas 14% (3/22) of the animals were died. Besides, postoperative complications and outcome were followed and recorded. This finding indicate that, provision of aseptic surgical procedure, treatments and sound postoperative care by well-trained veterinarians on the surgery can save a significant number of life-threatening conditions in addition to improving overall animal condition
Compiled Case Reports On Different Surgical Affections, Treatments, and Their Outcomes in Different Domestic Animals in and Around Bishoftu Town, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Yobsan Degefa; Dr.Cheru Telila
Ethiopia is endowed with huge potential livestock resources and holds the largest livestock population in Africa. Livestock provide the majority of the draught power required by approximately 80% of farmers who use animal traction to plough their crop fields and to generating income. Despite a large livestock population and existing conducive environmental and climatic conditions, the livestock output of the country is low due to inefficient and low coverage of veterinary services particularly surgical treatments. Surgical manipulation and treatments of various ailments and abnormalities in various domestic animals play a critical role in saving the lives of animals. The current case report compilation was carried out between September 2021 and May 2022 G.C on various surgical affection of domestic animals that were presented to Professor Feseha G/AB VTH and Donkey Sanctuary Clinic with aim of compiling and documenting various surgical procedures, techniques, associated complications, and their outcomes in different domestic animals. Prior to surgical interventions, the history, general physical examinations, and clinical findings of all cases were assessed and recorded on the patient record format. Depending on the species of animals and the type of surgical procedure to be performed, each animal was aseptically prepared and anesthetized prior to surgery. The prescribed specific surgical procedure for each specific condition was performed using appropriate technique, suture material, and patterns based on the requirement of the body site, followed by the provision of appropriate postoperative care and follow-up. During the study period, surgical procedures such as ovariohysterectomy, caesarean section, herniorrhaphy, tenotomy, dehorning, wound management, open castration, urethrostomy along with penile amputation, subcutaneous abscess, rumenotomy, partial tail amputations, and different prolapses were successfully performed in different domestic animals. In this study, a total of 21 patients underwent surgical intervention. From these, 66.7 % (14) were large animals while 33.3% (7) small animals. Among surgically treated animals, 85.71% (18) were completely recovered from their illnesses while 9.52% (2) were dead due to different reasons. Due to owner hesitation, the remaining 4.76 % (1) was slaughtered. Based on these results, it was ascertained that appropriate and aseptic surgical intervention can save the lives of many patients
Epidemiology and Economic Impact Of Foot and Mouth Disease of Cattle In Selected Districts Of Arsi and Bale Zone, Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Mohammed Aliye; Yasmin Jibril (Asso.Prof)
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects clovenhoofed animals and causes significant economic losses in Ethiopia. To develop effective control and preventive measures, it is necessary to know the status of FMD through continuous surveillance, outbreak investigation, risk factor assessment and analysis of economic impact. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2021 to June, 2022 with the aim of estimate the seroprevalence, identify associated risk factors, identifying circulating serotypes, and analyzing the economic impact of the diseases on cattle in selected districts of the Arsi and Bale zones, Oromia, Ethiopia. A multistage cluster sampling technique for the seroprevalence study was used, and a total of 779 sera samples and 11 epithelial tissue samples were also collected for serotyping. To estimate the economic loss associated with FMD and assess various factors that affect the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease, a questionnaire survey was conducted. To detect antibodies against non-structural proteins of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), the 3ABC ELISA was employed. In this study, the overall seroprevalence of FMD in cattle was 48.65 % (379/779) (95% CI: 45%- 52%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that districts, breed, age, herd size, and animal composition were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p< 0.05). The odds of FMD seropositivity were higher in cattle kept with small ruminants (OR = 1.737, 95% CI: 1.195-2.538, p = 0.0039) than in cattle alone. It also revealed that the odds of seropositivity were 1.756 higher in adults compared with young cattle (OR = 1.756, 95% CI: 1.677-3.528, p=0.0000). Of the eleven (11) tissue samples subjected for serotyping by the antigen detection ELISA, nine (9) samples were found positive and three types of FMDV serotypes were identified. The identified serotypes were: serotype A (77.77%), SAT 1 (11.11%), and SAT 2 (11.11%). During the study period, the total economic loss was estimated to be 374025ETB (7333.82USD). It was found that the disease's impact was extremely severe, resulting in massive economic losses. Therefore, further investigation and characterization of the circulating virus serotype and economic consequences should be studied to design appropriate control options.
Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals on Health and Productivity of Livestock In Little Akaki River Catchment, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Zerihun Teketel; Dr. Debela Abdeta
Contaminated water and feed are the main causes of heavy metal poisoning in livestock. Heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) enter the food chain and can bioaccumulate in the body, leading to chronic toxicity in livestock. In Ethiopia, investigations showed the concentrations of heavy metals in water, soil and vegetables were very high, however, there have been hardly any studies on animals so far. From December 2022 to June 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the toxic effect of heavy metals on the health of livestock in the little Akaki River catchment. Heavy metals from water and blood were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and toxicity levels in livestock were assessed using haematological and biochemical measurements. The result was presented as the mean ±SD, and statistical association was determined at P≤0.05. From analysis of water sample, the concentration (mg/L) of Cr, Cd, Pb and Zn were obtained to be 0.009–0.05, 0.003-0.009, 0.09–0.29, and 0.029–0.94 respectively. Cd and Pb were found to be above the permissible limit (Cd= 0.003 and Pb = 0.015) set by FAO/WHO for livestock drinking. From analysis of blood samples the concentrations (mg/L) of Cr, Cd, and Pb were higher in villages 1 and 2 as compared to village 3, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean concentration (mg/L) of Cd (0.009 in Village-1 and 0.0083 in Village-2) and the mean concentration (mg/L) of lead (0.16 in Village-1 and 0.154 in Village-2) exceeded the minimum allowable limit of 0.007 mg/L for cadmium and 0.02 mg/L for lead. The duration of exposure to heavy metals had a significant impact on its bioaccumulation in the blood (p<0.05). In addition, haematological and biochemical parameters such as packed cell volume, haemoglobin, white blood cell count, urea, total protein, and albumin were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in Village-1 and Village-2, while alkaline phosphate and aspartate and neutrophil counts were significantly increased in Village-1 and Village-2 compared to Village-3. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the toxic effects of heavy metal on the livestock health exposed to the Little Akaki River.
Seroepidemiological Study of Bovine Herpes Virus-1 in Dairy Cattle Herds Of Addis Ababa,Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Daniel Demissie; Dr. Haileleul Negussie
Bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) is the cause of respiratory disease, abortions, and genital disorders in cattle. Although BoHV-1 has been known to cause severe economic damage to the dairy industries, little is known about its epidemiology in dairy cattle of Addis Ababa (AA), Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in the dairy cattle herds of AA from November 2021 to May 2022 to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for BoHV-1. A total of 369 dairy cattle from 115 dairy herds were included in this study, and a proportional stratified random sampling method was employed. Blood samples were collected and subjected to ELISA test to detect antibodies against BoHV-1. Semi-structured questionnaires were also administered to determine the risk factors and association of reproductive disorders with BoHV- 1 seropositivity. Univariate and multivariate mixed effect logistic regression analyses were used. The animal and herd level prevalence were 21% (95% CI: 17-25%) and 32% (95% CI: 24-42%), respectively. In a multivariable mixed effect logistic regression model, adult cattle had fourteen times (OR = 14.32; 95% CI: 2.53–81.5; P=0.003) more likely to increase the risk of being BoHV-1 seropositive than young cattle. Purchased cattle had four times (OR = 4.15; 95% CI: 1.36–12.66, P=0.012) more likely to increase the risk of being BoHV-1 seropositive than homebred cattle. Less than 100m distance between cattle herds were eleven times (OR=10.75; 95% CI: 1.47–78.3; P=0.019) more likely to increase the risk of being BoHV-1 seropositive than beyond 100m. The risk of being BoHV-1 seropositive was twenty-four times higher (OR = 23.92; 95% CI: 1.93–296.33; P=0.013) on farms that did not control visitors than on farms that did. The risk of being BoHV-1 seropositive was significantly higher in herds using bulls (84%; 95% CI: 36-99; P=0.01) than herds using AI. BoHV-1 seropositivity was significantly associated with cows which had a history of abortion (OR = 6.89; 95% CI: 1.97–22.76; P=0.002), a history of retained placenta (OR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.32–8.07; P = 0.010), and a history of repeat breeding (OR = 3.64; 95% CI: 1.08–12.18; P=0.036). A practice of BoHV-1 free certified bull selection and routine biosecurity measures on the farm should be adopted, and the risk factors should also be included in designing the prevention and control strategy of BoHV-1
Camel Mastitis: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Isolation of Major Bacterial Pathogens in Jigjiga District of Fafan Zone, Eastern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Mulualem Kidane; Dr. Zerihun Assefa; Dr. Tilaye Demssie
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to April 2023 to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors, and major bacterial pathogens causing mastitis in lactating camels in Jigjiga District of Fafan Zone, Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 324 lactating camels were randomly selected and examined for clinical and subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). The overall prevalence of camel mastitis was 33.6%, n=109, (95% CI: 28.5%-39.1%), with clinical mastitis of 6.5%, n=21, (95% CI: 4.0%-9.7%) and subclinical mastitis of 27.1%, n=88, (95%CI: 22.4%-32.3%). Out of 1296 teat quarters tested for mastitis, 23.8%, n=309, were found to be positive. Among the total affected quarters, 1.5%, n=19, and 22.7%, n=290 teats were found blind and CMT positive, respectively. Among the putative risk factors assessed in this study, age, body condition score, and use of anti-suckling devices were significantly associated (p<0.05) with the occurrence of camel mastitis. The odds of mastitis occurrence were nearly four times (AOR: 3.40) (95%CI =1.61–7.17, P=0.001) and 4.20 (95%CI =1.97-8.94, P =0.000) higher for medium and poor body condition scores, respectively, as compared to a good body condition score. Adult camels were nearly five times (AOR: 5.27; 95%CI=2.81–9.90, P=0.000) more likely to be infected than their young counterparts. Mid lactation (AOR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.10–0.45, P = 0.000) and late lactation (AOR: 0.23,95% CI:0.11–0.48, P=0.000) were statistically found to be protective as compared to the early lactation stage. Likewise, utilization of an anti-suckling device exhibited a significant association (AOR: 10.08; 95% CI=5.16–19.69, p =0.000) with the prevalence of mastitis. Among the 290 quarter milk samples that tested positive for CMT, 109 were subjected to bacteriological analysis. Of these, 89% (97/109) yielded mastitis bacteria, whereas 11% (12/109) displayed no growth. Of the total bacterial isolates, coagulase-negative Staphylococci(26.8%;26/97) were the most frequent bacterial isolates, whereas Streptococcus agalactiae(5.1%;5/97) was the least isolated bacterial pathogen. From the 34 households owningcamels interviewed, 88.2% (30/34) of them responded that they were aware of clinical mastitis, whereas all were not aware of subclinical mastitis. The current study revealed a high prevalence of camel mastitis linked to several risk factors. Prevention and control strategies should be implemented to reduce the prevalence of camel mastitis, including regular cleaning of the udder, milking camels with mastitis at the end, timely treatment, and not using anti-suckling devices.
Case Reports on Selected Clinical Cases of Animals in and Around Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Mulubirhan Rahimto; Dr. Abdi Feyisa
The majority of Ethiopians rely on livestock for their livelihood, but its viability and sustainability are limited by a variety of constraints, the most significant of which are livestock diseases. This case study was done with the objective of handling and organizing case reports on selected clinical cases involving various animals in and around Bishoftu town, Ethiopia. The study was conducted from November 2022 to June 2023 in clinics: Professor Feseha Gebreab Memorial Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) and Society for the Protection of Animals (SPANA) Equine Clinic found in the College of veterinary medicine and agriculture (CVMA) and on a private farm in Bishoftu town and its vicinity. The examination method involves owner complaints, clinical examinations, and postmortem examinations. Animals were treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and supportive drugs based on a tentative diagnosis. Simultaneously, samples from the individual animals were collected and processed to reach a definitive diagnosis. The cases were followed until the animal recovered, either in the clinic or at home. A total of 51 animals were examined, of which 43.1% were ruminants and 56.9% were equine, swine, chicken, and canine. Based on clinical findings and laboratory results, the diseases in the presented cases were caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, metabolic disorders, and tumors. Of the treated animals during the study 80.4% of the treated animals were recovered, 15.7% (six chickens, one horse, and one puppy) died, and two heifers remained refractory. It was observed that the primary causes of clinical cases were bacteria, followed by viruses, metabolic abnormalities, and parasites. In general, most animal diseases might be cured with prompt and appropriate care and treatment. In this study, delancey of admission of diseased animals, lack of confirmatory diagnosis and appropriate treatment were the cause of delay recovery and animal death. It is recommended to perform a confirmatory diagnosis in order to initiate efficient treatment and control measures that protect the health and welfare of animals and restrict the transmission of disease.
Assessing Herd Immunity Potentials against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus before and after Vaccination, Vitamin and Protein Treatments in Broiler Chicken
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Helen Aklilu; Yitbarek Getachew(Assoc. Prof.); Dr. Brhanu Abera
The poultry sector of Ethiopia is at infant stage and constrained by lack of feed and emerging infectious diseases. Completely randomized design was used for the current study and it was conducted on 135 Cobb 500 broiler chicks with the aims of to measure maternally derived infectious bursal disease virus antibody transfer, to evaluate infectious bursal disease antibody titer level before and after vaccination and to determine level of humoral and cellular immunity response to vitamin and protein based feed supplements. A total of 90 sera samples were collected in three consecutive bleeding times at ten day interval and the sera samples were examined using commercial proFLOK IBD ELISA kit for antibody detection. Among those samples, 35 (38.8%) reacted positive to antibody against infectious bursal disease virus. There was difference in detection of antibody level across the sampling dates. Higher number of reactors were noted from day eight samples (77.78%), followed by samples from day 28th (36%) and the least reactors were recorded during the second bleeding on 18th day (13.16%). The mean titer level at the three bleeding times had statistically significant difference (P=0.000). The main factor contributing for this variation of antibody titer in the experimental units was sampling date, which determined to be statistically significant predictive variable. The mean antibody titer among chickens received supplement A and supplement B were higher as compared to the mean titer of the control group. The mean titer level recorded in group that was treated with supplement A was significantly higher compared to group 2 and the control. This may imply supplements with amino acids might have a better immune boosting effect. Regarding the effect of the supplements on cellular immunity, the mean count of lymphocyte (P= 0.047) and monocyte (P= 0.033) had statistically significant difference among the experimental groups. Though, the overall effect of supplements on humoral and cellular response noted in present study was positive, bleeding time (age) remained key factor for herd immunity. Improving herd immunity potential of young poultry population through effective immunization program and proper nutrition could help in prevention and mitigation the impact of IBD in poultry farm. Therefore, timely vaccination of parent and chicks is recommended. Moreover, provision of multivitamin and amino acid based supplements can help to reduce impact of infectious bursal disease outbreak.
Preoperative, Operative, and Postoperative Management of Different Veterinary Surgical Cases Report in, and around Bishoftu Town, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Sultan Aliyi; Dr. Cheru Telila
Veterinary doctors have several responsibilities for animal welfare, humans, and environmental health in today's world, delivering enormous benefits to society. Their main objectives are like medical doctors and the health and welfare of animals in their care. In the current report, the surgical management of different cases report was performed from December 24, 2021, G.C., to February 22, 203, G.C. concerning its pre, during, and postoperative management of sixteen (16) cases of domestic animals. Among this cases, Six (6 cases) were Bovine, three (3 cases) were Ovine; one (1 case) was Caprine, two (2 cases) were Equine (Donkeys); three (3 cases) were Canine and one (1 case) was Feline of different age, sex, and breeds. Based on the system affected, the reproductive system 31.25% (five cases out of sixteen cases 5/16); the digestive system 18.75% (three cases 3/16); the musculoskeletal system 12.5% (two cases 2/16); the Special sense organ system 6.25% (one case 1/16), the integumentary system 6.25% (one case 1/16) and wounds of different body parts 25%( four cases 4/16) were out of sixteen (16 total cases). Moreover, the follow-up of the surgical cases indicates that: recovered cases 87.5% (14 cases/ 16 cases), one animal slaughtered 6.25% (1 case/16 cases), and one case 6.25% (1 case/16 cases) was Euthanized based upon the owner request and severity. All the above cases were performed under standard anesthetic protocol based on their species differences and individual variety as premedication, induction, and maintenance stages. In addition, the Antibiotic has administered during follow-up in line with some Analgesic agents. Lastly, the animal owners advised how to threaten their animal patients and the rest of their livestock.
Clinical Case Studies on Major Diseases of Animals Presented to Animal Health Facilities in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Tsedale Teshome; Dr. Abdi Feyisa; Dr. Bethel Befekadu
An estimated 2.5 billion people depend on agriculture for their livelihood, and 1.3 billion people are employed by it. Livestock make up about 30% of the income from agriculture in poor nations like Ethiopia. Ethiopia has a significant quantity of livestock; however, the industry is characterized by low output since a variety of diseases are common. Therefore, the goal of this case study was to compile a clinical case report on the major disease of veterinary importance at Fisseha Gebreab memorial Veterinary Teaching hospital of CVMA, Bishoftu, Ethiopia from September 2022 to June 2023. Twenty cases were studied and compiled following the scientific case publishing format where abstract, introduction, case description, tentative diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis and result, treatment, and outcome of the disease were briefly recorded. The findings of each case were finally discussed concerning the findings in other literature and scientific publications. The twenty compiled case studies include ten cases on ruminants, two cases on equines, three cases on poultry, three cases on canines, and one case on pigs. Of a total of twenty cases, nine cases (47.6%) were caused by bacteria, six cases (28.6%) were caused by parasitic agents, four cases (19.05%) by viral particles, and one case (4.7%) were caused by a fungal pathogen. Therefore, clinical diagnosis complimented by laboratory examination is recommended to initiate effective treatment and control measures that safeguard the health and welfare of the treated animal and reduces the spread of infection to other animals or, in the case of zoonotic disease, to humans.
Clinical Case Studies on Animal Diseases and Evaluation of EDDIE Smartphone Based Mobile Application as a Diagnostic Aid Tool in Bishoftu and Modjo Towns, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Waktole Yadeta; Dr. Sisay Girma; Takele Beyene (Assoc. Prof.)
Ethiopia has the highest livestock population in Africa and ranks 10th globally. However, animal disease is one of the bottle neck leading to a significant economic losses in the sector. Central Ethiopia, particularly Bishoftu and Modjo towns are among the areas affected by animal diseases. This study was undertaken to study and report cases of diseases in animals presented to animal health facilities in Bishoftu and Modjo towns between October 2020 to March 2021 and November 2022 to May 2023, and evaluate the Ethiopia differential diagnosis and investigation center (EDDIE) smartphone-based mobile application as a veterinary diagnostic aid tool. The study used a descriptive case study design and purposive sampling to include animals from different species. Case reports followed protocols including history taking, physical and clinical examination, and EDDIE app as a diagnostic aid tool, laboratory investigation, case management, follow-up, and discussion. Cattle accounted for 35% (7/20) of the reported cases in the study, sheep for 30% (6/20), goats for 5% (1/20), horses for 5% (1/20), chicken for 15% (3/20), and dogs for 10% (2/20). Tentative and laboratory diagnoses revealed that viruses caused 25% (5/20) of the diseases, bacteria 25% (5/20), parasites 25% (5/20), metabolic disorders 10% (2/20), unknown causes 10% (2/20), and foreign bodies 5% (1/20). Of the 20 cases, 75% (15/20) recovered, 10% (2/20) died, and 10% (2/20) underwent post-mortem examination. EDDIE app diagnosed 15 cases (7 cattle, 6 sheep, 1 goat, and 1 horse) but doesn't support poultry and canine diseases. The app correctly matched a confirmatory diagnoses in 8 cases, relatively matched in 2 cases, mismatched in 2 cases, and couldn't diagnose 3 cases (disease not registered on the app). Generally, the study provides valuable insight into animal diseases in the study area and the efficacy of the EDDIE app as a diagnostic aid tool. Therefore, it is recommended that veterinary practitioners in the study area and beyond should make early diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases using suitable tools like EDDIE. Research and development of EDDIE app should continue to improve its accuracy in diagnosing diseases and expand its coverage to more animal species. Additionally, appropriate measures, including training and support, should be put in place to help prevent and control animal diseases in the study area, and beyond.
Case Reports on Selected Clinical Cases of Animals Presented to Animal Health Facilities in and Around Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2023) Firaol Simework; Prof. Teshale Sori; Prof. FikaduRegassa
Agriculture is a source of livelihood for an estimated 2.5 billion people and provides employment for 1.3 billion people globally. In developing countries, such as Ethiopia, livestock contributes around 30% of agriculturally related income. Despite the large number of livestock in Ethiopia, the sector is characterized by low productivity due to a wide range of animal diseases. This case report thesis describes the approach to handling clinical cases of various infectious and non- infectious diseases and their therapeutic management in different species of animals that were brought to veterinary facilities in and around Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Animals of different ages and species with different physiological statuses were examined from November 2022 to June 2023. The examination method involves owner complaints, anamnesis, and detailed clinical examinations of animals. Animals are treated and managed based on tentative and confirmatory diagnoses using broad-spectrum antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory drugs, and supportive drugs based on the manufacturer's guidelines. Parallel to treatment, samples from the diseased animals were collected and processed following laboratory procedures to reach a definitive diagnosis. The case follow-up was carried out to know the status of recovery through telephone and in-person communication. A total of 30 animals (bovine, equine, ovine, caprine, poultry, and canine) were examined and treated. Therefore, these case reports identified major diseases in and around Bishoftu and confirmed the underlying causes for each disease encountered during the practice period.

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