Veterinary Clinical Medicine

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Serological and Participatory Epidemiological Survey of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Afar Pastoral Areas North East Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 2006-06) Eshete, Gezahegn; Zerihun, Dr. Ademe
Contagious caprinc pleuro pneumo nia (Cepp) is a re s piratory disease of goms caused b) Mycoplasma ClIprico/1I111 subspecies capripne lll1lollioe (MccP). A Partic ipato ry Rural Appraisa l (PRA ) technique and IWO stage stratified cross secti o nal sero logical s urve y was conducted on ce pp fro m October 2005 to April 2006 in Afar pas torali st areas 10 determine the overall scropreva len ce of the disease and assess the impact o f communi!) animal health workers (CA HWs) on the di sease occ urrence. The s tud y po pulati on was stratified int o two based on differences in vClcri nar) service prov id ers in th e areas. A total of 1.183 sera samples ( 1.1 58 goats and 2S sheep) were tested usi ng complement fixation test (CFT) and com petiti ve enzyme linked immunosorbenl assay (cELl SA) tests. and 40 informant groups (on average 12 persons per grou p) \\ere in tervie\\cd. Results of the participator) disease assessment showed that among th e li\ cstocl.. 0 \\ ned. goats are thei r second preferences next to camel because of their comparative advantages espe c ia ll ) th ey are drought resista nt and have shan period of reproduction interval. The herders also id en tifi ed that CC PP \\as one of most comlllon di seases o f goals next to pa5. teurel losis and other stress associated diseases. causing high morbid i! ) and 1l10na lit). Out of 1.183 sera samples tested. 344 (29.08%) were se ropos it ive for MccP anti gen lI s ing CFT \e 5.1 and 19 . 19 % in the cE ll SA . In both CFT and cELlSA tests. univariate and multivariate anal~ sis of cpidellliologicall~ assumed ri sk fact ors showed that prevalence of CCPI' is hi gh ly assoc iated \\ ith the veterinary service provision through CA HW s. The serapositi\ ity \\as higher (36.78%.) in areas \\ here CA HW s are absent than CA HWs int e rve ntion a re as (21.42%). The seropre\alcllces ob<.;crved be tween these t\\O areas \\ere highl) significant (p < 0.001) using th e CFT t e~1. Th ere \\as also a significant difference (p < 0.00 I) bel ween non-CAHW s and CA II \\'s inlcn enlion areas usi ng cELlSA test with a mean seroprevalence of23.90% and 14.50%. re s pe eti\el). The agrecmem bel\\ cen the two tests was sligh t ( Kappa = 0.036) \' ith 64.24% concordance. Both tests could be used complim entari ly. x From the study it could be concluded tha t CCPP exists in its sub clinicalle\el in goats and its prevalence was lower in areas where the re is additional animal health service through NGOs supported CA HWs. Th is study has sho\\n thai CCPP is \\ ide I) distributed in Afar Regi o n. The indigenous kno\\Jedge of pastoralists is highl) appreciated \\hich act as a bridge and basis for an active disease search and inve stiga ti on and so it eQuid be used complementaril) \\ ith the com entional one in the prevention and control o f li\estock diseases
Studies on Major Ectoparasits and Associated Gross and Microscopic Lesions in Small Ruminants of Kamiba and Bonke Districts (Southern,Ethiopia).
(Debre Zeit, 2008-06) Getachew, Menale; Giro, Bulto PhD
A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites and associated gross and microscopic skin lesions in sheep and goats in Kamba and Bonke districts (woredas) of Gamo- Gofa Zone in Southern Naions Nationalities and peoples Regional State. The study was conducted from October 2007 to April 2008. During the study period a total of 483 sheep and 503 goats were examined for the presence of ectoparasites and lesions caused by these parasites. Study sheep and goats were randomly selected from fifteen peasants associations of Kamba and Bonke districts. An overall prevalence of (73.53%) of ectoparasites was recorded in both host species
Studies on the Comparative Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Small Ruminats in Three Selected Agro-Ecological Areas of North West Shoa Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Debre Zeit, 2008-06) Mekonnen, Nigist; A.K, Balou PhD
The study was carried out from Oetober 2007 to April 2008 in three selected agro ecological areas of North West Shoa zones of Oromia region. The objectives of this study we:re to determine the prevalence and intcnsity of ecoparasites on sheep and goats in the three agroecological zone in two season. Clinical examination was conducted for the presence of sheep keds, ticks lice, fleas and mangemites from the animals.
Isolation, Identification and Seroprevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Village Chickens in South West Shewa Ethiopia
(Debre Zeit, 2009) Getachew, Belayneh; Kyule, Moses PhD
A study on seroprevalence, isolation and identification of Newcastle disease virus in village chickens in south west shewa zone was conducted using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Haemagglutination, Haemagglutination inhibition test and real time RT-PCR. A total of 355 chickens from eight kebeles of the study site were used for the study of seroprevalence. The overall seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus antibodies in the study area was 5.6% (3.2- 8.0% at 95 % CI). Five (62.5%) of the eight kebeles sampled had chickens that were positive for antibodies against NDV. The prevalence in each kebele ranges from 0% to 28.1 % and the highest prevalence (28.1 %) was found at Harbu Kebele which is located just near to the market. The prevalences of chicken's serum antibody in the highland and lowland area were 0.9% and 7.8% respectively. Statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in prevalence of Newcastle disease virus antibodies was found between highland and lowland, local and cross breeds and young and adult chickens. The difference, however, was not statistically significant (p>0.05) for male and female. Much (95%) of the chicken sera do have a percent inhibition value between -104 and 74.33 and a normally distributed figure was found. From Newcastle suspected outbreak cases, six samples were collected from recently dead and sick chickens for isolation and identification of Newcastle disease virus. The result indicated that all the six samples were positive for Haemagglutination and Haemagglutination inhibition tests. But cloacal and tracheal swab samples from 30 apparently healthy chickens revealed that there was no haemagglutinating viral agents. None of the samples can lead to the death of embryo even at the second passage. Subjection of genome extract from allantoic harvest to real time RT-PCR using specific primer for fusion protein cleavage site resulted in amplification of viral genome. Three samples taken from allantoic harvest of outbreak areas were amplified but none was amplified from apparently healthy chicken using real time RT-PCR. This further confirmed that Avian Paramyxovirus type one was isolated and identified from outbreak cases of ND in the study area. The low prevalence to NDV in the study area indicated that the village chickens are highly susceptible to the pathogenic NDV infection. Thus, it is recommended that there should be routine vaccination program in the study area.
Studies on Ixodid Cattle Ticks From Some Selected Sites of Central Oromia Regional State: Species Composition, Seasonal Variation and Control Practices
(Debre Zeit, 2009-06) Ayalew, Tegaye; Kumsa, Bersissa PhD
A study was conducted to determine the distribution, prevalence and seasonal variation of tick species on cattle in central Oromia regional State using cross-sectional and longitudinal study methods. During the study period a total of 10,085 adult ixodid ticks were collected from a half body regions of 918 cattle in three agro-ecological zones during wet and dry seasons .Of these collected ticks 5542 were males whereas 4543 were females. Results of the study showed that an overall prevalence of 87.1 % tick infestation on cattle was recorded. In the study four genera and seven species of ixodid ticks were identified during the wet period whereas similar number of genera but six species of ixodid ticks were identified during the dry periods. Amblyomma ,Boophilus Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma tick genera were identified during the two seasons. Five different species of ticks were identified from the highland altitude. Significantly (p<0.05) higher proportion of B.decoloratus (88.2%) was identified during the wet season. But Hy. truncatum (1.5%) was identified with least proportion during the wet period. Rhe. evertsi (50.8%) was the most abundant during the dry period whereas Hy.marginatum rufipes (5%) was with smallest proportion during the same season. In midland altitudes a total of six species of ticks were identified. Significantly (p<0.05) higher proportion of A.variegatum (75%) than the other species was recorded during the wet season. But Rhpulchelus (.4%) was collected at the lowest proportion during the wet season. Rhe.evertsi (49.6%) was the most abundant tick species during the dry season whereas Hy.truncatum (0.6%) was with lowest proportion during the dry season. In lowland altitude lower proportion of ticks were collected. A total of seven species of ticks in the wet and six in the dry season were identified. Significantly (p<0.05) higher proportion of Hy.truncatum (85.9%) was recorded during the wet season whereas Rhpulchelus (1.5%) was identified with the lowest proportion .Rhevertsi evertsi (68.6%) was the most abundant tick species during the dry season .But B.decoloratus was with the lowest proportion during the same dry season. Results of the longitudinal studies revealed that highest mean total tick burden was recorded during the early rain season than the dry season from the end of March to April. And the lowest infestation rate was recorded during early dry season and the late dry season during December and February, respectively. The overall, tick count across seasons showed significant variation at p<0.05 (F=114 & p=O.OOO). A questionnaire survey on the aspects of tick control has revealed that the majority of farmers have sufficient knowledge about the economic significance of ticks. Diazinon 60% and cypermethrin were the commonly used acaricides with a frequency of 1 to 3 times per year during the peak season of tick infestation. A. variegatum and B.decoloratus, the most prevalent and dominant tick species in mid and highland altitudes, respectively seems more adapted than the other species to environmental factors prevailing in the areas. Thus, strategic application of acaricides especially at the beginning and end of wet months might minimize the burden of ticks on the cattle of the study areas.
A Study on the Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Feedlot and Dairy Farms in and Adound Adama,East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia
(Debre Zeit, 2009-06) Belay, Kumilachew; Kyule, Mosses N.
A cross sectional study to assess BVDV prevalence and determine the risk factors and to compare the ELISA diagnostic results of milk and serum values in 40 feedlot and 60 dairy farms was carried out in Adama area, East Shoa Zone. Herds were visited to ascertain information on the management system, possibility of contact with other species of domestic animals, introduction of new animal into the herd and to collect serum samples from feedlot and matched milk and serum samples from dairy herds. Commercial indirect ELISA-kit for the detection of specific antibodies to BVDV was used. According to this study, the apparent individual and herd seroprevalence of BVDV was 3S.9 % and 70.9 %, respectively. The individual and herd seropositivity difference among the two production systems was not significant (p>O.OS). There was a significant difference; however, in the prevalence of the different age groups (pO.OS) affect the antibody prevalence where 88.9% of the extensive and 7S.S % of the semi intensive herds had at least one seroreactor. Although a significant difference (p
Study on Prevalence of Listeria Species in Raw Milk and Cottage Cheese in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
(Debre Zeit, 2009-06) Jelal, Abdul; Kyule, M. PhD
A cross-sectional study of Listeria species was conducted on bulk raw milk, farm raw milk and cottage cheese. A total of 400 samples consisting of 100 farm raw milk, 100 bulk raw milk and 200 cottage cheese samples were collected. Out of these samples, 49 (12.25%) were positive for Listeria . The bulk raw milk was the most contaminated with Listeria species with an overall prevalence of 27%. Sixteen samples(16%) of farm raw milk, 6 (3%) of cottage cheese were positive for Listeria.
Epidemiology and Identification of Peste des petits Ruminants (ppr) Virus Circulating in Small Ruminants of Eastern Amhara Region Bordering Afar, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-06) Alemu, Biruk; Dr. Lemma, Alemayehu
A cross-sectional study design was employed between November 2013 and April 2014 to determine antibody/immunity level of vaccinated sheep and goats at herd level, to determine the sero-prevalence and risk factors of PPR in non-vaccinated areas and to investigate incidence and recent circulation of PPR virus in field samples collected from small ruminants of eastern Amhara region bordering Afar, Ethiopia. A total of 969 serum samples were collected from sheep and goats in the study districts. Multistage sampling, with four hierarchical stages, was used as sampling strategy. Peasant Association /villages and individual animal were selected by random sampling. A total of 32 samples, comprising 18 swab samples and 14 heparinized whole blood samples were collected from the suspected animals for the presence of PPR viral antigen. 28 samples were examined for the presence of PPRV RNA by one step RT-PCR assays. Anti-mortem samples were collected from active cases with the aim of virus isolation. In addition five years retrospective data on PPR outbreak was used in the present study. Questionnaire survey was also conducted to assess the association of seroprevalence of PPR and possible risk factors. Proportions were calculated for seroprevalence visa-vis fixed factors that included animal species, sex and age, districts and village. Univariable analysis for the proportions was carried out using Chi-square analysis in Epi Info software. A confidence limit of less than 5% was used to indicate a significant level. All variables with P < 0.05 (two-sided) in the univariable analysis were further tested by multivariable logistic regression model to assess their effect on PPR seropositivity. Clinical signs of PPR were observed in both sheep and goats, in both sex and all age xvi groups, in the all study districts. The clinical signs included high fever, ocular and nasal discharge, few abortions, respiratory distress and diarrhea. The disease outbreak was severe in Habru district with morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates of 21.9%, 8.4% and 38.4 % in small ruminants, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of PPR virus antibody was 28.1%, 64.5% and 56.5% in unvaccinated, vaccinated and unknown vaccination status of small ruminants, respectively. The multivariable logistic regression model revealed residing in Rayakobo district, adult age, communal grazing and recent introduction of new animals as risk factors for PPR seropositivity in sheep and goats. There was statistically significant (p= 0.000) differences in the level of seroconversion among the vaccinated districts with similar vaccine response of different age groups, sex, and species involved. In unvaccinated population around 28.1% and only 24.5% were with PI > 50% and 76%, respectively, whereas in vaccinated population around 64.5% and 58.8% of animals were with PI > 50% and 76%, respectively. The median value of PI is 26 and 83 for unvaccinated and vaccinated population, respectively indicating the success of the vaccine administered as the population has gained protection with 57 additional value of PI due to vaccination. 31.3% and 46.4 % of clinical samples examined were positive with Ic-ELISA for PPR viral antigen and RT-PCR for viral nucleic acid, respectively. The species-wise disease outbreaks were more severe in goats than sheep with both tests. The PPR virus were also successfully isolated on CHS-20 cell lines and confirmed with RT-PCR and IFAT assay only from samples collected from Habru district. The clinical and molecular findings of this study confirmed the circulation of PPR virus among populations of sheep and goats in the study areas and prevalence in actual outbreaks situation, which should be kept in mind while deciding the vaccination strategy for the control of the disease. The restriction of movement of animals from endemic areas, with rigorous quarantine and surveillance procedures should be practiced to prevent the spread of the disease and the transmission of the virus to different localities. Key words: PPRV, small ruminants, risk factors, herd immunity, Eastern Amhara
Sero-Epidemiology and Spatial Distribution of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Antibodies in Some Selected Pastoral Areas of Somali Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) Dejene, Wondimagegne; Dr. Duguma, Reta
A cross sectional study design with a 2 stage cluster sampling was conducted in some selected pastoral areas of Somali regional state from November to May 2015/16. The study was aimed at determining the serological status of PPR disease in sheep and goats and identifying animal and flock level risk factors in the selected Afder, and Liben zones of Somali regional state. And finally, the national status of PPR from disease outbreak reports was assessed from retrospective data. A total of 798 serum (582 goats and 216 sheep) from 19 Kebeles (peasant associations) across 8 Districts were investigated. PA level prevalence was variable (12%-64%) and the difference was significant (X2 =53.3 P= 0.000). At District level, the prevalence of the disease was recorded in descending order as Dolo Bay 52% ( CI95% = 41-63), Dolo Ado 42% (CI95%= 36-48), Hudet 40% (CI95%=30-52), Chereti 40% (CI95%= 26-57), Gorobeqeqsa 40% (CI95%= 31-50), Guradhemole 38% (CI95%= 28-49), Filtu 36% (CI95%= 22-52) and Moyale 30% (CI95%= 20-41). There was no significance difference in the proportion of sero-positives between Districts (X2= 7.46 p= 0.382). The overall true prevalence was 43%. Furthermore, the prevalence in sheep 39% (CI95%= 32-46) was found insignificant (X2=0.49 P= 0.483) when compared with goats 42% (CI95%= 38-46). The true prevalence of PPR in Sheep and goats was 41% and 44%, respectively. In addition, small ruminants aged between 36-48 months had recorded the highest prevalence 58% (CI95%= 49-66) out of all age groups. There was quite significant difference in sero-positivity among the age groups sampled (X2= 42.55 p= 0.000). Female small ruminants had a statistically greater sero-prevalence rate 44% when compared with males 26% (X2= 16.4 P= 0.000). Likewise, the likelihood of occurrence of PPR in female sheep and goats were 2.5 times more than its occurrence in males (OR= 2.5). The overall true flock prevalence was found to be 104% considering at least one positive in a flock. In the multivariable logistic model for both sheep and goats age group, origin and altitude were found the risk factors. However, more disease predictors were identified after adjusting the cluster effect of PAs and herds using multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression models. Therefore, in the multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression age group, origin, altitude, production system and water source were the most likely disease predictors of PPR disease in small ruminants and the variables were fit in the model using likelihood-ratio test (P= 0.000). Retrospectively, a xiv total of 1282 outbreaks were reported nationally across all regions in the 10 year period. The detection of PPR virus antibodies in all PAs and Districts suggest that the wide circulation of the virus in the study area. Hence, to curb the wide spread of the disease, strategic vaccination scheme should be followed along with training to field veterinarians and community animal health workers (CAHWS). Besides, it is recommended to conduct further studies on the characteristic of the virus circulating in the study areas plus to investigate the role of camels, cattle and wild ruminants in the epidemiology of PPR which could be a milestone in the eradication of the disease. Key words: Cluster, Epidemiology, Flock, Goat, PPR, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Sheep, Somali region
CLINICAL CASE STUDIES ON MAJOR DISEASES OF VETERINARY IMPORTANCE IN BISHOFTU TOWN, ETHIOPIA
(2018-06) ABDI, FEYISA; Fekadu Regassa (Prof)
Livestock is the pillar of the livelihood of the majority of Ethiopians, however, profitability of the sector is hindered by multifaceted constraints, of which livestock diseases are the major contributing factors. The current case studies described clinical cases of various diseases and their management in different species of animals brought to Veterinary Teaching Hospital and SPANA, Ethiopia animal health facilities of Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine from Bishoftu and its vicinity. Young and adult animals of different species, physiological stages and sexes were examined from November 2017 to June 2018. The examination method involves owner complaint and detail clinical examinations. Animals were treated vigorously based on tentative diagnosis using broad-spectrum antimicrobials and supportive drugs based on the manufacturer instructions. Simultaneously, samples from the individual animals examined tentatively were collected and processed following appropriate laboratory procedures to reach on definitive diagnosis. The cases were then followed until the animal recovered either in the clinic during the successive therapies or at home for the diseases with prolonged recovery. A total of 28 animals were examined of which 89.3% (25/28) were ruminants while 10.7% (3/28) were equine and canine. Among these, 35.7 % (10/28), 28.6 % (8/28), 17.9 % (5/28), 10.7% (3/28), 7.1% (2/28), of the diseases were caused by bacteria, virus, parasites, miscellaneous, and metabolic, respectively based on clinical pictures and laboratory results. Among the treated animals 82.1 % (23/28) were recovered, 14.3 % (4/28) (two goats, one sheep, and one calf) died and one bull was refractory. Therefore, this study showed bacteria‟s and viruses were the most common disease causing agents followed by parasites. In general, highest proportions of animal diseases could be cured if appropriate management and rational drug use applied on time and appropriately. Based on this finding, training of animal health workers, construction of inpatient facility and installing advanced diagnostic tools were recommended to facilitate the routine animal health care works and reduce the losses of diseases.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANINE AND SWINE BRUCELLOSIS IN SELECTED AREAS OF EAST SHOA ZONE, OROMIA REGIONONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
(2018-06) AREGAWI, GIRMAY; Dr. Fufa Abunna, Dr. Gezahegn Mamo
A cross sectional study was carried out from November, 2017 to May 2018 in Batu town, Alage ATVET College, and Naka village using serological tests, to determine the seroprevalence of canine and swine brucellosis. Accordingly, a total of 389 owned dogs (207 from Batu, 107 from Alage, and 75 from Naka) and 196 pigs (167 from Alage and 29 from Batu swine farms) were included in the study. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) prepared from the smooth strain B. abortus antigen was used as a screening test; whereas Complement Fixation Test (CFT) was the confirmatory test for both swine and canine brucellosis. Furthermore, all sera samples from dogs had also screened by RBPT containing a rough strain B. canis antigen; and those positive samples had considered as positive for B. canis infection. The result of the present study indicated that, among the 389 sampled owned dogs, 21 (5.4%; CI: 3.35, 7.96) were positive for anti B. abortus antibodies using RBPT; and 19 of them (4.88%; CI: 2.7, 7.0) were confirmed by CFT. Moreover, 34 (8.74%; CI: 5.92, 11.56) owned dogs were positive for anti B. canis antibodies. Among 196 serum samples from pigs, 10(5.1%; CI: 0.95, 6.19) were found to be positive by RBPT and 7(3.57%; CI: 1.99, 8.21) of them were further confirmed by CFT. The final simplified multivariable logistic regression analysis of the risk factors revealed that sex, living condition, and history of obstetrical problem were significantly associated with the overall canine brucellosis due to both strains of Brucella species (p< 0.05). Moreover, location difference and age had also significantly associated with canine brucellosis due to smooth and rough strains, respectively (p< 0.05). On the other hand, age and history of obstetrical problems were the major risk factors for overall swine brucellosis seropositivity (P< 0.05). Thus, the present study suggests that canine and swine brucellosis are prevalent in the study areas. The seropositivity in both animals could give an insight that brucellosis could pose a public health hazards. The awareness of the people toward the disease was also the gap in the study area. Hence, this warrants public education among the community; and further extensive epidemiological and molecular investigation is recommended.
Clinical Case Studies on Major Diseases of Veterinary Importance in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia
(2018-06) Hanna, Zewdu; Prof. Fekadu Regassa, Dr Reta Tesfaye
Ethiopia has huge number of livestock population but couldn‘t earn much from the sector. One of the bottlenecks, for the lesser degree of gain from the sector, is disease of animals. So this thesis was done with the objective of clinical case study on major diseases of veterinary importance in Bishoftu town Ethiopia. The study was conducted from September 2017 to June 2018 in clinics found in the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, and Ada‘a district veterinary clinic. From the retrospective data of the aforementioned clinics, the most frequently occurred diseases during the past five years were first identified and patients that were coming to the clinics during the study period with the listed out type of disease were purposively sampled, diagnosed, treated and followed up for months until the final outcome of the condition. Twenty cases were studied and compiled following the scientific case publishing format where summary, literature review, case history, clinical examination and findings, tentative diagnosis, sample collection, laboratory diagnosis and result, treatment and outcome of the disease were briefly recorded. The findings of each case were finally discussed in relation to the findings on other literature and scientific publications. The twenty compiled case studies include seven cases on cattle (Actinomycosis, Blackleg, Colisepticemia, Navel ill, Lumpy Skin Disease, Mastitis and Parafilariosis), six cases on equines (African Horse Sickness, Epizootic Lymphangitis, Grain overload, Rabies, Strangles and Tetanus), two cases on small ruminants (Goat pox and Coccidiosis), three cases on poultry (Collibacillosis, Newcastle and Salmonellosis) and two cases on canine (Canine Parvovirus and Flea allergy dermatitis). So confirming diagnosis based on laboratory findings is recommended to initiate effective treatment and control measures which safeguards the health and welfare of treated animal and reduces the spread of infection to other animals or, in the case of zoonotic disease, to humans.
Assessment of Histofarcin Skin Test and in vitro Evaluation of Effects of Selected Medicinal Plants on the Growth Inhibition of Mycelial form of Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum
(2019-06) Hawi, Jaleta; Dr. Teshale Sori , Gobena Ameni (Prof)
Epizootic lymphangitis is one of the neglected infectious diseases of equines causing remarkable loss in cart horses in Ethiopia. Lack of effective treatment and appropriate diagnostic tools for screening of the disease contributed to its continued occurrence. In this study, histofarcin skin test was developed and evaluated on 10 clinically infected, 10 healthy and 10 recovered horses. The histofarcin antigen used was prepared from field isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum. The concentration of the antigen was determined using bicinchonic acid protein assay method (Pierce, BCTTM protein assay kit number 23225) at Black lion teaching hospital, Addis Ababa University. Each horse was injected with 0.1mL of the antigen intradermally in the middle of their neck. The thickness of the skin was measured before injection and 24, 48 and 72 hrs post injection using Bar knight Mc Lintock (McLK- P0005) calliper. The sensitivity and specificity the skin test was 80 % and 70%, respectively. In addition, the in vitro growth inhibitory effects of the root of Curcuma longa, berry of Phytolacca dodecandra and leaf of Datura Stramonium were evaluated. For this isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum were identified from four sites (Bishoftu, Akaki, Holota, Mojo). Two fold serial dilutions of the methanol extracts of the three plants were prepared and assessed. The minimum inhibition concentration of the plants was determined by agar dilution assay at Aklilu Lema Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University. A culture media with no antifungal agent and media containing ketoconazole served as negative and positive control, respectively. The results showed that Curcuma longa and Phytolacca dodecandra had inhibitory effect at ranges of concentrations. Curcuma longa had lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (0.07mg/mL) than Phytolacca dodecandra (0.156mg/mL) where as Datura stramonium showed no inhibitory effect on Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that histofarcin skin test is a promising diagnosing tool for screening of equine histoplasmosis. Besides, the methanol extracts of Curcuma longa and Phytolacca dodecandra showed strong in vitro growth inhibitory activity against Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum.
CLINICAL CASE STUDIES ON MAJOR ECOUNTERED DISEASES OF VETERINARY IMPORTANCE AND EVALUATION OF SMART PHONE BASED MOBILE APPLICATION AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL IN AND AROUND BISHOFTU; CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
(2019-06) Walkite, Furgasa; Fikadu Regassa (Prof), Mr. Takele Beyene
Livestock sector supports the livelihoods of a large proportion of rural households in most African countries and also Ethiopia is known for its high livestock population. Despite the large number of livestock in Ethiopia the sector is characterized by low productivity due to wide range of disease prevalence. The present case studies described different clinical cases of various infectious and non infectious diseases and their therapeutic management in different species of animals brought to Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Society for the Protection of Animal Abroad of Addis Ababa University from Bishoftu and its surrounding. Animals of different age and different species with different physiological status were examined from September 2018 to June 2019.The examination method involved owner complaint/anamnesis, detail clinical examinations of animals and usage of Ethiopia differential diagnosis and investigation center smart phone as a diagnostic tool. Animals were treated and managed based on tentative diagnosis using broad-spectrum antimicrobials and supportive drugs based on the manufacturer guideline. Parallel to treatment, samples from the diseased animals were collected and processed following laboratory procedures to reach on definitive diagnosis. The cases were then well followed to know status of recovery through telephone conversation. A total of 25 animals were examined of which 76% (19/25) were ruminants while 24% (6/25) were equine, poultry, and canine. Among these, 32% (8/25), 24 % (6/25), 16 % (4/25), 12% (3/25), 8% (2/25), 4% (1/25) and 4% (1/25) of the diseases were caused by virus, bacteria, parasites, miscellaneous, metabolic, fungal and protozoal respectively based on clinical pictures,therapeutic diagnosis and laboratory results. Among the treated animals 80 % (20/25) were recovered, 12 % (3/25) were died and 8% (2/25) passed for postmortem examination. From a total of 22 animals, in 12 (54.5%) animals; the EDDIE diagnosis was matched with the laboratory confirmation of the case, but not in 7 (31.8%) of animals. In conclusion, this study revealed viruses and bacteria were the most common pathogen causing disease followed by parasites. In general, highest proportions of animal diseases could be cured if appropriate therapeutic management and rational drug use are applied. Based on this finding, creating awareness on early treatment of animals for farmers; accessing all necessary data of disease and including all species of animals on smartphone, and installing advanced diagnostic tools in VTH and training of animal health workers were recommended to facilitate the routine animal health care service and reduce the prevalence of disease.
Compiled Case Reports of Different Surgical Affections and Their Surgical Managements on Different Domestic Animals in and Around Bishoftu Town, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Zerihun Mulatu; Dr. Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia is endowed with various livestock potential that contributes for socioeconomic developments and values to sustain millions of livelihoods. However, limited coverage of veterinary services especially in relation to veterinary surgical managements and corrections of different deformities and injuries that can save the life of animals is the one of bottle neck factor that affects the effective and efficient utilization of this valuable subsector. Therefore, the objectives of this case study was to compile and document the various surgical cases and and their managements, and develop all rounded practical skills on different domestic animals in and around Bishoftu town from October 2020 to April 2021 at Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Donkey Sanctuary Clinic. During the study period, out of total of 24 different domestic animals 45.83% (11/24), 20.83% (5/24), 8.33% (2/24), 20.83% (/24) and 4.17% (1/24) of cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and donkey were handled at the stated veterinary cervices centres and had undergone different surgical corrections and managements. Before admission to any surgical treatment and managements, each and every case has undergone diagnosis thorough history, general physical and laboratory examinations. Surgical sites were aseptically prepared for surgical operation; the patients were anesthetized with suitable anesthetic protocols for the presented case and controlled in appropriate position depending on animal species and type of surgical intervention going to be performed. During the study period, surgical managements such as horn amputation, herniorrhaphy, cesarean sections, ovario-hysterectomy, exploratory ruminotomy, wound management, tumor excision, urethrostomy, eye enucleation, open castrations and correction of vaginal prolapse were performed. Of all the animals that undrgone surgical intervention, 95.83% (23/24) were cured and recovered; whereas, 4.17% (1/24) was died. Postoperative complication such as swelling at surgical site, frontal sinusitis development, abscessation, urethral stricture and death were occurred, despite all possible efforts made to minimize them. Thus, in addition to implementation of principles of surgical asepsis and other surgical adjuncts to minimize post-operative complications, anticipation of complication and proper management is crucial for good prognosis and outcome.
Compiled SurgicCase Reports: Procedure, Technique and Its Outcome in Various Domestic Animals in And Around Bishoftu Town, Ada’a District, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Shiferaw Moltumo; Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia is home for Africa's largest livestock population. A number of infectious and noninfectious diseases affect this economically important sector including pets in the country. In recent times, an increasing awareness of the importance of individual animal treatment in both the rural and urban communities, and a growing trend of keeping exotic breeds as companion pets in urban areas contribute to the increased demand in the veterinary services. These stimuli may hasten veterinary surgical treatments. The current descriptive study was carried out from November 2020 to June 2021 at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University to compile different surgical affections along with procedures, techniques and their outcomes in various domestic animals.The domestic animals of different species, breeds and ages with both sex category, that were originated from different raising systems in and around Bishoftu town, Ada’a district, East Shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, were sampled purposively from cases admitted to VTH for various surgical treatments. During the study period, a total of twenty three surgical cases were diagnosed, undergone surgical interventions and followed up. Among these, seven cases were Bos taurus, four cases were ovis aries, one case was a Capra hircus, four cases were Canis familiaris, three cases were Felis catus, two cases were Equus asinus, one case was an Equus caballus and one case was a Camelus dromedarius. Except wound dehiscence after performing single mastectomy in a bitch, all the animals recovered with minor complications. The surgeons should be highly equipped with knowledge and skill to get successful outcome. Creating client awareness could reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications in outpatient settings.
Clinical Case Studies on Major Diseases of Livestock and Evaluation of Smart Phone Based Application as a Diagnostic Tool in and Around Bishoftu and Modjo Towns, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Dessalew Habte; Dr. Sisay Girma
Despite the large livestock population and relative diversity of animal species in Ethiopia, the current output to provide enormous contributions to the people’s national economy and livelihoods is less, which can be due to extensive prevalence of animal diseases. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to handle and organize case reports, and evaluate the accuracy of smart-phone-based App as a diagnostic and treatment aid tool on selected clinical cases of livestock presented to VTH and MVC in and around Bishoftu and Modjo towns from November 2020 to June 2021. This case study described that different animal species with different ages, sex and breed groups with different physiological statuses were examined based on history, detailed physical and clinical examinations and by using EDDIE smart-phone App. Animals were treated and managed promptly with antimicrobials, supportive drugs and combination based on recommendations of the manufacturer on the basis of tentative diagnosis. Alongside, appropriate samples from these animals were collected and processed in the laboratories for confirmation. The cases were followed either in the animal health services during therapies or at home until recovery. A total of 20 different clinical cases comprised of 31 total animals were examined in which 80.6% (25/31) were ruminants and 19.4% were others (equine, canine and poultry). From these, 35.5% (11/31) diseases were caused by bacteria followed by 29% (9/31), 22.6% (7/31), 3.2% (1/31), 3.2% (1/31) and 6.5% (2/31) were caused by parasites, viruses, protozoa, metabolic and others respectively. Among the examined and treated animals, 26 (83.9%) were recovered, 1(3.2%) died and postmortem examination was conducted on 4 (12.9%) animals. From 26 diagnosed animals with EDDIE App, 16 (61.5%) were similar with laboratory confirmation but 10 (38.5%) were not agreed, and the App was found good. Generally, this study showed that most animal diseases are curable, if prompt and rational drug use with good management can be practiced. Based on this finding, practicing veterinary extension program and training of animal health workers and farmers regularly, including poultry and pet animal diseases with relevant epidemiological data and further evaluation in smartphone App, and establishing advanced diagnostic facilities were recommended to reduce diseases and their associated losses.
Clinical Case Studies On Selected Diseases Of Veterinary Importance and Evaluating Smartphone Based Mobile App ‘ Eddie’ as a Diagnostic Tool In And Around Bishoftu, Central Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Tolesa Ebisa; Dr. Sisay Girma; Takele Beyene
Livestock provides crucial contributions to human wellbeing. Ethiopia possesses the largest livestock population in Africa. Despite of having a large number of livestock, Ethiopia is not optimally utilizing the sector due to low productivity and a wide range of disease prevalence. Treatment of ailing animals in Ethiopia had gotten fewer attention years ago because the health policies give more attention to preventive medicine. The present case study was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021 at VTH and SPANA of AAU-CVMA, Bishoftu, and its surroundings to study different clinical cases of various infectious and non-infectious diseases and their therapeutic management in different species of animals of different ages and different physiological status using detailed physical and clinical examinations of animals together with Ethiopia differential diagnosis and investigation center (EDDiE) as a diagnostic tool. Therapeutic management of animals was based on tentative diagnosis using broad-spectrum antimicrobials and supportive drugs based on the manufacturer‟s instructions. For a definitive diagnosis, following laboratory standards samples were collected from tentatively diagnosed animals and then further processed. To check the recovery status of animals‟ routine follow-up was continued at the clinic during the successive therapies, through a telephone conversation, or at home with prolonged recovery. A total of 19 different cases, 24 animals were examined of which 70.8% (17/24) were ruminants while 29.2% (7/24) were equine, canine, and poultry. Among these, 36.8 % (7/19), 31.6 % (6/19), 10.5 % (2/19), 5.3% (1/19), 15.8% (3/19), of the diseases were caused by bacteria, virus, parasites, fungal, and metabolic, respectively based on clinical pictures, therapeutic responses, and laboratory results. Among the treated animals 83.3% (20/24) were recovered, 8.3 % (2/24) (dog & donkey) died and 8.3% (2/24) passed for postmortem. From a total of 19 cases, in 13 (68.4%) cases; the EDDiE diagnosis was matched with the laboratory confirmation of the case, but in 6 (31.6%) of cases EDDiE was not matched with laboratory results on confirmation. In conclusion, this case study revealed bacteria and viruses followed by parasites were the most common pathogen causing disease in animals. Appropriate management and rational drug use revealed the highest proportion of animals‟ recovery and awering community in disease prevention and control method was forwarded.
Compiled Surgical Case Reports: Procedure, Technique and Its Outcome in Various Domestic Animals in and Around Bishoftu Town, Ada’a District, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Shiferaw Moltumo; Dr. Jiregna Dugassa
Ethiopia is home for Africa's largest livestock population. A number of infectious and noninfectious diseases affect this economically important sector including pets in the country. In recent times, an increasing awareness of the importance of individual animal treatment in both the rural and urban communities, and a growing trend of keeping exotic breeds as companion pets in urban areas contribute to the increased demand in the veterinary services. These stimuli may hasten veterinary surgical treatments. The current descriptive study was carried out from November 2020 to June 2021 at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University to compile different surgical affections along with procedures, techniques and their outcomes in various domestic animals. The domestic animals of different species, breeds and ages with both sex category, that were originated from different raising systems in and around Bishoftu town, Ada’a district, East Shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, were sampled purposively from cases admitted to VTH for various surgical treatments. During the study period, a total of twenty three surgical cases were diagnosed, undergone surgical interventions and followed up. Among these, seven cases were Bos taurus, four cases were ovis aries, one case was a Capra hircus, four cases were Canis familiaris, three cases were Felis catus, two cases were Equus asinus, one case was an Equus caballus and one case was a Camelus dromedarius. Except wound dehiscence after performing single mastectomy in a bitch, all the animals recovered with minor complications. The surgeons should be highly equipped with knowledge and skill to get successful outcome. Creating client awareness could reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications in outpatient settings.
Case Reports On Selected Clinical Cases of Domestic Animals Presented To Animal Health Facilities in and Around Adama and Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Bethel Befekadu; Dr. Abdi Feyisa
Animals play significant roles in human lives and economic well-being of countries. Thus, if people want to use animals, they must keep them healthy and handle carefully. Despite considerable efforts to prevent domestic animal diseases, their impact remains to be severe across the world. In Ethiopia, although extensive works have been done in veterinary clinics and hospital to diagnose and treat animal diseases, most of the works are being done empirically and getting well-documented data on clinical cases is challenging. Therefore, this study was aimed to give scientific documents on selected clinical cases of domestic animal in Adama and Bishoftu towns. The case handling began with the owner‘s complaint, then detailed clinical examinations and treatments were prescribed tentatively and later confirmatory laboratory diagnoses were done either to continue or alter treatments, and recommend prevention and control approaches. The animals were followed until they were fully recovered, either at the clinic during subsequent therapies or at home for diseases with prolonged recovery. Each case report was compiled following a scientific case reporting format and different diagnosis and treatment approaches were used depending on the types of the cases. A total of 19 case reports including 24 single animals and 2 flocks are included in this study. Cattle, small ruminants, dogs, chickens, and rabbit were among the domestic animals addressed. These case reports also include diseases that affect different body systems and various causative agents including bacterial, viral, parasites, fungal, metabolic, hormonal, mechanical and tumor cases. Therefore these case reports address and set scientific steps of disease diagnosis methods, rational treatment approaches of different diseases including treatment trial and prophylactic drug usage and gives evidences for the presence of some uncommon diseases and their impact.

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