Anatomy

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    Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Toxicity, Teratogenicity, Reproductive Toxicity and Extended First Generation Developmental Toxicity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Urtica simensis Hochst. Ex A. Rich in Wistar Albino Rats
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-10-11) Bickes Wube; Girma Seyoum
    Introduction: Urtica simensis is a native nutraceutical herb in Ethiopia. It has been used to treat various ailments such as malaria, hypertension, diabetes, gonorrhea, gastritis, body swelling, and wound infections. However, the safety of its repeated oral intake has not been evaluated yet. Therefore, this in-Vivo experimental study was conducted to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity, teratogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and extended first-generation developmental toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: For the acute and subacute toxicity study, sixty rats (30 males and 30 females) were randomly assigned to six groups. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was determined in the acute toxicity study. Groups’ I to III received 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of U. simensis leaf extract daily for 4 weeks, while Group IV received distilled water. The satellite 1000 mg/kg and satellite control groups were monitored for an additional 2 weeks. After 4 weeks, rats were euthanized for organ weight, blood chemistry and histopathological evaluations. For teratogenic studies of the leaf extract and essential oil, fifty pregnant rats were randomly assigned to five groups of ten gravid rats for each embryo and fetal experiments. Groups I to III were given the leaf extract and the essential oil at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg daily from the 6th to the 12th days of gestation, respectively. Groups IV and V were pair fed and ad libitum controls. The developing embryos and fetuses were retrieved on the 12th and 20th days of gestation, respectively. Embryos were evaluated for growth and developmental delays. Fetuses were assessed for growth retardation, external and visceral anomalies. The skeletal ossifications and histopathology of fetal placentae were also evaluated. For the reproductive toxicity study, 20 rats per sex and group were randomly assigned into four groups. Groups’ I to III were treated with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg leaf extract daily for 10 weeks, respectively: two premating, two mating, three pregnancy, and three lactational weeks. The effects of leaf extract on the daily food intake, body weight changes, and histology of primary reproductive organs, liver and kidneys were assessed and evaluated. Biochemical tests including thyroid function were measured and analyzed. Reproductive indices and pregnancy outcomes were also assessed and evaluated. The pups were assessed for gross anomalies at birth. The weights of pups were measured on the postnatal days zero, four, seven, fourteen and twenty one. In addition, the pups' anogenital distances were measured on postnatal day zero. For the extended first generation developmental toxicity studies, the pups were randomly assigned into three cohorts at weaning: F1 cohort-1 for developmental reproductive toxicity, F1 cohort-2 for developmental neurotoxicity and F1 cohort-3 for developmental immunotoxicity. All pups assigned to the three cohorts were orally treated on a daily basis with similar doses of leaf extract as the parental rats. F1 cohort-1 rats, 20 rats per sex and group, were administered up to postnatal day 90. The tests conducted on the parental rats were repeated on F1 cohort-1 pups. F1 cohort-2 rats, 10 rats per sex and group, were treated until postnatal day 70, and the effects of the extract on the body weight and histopathology of brain and spinal cord were evaluated. F1 cohort 3 rats, 10 rats per sex and group, received the leaf extract daily until postnatal day 60, and the effects of the extract on body weight and histopathology of the spleen, thymus, and mandibular lymph nodes were evaluated. Results: The LD₅₀ exceeded 5 g/kg animal body weight. No adverse effects were observed at 250 mg/kg. However, 1000 mg/kg subacute dose caused significant weight gain in both male and female rats. Doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg significantly elevated ALT in both sexes of rats. Male rats given 1000 mg/kg showed significantly increased serum creatinine, while females exhibited reduced hemoglobin. Some female rats treated with 1000 mg/kg had liver parenchymal necrosis, kidney glomerular distortion and spleen white pulp depletion. In the embryonic experiment, somite numbers and morphological scores were significantly decreased in gravid rats given 1000 mg/kg of leaf extract. Embryonic developments of the caudal neural tube (CNT), otic system, olfactory system and limb buds were significantly delayed in gravid rats given 1000 mg/kg of extract. The 500 mg/kg dose also caused significant developmental delays in the CNT and olfactory system. In the fetal experiment, fetal resorption was significantly increased; whereas crown rump length and fetal weight were significantly decreased in pregnant rats given 1000 mg/kg of leaf extract. Oral doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg of essential oil did not reveal adverse observed effects in all embryos and fetuses. However, somite numbers and morphological scores were significantly decreased in pregnant rats treated with 1000 mg/kg of essential oil. Embryonic developments of the caudal neural tube and forebrain were significantly delayed in pregnant dams administered 1000 mg/kg of essential oil. The crown rump length and fetal weight were significantly decreased in gravid rats given 1000 mg/kg of essential oil. The gravid rats received 1000 mg/kg of essential oil also revealed a significant increase in fetal resorption. In the reproductive toxicity study, female parental rats treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg of leaf extract showed a significant pre-gestational weight gains. However, during gestation, the 1000 mg/kg treated female parental rats exhibited significantly lower weight gains. Lactational weight changes remained similar across all groups. Similarly, male parental rats treated with 1000 mg/kg of leaf extract revealed a significant weight gains. On the other hand, female parental rats treated with 1000 mg/kg of leaf extract had significantly lengthened estrous cycles. Both parental rats treated with U. simensis leaf extract did not have any adverse effects on mating or fertility indexes. However, the rats treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses showed significant prolonged mating latency. Female parental rats administered the leaf extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses revealed a significant decrease in litter size. Both parental male and female rats treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg of leaf extract exhibited liver parenchymal necrosis. The biochemical analysis of rats treated with highest dose of leaf extract revealed a significant rise in liver enzyme markers. In the first offspring (F1) cohort-1 study, male rats received the 1000 mg/kg dose showed significant weight gains. Female cohort-1 rats treated with 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses also revealed a significant weight gains. In addition, F1 cohort-1 rats treated with 1000 mg/kg leaf extract showed significant prolongation of the estrous cycle and vaginal cornification. Both male and female offspring exhibited statistically significant elevations in liver enzyme tests at the highest dose, supporting findings in the parental rats. Furthermore, F1 cohort-1 rats that received 500 and 1000 mg/kg of extract also exhibited liver parenchymal necrosis, similar to the observations made in their parental rats. The F1 cohort-2 rats treated with U. simensis leaf extract did not show any signs of behavioral aberrations. The histopathological assessment of F1 cohort-2 rats treated with leaf extract did not reveal any structural changes of tissue sections taken from cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia and peripheral nerve fibers. The F1 cohort-3 rats treated with U. simensis leaf extract did not have any signs and symptoms of toxicity during the daily cage side clinical observations. The histological examination of key immunological organs (spleen, thymus, and mandibular lymphoid) of F1 cohort-3 rats treated with the leaf extract revealed no histological abnormalities. Conclusions: In this study, the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for U. simensis leaf extract was 250 mg/kg, while the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 500 mg/kg. The adverse effects observed at the LOAEL were elevated liver enzymes with parenchymal necrosis, embryo-fetal developmental delays, and prolonging of some reproductive functions particularly lengthening of estrous cycle and mating latency. These findings suggest that the repeated oral intakes of high-dose U. simensis derivatives for purported nutraceutical benefits are not without risks and should be approached with caution, particularly during pregnancy and reproductive ages.
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    Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Dermal Toxicity of Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus Extract Formulation on Hematological, Biochemical Parameters, and Histopathology of Skin, Kidneys, and Liver of Albino Wistar Rats
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-12-14) Mankelklot Kasahun; Zelalem Animaw; Yonas Girma; Sileshi Degu
    Background: Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, remain a major public health concern in Ethiopia and elsewhere globally. While synthetic repellants are effective, their repeated use has been associated with skin irritation, allergic reactions, and environmental concerns. Natural repellents, like essential oils from C. nardus and E. globulus, offer promising repellent and therapeutic advantages. However, the dermal safety of their combined use has not been scientifically evaluated. Objectives: To evaluate the acute and subacute dermal toxicity of a combined Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus formulation on hematological, biochemical parameters, and histopathology of the skin, kidney, and liver of albino Wistar rats. Methodology: The plant material was harvested about 270 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, in the Wondogenet region. The formulation was prepared by the Traditional and Modern Medicine Research Directorate of the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI). The essential oils were extracted using hydro-distillation with a Clevenger-arm apparatus. The approach outlined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guideline 402 was used to determine acute dermal toxicity, and OECD guideline 410 was followed for the 28-day repeated dose subacute dermal toxicity study. Forty albino Wistar rats aged 8-12 weeks were utilized and randomly divided into four groups: three test groups and one control group. Each group consisted of five male and female rats (n=10 per group). Group I received 250 mg/kg, Group II received 500 mg/kg, and Group III received 1000 mg/kg of the Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus essential oil formulation. Group IV received only the vehicle (white petrolatum) and served as the control. The formulation was topically applied once daily to approximately 10% of the shaved dorsal skin surface for 28 consecutive days. Hematological and biochemical markers were assessed at the end of the experiment. After blood collection via cardiac puncture under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (150 mg/kg), the liver, kidneys, and skin were harvested for histopathological examination. Result: The dermal mean lethal dose LD50 of the C. nardus and E. globulus formulation was found to be above 5000mg/kg, placing the formulation in GHS category 5 (Lowest toxicity). No mortality or clinical sign of toxicity was observed in either study. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in body weight gain, food intake, and water intake, hematological indices, serum biochemical markers, or relative organ weights between treated and control groups. Histopathological examination revealed normal architecture of liver, kidneys, and skin across all dose groups. Conclusion: The formulation containing Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils exhibited no acute or sub-acute dermal toxicity at doses up to 1000mg/kg, suggesting a wide safety margin for short-term dermal application.
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    Prevalence, Associated factors and Management modalities of extremity fracture in Tikur Anbessa and Addis Ababa Burn Emergency and Trauma hospitals, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa Uinverstiy, 2025) Mikias Regasa; Girma Seyoum; Biruk Lambisso; Abera kumie
    Introduction: Extremity fractures are a significant public health concern globally due to rising road traffic accidents, falls, and occupational injuries. In Africa, the burden is increasing with rapid urbanization, poor road safety regulation, and limited trauma care systems. In Ethiopia, extremity fractures represent a major proportion of orthopedic admissions, contributing to prolonged disability, loss of productivity, and economic burden for patients and families. Effective management of these fractures is crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing complications such as nonunion, malunion, and infections. This study will provide crucial insights for healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers to improve extremity fracture management in Ethiopia. This research will provide valuable data for orthopedic surgeons and hospital administrators to improve clinical decision-making and resource allocation for extremity fracture care. Objectives: To assess the prevalence, associated factors, and management outcomes of extremity fractures among trauma patients presenting to TASH and AaBETH in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing medical records of patients admitted with extremity fractures. Participants were all patients who have visited a hospital for treatment of extremity fractures over the past 4 year (2020-2024). Data Collection was carried out through Structured checklist from hospital records, including demographic data, fracture characteristics, causes of fractures, and treatment outcomes. Data Analysis will be carried out by SPSS Version 27. Result: total sample size was 381 and only 378 MRN has full data that is fit for analysis. The prevalence of extremity fractures among trauma patients was 50.1%. Lower limb fractures were more common (68.5%) than upper limb fractures (31.5%), with the femur being the most frequently affected bone (33.6%). Males (72.5%) and individuals aged 20–39 years were the most affected groups. Road traffic injury were the leading causes of fractures. urban residence, construction work, and involvement in car or motorcycle accidents were significantly associated with upper limb fractures. Conclusion: In the two major tertiary referral hospitals assessed in Addis Ababa, extremity fractures represented a substantial proportion of trauma admissions, accounting for almost half of all trauma cases. The most affected are young adult males. Road traffic accidents remain the principal causes. Recommendation: Strengthen road safety measures to reduce accident-related fractures and further prospective studies are needed to explore long-term disability and quality of life after extremity fractures.
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    Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetic Neuropathy among Ethiopians long-term metformin users in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa Uinverstiy, 2025) Michael Teshale; Jickssa M. Gemechu; Abay Mulu; Theodros Aberra; Rediet Ambachew
    Background: Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) is a common and serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting up to 50% of diabetic patients globally. It leads to significant morbidity including chronic pain, loss of sensation, and increased risk of foot ulcers and amputations. Among Ethiopian Diabetic patients, studies indicate varying prevalence rates, yet limited research has focused specifically on the impact of long-term metformin use. Metformin, the first line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has been associated with Vitamin B 12 deficiency, a known risk factor for neuropathy. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of diabetic neuropathy among Ethiopian long-term metformin users attending the diabetes clinic of the Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design that utilized quantitative methods for data collection and analysis. Data were collected using a pretested and standardized questionnaire, laboratory tests and also physical examinations. The questionnaires were originally prepared in English and then translated into Amharic to facilitate effective communication with the study participants. Results: Of the total 390 study participants 246 (63.1%) were found to have diabetic neuropathy, while 144 (36.9%) showed no evidence of neuropathy. The factors found to be significantly associated with diabetic neuropathy include age, duration of metformin use, and fasting blood sugar level. Conclusion and Recommendations: Among the total 390 participants, more than half were affected, highlighting the substantial burden of neuropathic complications among long-term metformin users. The study found a significant association between prolonged metformin use and the occurrence of diabetic neuropathy. This calls for a national guideline endorsement necessitating screening long-term metformin users for vitamin B 12 deficiency and early replacement to avoid this debilitating complication.
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    Prevalence of Burn Injury, Patterns, and its Associated Factors among Burn Patients Attending Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College and AaBET Hospitals. A Two-year Retrospective study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2026-01-21) Melkamu Tewabe; Soresa Abebe; Mekonen Eshete
    Background: Burn is an injury to the surface layers of the body caused by agents such as fire, scald, electricity, chemicals, sunlight, or nuclear radiation. Burn injuries remain a major health concern, especially in low-resource settings with high morbidity and mortality rates. Comprehensive burn patterns and epidemiology data in developing countries like Ethiopia are limited. Thus, this study reflects the recent patterns of burn injuries at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College and Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma hospitals in Addis Ababa. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, patterns, and associated factors of burn injury among burn inpatients admitted at Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma hospital and Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College from April 1st, 2023, to March 31st, 2025. Method: A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using a stratified sampling technique. Data was gathered using a systematic checklist that was taken from the national burn patient medical record formats. EpiData version 3.1 was used to enter the data, while SPSS version 27 was used for analysis. The factors linked to burn injuries were described using logistic regressions, chi-square tests, and descriptive statistics. The results were represented using the Crude Odds Ratio (COR) and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) Results: Among trauma patients, the prevalence of burn injuries was 15.92%, with 45.3% being hospitalized. Most patients were aged<15 years (55.5%) and male (54.7%). Hot fluids/Scald (56.9%) and flame (21.9%) burns were the commonest causes, frequently affecting the upper extremities (60%). Second-degree burns (60.6%) and injuries involving <10% total body surface area (48.2%) were the most common clinical findings. By Multivariate regression analysis, burn depth (AOR=0.011 for second-degree, p<0.032) and total burned body surface area (AOR≈0 for <30%, p<0.0001) were identified as significant predictors of complications. Among 137 burn patients, 73% discharged without complications, while 14.6% had scar of contracture, 8% disability, and 4.4% mortality. Conclusion: Burn injuries unevenly affect children and are mostly caused by preventable household incidents. The extent and depth of burns significantly predict the severity of complications, indicating the need for targeted prevention programs and enhanced care capacity. These results recommend improved burn care protocols and public education to decrease the burden of burn-related morbidity
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    Prevalence, Pattern and Risk Factors Associated with Peripheral Neuropathy among Leprosy Patients: A Retrospective Study
    (Addis Ababa university, 2023-06-11) Seid Endris; Soressa Abebe
    Leprosy, also known as Hansen disease, is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The disease affected mankind for over 4000 years. Leprosy is believed to be originated initially in Eastern African regions and spread worldwide by means of migration of people. Leprosy causes skin and nerve infections. It was investigated that the Hansen’s bacilli, Mycobacterium leprae, predominantly targeted peripheral nerves.
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    Two-Generation Reproductive Toxicity and Teratogenicity of 70% Ethanol Extract of Moringa Stenopetala (Baker F.) Cufod. Leaf In Rats
    (Addis Ababa university, 2024-01-09) Abdu Hussen; Tadele Ashenif
    The plant Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. (Moringaceae) is a fast-growing tropical plant that is consumed as a native vegetable in southwest Ethiopia. The leaves of the plant are used as the main food source and in folks medicine several ailments, including elevated cholesterol, diabetes, stomach pain, hypertension, malaria, and retained placenta removal. There is conflicting data available right now regarding safety and effectiveness of Moringa stenopetala. According to certain research, it stimulates follicular growth, ovulation, and spermatogenesis. However, other research reports its teratogenic and abortifacient effects, induction of embryonic resorption at late stages of pregnancy, damage to the seminiferous tubules and epididymis, and post-coital antifertility effects. These conflicting reports and a lack of sufficient information regarding the plant's teratogenicity and reproductive toxicity profiles led to the design of this experiment. It is therefore important investigating into how the Moringa stenopetala leaf affects fetal and embryonic development as well as reproduction. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effects of Moringa stenopetala leaf extract on the developing rat embryos and fetuses. Furthermore, the study investigated the toxicity of the plant on the reproductive organs and serum biochemical profiles of F0 and F1 male and female Wistar albino rats, as well as the developmental status of their offspring (F1 and F2 pups).
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    Magnitude and Associated Factors of Chewing Khat During Pregnancy and its Impact on Maternal, Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes in Eastern Ethiopia, 2022: Cross Sectional, Prospective Cohort and Histopathologic Study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-07) Amsalu Taye; Miressa Bekana
    Less is established about the maternal and fetal effects of chewing khat during gestation and hence, it is problematic to elaborate a robust evidence base on its effects. So far, a few reports exist which demonstrate the relationship between khat chewing and a few birth outcomes. In addition, these limited studies did not perform mediation analysis to explain how khat chewing affected the reported birth outcomes. Therefore, the present study is the first to demonstrate a model that clarifies how selected variables mediate the relationship between khat chewing during gestation and pregnancy outcomes, providing an explanation for how khat chewing during gestation can affect pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, to date there exists no attempt to demonstrate the effects of chewing khat during gestation on maternal, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in a prospective cohort study design. More importantly, there exists no pervious attempt to demonstrate the effects of chewing khat during gestation on placenta and umbilical cord in histopathologic study approach.
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    Human Papiloma Virus Vaccine Uptake and Associated Factors among School Girls in Sululta and Chancho Towns, Central Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-13) Mekonnen Habtamu; Woldeamanuel Yimtubezinash ; Tekewe Alemu
    Cervical cancer ranks as the second leading cause of cancer and cancer-related deaths among Ethiopian women. Implementation of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is anticipated to greatly reduce the burden of cervical cancer. However, there is limited information on the extent of uptake of HPV vaccination in Ethiopia, specifically within the areas of Sululta and Chancho towns. This study has assessed the uptake of HPV vaccine and its associated factors among adolescent schoolgirls in Sululta and Chancho towns, Oromia, Central Ethiopia.
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    The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Uterine Myoma at the Gynecology Ward in three Governmental Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-17) Mekdes Sisay; Abay Mulu
    Uterine myomas, also known as leiomyomas and uterine fibroids, are monoclonal tumors that develop from the myometrium's smooth muscle cells. The prevalence of myoma varies amongst specific research and countries from 4.5% to 68.6%. Uterine fibroids can also be related to reproductive problems, including decreased fertility, miscarriages and pregnancy loss, and negative obstetric results.
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    The Magnitude of Ectopic Pregnancy, Management Methods and its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Ambo University Referral Hospital in Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-10-23) Nigussie Tesfaye; Mekbeb Afework
    Ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of a blastocyst outside of the endometrial lining of the uterus. There are various forms of ectopic pregnancy, such as ovarian, abdominal, and tubal pregnancy. Nearly 97.7% of all ectopic gestations occur in the fallopian tube, which is the most common location for ectopic pregnancy. Almost 80% of tubal pregnancy occurs in the ampulla, followed by the isthmus (12%). Ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed with the classic triad of amenorrhea, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and a positive pregnancy test
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    Prevalence of Haemorrhoids and Associated Factors among Adult Patients at Surgical Consultation Clinic of Karamara and Jigjiga University Sheik Hassan Yabare Referral Hospitals of Jigjiga Town, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-04-15) Tahir Muhumed; Abay Mulu
    Background: Hemorrhoids are swollen veins located around the anus or rectum. About 50 percent of adults experienced the symptoms of hemorrhoids by the age of 50. Hemorrhoids can be internal, external, or mixed. This study assesses the prevalence and associated factors of hemorrhoids among adult patients. Objective: To assess the prevalence of hemorrhoids and associated risk factors among adult patients at the Surgical Consultation Clinic of Karamara and Jigjiga University Sheik Hassan Yabare Referral Hospitals of Jigjiga Town. Method and Material: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was carried out from January 1 to April 30, 2023, at the Surgical Consultation Clinic in Karamara and Jigjiga University Sheik Hassan Yabare Referral Hospitals of Jigjiga town in the Ethiopian Somali region, Eastern Ethiopia. The sample size (n=483) was determined by using a single population proportion formula and was selected by the systematic random sampling technique. After getting ethical clearance, the data were collected, and then the data were entered into EPI data version 3.1 and were exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize categorical variables, and bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed by using COR and AOR with a 95% confidence interval. Result: The result revealed that among 483 study participants, 67 had hemorrhoids; 52 of them were external, 14 were internal, and 1 was a mixed hemorrhoid (77.6%, 20.9, and 1.5%, respectively), with an overall prevalence of 13.87 [95% CI: (10.1-16.1)]. Sitting for a long time (AOR=7.57, [95% (3.26-17.61)], constipation [(AOR=2.04, 95% (1.13-3.69)], eating spicy food [AOR=4.09 (1.36-12.4)], and straining [AOR=6.05 (2.95-12.43)] have a significant association with hemorrhoids. Conclusion: The prevalence of hemorrhoids was high when compared to most studies in Africa because of the presence of associated risk factors. According to the findings, it is advisable to visit a health facility to screen for hemorrhoids to intervene and avoid factors associated with hemorrhoids, such as standing for a long time and drinking lots of water to prevent constipation, eating fiber food to prevent constipation, and avoiding sitting too much. Keywords: Prevalence, Hemorrhoids, Piles, Risk factors, Anal canal, Rectum. Jigjiga
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    Magnitude of Knee Osteoarthritis and Associated Factors among Patients who visited Orthopedics Outpatient Department in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Facility Based Study, 2024
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-05) Sanni Semmagn; Abay Mulu
    Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a musculoskeletal disorder characterized by progressive damage to articular cartilage, bone remodeling, and new bone formation (osteophytes). This condition often leads to inflammation of the synovial membrane and fibrosis of joint structures, eventually leading to joint stiffness, swelling, and loss of mobility. It is expected that the prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) will be higher in developing nations due to rising life expectancy and limited access to joint replacement therapy. The increasing incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is an important issue around the world because they are the leading cause of disease, disability, and mortality. Multiple factors, including modifiable and non-modifiable factors, contribute to OA. Among the various forms of osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis has the highest prevalence. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to assess the magnitude and associated factors of knee osteoarthritis among orthopedic outpatient department (OPD) patients who visited the selected governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024. Methods: An institution- based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 01 to June 15, 2024, at three governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa. Study subjects were selected using a systematic sampling technique by using K interval for sample size allocated for each hospital. The data were collected by using a pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The collected data were exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26.0 for analysis. Binary logistic regression test was used to test the associations between dependent and independent variables which will be followed by multivariate binary logistic regression for categorical variables. Result: In this study, the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) at the three governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa was found to be 7.5%. From the total 13 patients bilateral knee involvement was 9(5.2%) and mechanical pain was the major sign and symptom. About 11 (6.4%) developed complications, with the majority experiencing knee deformity and complications related to other chronic diseases. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age (40-54) (AOR =130.628(CI 1.433-11.905), sex (AOR= 0.036 CI 0.003-0.465), standing working condition (AOR = 0.043, CI=0.003-0.562) and working hour greater than eight (AOR=0.090 CI 0.008-0.965) were significantly associated with KOA. Conclusion: The present study showed that the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in our study area is 7.5%, which is relatively lower than reported prevalence studies from other countries. Key words: Osteoarthritis, Knee osteoarthritis, Magnitude, Associated facto
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    Project Paper on Risk of Birth Defects Associated with in Utero Exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs
    (Addis abeba, 2013-04-01) Amsalu Taye; Mekbeb Afework
    associated with in utero exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs
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    Prevalence and Associated Factors of TBI Among Trauma Patients Admitted to the Adult Emergency Departments of three Governmental Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-01-23) Agumas Shibabaw; Abay Mulu
    Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and commonly occurs in low- and middle-income countries. The occurrence of TBI in the world around 54 million to 60 million people each year. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of patients with TBI admitted to the emergency departments of three governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022. Methods and Materials: The study was conducted in three governmental hospitals at Menelik, Yekatit 12, and Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study is a hospital-based cross-sectional retrospective by design. A structured questionnaire was prepared to collect data from the medical records of patients at the emergency department. Data was entered into an Open Data Kit (ODK) exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 for analysis then the findings were presented using a bar graph, a pie chart, and tables. Results: One hundred forty-one trauma patients were studied, of whom 85 (60.3%) were male and 85 (39.7%) females. The median (IQR) age of the patients was 43.3% (25–44) [SD = 1.007, 95% CI]. The prevalence of traumatic brain injuries was 34.6%, with RTA accounting for 40.4% of all head injuries, followed by violence at 32.6%, fall at 17.7%, and 9.2% were others. Alcohol drinkers (AOR = 1.088, 95% CI), khat chewers (AOR = 1.947, 95% CI), labour workers (AOR = 3.633, 95% CI), low-income levels (AOR = 3.686, CI), and medium-income levels (AOR = 2.060, CI) are all significantly associated with traumatic brain injury. The severity of the traumatic brain injury was 46.8% mild, 34.8% moderate, and 18.4% severe. Conclusion: The prevalence of traumatic brain injury was 34.6%. The most common cause of traumatic brain injuries was found to be road traffic accidents. The severity of TBI was mild. Being male, alcohol drinkers, khat chewers, labour workers, those with unable to read and write, having low- and medium-income levels put them at high risk for traumatic brain injury
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    Prevalence and Pattern of Major Limb Amputation and its Associated Factors Among Patients Admitted to Pediatric and Adult Orthopedic Wards at Three Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2023-01) Abdi Uka; Abay Mulu
    Limb Amputation (LA) is a surgical procedure for the removal of a limb which is indicated when limb recovery is impossible. It is one of the oldest surgical procedures with a history of over 2500 years. It is estimated that 1.2 million individuals are living with an amputation; and that 185,000 are performed each year worldwide. In Ethiopia most prior research concerning limb amputation has focused almost exclusively on lower limb amputation and there is little information regarding the prevalence of limb amputation. Objectives: To assess the prevalence, and pattern of limb amputation and its associated factors among patients admitted to pediatric and adult orthopedic wards at three public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 Methods and Materials: Institutional based cross-sectional retrospective study design had been conducted from September 11, 2020, to August 28, 2022. A serial number on patient registration book from adult and pediatric orthopedic wards of selected hospitals was used to select MRN numbers of patient charts randomly. Data was entered into the Open Data Kit (ODK), a data collection tool’s latest version, and stored on kobo tool. Then the data was exported to SPSS version 26 for statistical analysis. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression tests were done to analyze Factors associated with major limb amputation by considering a statistical significance level of 5%, and 95% confidence interval (CI) Results: During the study period, a total of 3,236 patients underwent surgery and among them medical records of 422 cases were selected from
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    Prevalence of Cervical Spondylosis and its Associated Factors Among Symptomatic Adult Patients Attending Referral Hospital in Ethiopia 2023
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-01-24) Beyan Abduljewad; Binyam Ayele
    Background: Cervical spondylosis is a comprehensive term that describes age-related chronic degenerative diseases that result in neck pain, tingling in the arms, and possible myelopathic-associated paralysis. Methods and Materials: The study was conducted at the Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) neurology and rheumatology clinic from May 1, 2022, to December 30, 2022. A 2-year retrospective hospital-based design was implemented. The source population was all spondylosis patients. The study population was all cervical spondylosis patients with complete clinical and imaging data from January 2020 to January 2022, and a total of 339 were selected randomly. Data was collected using the Open Data Kit and the internet-based Kobo Toolbox and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Mean, median, and standard deviation for continuous data and a frequency table for categorical data A bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to see the association between dependent and independent variables. Statistical significance was considered at a level of 5% significance and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% CI. Result: During the study period, 2176 degenerative spinal disease patients were diagnosed. Of these, the medical records of 339 cases were taken using simple random sampling. Among study participants, 189 (55.8%) were female and 150 (44.2%) were male. The mean age of patients was 54.9 years, with an SD of 10.044. The prevalence of cervical spondylosis was 97 (28.5%), which is the second most common next to lumbar spondylosis (199.5%). 40 (11.8%) had both cervical and lumbar spondylosis, and 3 (0.9%) had thoracic spondylosis. The odds of having cervical spondylosis among females were higher with an AOR of 2.959 (CI: 1.445–6.060; p =.003), and the age group between 40 and 59 was also higher with an AOR of 2.011 (CI: 1.164–6.240; p =.000); smokers with an AOR of 2.02 (CI: 1.843–11.0242; p =.008); and current alcohol intake with an AOR of 2.83 (CI: 1.520–6.0) Conclusion: The prevalence of cervical spondylosis (CS) was relatively high compared to the reported literature. In Korea, Bangladesh (Punjab), India (population), China, Nigeria, and Sweden, the prevalence was: 47.8, 47, 17.2, 13.8; 10.7; and 0.035 percent, respectively. The risk of CS increases with age in both sexes, and females were once mostly affected by cervical spondylosis.