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Item Anatomical profile of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders among patients attending physiotherapy unit of Tikur Anbesa specialized Hospital Ethiopia(Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-12) Abiy, Sisay; Seyoum, Girma (Associate Professor of Anatomy)Background: Neurological and musculoskeletal disorders can affect different body parts and anatomical structures. Physiotherapy is used in a multitude of disease conditions including musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. It has proved beneficial not only by making patients independent, but also by making them live their life with dignity and confidence. Objective: The intention of this study was to assess the anatomical profile of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders among patients attending physiotherapy unit of Tikur Anbessa specialized Hospital (TASH), Ethiopia 2018. Material and Method: Institution based retrospective cross sectional study was carried out at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) on charts of Patients presented to physiotherapy unit from May 1-31, 2018. The sample size was 355. The study participants were neurological and musculoskeletal patient visiting physiotherapy unit of TASH. The collected data were entered into the Epi-Data version 4.2 and then exported to statistical package for social science (SPSS) 21 for analysis. Frequency table, percentage and graphs presented categorical data. Chi-square (χ2) test was applied to see if there was any association between the different variables. Result: The study participants were comprised of 342 samples among them 192 (56.1 %) were male and 150 (43.9 %) were female. Most 84 (24.6%) of the patients, were between the age group of 45 and 59 years. In this study, neurological disorders were (55.3%) and musculoskeletal disorders (38.6%) were most prevalent. In this study lower limb 109 (31.9%), Back 67 (19.6%) and upper limb 59 (17.3 %) were the first three most affected anatomical regions. Inter Vertebral Disc (IVD) 88 (27.9%), Bone 66 (19.3 %) and joint 55 (17.5%) were the first three most affected structures. Among traumatic cause of disorder Road Traffic Accident RTA (45%) was the leading cause and it was followed by falling (19%) on the other hand Degenerative Disc Disorder (DDD) 94 (37.6 %) and Ostio Arthritis (OA) 32 (12.8 %) were among non-traumatic causes. Conclusion: The finding of this study shows that neurological and musculoskeletal disorders were common disorders. Lower limb and back were the most affected anatomical regions. IVD and bone were the most affected anatomical structures. RTA and Falling were among the common traumatic causes of musculoskeletal and neurologic disorders while DDD, OA and stroke were among non-traumatic causes.Item Anatomical Variations of Sphenoid Sinus: A Radiological Evaluation(Addis Abeba University, 2019-04) Kinfe, Tizita; Mulu, Abay(Ass. Prof. in Anatomy)Background:- Sphenoid sinus is an important structure localized in the body of the sphenoid bone. The sphenoid bone composes of the body, the lesser and greater wings and the pterygoid plates. The sinus is formed in the body of the sphenoid bone between the anterior and middle cranial fossa and it is surrounded by more vital structures than any other sinus. Aim:-This prospective observational study aims to determine and report the anatomical variations of sphenoid sinus by using CT scan examination. Materials and Methods:-the retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Radiology, Tikur Anbesa Teaching Hospital and it considers 200 subjects from age group 18 up to 79 years. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the mean, frequency and proportion of variables describing variations. 95% Confidence Interval for the proportions was presented and Chi square test was used to calculate the p-value; and p-value < 0.05 is considered significant. Result: - One hundred and seventeen (58.5%) were females with the mean age (±SD) 43 (±14.5) years. Conchal type of pneumatization was seen in 2%, presellar 25.5%, sellar 50% and 22.5% postsellar pneumatization. Single complete septa is seen in 77.5%, single incomplete in 11.5%, double septa is found in 10% and no septa is found in 1% of the cases. Conclusion:- Sellar type of pneumatization is the commonest type of pneumatization seen in the study population and single complete septa is commonest type of septum that separate the si nus in to right and left halves.Item Anthropometric Assessment of Magnitude of Malnutrition and Severity among Hemodialysis Patients in Selected Governmental Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2019-04) Getu, Degu; Mulu, Abay(Ass. Prof. in Anatomy)Background : Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem and one of the chronic non communicable diseases which affects over 500 million people worldwide. End stage renal disease refers to a state of advanced chronic kidney disease, where lifelong dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary to sustain a reasonable quality of life and survival. Malnutrition is common and the major risk factor of mortality of hemodialysis patients. Anthropometry, edema- free weight, body mass index, and subjective global assessment are valid and clinically useful tools for overall nutritional assessment. Objective : To assess magnitude of malnutrition among hemodialysis patients using upper arm anthropometry in selected Addis Ababa Governmental hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods and Materials : Institution based cross sectional study was conducted from May 1 to September 30, 2018 on a total of 80 patients from dialysis units of three selected Addis Ababa Governmental Hospitals. Nutritional status was assessed by Anthropometric and biochemical measurements. The ISRNM criteria were used to diagnose Malnutrition. The data was entered into Epi data 3.1 and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. The results were summarized in the form of proportions and tables. Analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables.Means between groups were compared by Independent t-test. Result: The mean age was 38.91±13.00 years with a sex ratio of 1.67 in favor of men. The mean Body mass index was computed 20.31±3.73kg/m 2 , mean Mid upper arm circumference (20.37±2.40 cm), mean Mid upper arm muscle circumference (19.408± 3.449 cm), and the mean arm muscle area was (31.4± 9.58 cm 2 ). The study revealed that Malnutrition was noted in 15% of the patients according to ISRNM criteria of malnutrition or protein energy wasting, while 30% of the female patients were malnourished. BMI and other upper arm anthropometric measurements were significantly correlated with each other and with ISRNM parameter. Conclusion : Malnutrition is high among maintenance hemodialysis patients in Addis Ababa and it was more common in female patients than their male counterparts. The upper arm anthropometric measurements were significantly correlated with ISRNM and, with each other in describing the nutritional status of the maintenance hemodialysis patients and can be helpful in determining nutritional status.Item Assessment of age at menarche and menstrual cycle pattern among adolescent school girls in GamoGofa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia(2018-11) Boshe, Mengistu; Mulu, Abay(Assistant Professor in Anatomy)Background: The onset of menstruation is part of the maturation process. However, variability in age at menarche, menstrual cycle characteristics, factors that affect onset of menstruation and related disorders are common.Knowledge on this variability is necessary for patient education and to guide clinical evaluation. VII Objective:To assess the age at menarche and menstrual cycle patterns among adolescent school girls in GamoGofa zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methodology:Across-sectional study design was conducted in two towns called Chencha and A/Minch between May–June 2017 in Southwest Ethiopia.Systematic samplingtechnique was used to select 613 school girls from two secondary schools. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire.Data was entered and cleaned to Epi-data software version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 22 for analysis. Descriptive data analysis was done first using frequency, percentage, cross tabulation, median and mean. Table and graphs were used for data presentation. Result The ages of the study subjects range between 13 and 19 years with a mean of 16.02 ± 1 year and median of 16.00. The average age at menarche by recall method was 14.17±1 years. The mean age at menarche was 0.5 years younger for urban (13.98 ± 0.9) females compared with rural(14.48 ± 1.2) ones. The mean menarcheal age difference between A/Minch town (13.97 ±1) and Chencha town (14.36 ± 1) school student girls was 0.39 with p-value < 0.001.The menstrual cycles were irregular in 112 (18.3 %) of the subjects. A cycle length between 21 and 35 days was observed in 52.1% of the girls. The mean duration of flow was 3.74 ± 1.2 days with a range of 1-9 days. The overall prevalence of dysmenorrhoea was 75.5% among the participants. Premenstrual symptoms were present in 428 of the females (69.8%). In the adjusted odds ratio, adolescents who were living in urban areas were 2.42 times earlier probability to see menarche as compare to adolescent school girls who living in rural areas(AOR= 2.42, 95% CI: 1.59, 3.69). In the adjusted odds ratio, adolescents who were living in ArbaMinch town were 2.08 times earlier probability to see menarche as compare to adolescent school girls who living in Chencha town (AOR= 2.08, 95% CI: 1.36, 3.18). Conclusion:In this study age of menarche was found to be earlier than the study conducted in the same country with the different region, but higher than in the same region in different population and time in Ethiopia. A significant number of students complain of the abnormal menstrual cycle, dysmenorrhoea and premenstrual symptoms which call for appropriate counseling and management.Item Assessment of Reliability of Greulich and Pyle (Gp) Method for Determination of Age of Children at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, East Gojjam Zone(Addis Abeba University, 2016-03) Tsehay, Binalfew; Afework, Mekbeb (PhD)Introduction: The significance of chronological age has gained salience in response to the development of laws and policies that rely on age as a marker or boundary. Skeletal age, or bone age, is the most common measure for biological maturation of the growing human. Greulich & Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse (TW2) are the most prevalently employed skeletal age techniques today. However, the applicability of the Greulich & Pyle standards to populations which differ from their reference population is often questioned. Objectives: To assess reliability of Greulich and Pyle (GP) method for determination of age of children at Debre Markos referral hospital, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. Subjects and methods: Hospital based cross sectional study design was applied to children coming to Debre Markos referral hospital from May to October 2015 GC who are fulfilling inclusion criteria of the study. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and medcalc version 15 software. Significance was set at α= 0.05. Results: A total of 108 radiographs were analyzed. Mean skeletal age values are generally less than the corresponding chronological age. 64% of males and 63% of females sample CA were under estimated. The mean under-estimation was 11.8 months in the female sample and 8.7 months in the male sample. Although significant correlations were found to exist between SA and CA (p = .000), there was a significant difference between CA and SA (male, p = 0.0196; female, p = 0.0029). These differences occurred at 14, 19, 20, 21 and 22 years of age in females and 21 and 22 years of age in males.GP became inapplicable for the sample at 16 years for females and 16.5 years for males and later. Delay in skeletal maturation was observed in both sexes but the females in the sample are maturing earlier than the males. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest against the applicability of GP atlas and may not be directly applicable to an East Gojjam zone population. Recommendation: Large scale researches should be planned and nationwide guideline and atlas which can easily be used throughout the country should be developed. Key words: chronological age, bone age, Greulich & PyleItem Assessment of the Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors with Pediatric Hydrocephalus in Selected Diagnostic Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2020-09) Mulugeta, Blein; Dr.Seyoum, Girma (Ph.D., Associate Professor of Anatomy); Dr.Mekonnen, Abebe(Radiologist, andNeuroradiologist; Assistant Professor of Radiology)Background: Hydrocephalus (HCP) is defined as pathophysiology with disturbed CSF. Neither qualitatively nor quantitatively are there adequate data to determine the prevalence and incidence of HCP in the developing world. HCP is a treatable condition that when left untreated, has fatal consequences. Objective: The objective of this study, therefore, was to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors in pediatric HCP in selected diagnostic centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional facility-based study was conducted over a retrospective and prospective data collection periods. Children aged 5 years and below who came to the four selected diagnostic centers for MRI and CT examination were studied. The collected data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Result: The retrospective study included 639(58%) males, 432 (42%) females, and 753 (68.4%) infants were aged younger than 24 months. The mean age calculated was 22.3 months. Children diagnosed with HCP were 245 (22.3%); of these HCP cases, 153(62.4%) were classified as noncommunicating HCP. Aqueductal stenosis, 17.9% was found to be the most common cause associated with congenital HCP. This study identified infants aged younger than 24 months to be significantly associated with HCP (P<0.05). Regarding the gender and age distribution of the prospective study, 57(57.6%) males, 42 (42.4%) females, mean age of 24.9 months, and 60 (60.6%) infants aged younger than 24 months were included. Children diagnosed with HCP were 23 (23.2%); of these HCP cases, 13(56.5%) were classified as non-communicating HCP. This study also found Aqueductal stenosis 26.1% as the most common cause associated with congenital HCP. Inadequate consumption of folic acid, usage of the folic acid supplement after conceiving, and familial association of HCP were all found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the high prevalence of HCP was due to the high prevalence of Aqueductal stenosis and NTD; with a small contribution of post-infectious causes. The majority of infants who present with HCP are aged younger than 24months.Item Association between foot type and podoconiosis: comparative cross-sectional study,North west,Ethiopia,2018/19.(Addis Abeba University, 2020-01) Argachew, Yikeber; Dr.Seyoum, Girma(Ph.D., Associate professor)Background: Podoconiosis is neglected tropical diseases of foot; that affects barefooted subsistence farmers who have long term exposure for volcanic red soils. In earlier studies the diseases is assumed to be caused by genetic –environment interaction. The fact that the diseases are multi factorial in origin and not all barefooted individuals develop podoconiosis initiates the researcher to investigate which type of foot is more liable to develop podoconiosis. Methodology: Comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted in Gojjam North west Ethiopia using standard clinical (FPI-6) measurements for control groups and digital radiographic (angular) measurements for cases to determine foot type. Univarate, bivarate and multivariate analysis was used. Result: A total of 144 households with 144 members aged 18 years and above were included in the study. Almost all patients (99.0%) were in the age group 15-64 (the age group that includes economically active individuals in Ethiopia), did not read or write (65.0%), and were farmers (87.0%). Those who are illiterate, un married were more affected by podoconiosis (AOR = 3.378, p=0.079 and AOR = 8.664, p = 0.027). The average monthly income is the other finding which is associated with podoconiosis development (AOR =0.999, p< 0.001). Individuals who were shoes early in their life are less likely to develop podoconiosis (1.075, p = 0.018). The population with low and high arched are more likely to develop podoconiosis (AOR = 2.096 and AOR=15.383) respectively. Discussion: In our study low and high arched community members who are above age eighteen are more likely to develop podoconiosis. This may be the low arched foot exposes individuals in more surface area to volume ratio for the ground so that the chance of the silica to penetrate the foot will be increased where as for those who are high arched individuals the plantar pressure between the foot and the ground is high than other foot types that may again give the opportunity for red silica to penetrate the skin of the foot. Conclusion and recommendation: The study winds up with individuals who have low arched foot are more affected with podoconiosis than other foot types. The findings of the study also reassure podoconiosis affects more the poor and illiterate population than the rich and literate population. For this the researcher suggests large scale combination of foot parameters and genetics should be done for developing effective management of podoconiosisItem Clinical profile and patterns of extremity fractures among patients visiting orthopedics department in Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-08) Tiruneh, Chalachew; Seyoum, Girma (Associate Professor in anatomy)Background: Fracture is a loss in the structural continuity of bone which results from injury, repetitive stress, or abnormal weakening of the bone (a „pathological‟ fracture). Globally, injury continues to be an important cause of morbidity, disability and mortality both in the developed and developing countries. Around the world, 5.8 million people die every year, and about 16000 people die from injuries every day. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical profile and patterns of extermity fractures among patients visiting orthopedics department in TASH, Ethiopia. Material and Method: Institutional based retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in TASH from April, 2018- June 2018. The sample size was 354. The study participants were extermity fracture patients who visited orthopedic department of TASH. The data was entered into Epi-Data 4.2 and then exported to SPSS 21 for analysis. Categorical data was presented in frequency table, percentage and graphs. Chi-square (χ2) test was applied to see if there was any association between the different variables. Results: The study participant comprised of 251(73.6%) male and 90 (26.4%) female resulting in a male to female ratio of 2. 8: 1. Most of the victims, 111 (32.6%), were in between the age of 15 and 29 years. Lower extremity fracture (65.6%) was more common than upper extremity (34.7%). The femur (23.7 %) was the commonest fractured bone in the extremity across all age group. The common patterns of fractures were transverse type which accounted for (35.5 %). The leading causes of fractures were road traffic injuries (RTIs) (42.2%) followed by falling down accidents (29.6%). The Cause of fracture and number of bone fracture were found to be statistically significant association with age group at p<0.05. Conclusion: The most common fractured bone in the extremities was femur followed by tibia and fibula together. Transverse factures followed by communited type of fractures were the commonest patterns of fracture. The leading cause of fracture was road traffic injury followed by falling down accidents.Item Common Types and Patterns of Bone Fractures and Their Prevalence in Road Traffic Accident Victims Visiting Governmental Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(2017-12) Asefa, Adisu; Seyoum, Girma(Dr.)Background: Road traffic injuries are among the leading causes of preventable death and life-long disability globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that about 1.24 million people die annually on the world’s roads, with 20–50 million sustaining non-fatal injuries. Objective of the study: The objective of this research was to assess common types and patterns of bone fractures and their prevalence in RTA victims visiting Addis Ababa Governmental Hospitals. Materials and Methods: Institution based retrospective cross sectional study was carried out in in Addis Ababa Governmental Hospitals. The sample size was 384 and 5 hospitals were selected from 11 governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa. The data was entered into EPI data manager version 3.3 and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. The results were summarized in the form of proportions and frequency tables for categorical variables. P-values were computed for categorical variables using Chi-square (χ2) test. Bivariate analysis was carried out to distinguish the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Results: Out of 13,526 road traffic accident victims, 384 road traffic accident victims were included in the study. The study participants comprised of 263 (68.5 %) men and 121 (31.5 %) women. Majority of the injured victims were pedestrians (232, 60.4%). Extremities and the head were the most common body regions injured accounting for 45.1 % and 20.6 % of cases respectively. Soft tissue injuries accounts for 227(59.1%) and fractures 92(24%) were the most common patterns of injured regions. The most common site of fracture was the lower limb which accounted for (55.6%). There was statistically significant association between the age of RTA victims and multiple site bone fractures; (Pearson correlation (r=+ 0.264) and P= 0.037). Conclusion: The current study shows diverse injury characteristics among the victims of RTA attending Addis Ababa Governmental Hospitals. The findings reflect that road traffic accident is a major public health problem. The age group that is most frequently involved in RTAs is the 15-34 years old group. Majority of the victims in this study were pedestrian. The extremities and the head were the most common body regions injured.Item Composition and Evaluation of Acute, Subacute, and Developmental Toxicity of Essential oil and Developmental Toxicity of aqueous crude extracts of Thymus schimperi in Wistar Albino rats; In vivo and In-Silico Toxicity Studies.(Addis Abeba University, 2021-08) Adane, Fentahu(Phd); Dr.Seyoum, Girma(Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, AAU)ABSTRACT Background:In Ethiopian traditional medicine, the aerial part of Thymus schimperi is widely used to treat diseases such as gonorrhea, cough, liver disease, kidney disease, hypertension, stomach pain, and fungal skin infections. In addition, theyhave been used as vegetables to flavor a broad variety of food products. However, there is an insufficient investigation of the toxic effect of T. schimperi. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the acute, sub-acute, developmental, and in-silico toxicity of the essential oil,as well as the developmental toxicity of the aqueous crude extract of T. schimperi on the Wistar albino rats. Method: The aqueous extracts of T. schimperi leaves were prepared.Essential oil of the aerial part of T. schimperiwas extracted by hydrodistillation and was analyzed by GC-MS. The oil was subjected to toxicity studies. In the acute toxicity study, rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=5). The control group received the vehicle (distilled water and 2% tween 80)whereas the experimental groups received single doses of 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500, and 2 000 mg/kg of vehicle dissolved essential oil. In the sub-acute toxicity study, rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=10). The control group received the vehicle whereas the experimental groups received vehicle-dissolved doses of 65 mg/kg, 130 mg/kg, and 260 mg/kg of oil orally for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for hematology and clinical chemistry evaluation. Gross pathology and histopathology of the liver and the kidneys were also evaluated. For the in-silico toxicity study, PubChem CID numbers of GC-MS identified bioactive compounds in essential oils of T. schimperi have been obtained from PubChem. Chemdraw (8.0) was used to construct the two-dimensional structure of the compounds. The Swiss ADMET web tool was used to convert the two-dimensional structures into a simplified molecular-input line input system (SMILES). Furthermore, the toxicity parameters were predicted via Protox II, vNN, and ADMET servers. For aqueous and essential oil extracts developmental toxicity experiments, five groups of Wistar albino rats, each consisting of ten pregnant rats, were used as experimental animals. For the aqueous crude extract developmental toxicity study, the rats in groups III-V were given 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg extract of T.schimper, respectively. On the other hand, in the essential oil developmental toxicity study, the doses 65 mg/kg, 130mg/kg, and 260 mg/kg of the essential extract of T. schimperi were administered forIII-V groups, respectively. Group I and II were negative and ad libitum controls for both experiments. Similarly, Embryos and fetuses were revealed on days 12 and 20 of gestation, respectively. The embryos were examined for developmental delays or growth retardation. Gross external, skeletal, and visceral anomalies in the fetuses were examined. Histopathological examination was carried out on the placenta from both the treatment and control groups. Results: In this study, the LD of the essential oil of T. schimperi was found to be 1284.2 mg/kg. According to the World Health Organization, the oil is classified as moderately hazardous in its oral administration. In the subacute toxicity study, rats showed no significant changes in behavioral indices, gross pathology, body weight, biochemical, and in most hematological parameters. However, hematological profiles showed a significant decrement in 50WBC counts and a significant increment of MCV in high dose (260 mg/kg) groups as compared to the control group. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the control and essential oil-treated groups, observed in the gross and histopathology of the liver and the kidneys. In the in-silico toxicity study, all compounds derived from essential oil showed no cardiac toxicity (h-ERG Blocker), AMES (Ames Mutagenicity), and cytotoxicity via Pro Tox II, ADMET, and vNN-ADMET toxicity predictors. However, by using these servers, from the total 57 compounds, around 21% showed carcinogenicity, 8.8% showed hepatotoxicity, 3.5% caused drug-induced liver injury, 3.5% showed immunotoxicity, and only 1.75 % were potentially toxic to the mitochondrial membrane. In the aqueous crude extract developmental toxicity study, on embryo day 12, the number of somites and the morphological scores in the high-dose treatment group were significantly lower than the control groups. Similarly, the number of implantation sites, fetal weight, fetal resorption, CRL, and placental weightwere also significantly lower in the high dose (2000 mg/kg)treatment group. The mean numbers of implantation sites in the pair-fed control group and the high dose(2000 mg/kg)group were 11.1 ± 0.76 and 8.01 ± 0.45, respectively. Similarly, in the middle dose (1000 mg/kg)and high dose (2000 mg/kg)groups, the developments of the otic and olfactory systems were significantly delayed. Furthermore, in the high dose group (2000 mg/kg), the developmental score of optic system, the number of branchial bars, and the maxillary and mandibular processes were significantly lower than the control groups. Treatment with the aqueous extract of the T.schimpericaused no skeletal or soft tissue malformations. In an essential oil developmental toxicity study, the developmental socres of fetal resorptions, crown-rump length, the number of somites, and morphological scores were significantly lower in 12-day-old rat embryos treated with 260 mg/kg of the extract. There was also a significant delay in the developments of the otic system, olfactory system, and a reduction in the number of branchial bars in day-12 embryos treated with 260 mg/kg of the oil.However, external morphological examinations of rat fetuses revealed no detectable structural abnormalities. The fetal skull, vertebrae, hyoid, forelimb, and hindlimb ossification centers did not differ significantly across all groups. Moreover, treatment with the essential oil caused no skeletal or soft tissue malformations. Although the difference was not statistically significant, fetuses of high-dose treated rats had a reduced number of ossification centers in the caudal vertebrae and hind limp phalanges.There were no significant histopathological changes in placentas in either the crude aqueous extract or the essential oil experiments. Although the difference was not statistically significant, placentas from high-dose essential oil treatment rats had increased decidual cystic degeneration, thrombosis in the intervillous spaces, and decidual cellular apoptosis. Similarly, in the essential oil experiment, capillary dilation and terminal villi proliferation increased dosedependently. Conclusion: From this study, oral administration of the essential oil T. shimperi up to a dose of 130 mg/kg is not harmful. However, in the high-dose (260 mg/kg) group, the WBC count was significantly decreased and the MCV was significantly increased. In the in-silico toxicity study,most of the components of the oil were found to be nontoxic although a few of the compounds showed carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity,immunotoxicity and mitochondrial membrane potential toxicity.The crude aqueous and essential oil extracts of T. shimperi at high doses have a detrimental effect on the development of rat embryos and fetuses. Its developmental toxicity is evidenced by significant delays in fetal and embryonic development, a decrease in the number of implantation sites, and an increase in fetal resorption. Furthermore, administration of the aqueous crude and essential oil extracts in higher doses resulted in a significant decrease in placenta weight, and litter weight. It is, therefore, essential to conducting chronic toxicity of the essential oil as well as its components which showed toxicity in the in- silico study before using preparations containing T. schimperi essential oil as drugs. In addition, the present study provided evidence that using the T.schimperi extracts in a high dose could affect the developing embryo and fetus. Thus, it is recommended to discourage the use of crude and essential oil extracts in high doses.Item Correlation between Patterns of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings and Clinical Features in Patients with Low Back Pain due to Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease, Attending Orthopedics and Neurology Outpatient Clinic in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021.(Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Godanna, Dureti; Afework, Mekbeb(Professor); Dr.Lambisso, Biruk (Associate Professor and department head of Orthopedics); Dr.Kebede, Eskinder(Associate Professor); Dr.Degefu, HailegebrielBackground: Low back pain(LBP) is defined as pain coming from between the lower rib margins and the gluteal folds. It is usually accompanied by pain and neurological symptoms in the lower limbs. Lumbar degenerative disc disease constitutes a group of degenerative pathologic changes that are almost universal with increasing age and are a common cause of mechanical low back pain. There were contradictory reports regarding the correlation of MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) findings with clinical presentations. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between patterns of MRI findings and clinical features in patients with low back pain due to lumbar degenerative disc disease(LDDD) at Ortho-spine unite, in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital(TASH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from April 1, 2020, to March 30, 2021. Method: Hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in TASH, with a randomly selected sample of 246 patients from April 1, 2020, to March 30, 2021. Data was collected using Kobo Toolbox version 1.27.3 and exported to SPSS Windows 25 for analysis. Chi-square test, Bivariable, and Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were applied to evaluate the association of different variables. Result: Of the total patients, 56.5% had radiculopathy, 6.1% had extremity weakness and 4.5% had bowel and bladder incontinence. Disc herniation was present in 82.9%, disc degeneration in 54.1%, neural foraminal stenosis in 56.6% and spinal canal stenosis in 44.3%. Spinal canal stenosis was significantly associated with age (age 40-59 [AOR=2.19, 95% CI (1.119-4.287)] & age >60 [AOR=3.7, 95% CI (1.753-7.691)] and radiculopathy, [AOR=2.4, CI (1.388-4.072)]. Neural foraminal stenosis was significantly associated with age [age >60, AOR=3.425, 95% CI (1.560-7.519)], radiculopathy [AOR=2.7, 96%, CI (1.554-4.738)]. Neural foraminal stenosis was also significantly associated with the SLR(straight leg raise) test [AOR=2.0, 95% CI (1.0264.083)]. Conclusion: There is an association between MRI findings and the clinical presentation of patients. Spinal canal stenosis and neural foraminal stenosis were associated with radiculopathy and older age. The lower lumbar levels are highly affected by DDD due to the higher mechanical stress at this level. Radiculopathy is the most frequent clinical presentation accompanying LBP, and Disc herniation was the commonest degenerative finding.Item Determinants of Placental Abruption among Pregnant Women who attended Tikur Anbessa Specialized and Gandhi Memorial Hospitals: Institution Based Unmatched Case Control Study(Addis Abeba University, 2021-10) Bazezezw, Tsega-ayehu; Prof.Afework, Mekbeb(Professor); Dr.Mengesha, Abdu (MD, Assistant professor)Background: Placental abruption, also known as premature separation of placenta, is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in low resource settings. Despite its negative maternal and fetal outcome, the determinant factors of placental abruption have not been sufficiently studied. Objective: This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with placental abruption among pregnant women who attended Tikur Anbessa Specialized and Gandhi Memorial Hospitals Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021. Methods: A Hospital-based retrospective unmatched case control study was employed at Tikur Anbessa Specialized and Gandhi Memorial Hospitals by reviewing medical chart of women admitted for 3 years from September 11, 2017 – September 10 2020. Among which 376 women (188 cases and 188 controls) were included in the study. After data was collected by using Kobo Collect version 1.27.3 it was exported and analyzed using SPSS version 25. To identify determinants of Placental abruption, Bivariable and Multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were done. Statistical significance was considered at a level of significance of 5%, and an adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used. Result: Prevalence of PA was found to be 0.25% and six identified independent determinants of Placental abruption with AOR [95% CI] were identified. These were advanced maternal age (Age ≥35) [AOR=2.44; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.25], previous history of stillbirth [AOR=4.55; 95% CI: 1.11, 18.59], previous history of abortion [AOR=2.28; 95% CI: 1.22, 4.26], previous history of cesarean section [AOR=3.21; 95% CI: 1.64, 6.29], premature rupture of membranes [AOR=8.88; 95% CI: 3.27, 23.65] and preeclampsia [AOR=3.95; 95% CI: 1.54, 10.11]. Perinatal death among cases was 22 (11.3%) whereas there was only one maternal death recorded (0.5%). Conclusion and Recommendations: Prevalence of Placental abruption was low and advanced maternal age, premature rupture of membranes, and preeclampsia, as well as previous histories of stillbirth, abortion and cesarean section, were identified as independent determinants of placental abruption. Practitioners responsible for prenatal monitoring must pay attention to risk factors during prenatal care to prevent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes that may associate with placental abruption.Item Effect of Chronic Khat Chewing on Mental Health, Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate in Hosanna Town, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2016-11) Getachew, Fikirte; Haile, Diresibachew (PhD)Khat chewing habit is widespread in Ethiopia with ever increasing socioeconomic and health anomalies. Compared to its acute effects, few studies have been conducted regarding its long-term effects on the mental health, blood pressure and pulse rate. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to assess level of mental distress, blood pressure and pulse rate among chronic khat chewers in Hosanna town, Ethiopia .To this end, data was collected from a total of 576 study participants of which 384 were khat chewers and 192 were non- chewers. Both cluster sampling and systematic random sampling methods were utilized to select study participants from the source population. World Health Organization Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) format was used to assess symptoms of mental distress and digital spygmomanometer was used to measure blood pressure and pulse rate among study participants. The result indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups with regards to blood pressure, pulse rate and mental health. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate of khat chewers was greater than non- chewers group.The mean systolic blood pressure was 134.33+14.33 for chewers and 104.99+12.48 mmHg for non-chewers group ,(p<0.001). The mean diastolic blood pressure was 90.77+ 14.66 for chewers and 68.04+8.27mmHg for non-chewers group, (p<0.001). The mean pulse rate was 104.46+19.69 for chewers and 72.33+10.39 beats /minute for non-chewers group, (p<0.001). Further more, this study found that statistically significant association between chewing khat and mental distress.Chi-square analysis showed that there was a statistically significant association between chewing khat and mental distress (p < 0.001).Thus, this study suggestes that khat chewers should stop this habit in order to avoid unnecessary expenditure of money and to maintain positive health.Item The Effect of Chronic Treatment of the Ethanolic Fruit Extract of Embelia Schimperi on Blood Parameters, and Liver and Kidney of Rats(Addis Abeba University, 2016-09) Zewdu, Mohamed; Makonnen, Eyasu (Professer)Embelia schimperi is a plant traditionally used for its medicinal value in many parts of the world including Ethiopia. There are several reports about the pharmacological properties of Embelia schimperi such as ethno-anthelminthics, and antibacterials. However, there are limited published reports about the possible toxicological effects of this plant especially long-term (chronic) toxicity. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic treatment of ethanolic extract of dried fruit of Embelia schimperi in rat models. Methods: The fruits of the plant were collected from Bahir Dar area; Ethiopia, dried, crushed into powder and soaked in 80% ethanol. The filtrate from each soaking was defatted and concentrated by a vacuum rotary evaporator to remove the solvents. The sample was set on a water bath of temperature 40oc to remove the remaining solvent (water). The final dried mass was weighed, packed in plastic cup and kept at -4oc until used. The extract was then orally administered to rats at doses of 400 and 1600mg/kg bwt/day for 24 weeks. Initial and final body weights and absolute weight of liver and kidney were recorded. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters. The animals were then sacrificed and dissected carefully to collect the liver and kidney for histopathological studies. Results: Ethanolic fruit extract of Embelia schimperi at doses of 400 & 1600 mg/kg bwt/day was not significantly associated with body weight change and relative organ weights of liver and kidney. From hematological and biochemical parameters, only platelets and AST concentration were significantly associated with fruit extract. The histopathological findings showed liver and kidney tissue inflammations among study groups. However, considerable inflammatory cells were observed in kidney sections of rats treated with 1600 mg/kg bwt/day as compared to the controls. Conclusion: Chronic treatment with ethanolic fruit extracts of Embelia schimperi in rats has not shown toxicity though there is significant change in platelets count and AST concentration. However, plant extract might have mild toxicity as indicated by inflammatory cells observed in kidney sections of rats. Key words: Embelia schimperi, Fruit, Ethanolic extract, Chronic Toxicity, Rats.Item Effect of Ethanol and Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk)on Cerebellar Cortex of the Rat(Addis Abeba University, 2004-12) Muche, Abebe; Makonnen, Eyasu (Professor)This experimental study included three age groups of rats: post natal day (PND) 6, 13 and 30. Each group contained control, ethanol treated (ET), khat treated (KT) and combination of khat and ethanol treated (CT) categories. They were treated with vehicle, ethanol and khat, respectively for 30 days using blunt needle. At the end of experiment, all the animals were scarified, their brain was dissected out and immersion fixed. The brain and cerebellum were separately weighed, and cerebellum was processed for routine histology and sectioned. The serially sectioned tissues of cerebellum was stained with toluidine blue and observed using light microscope. In the rats of all age groups, the body weight increment at the end of experimental period was significantly less in the treated ones than their respective controls at P< 0.01. Between the treated rats, this was less for the ET rats than the KT rats, although not statistically significant (P>0.05). Similarly, the weight of the brain as a whole and cerebellar weight, part of brain, of the treated rats were significantly less than their respective controls (P<0.01). These weights were also less for the ET rats than for the KT rats, though not statistically significant. In the rats of PND 6 group, the following results were found: The volume of cerebellar cortex as well as the total number of Purkinje neurons of the ET rats were significantly less than the controls and KT rats at P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the controls and KT rats. The numerical density and volume fractionof Purkinje neurons of ET rats was found to be significantly greater than those of control or KT rats (P<0.05). In addition, the numerical density and volume fraction of Purkinje neurons were greater in the KT rats than their corresponding controls, but no Xi statistically significant difference was observed. The mean diameter of Purkinje neurons was significantly less in the ET rats than in KT rats which in turn was significantly less than the control rats (P<0.01).In the rats of PND 13 and 30, the patterns of the results of all the different parameters investigated consistently followed those of the rats of PND 6 as summarized above, However, the values were found to be statistically non- significant. In addition, the results of all the parameters for the CT rats of PND 30 rats showed values in between KT and ET rats, though these were also statistically non- significant. However, CT rats of PND 6 and 13 died after two days of treatment. In conclusion, the study depicted that PND 6 is an extremely vulnerable period during which the rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons are particularly susceptible to the effect of high dose of ethanol. However, a similar level and duration of ethanol exposure commencing during PND 13 and 30 has no significant effect on the volume of cerebellar cortex, numerical density of Purkinje neurons, total number of Purkinje neurons and volume fraction of Purkinje neurons. Treatment of khat and combination of khat and ethanol is lethal at an early age, however it does not significantly change the above mentioned parameters at the latter ages (PND 30) Key words: Cerebellar cortex, Purkinje neurons, Stereology, Khat, Ethanol, Post natal dayItem The Effect of Melatonin in the Testes and Ovaries of Animal Models(Addis Abeba University, 2014-07) Assefa, Hafte; Gebru, Girmai (PhD)Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neurohormone synthesized and secreted primarily by the pineal gland during the dark hours at night. Other tissues and cells are also involved in its synthesis in the retina, gastrointestinal tract, lymphocytes and the skin. There has been increasing evidence that extrinsic doses of melatonin cause certain pharmaceutical, biochemical and physiological effects on the mammalian genital organs (such as in the testes and ovaries). It has an inhibitive effect on hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonads system. Furthermore, it increases the secretion of opioid peptides, which in turn decrease the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This project paper is designed to review and discuss scientific research articles regarding the effect of melatonin on the testes and ovaries of animal models. For these purpose different animal models, different time of exposure and different doses of melatonin administration was employed. As a result, the experimental animals treated with melatonin displayed inhibited spermatogenesis, tubular degeneration and necrosis, obstruction in tubular lumen and lymphocytic infiltration. In addition, melatonin administration caused marked reductions in absolute and relative testicular weight, size, serum testosterone concentration, atretic follicles and sperm of experimental animals. Though there was no difference in ovarian volume and relative ovarian weights, a differential count of various follicles has revealed significantly higher number of primordial, primary, secondary and antral follicles in melatonin treated rats. In the 90-day-old ovary, there was almost double the number of corpora lutea between control and melatonin programmed rats. Moreover, the histological effect of the testicular and ovarian damage increased with increased dosage of melatonin administration and with increased days after exposure to different doses of melatonin. Keywords: Antral follicles, Atretic follicles, Corpora lutea, Melatonin, Ovaries, spermatogenesis, Testes.Item The Effect of Solanum nigrum L. on Histopathology of Liver and Kidneys of Rats(Addis Abeba University, 2014-07) Teklehaimanot, Hadgu; Gebru, Girmai (PhD)Solanum nigrum L. is commonly called black nightshade that belongs to Solanaceae (potato) family. It is a fairly common herb or short-lived perennial shrub, found in many wooded areas, as well as disturbed habitats. Various experimental based scientific studies were conducted in order to investigate the efficacy and safety of S. nigrum extract. It was shown that this plant has various bioactive ingredients such as alkaloids, solanins, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroidal glycoalkaloids, steroidal genin and vitamins. These constituents are responsible for diverse activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and cytoprotective effects. In addition, these bioactive constituents have free radical scavenging capacity and anti-lipid peroxidation activities by stabilization of plasma membranes as well as repair of liver and kidney tissue damage. Moreover, the result of this review showed that S. nigrum whole plant extract and S. nigrum fruits extract have the capacity to reverse serum levels of ALP, ALT, AST and bilirubin of liver and kidney damages to near normal levels if pathological change occurs. The S. nigrum whole plant extract and S. nigrum fruits extract were found to be safe for the liver and kidney parameters up to 5ml/kg doses. But this extract would have been toxic above 5ml/kg which is considered to be elevated dose. So that safe dosage needs to be identified for children and pregnant women because children have less body resistance and pregnant women may be susceptible to abort since it may induce uterine contraction. Therefore, further studies are required to isolate the active ingredients from the extract of S. nigrum for proper drug development to treat the above mentioned health problems and to conduct further clinical trials.Item The Effect of Zinc Exposure on the Histology of Liver and Kidney(Addis Abeba University, 2014-07) Bekele, Afewerki; Seyoum, Girma (PhD)Zinc is one of the most important trace elements in the body that participates in the biological function of several proteins and enzymes. Despite the fact that small quantity of zinc is required for the normal development and metabolism, its effect is toxic when a certain concentration is exceeded. The aim of this paper is to review scientific literatures on the protective and toxic effect of zinc exposure on the histology of liver and kidney. The studies were evaluated in relation to dose of zinc, zinc combination with other toxic metals, duration of exposure, type of animal model used, method of study used and parameter used to measure protective effect of zinc against toxic metals and toxic effect of zinc alone. The different literatures reviewed in this paper used rats, mice, lambs, fishes, ducks. The literature reviewed showed that Zn administration together with Al, Cd, as well as organic solvent such as ethanol has a protective effect against Al, Cd induced toxicity in liver and kidney tissues and ethanol induced toxicity in liver tissue. On the other hand, as zinc dose level and duration of the exposure increases, it act as toxic metal to histology of liver and kidney. Key words: zinc, liver, kidneyItem The Effects of Chronic Treatment with DODONAEA ANGUSTIFOLIA Seed Extracts on some Hematological and Biochemical Composition of Blood and Histopathology of Liver and Kidney in Mice.(Addis Abeba University, 2010-06) Geneti, Soressa Abebe; Dr.Kinfu, Yamrot; Makonnen, Eyasu(Prof.); Dr.Ergete, Wondwossen; Urga, KelbessaIn Ethiopia many medicinal plants are used for the treatment of malaria including Dodonaea angustifolia seed with out considering their side effects. Therefore, the present study attempts to evaluate the chronic effect of crude extracts of D. angustifolia seeds on some hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver and kidney of mice. For the chronic treatment, animals were administered with the crude extracts of the plant through the oral route using oral gavage for six weeks at doses of 400 mg/kg/bw and 800 mg/kg/bw of the aqueous extract and 400 mg/kg/bw and 600 mg/kg of the methanolic extract. At the end of the experiment, all mice under treatment were sacrificed after blood collection for hematological and biochemical analysis and liver and kidney sections were randomly taken for tissue processing. The results of hematological and biochemical analysis as well as the microscopic examinations of the liver and kidney sections were compared with control groups. The hematological and biochemical results showed no statistically significant differences between the aqueous extract treated mice at both doses of 400 mg/kg/bw and 800 mg/kg/bw and the control group. In contrast, statistically significant elevation in ALT, AST, urea and creatinine were observed in methanolic extract treated mice at a dose of 600 mg/kg/bw as compared to the control group. Histopathological examinations of the liver and kidney sections of aqueous crude extract treated mice at both doses of 400 mg/kg/bw and 800 mg/kg/bw showed similar histological appearance as that of the control group except some focal inflammation were observed around central vein at dose of 800 mg/kg/bw of the aqueous extract of the plant. In contrast, significant histopathological changes were observed in liver and kidney sections of methanolic crude extract treated mice at dose of 600 mg/kg/bw with focal cellular infiltration around central vein of the liver sections at 400 mg/kg/bw showing the dose dependent effect of methanolic crude extract of the plant. In conclusion, the aqueous crude extract is safe to use at effective dose of 400 mg/kg/bw whereas the methanolic crude extract of D. angustifolia at the same effective dose (400 mg/kg/bw) as that of aqueous crude extract has slight toxic effect but adversely affects the biochemical parameter and histology of liver and kidney as the dose level increases to 600 mg/kg/bw. As the aqueous extract did not show adversity at the effective dose, it is recommended that medicinal plant users choose the aqueous extract of the plant. Further investigation is also recommended to isolate metabolites that may contribute the toxic effect of methanolic crude extract on liver and kidney.Item The effects of maternal age and parity on birth weight of a newborn among mothers with term and singleton delivery in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-10) Bekele, Alehegn; Seyoum, Girma (Associate professor of Anatomy)Background: Birth weight is the single most important factor determining survival, healthy growth and development of a newborn. An estimated sixteen percent of all babies born globally had low birth weight. Parity and maternal age have been shown to increase the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes, such as intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), prematurity, low birth weight and mortality. Objective of the study: The study was aimed at investigating the effects of maternal age and parity on birth weight of a term and singleton delivery. Materials and Methods: Institution based retrospective cross sectional study design was employed. The study was conducted in Tikur Anbessa specialized Hospital (TASH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Four thousand five hundred ninety mothers (4590) with term and singleton delivery in the period of June, 2015 to May, 2017 were included with their respective age at the time of delivery, gestational age (GA), parity, mode of delivery presentation during gestation, ANC follow-up, source of referral and birth weight of the child. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 statistical packages; binary logistic regression was carried out to determine the effect of maternal age and parity with respect tolow birth weight. Result: Grand multiparous women (parity≥5) had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.89at 95% confidence interval (CI =2.19, 6.93), which implies that their risk of giving low birth weight baby is 3.89 times greater than multiparous women (p=2-4). Nulliparous women (p=0) had anAOR of 0.23(at 95% CI= 0.19, 0.38), which reveals that they have no risk of having low birth weight baby compared to multiparous women. Primiparous (p=1) had an AOR of 0.22(95% CI, 0.16, 0.30), this shows that they have norisk of giving low birth weight baby as compared with multiparous women. The current study finding described that maternal age at 40s and above hadan AOR of 1.96(95%CI=1.22, 3.20), which implies that their risk of delivering low birth weight is 1.96 times greater than age groups of 30-34. However, other age groups were not significantly associated with low birth weight. The mean birth weight of newborns of study participants was 3075.41gm (mean SD). Conclusion: Risk of giving low birth weight baby was higher in grand multiparouswomen compared withmultiparous women. In contrast, primiparous and Nulliparous women have no risk of delivering low birth weight baby compared with multiparous women. Mothers with age 40s and above were associated with higher risk of delivering low birth weight newborn compared to age group of30-34.