Veterinary Epidemiology
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Epidemiology of Bovine Tuberculosis in East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Melezene Woyessa; Yasmin JibrilA cross-sectional study was conducted at Nekemte Abattoir and Horro-Guduru Cattle Breeding and Improvement Centre (HGCBIC) from September 2009 to May 2010 to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), and characterize its causative agents using post mortem examination, comparative interademal tuberculin (CIDT) test, bacteriological culturing, Zeihl Neelsen staining, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and region of difference-4 (RD4) deletion typing. To accomplish these objectives, 1,186 cattle were recruited into the study from Nekemete Abattoir and 500 cattle from HGCBIC. The prevalence of BTB was 5.9% (701186) at Nekemete Abattoir on the basis of gross lesion while it was 1.8% (9/500) at HGCBIC using ClDT test. There was no significant difference (X2=4. 75; P=0.079) in prevalence of BTB between Horro-Jersy cross breed and zebu (Horro) breed at HGCBIC. At Nekemete Abattoir, 70% of the gross lesion was detected in the thoracic cavity while 25% of the lesion was found in the abdominal cavity. Only 31.4% (22/70) of the suspicious lesions yielded colonies of which 19 were acid-fast positive. Further identification of these 19 isolates using multiplex PCR revealed that 17 isolates belong to the Genus Mycobacterium while the remaining two isolates did not show signal to the Genus. Of the 17 isolates that showed signal to the Genus Mycobacterium, 7 were members of Mycobacterium tuberclosis (M. tuberclosis) complex while the remaining 10 isolates were members of the non-M. tuberculosis complex. Further identification and characterization of the M.tuberclosis complex members using RD4 deletion typing identified four isolates with intact RD4 which could be either M. tuberculosis or M. africanum and three isolates with deleted RD4 thus confirmed to be M. bovis. In conclusion, TB lesions were caused by both the members of M. tuberculosis complex and the non-M. tuberclosis complex Mycohacteria. Hence, as the majority of the isolates were the non-M. tuberculosis complex members, the pathogenecity of these members in cattle needs further studyItem Epidemiology of Bovine Tuberculosis in East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Mezene Woyessa; Yasmin JibrilA cross-sectional study was conducted at Nekemte Abattoir and Horro-Guduru Cattle Breeding and Improvement Centre (HGCBIC) from September 2009 to May 2010 to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), and characterize its causative agents using post mortem examination, comparative interadermal tuberculin (CIDT) test, bacteriological culturing, Zeihl Neelsen staining, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and region of difference-4 (RD4) deletion typing. To accomplish these objectives, 1,186 cattle were recruited into the study from Nekemete Abattoir and 500 cattle from HGCBIC. The prevalence of BTB was 5.9% (701186) at Nekemete Abattoir on the basis of gross lesion while it was 1.8% (9/500) at HGCBIC using ClDT test. There was no significant difference (X2=4. 75; P=0.079) in prevalence of BTB between Horro-Jersy cross breed and zebu (Horro) breed at HGCBIC. At Nekemete Abattoir, 70% of the gross lesion was detected in the thoracic cavity while 25% of the lesion was found in the abdominal cavity. Only 31.4% (22/70) of the suspicious lesions yielded colonies of which 19 were acid-fast positive. Further identification of these 19 isolates using multiplex PCR revealed that 17 isolates belong to the Genus Mycobacterium while the remaining two isolates did not show signal to the Genus. Of the 17 isolates that showed signal to the Genus Mycobacterium, 7 were members of Mycobacterium tuberclosis (M. tuberclosis) complex while the remaining 10 isolates were members of the non-M. tuberculosis complex. Further identification and characterization of the M.tuberclosis complex members using RD4 deletion typing identified four isolates with intact RD4 which could be either M. tuberculosis or M. africanum and three isolates with deleted RD4 thus confirmed to be M. bovis. In conclusion, TB lesions were caused by both the members of M. tuberculosis complex and the non-M. tuberclosis complex Mycohacteria. Hence, as the majority of the isolates were the non-M. tuberculosis complex members, the pathogenecity of these members in cattle needs further studyItem Experimental Vaccine Development and Efficacy Trial Against Capsular Antigen of Mannheimia Haemolytica Serotypes A2, A7 and Their Combination(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Kuastros Mekonnen; Haileleul NegussieThis experimental study was undertaken from December 2011 to May 2012 with the objective of determining the efficacy of adjuvated formalin killed experimental Mannheimia haemolylica vaccine prepared in this study from serotypes of this organism: serotype A2, A7 and combined serotypes (A2 and A7) for ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. The efficacy was determined by using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) titer and challenge protection test. This experiment used 47 clinically healthy male lambs and grouped in to four treatment groups, group 1 with 14 lambs receive A2 serotype vaccine, group 2 consists of 13 lambs and vaccinated by serotype A7, the combined serotype vaccinated and the control are group 3 and 4, respectively and each consist of 11 and 9 lambs, respectively. Pre vaccination titer was measured from all lambs to assess their exposure and found that all lambs showed a moderate titer. This experimental vaccine was injected subcutaneously with a single dose to the vaccinated groups. All the vaccinated groups showed a significant higher IHA log10 titer at the 3rd and 4th week post vaccination than the controls. At the 3rd week a relative higher titer was observed in A 7 and the combined serotype vaccinated groups having a GM antibody titer of log 1 01.65 and log 10 1.66, respectively. Similarly, at 4th week a higher titer was observed in A7 and combined serotype vaccinated groups having GM titer of log 101.58 and log 101.57, respectively. There was no significant difference in serotype A2 vaccinated groups at the 3rd and 4th week of post vaccination than A7 and the combined serotype vaccinated, but the IHA test result revealed lowered GM titer (log10 1.60 and log101.45) for the respective weeks. Post challenge clinical investigation showed that significant higher morbidity was seen in control group expressed by 1.50C increase in rectal temperature and respiratory signs. Following intra tracheal challenge only 3 (15%) lambs from vaccinated group were found to have a + 11ung lesion score. 100% of the lambs in unvaccinated control group were found to have lung lesion scores between +2 and +3 , but no significance difference between the different vaccinated groups. This experiment also found a moderately weak correlation (r2=0.314) between antibody titer and extent of lung lesion score. Therefore, the tested experimental vaccines showed sufficient efficacy especially A7 and the combined serotypesItem Hematological and Serological Response of Some Chicken Types at on Station to Newcastle and Marek's Disease Vaccination(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Edilu Jorga; Reta Dliguma; Teshalc Sori; Yilkal AsfawI\n experimental study on five Ethiopian chicken ecotypes namely Jarso, Tepi , Chere, Arsi and Horro and other two chicken breeds (Fayoumi and 130vans) was conducted from December 2010 to June 20 11. Total of 260 chickens among which 70 Cheick. 40 Jarso. 2 1 Lorre, 9 I\rsi. 30 Tepi. 20 Bovans and 70 Fayoumi chickens were included in the study. The objective or the study was to evaluate the responses of different chicken types to Marek's and Newcastle disease vaccination through hematological profile, serum protein profile and antibody titer. Day old chicks 01' each ecotype were randomized in to two groups one for Marek's disease (MD) vaccination and the other remain unvaccinated while all or them vaccinated against Newcastle disease vaccine (I .a Sota strain) on 21 st, 5O'th and 120'h day after hatching. Three round blood sample was collected at age or day 3S, 65 and 105. For serum protein analysis and hemaglutination inhibition (III) antibody titer test three round serum sample was collected on 3S'h 6S'h and 135,h day each following fifteen days after vaccination with Newcastle disease vaccine. IA cording to the current study the total leukocyte, lymphocyte and monocyte count was found to be higher for Fayoumi and minimum count was observed for lorry chicken. Heterophil, eosinophil and basophil count was higher in Arsi chicken. Hi ghost packed cell volume (PCV) value (361.3.9) was observed in I:ayoumi chicken whereas maximum value' or hemoglobin concentration (9.002+.97) was in I\rsi chicken. The comparison or MD vaccinated to nonc vaccinated chicken reveled higher val ues of all counts and I'CV revaccinated but lower hemoglobin concentration. Lymphocyte count was found to increase with time (age) while others either decrease or no clear pattern. On the other hand, the HI titerl'or Newcastle was compared and Jarso and Fayoumi were found to be superior over the other chicken types whereas Bovans, Tepi and 1-IOiTO were with lower titer. The trend for total protein was increasing far Jarso, Tepi and Arsi and the values in these ecotypes were higher. This study generally loud that the chicken types involved were or a wide diversity in their response to Marek's and Newcastle vaccination which was reflected by the difference in hematological. serological and total protein values in responses to vaccination. Key words: Chicken types, hemagglutination Inhibition. Climatological profile, Immune response, Marek '.I' disease, Newcastle disease, prolamin profile, vaccinationItem Cross-Sectional Study of Bovine Mastitis in Urban and Peri-Urban Dairy Farms of HARAR Town(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Ketema Bogale; Yaslllin libril; Yilkal Asfaw; Tcfera YiImaA cross sectional study of bovine mastitis was carried out from September 2009 to May 2010 in urban and peri-urban dairy farms of Harar town to determine the prevalence of mastitis on cow and quarter level , to isolate and identify etiological agents for mastitis and to assess the effect of associated risk factors. From 36 dairy farms 34 1 lactating cows were investigated. Of these 143 cows (4 1.9%) were Positive by California Mastitis Test (CMT) and 138 cows (40.5%) were culture positive for mastitis. Among culture positive cows 23 (6.8%) and 11 5 (3 3.7%) were infected clinically and sub clinically Respectively. Out of 1364 quarters 51 were blind, 22X ( 17.4%) were positive by CMT and 214 ( 16. by culture. Frequency of clinical and sub clinical mastitis on quarters were 41 (3 .1%) and 173 ( 13.2%), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in third parity than the lira (p<0.05) in early lactate on sage than in late (p<0.05). Hygiene, ventilation and drainage were also found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p<0.05). However, herd (farm) size and quarters position were not significantly associated with mastitis (p>0.05). From the isolated mastitis causing pathogens Staphylococcus species were the most prevalent (42 .9%) Followed by Streptococcus species (28 .3Enlerobaeter "Coli forms" (20.0%) and other gram positive bacteria (8.8%). Through the questions ire survey it was confirmed that poor farm management, unhygienic milking practices, lack of knowledge about the role of risk factors on mastitis occurrence and hidden (subclinical) mastitis are reasons for the increased prevalence of mastitis (40 .5%) in the study area. Antimicrobial susceptibility test situ wed that most of the isolates in this study were found to be highly sensitive to cloxacillin, gentamycin and amoxicillin, and moderately sensitive to ampicillin and ox tetracycline However, Staphylococcus s and Streptococcus species were highly resistant to streptomycin and penicillin. Key words: milking cow, mastitis, prevalence, quest unaired, risk factor, udder, quarter, CMT, culture, sensitivity test, dairy farm s. HarareItem A Prevalence Study on Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Ethiopia and Efficacy Test of Medicinal Plants on Commonly Isolated Pathogens of Bovine Mastitis(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Mandefro Dargie; Yasmin Jibril; Fekadu Regassa; Akafete TekluThe study was conducted with an objective of determining prevalence of mastitis in local zebu and cross breed lactating cows and assessing efficacy of seven phytopreparatons on commonly isolated pathogens of bovine mastitis. The study was based on 369 lactating cows with in small-scale extensive and semi-intensive husbandry practices in two selected highland and midland areas of Amhara region and in a large-scale intensive farm in Algae ATVET College. During sampling, each quarter was inspected for clinical case of mastitis and quarter milk from each cow was tested with CMT for sub-clinical mastitis. Plants were collected from their natural habitat, prepared, extracted and impregnated for efficacy test on (n= 12) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactia. With combined clinical inspection and CMT test, an overall prevalence of mastitis was 50.7% (16.0% clinical and 34.7% sub clinical) are cow base and 39.8% (6.3% clinical and 33.5% sub-clinical) at quarter level. A binary logistic regression analysis showed statistical associations of intensive farms (OR= 10.727, p= 0.000) with the disease than extensive husbandry practices. Cows at third and above lactation were statistically associated (OR= 5.418, P = 0.000) with mastitis than cows at first lactation. From seven plants tested for efficacy Bereza, Commicarpus pediculosus, Cyphostemum adenocaule and Xanthium stramarium showed visible zone of inhibitions. There was a significant difference' observed within mean zone of inhibition of plant types. Mean zone of inhibition from 20% Commicarpus pediculosus (29.00mm) was found statistically higher than (PItem Outbreak Investigation and Molecular Epidemiology of African Horse Sickness Virus Circulating in Central, Eastern and Southern Parts of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Nigatu Aklilu; Yilkal Asfaw; Esayas Gelaye; Gelagay AyeletThis study was conducted from September 2009 to December 20 lOin central, eastem and western patts of Ethiopia to investigate and identify circulating serotypes of African horse sickness virus (AHSV). A total of ten outbreaks were investigated in the study period. Samples collected for virus isolation and identification were whole blood in ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) from diseased horses and mules, and tissues from freshly dead horses. AHSV isolation on Vero ce ll line and detection of AHSV genomes using conventional RT-PCR were archived in the National Veterinary Institute (NY!) molecular laboratory, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. Samples were sent for further viral isolation, identification, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses in the Non-vesicular Laboratories of Institute of Animal Health (!AH), Pirbright, United Kingdom (UK). A total of 336 sera were collected from apparently healthy equids that were either unvaccinated or have vaccination history of before three years in Cheat and Tikur Inchini districts and subjected to a serological test using a commercialized blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. A questionnaire survey was administered to 178 equine owners and retrospective data of outbreaks for three years obtained from Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate (APHRD) in the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) were analyzed to see the national picture and seasonality of outbreaks. A total of 48 horses died of African horse sickness (AHS) during the outbreaks. Ada'a district was the major outbreak site where the outbreak involved a number of towns and villages. A total of 81 horses and 3 mules were affected and 46 (54.8%) of them demonstrated cardiac form of the disease while the rest 30 (35.7%), 6 (7. 1%), 2 (2.4%) were affected by horse sickness, pulmonary and mixed forms of AHS, respectively. Multiple serotypes of AHSVs were identified from the submitted samples by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and sequencing. AHSV-4, AHSV-6, AHSV-8 and AHSV-9 serotypes were identified. Identification of A HSV -4, AHSV -6 and AJ-ISV -8 are reported for the first time in Ethiopia. AJ-ISV -9 was the dominant serotype circulating in the outbreak areas. Serotypes identified from the outbreaks were phylogenetically compared with the reference stains in IAH, Pirbright, UK. A total of 147 (43.8%) of the sampled equids were found seropositive for antibodies against AHSV. The respective seropositivity of equids in Cheat and Tikur Lnchini districts were 49.4% and 37.8% (p= 0.032). Statistically significant difference was not observed between risk factors of species, age and sex (p > 0.05). From the total 178 respondents 71 (40%) of them indicated that their indigenous knowledge on the disease, its transmission and control measures is unsatisfactory while the rest (60%) were aware of the disease. Local names used for AJ-IS were 'Derbetu ' or 'Dibe Ferda ' in Tikur Inchini and 'Horyo' in Cheta. Locally known equi ne flies were 'Bombisa ' in Tikur lnchini and 'Gemo' and 'Yubo' in Cheta. A total of 482 outbreaks were recorded retrospectively from Oromia (80.1 %), Amhara (10.6%), Southern Nati on Nationalities and People 's Regional State (SNNPRS) (7.7%) and the rest from Tigray, Dire Dawa and Afar regional states. AHS outbreaks were more frequently observed fi·OI11 September to December and the highest number of outbreaks was reported in 2008. Generally, the identification of multiple serotypes in the Crrnent study indicated increased risk and devastating outbreaks of AHS is a possibility. The production of polyvalent vaccine which confers protection against the identified serotypes and prophylactic vaccination of horses and mules are recommended. Key words: African horse sickness virus, equine, Ethiopia, outbreak, RT-PCR, serotype.Item Experimental Vaccine Development and Efficacy Trial Against Capsular Antigen of Mannheimla Haemolytica Serotypes A2, A7 and Their Combination(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Kuastros Mekonnen; Haileleul NegussieThis experimental study was undertaken from December 2011 to May 2012 with the objective of determining the efficacy of adjuvated formalin killed experimental Mannheimia haemolylica vaccine prepared in this study from serotypes of this organism: serotype A2, A7 and combined serotypes (A2 and A7) for ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. The efficacy was determined by using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) titer and challenge protection test. This experiment used 47 clinically healthy male lambs and grouped in to four treatment groups, group 1 with 14 lambs receive A2 serotype vaccine, group 2 consists of 13 lambs and vaccinated by serotype A7, the combined serotype vaccinated and the control are group 3 and 4, respectively and each consist of 11 and 9 lambs, respectively. Pre vaccination titer was measured from all lambs to assess their exposure and found that all lambs showed a moderate titer. This experimental vaccine was injected subcutaneously with a single dose to the vaccinated groups. All the vaccinated groups showed a significant higher IHA log10 titer at the 3rd and 4th week post vaccination than the controls. At the 3rd week a relative higher titer was observed in A7 and the combined serotype vaccinated groups having a GM antibody titer of log 101.65 and log 10 1.66, respectively. Similarly, at 4th week a higher titer was observed in A7 and combined serotype vaccinated groups having GM titer of log 101.58 and log 101.57, respectively. There was no significant difference in serotype A2 vaccinated groups at the 3rd and 4th week of post vaccination than A7 and the combined serotype vaccinated, but the IHA test result revealed lowered GM titer (log10 160 and logl01.45) for the respective weeks. Post challenge clinical investigation showed that significant higher morbidity was seen in control group expressed by 1.5oC increase in rectal temperature and respiratory signs. Following intra tracheal challenge only 3(15%) lambs from vaccinated group were found to have a + 1 lung lesion score. 100% of the lambs in unvaccinated control group were found to have lung lesion scores between +2 and +3 , but no significance difference between the different vaccinated groups. This experiment also found a moderately weak correlation (r2=0.314) between antibody titer and extent of lung lesion score. Therefore, the tested experimental vaccines showed sufficient efficacy especially A7 and the combined serotypesItem Experimental Vaccine Development and Efficacy Trial Against Capsular Antigen of Mannheimia Haemolytica Serotypes A2, A7 and Their Combination(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Kuastros Mekonnen; Haileleul Negussie. This experimental study was undertaken from December 2011 to May 2012 with the objective of determining the efficacy of adjuvated formalin killed experimental Mannheimia haemolylica vaccine prepared in this study from serotypes of this organism: serotype A2, A7 and combined serotypes (A2 and A 7) for ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. The efficacy was determined by using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) titer and challenge protection test. This experiment used 47 clinically healthy male lambs and grouped in to four treatment groups, group I with 14 lambs receive A2 serotype vaccine, group 2 consists of 13 lambs and vaccinated by serotype A7, the combined serotype vaccinated and the control are group 3 and 4, respectively and each consist of 11 and 9 lambs, respectively. Pre vaccination titer was measured from all lambs to assess their exposure and found that all lambs showed a moderate titer. This experimental vaccine was injected subcutaneously with a single dose to the vaccinated groups. All the vaccinated groups showed a significant higher IHA log10 titer at the 3rd and 4th week post vaccination than the controls. At the 3rd week a relative higher titer was observed in A 7 and the combined serotype vaccinated groups having a GM antibody titer of log 1 0165 and log 10 1.66, respectively. Similarly, at 4th week a higher titer was observed in A 7 and combined serotype vaccinated groups having GM titer of log 101.58 and log 101.57, respectively. There was no significant difference in serotype A2 vaccinated groups at the 3rd and 4th week of post vaccination than A7 and the combined serotype vaccinated, but the IHA test result revealed lowered GM titer (log10 1.60 and log101.45) for the respective weeks. Post challenge clinical investigation showed that significant higher morbidity was seen in control group expressed by 1.50C increase in rectal temperature and respiratory signs. Following intra tracheal challenge only 3 (15%) lambs from vaccinated group were found to have a + I lung lesion score. 100% of the lambs in unvaccinated control group were found to have lung lesion scores between +2 and +3 , but no significance difference between the different vaccinated groups. This experiment also found a moderately weak correlation (r2=0.314) between antibody titer and extent of lung lesion score. Therefore, the tested experimental vaccines showed sufficient efficacy especially A7 and the combined serotypesItem The Epidemiology of Cattle Trypanosomosis, Helminthe and Tsetse Flies in Selected Areas of Kelem Wollega, Oromia, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-04-20) Solomon Kebede; Getachew TilahunAn epidemiological Shudy of bovine trypanosomosis, GIT helminthes and their concurrent infection was carried out from November 2011 to April 2012 in Dale Sedi and Hawa Gelan districts, Kellem wollega zone, Oromia National Regional State, Western Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis, GIT helminthes and their concurrent infection and associated risk factors, to determine the apparent densities and distributions of tsetse and other biting flies and to find out the association of trypanosomosis, GIT helminthes, and their conClment infection to PCV. The Shudy methodology comprises cross sectional shudies by using parasitological, entomological and coprological surveys. A total of 1,244 animals were examined in the two districts and the prevalence of trypanosomosis in Dale Sedi was 4.7% (3 .3%-6.2%) di ffer significantly (P < 0.05) from I-Hawa Gelan district 9.7% (6.9%- 12.S%). Out of 1,108 cattle examined for coprological examination, 36.2% (n=401) were found to harbor one or more helminthes. Out of which 313 (28.2%),74 (6.7%), 12 (1.1%) and 45 (4.1 %) were found to be infected with Fasciola, Paramphistomum, Oocyst and Strongyle, respectively. The prevalence of concurrent infection of Trypanosomiasis and GIT helimenthes (Fasciola) is 23 (2.1%). The mean PCV of trypanosoma infected bovines (21.S7±6.49) was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that of non-infected bovines (25.50±4.40), the mean PCV of helminthes infected bovines (24.88±4.SS) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of non infected bovines (25.49±4.75), the mean PCV of Trypanosoma and Fasciola concurrently infected bovines (l9.74±5.55) was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that of Fasciola infected bovines (24.62±4.35) and also lower than that of Trypanosoma infected bovines (22.81±6.80) but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among them. Analyses of the obtained results suggest that concurrent infection markedly fall the PCV and the pathologic effects of concurrent infections due to Trypanosome and Fasciola were predominantly influenced by the Trypanosome infection. Four tsetse fly species are found abundantly (G. Juscipes juscipes and G. tachinoides) riverine species are predominating over the other two species G. pallidipes and G.morsitans submorsitans, the savannah group.Item Diagnostic Performance of PCR and Microscopy and Molecular Surveillance of Chloroquine Resistance-Markers in Plasmodium falciparum Clinical isolates in Hawassa Sidama Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2026) Dibora Hailu; Samson Leta; Lemu GolassaMalaria is still a major public health problem in Ethiopia, particularly in areas with seasonal transmission, such as Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Accurate diagnosis and continuous monitoring of antimalarial drug resistance are essential for effective control and elimination efforts. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of PCR and microscopy and conduct molecular surveillance of CQ resistance markers in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates. A cross-sectional study was performed from September 2025 to May 2026 in selected health centers found in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. A total of 1428 dried blood samples were collected from malaria-suspected individuals. Nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene was used for species confirmation, while genotyping was conducted by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to detect mutations in the pfcrt (K76T) and pfmdr1 (N86Y) genes. Statistical analysis was performed using R software version 4.3.2. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between infection status and participants' characteristics, and Cohen‟s kappa was used to assess agreement between microscopy and PCR. Out of 1428 samples, 546 (38.2%) were PCR positive for Plasmodium species, of which 214 were confirmed as P. falciparum. Sex was significantly associated with PCR positivity, with male participants exhibiting higher odds of infection compared to females (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04–1.69, p = 0.021). Age (as a continuous variable) showed no statistically significant association with malaria infection overall or by species (Pf and Pv), as the odds ratios were close to unity and the confidence intervals included 1 (Overall PCR: OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98–1.00, P = 0.40; Pf: OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98–1.00, P = 0.211; Pv: OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97–1.00, P = 0.30). But age was significantly associated with microscopy positivity, (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99, p < 0.001). In conclusion, PCR showed superior diagnostic performance compared to microscopy, particularly for malaria species identification. Microscopy demonstrated moderate agreement for P. falciparum (κ = 0.426) and fair agreement for P. vivax (κ = 0.289), while overall agreement was substantial (κ = 0.611; accuracy = 82.56%). Molecular analysis revealed fixation of the pfcrt K76T mutation (100%) and absence of the pfmdr1 N86Y mutant allele, indicating persistent chloroquine resistance markers despite drug withdrawal. These findings highlight the need for continued molecular surveillance and strengthened malaria diagnosis and treatment monitoring in Ethiopia.Item Bovine Tuberculosis in Central Ethiopia: Epidemiology, BCG Efficacy in Reducing Transmission, and Performance of Defined Antigen Cocktails for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Crossbred Cattle(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Abebe Fromsa; Prof. Balako Gumi; Prof. Gobena Ameni: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a threat to animal health, the livestock economy,food security, and human safety. Although animal level prevalence ranges from 25% to 39% and herd prevalence exceeds 50% in intensive dairy farms in central Ethiopia, control measures are lacking. The conventional test-and-slaughter strategy is resource-intensive and unaffordable for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Ethiopia. This necessitates a cost-effective alternative control strategy. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination may constitute a cost-effective approach to control bTB in LMICs and regions with wildlife reservoirs. A meta-analysis of previous BCG vaccine evaluation studies demonstrated limited overall direct efficacy of 25% and additional partial protection by reducing the frequency and severity of disease pathology. Whether this partial protective effect translates into indirect protection through a reduction in the infectiousness of vaccinated animals has not been evaluated. Besides, since the interference of the BCG vaccine with the tuberculin skin testing is a major hindrance to the deployment of BCG vaccination for cattle, there is also a need to adopt a diagnostic test that differentiates infected from vaccinate animals (DIVA). On top of these, a slaughterhouse survey was conducted to identify hotspots of bTB in central Ethiopia to prioritize targeted control measures. Objectives: The objectives of this study include to quantify the direct and indirect efficacies of BCG vaccination in crossbred cattle, evaluate the diagnostic performance of defined peptide antigen cocktails (ESAT-6, CFP10, and Rv3615c) in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), assess the practical implications of routine vaccination on the spread of bTB in the emerging dairy sector, and estimate the prevalence and identify the causative agents of bTB in cattle in central Ethiopia. Methodology: A natural transmission experiment was conducted using a crossover design in two phases, each lasting for one year to evaluate both the direct and indirect effects of BCG vaccination in reducing the transmission of bTB. Sixty-seven unvaccinated control and 67 vaccinated calves were exposed to an equal number of respective seeders eight weeks postvaccination and maintained in contact for twelve months during each phase. Sixty-five unvaccinated control and 62 vaccinated calves underwent postmortem tests. Skin and IGRA tests were conducted using tuberculin and DIVA antigen cocktails every four and two months, respectively. For efficacy evaluation, calves that ever tested positive for DIVA antigens in the IGRA test were considered infected and potentially infectious. Then a mechanistic transmission model calibrated using within-herd basic reproduction number (Ro) and empirical cattle movement data was used to explore the long-term effect of routine BCG vaccination in controlling bTB in the Ethiopian dairy sector. The performance of DIVA antigen cocktails was compared to tuberculin in both IGRA and skin test formats. A slaughterhouse survey was conducted in Central Ethiopia to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and causative agents of bTB. The causative agents were identified using multiplex quantitative PCR (m-qPCR) in all culture-positive samples. Result: The study found a significantly lower total visible lesion score in vaccinated animals compared to unvaccinated controls and a reduction in bTB transmission of 74% (95% CI: 46– 89%) among vaccinated animals compared to unvaccinated controls. The direct efficacy was 58% (95% CI: 34%–73%). The combined direct and indirect effects resulted in a total vaccine efficacy of 89% (95% CI, 74–96%). The estimated Ro, representing the average number of secondary cases per infectious individual was 3.1 (95% CI: 2–4) in unvaccinated group while it was 0.3 (95% CI: 0.1–0.7) in the vaccinated group. A mechanistic transmission model suggests that routine neonatal calf vaccination has the potential to reduce the average population Ro to below 1 within 10 years, presenting significant opportunities for the control and elimination of bTB in cattle. Eight weeks after vaccination, but before exposure to infected seeder animals, the specificities of IGRA and skin test-based defined antigen cocktails were 98.5% and 94.0%, respectively. However, at the end of the experiment, the sensitivities of these tests were 46% and 47%, respectively, which were similar with 45% sensitivity of the comparative tuberculin test (CCT). A slaughterhouse survey revealed the ongoing challenge of bTB in Central Ethiopia, with a prevalence of 2.3% bTB-related lesions and an eleven-fold greater risk in crossbred cattle than in local zebu cattle. All mycobacterial species isolated from experimental and slaughterhouse cattle were identified as M. bovis, except for two cases from the slaughterhouse. One of these cases exhibited co-infection with M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, while the other was co-infected with M. bovis and M. caprae. However, no positive M. orygis was detected in any of culture-positive samples. Conclusions: The study revealed previously unrecognized superior indirect effects of BCG on bTB transmission compared to its direct protective effect against infection. Scenario analyses using mechanistic models indicate that BCG vaccination may enable effective control of bTB and contribute to elimination efforts. DIVA antigens demonstrated high specificity in BCGvaccinated cattle, highlighting their importance for potential integration into BCG vaccination programs for bTB control. These findings hold significant implications for resource-limited settings where the test-and-slaughter strategy is not feasible, while vaccination combined with DIVA testing remains a beneficial and effective approach. The higher risk of bTB in crossbred cattle underscores the necessity for targeted interventions, particularly in crossbred cattle predominantly raised in intensive dairy production systems.Item Impact of Animal Health Interventions on Food and Nutrition Security in Extensive Livestock Systems in Selected Community-Based Breeding Program (CBBP) and HEARD project Implementation Areas of Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Asmamaw Duressa; Bekele MegersaEthiopia is home to a large population of small ruminants, although their contribution to the livelihoods is sub-optimal. This study examines the impact of animal health interventions on food and nutrition security within Ethiopia‘s extensive livestock systems, with a focus on Community-Based Breeding Programs and the HEARD project. Literature review, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, secondary data analysis, and a targeted survey were employed to compare households in intervention and non-intervention areas regarding access to veterinary services and food security. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), Food Consumption Score (FCS), and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) were used to measure food and nutrition security of the study households. A total of 497 households were surveyed, comprising 321 from intervention areas and 176 from control areas. The study results showed significantly better access to veterinary services among intervention households (e.g., vaccination: 67.9% vs. 54.0%; training: 62.1% vs. 24.8%, P < 0.05). Food security was higher in animal health intervention areas: 72.4% vs. 54.7% (HFIAS), 64.6% vs. 56.3% (FCS), and nutrition security 65.4% vs. 62.9% (MDD-W). Logistic regressions revealed deworming increased odds of food security (OR = 3.6, P = 0.000) and treatment (OR = 2.27, P = 0.006) using the HFIAS indicator. Deworming and treatment also improved FCS (OR = 1.66, P = 0.05 and 1.88, P = 0.023), and awareness of zoonoses had a strong effect (OR = 3.20, P = 0.000). Vaccination was linked to better MDD-W (OR = 2.02, P = 0.043), and primary education improved MDD-W (OR = 2.97, P = 0.000). However, anthrax vaccination was negatively associated with all three indicators. This study showed that targeted animal health interventions significantly enhance food and nutrition security. The findings support national efforts to strengthen livestock strategies and food security. Further experimental research is needed to strengthen evidence on the relationship between animal health interventions and human nutrition.Item Occurrence, Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibilityof Sorbitol Non-Fermenting E. coli Isolates, and Assessment of FishHandling Practices along the Supply Chain in Central Oromia, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Tesfaye Debelu; Bekele MegersaFish-borne diseases are among the global public health concern. Contaminated water bodies and poor handling practices along the fish supply chain can lead to fish contamination. Raw fish consumption is a leading cause of fish-borne infection. Emerging sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli strains including Escherichia coli O157:H7, may transmit to human sthrough contaminated water and fish. However, despite reports of contamination, there islimited information on the occurrence, molecular characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli in Ethiopia. This study, attemptstode termine these aspects in fresh water lakes, fish, and humans in central Oromia, Ethiopia. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire interviews and personal observations from a total of 200 purposively selected respondents comprising of 50 fishermen, 10 retailers, 20 food establishments serving fish, and 120 consumers. Moreover, a total of 750 samples including 150 fish meat, 150 fish skin swab, 150 fish feces, 150 fresh water of the lakes, 150human stool samples were collected from five Lakes and three health facilities. Overall, 150fish, 30 fish from each Lake, comprising of six fish species: Oreochromis niloticus, Clariasgariepinus, Tilapia Zilli, Cyprinus carpio, Labeobarbus intermedius, Barbus ethiopicus, whichare commonly used for human consumption were included in the study. Fecal, meat andskinswab samples were taken from each fish. The samples were processed following the standardprotocol recommended by European Food Safety Authority and Kirby–Bauer disc diffusionmethod for detection of the bacteria, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, respectively. Molecular characterization of presumptive isolates was performed using Whole-Genome Sequencing for sero typing, determination of virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance traits, and genetic linkage of the isolates. The study revealed a wide range of hygienic breaches, including fish processing at unhygienic landing sites, washing filleted fish with contaminated water of the Lakes, use of a single knife for processing all fish with infrequent washing and withnodi sinfection in between. Majority (70%; n=10) of the retailers and all the food establishment strans ported fish in vehicles with no cold chain facilities. Over three-fourths (77%; n =120) of theconsumers preferred consuming raw fish; 80% of them lacked the knowledge of fish borne diseases. Few good hygienic practices appreciated include, the use of refrigerators for storageinall retailers and 70% (n =20) of the food establishments, and the use of vehicles with thermostat for the transportation of fish among 30% of retailers. From a total of 750 microbiological samples analyzed, 3.9% (29/750) was found positive for sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichiacoli; of which 6.7% (n=10), 1.8% (n=8) and 7.3% (n=11) were retrieved from water, fish, anddiarrheic human patients, respectively. Whole-Genome Sequencing confirmed that all the isolates were sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli strains; among which none of them were Escherichia coli O157:H7. Two novel Escherichia coli strains with unknown O-antigen were retrived from fish feces and human stool. All the strains have multiple virulence factors and one or more genes encoding for them. Genetic relatedness was observed among strains from the same sources (water, fish, and humans). Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), cefotaxime (100%), ceftazidime (100%), meropenem (100%), nalidixicacid(93.1%) and sulfame thoxazole/trimethoprim (79.3%). Majority of the strains were resistant tochlor amphenicol (58.6%) and cipro floxacin (48.3%), while small fraction showed resistance toazi thromycin (3.45%). Isolates have shown an overall multi-drug resistance profile of 87.5%. Majority, (62.1%; n=18) of the strains have acquired multi-drug resistance traits. Genes encoding for mutational resistance and extended spectrum beta-lacta mases were also detected. In conclusion, the study revealed a wide range of hygienic breaches along the fish production and supply chain; lack of infrastructure for post-harvest fish handling and processing, lackof appropriate transportation facilities and presence of knowledge gaps regarding fish borne diseases, and the occurrence of virulent and antimicrobial resistant sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli strains in water, fish, and humans. Although no genetic relatedness was observed among strains from various sources, the genomic clustering among strains from the same sources strongly suggests the potential risk of transmission along the supply chain at the human–fish-environment interface if strict hygienic fish production is not in place. Hence, infrastructural development for hygienic fish production and processing, training for fish producers, consumer retailers and food establishments, and robust genetic study of the new strains with unknown O-antigens is required to improve fish safety and reduce the risk of public health.Item Seroepidemiology and Molecular Identification of Brucella Species in Livestock and Humans in South Omo Zone, South Ethiopia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Mekonnen Sorsa; Gezahegne MamoBrucellosis, a bacterial infection caused by the genus Brucella affecting animals, poses economic and public health risks, particularly for communities reliant on livestock. Limited data exists on the epidemiology of brucellosis and Brucella species affecting livestock and humans in Ethiopia, particularly in the South Omo Zone of the South Ethiopia Regional State. A crosssectional study was conducted in South Omo Zone, Ethiopia, from January 2017 to June 2020 to determine the prevalence, isolate and identify Brucella species in cattle, sheep, goats, and humans, and pinpoint risk factors associated with the disease across five istricts: Bena-Tsemay, Dassenech, Hamer, Gnangatom, and Malie. A multistage sampling approach was used to select study subjects, encompassing 1,920 cattle, 1,536 sheep, 1,536 goats, and 768 humans for serological examiantion using combined serial tests RBPT, competitive ELISA and CFT. These sample sizes for animals, and humans were distributed to each district in proportion to their livestock,and human populations, respectively. Additionally, a structured questionnaire survey was conducted to explore risk factors associated with brucellosis in both livestock and humans. Furthermore, a total of 340 clinical specimens (n=53 milk from cattle, n=39 milk from goats, n=28 milk from sheep, n=34 vaginal swab from cattle, n=48 vaginal swab from goats, n=16 vaginal swab from sheep) having recent history of abortion and whole blood samples from pastoralists with febrile illness visiting health centers (n=122) were ollected for Brucella species isolation and molecular identification using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed with STATA version 14.0, applying logistic regression to assess risk factors associations. The findings revealed that in cattle, overall seroprevalence of 5.26% (95% CI:5.05-8.04) and 36.43% (95% CI:33.18-43.76) at individual and herd level, respectively. Age, sex, herd size, abortion history, retained fetal membrane, and parity were statistically significant with seropositivity for brucellosis. Moreover, the findings established that pastoralists had low level of awareness about brucellosis and carryout risky practices that could expose them to brucellosis. In sheep, the study indicated 5.40% (95% CI: 3.34-7.47) and 39.74% (95% CI: 36.50-48.80) seroprevalence at individual and flock level, respectively. Age groups, sex, flock size, district, history of abortion, and body condition were stastistically significantly associated risk factors with Brucella seropositivity (P<0.05). In goats, individual animal level and flock level seroprevalences were recorded as 6.90% (95% CI:5.18-10.90) and 34.31% (95% CI:30.52- 42.41), respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between seroprevalence and factors such as sex, age, flock size, body condition, parity number, production system, history of abortion, retained fetal membrane, and stillbirth (P< 0.05). In humans, the overall seroprevalence of brucellosis recorded was 14.58% (95% CI: 12.07-18.24). The multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated statistically significant association (P<0.05) between Brucella seropositivity and factors such as gender, age, education level, occupation, consumption of raw animal products such as milk, meat and blood, direct animal contact, assisting animals during parturition with bare hand, contact with aborted materials without protective gloves, and lack of knowledge of zoonosis and brucellosis. The isolation and molecular detection revealed that 15 Brucella isolates were obtained (4.41%): 8 B. melitensis (53.33%) from (3 goats’ milk sample, 3 goats’ vaginal swab samples, and 2 human blood); 5 B. abortus (33.33%) from (2 cattle milk, 1 cattle vaginal swabs, and 2 human blood); and 2 B. ovis (13.33%) both from vaginal swab of sheep based on bacteriological and biochemical tests. The isolation and molecular identification of these Brucella species from multiple hosts including humans demonstrate potential cross-species transmission. In conclusion, brucellosis is endemic in both livestock and humans in South Omo Zone, driven by multiple risk factors and exacerbated by low community awareness. The findings underscore a serious public health concern requiring urgent need for integrated control measures, including public education, improved veterinary services, safe handling of animal products, and further research on disease transmission dynamics in wildlife-livestock-human interfaces.Item Epidemiology of Rift Valley Fever Virus and West Nile Virus in Livestock Populations and Their Public Health Implications in the Afar Region, Northeastern Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Jemberu Alemu; Gezahegne MamoEthiopia faces heightened risk of Rift Valley fever (RVF) and West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks due to proximity to endemic countries (Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti), climatesensitive conditions (heavy rainfall, flooding), climate change, unrestricted livestock movement, and widespread mosquito vectors. Regions like Afar, with tropical ecosystems, are particularly vulnerable, mirroring trends across the Horn of Africa. Despite significant public health and economic threats, the epidemiology of these arboviruses in Ethiopia remains understudied. Therefore, the general objective of the study was to investigate the epidemiological status of Rift Valley Fever and West Nile viruses, along with their associated risk factors, in livestock populations and to assess the public health importance of these diseases in the Afar pastoral region of northeastern Ethiopia. A total of 736 serum samples were collected from 224 cattle, 155 camels, 144 sheep, 121 goats, and 92 donkeys in the Amibara and Haruka districts. The detection of anti-RVF nucleoprotein antibodies of Rift Valley Fever virus and anti- West Nile virus antibodies were performed using the ID Screen® Rift Valley Fever and West Nile competition multispecies ELISA kits. A total of 150 human participants (60 livestock owners, 40 animal health workers and paraveterinarians, and 50 public health professionals) were involved in the KAP study. The overall eroprevalence of RVF was 22.0% (162/736; 95% CI: 19.41–24.79%). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in goats (42.2%, 95% CI: 39.61–44.99%) compared to that of cattle (14.3%, 95% CI: 11.74–17.09%), sheep (21.5%, 95% CI: 18.91– 24.29%), or camels (30.97%, 95% CI: 28.38–33.76%) (P < 0.001). The study showed that seropositivity for IgG antibody to RVF infection was associated with locality and species of animal. Goats were two times more likely to be seropositive for RVF infection than cattle (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.462–3.574, P = 0.001). Livestock in the Kealatburi sub-district were five times more likely to be seropositive for RVF infection than those in the Halidegei sub-district (OR: 5.074, 95% CI: 3.066–8.396, P = 0.001). Among 736 tested livestock serum samples, 50.7% (373/736) showed anti-WNV IgG antibodies evaluated using the ID screen® WNV competition multispecies ELISA kits (95% CI: 47%–54.4%; P < 0.01). The seroprevalence was higher (p<0.01) in donkeys (76.1%), followed by camels (69.1%), cattle (52.2%), goats (34.7%) and sheep (25.7%), respectively. The study showed a statistically significant difference of WNV seropositivity between species of animals (OR:1.5, 95%CI =1.038-2.212). Donkeys were (OR: 6.447, 95% CI = 3.888-10.688) seven times more likely to be seropositive for WNV infection than sheep (p < 0.01). The study also revealed 9.1%, 95%CI= 8.86-9.29) seroprevalence of co-circulation of RVF and WNV. High 32/155 (20.7%) seroprevalence of co-circulation was seen in camels followed by goat 14/121(11.6%), cattle16/224(7.14%) and sheep 5/144(3.5%) respectively and higher 41/421(9.7%) seroprevalence of co-circulation was observed in Amibara district than Haruka district. Camels were seven times (OR: 7.016, 95% CI = 2.639-18.653) more likely to be seropositive for the co-circulation than sheep (p =0.000). Of the participants, 29.3% (44/150) believed zoonotic diseases spread through animal-based food or mosquito bites, while 63.3% (95/150) expressed insecurity about infections like Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever, or other zoonoses. This study found substantial knowledge gaps, a low level of risk concern, and high behavioral practices regarding zoonotic disease. Animal health workers had higher mean scores of knowledges of Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever and other zoonotic disease 27.3 ± 10.9 than public health professionals and livestock farmers/owners at p< 0.05. Mean score statistical difference was also observed among Illiterate, primary education, and secondary and above educational status groups. In conclusion, the present study showed that eropositivity of different species of livestock to RVF and WNV is an indication of its widespread occurrence of RVF and WNV in the study area, domestic livestock, especially in large herds, can serve as useful sentinels for the infections and warrants the need for further investigation on molecular epidemiology of RVF and WNV in livestock, their potential zoonotic significance to the pastoral communities and understanding of the vectors in transmission of the viruses in the study area in order to design a feasible control strategy.Item Network Analysis and Mapping of Small Ruminant Trade in Somali Region and Borena Zone, Ethiopia: Implication for Potential Spread and Control of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Asrat Arke; Haileleul NegussieLivestock movement through trade is central driving factor for the spread of trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs) including Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) since pathogens can spread long distance via movement of infected animal. Hence, understanding animal trade network structure is fundamental step for surveillance and to implement effective animal disease control measures. This study aims to characterize small ruminant trade network patterns in the Borena Zone and Somali region by using social network analysis (SNA) approach. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the potential role of trade network structure in the risk of PPRV diffusion and control. Small ruminant market movement data including source, destination and volume of exchange was recorded from January to December, 2023 in selected eight markets in Borena Zone and Somali region. A total of 365,261 individual animals (sheep and goats) were traded through 64 identified markets and 20 non-market premises including abattoirs and cross-border destinations. The whole small ruminant trade network was sparsely connected (Density = 2.4%), and showed small-world network topology, with high clustering coefficient (CC= 0.73), and short path length and diameter (PL = 2.21, diameter =5). Degree-distribution of markets in network was right skewed and disassortatively mixed (assortativity = -0.517). Centrality-based percolation analysis showed remarkably faster reduction in connected components size than random removal of markets. Analysis of threshold parameter showed average epidemic threshold (q = 0.392) and Basic Reproduction Number (R0 = 2.75), with maximum risk at August (q =0.199, R0= 5). This study highlighted that; the whole small ruminant trade network in study areas was prone to the spread of PPRV due to the low epidemic threshold, the short diameter of the network and the presence of hub markets which can act as super-receivers and/or super-spreaders. Additionally, over 90% of the animals traded through the current small ruminant trade network came from PPR endemic and high-risk areas. Therefore, targeting those highly connected markets and nearby areas as sentinel during epidemiological surveillance could provide opportunities for early detection of threats enhance preparedness rapid response and minimize cost.Item Study on Epidemiology and Economic Impact of Rabies in Humans and Animals in SouthWest Shewa Zone, Waliso, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Tadesse Debele; Zerihun AsefaRabies is an important viral zoonotic disease with a high fatality rate and sever economic impact. Epidemiological information can play an important role in the control and prevention of rabies. The current study investigated the spatio-temporal patterns of rabies and associated risk factors in humans and livestock. In addition, estimates the economic burden of rabies and assesses the community’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and their determinants. A retrospective study was conducted from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2023, and data was collected from selected health centers, monthly reports of offices, and questionnaire surveys from selected districts of the south-west Shewa zone, namely Kersa Malima and Sodo Dachi. Out of the 506 respondents interviewed, 23.32% of them were females, and about 80.0% of them had their own dogs. Almost 94.07% of the respondents had heard of rabies and identified the mode of transmission of rabies. Moreover, 41.9% had a good level of knowledge, 63.24% had a good level of positive attitude, and 17.78% had a good level of rabies prevention practices. A total of 345 cases of human rabies exposure were reported from 2019 to 2023 in this zone. The incidence of human rabies exposure cases was 6.07, 6.99, 4.36, 3.11, and 4.0 per 100,000 population from 2019 to 2023, respectively. The age group of 5 to 14 years old was highly exposed (31.93%). A larger number of human rabies exposures were reported in males (62.2%). The results of the spatio-temporal analysis identified Kersa Malima, Sodo Dachi, and Weliso districts as hot spots. Strong peaks of human rabies cases occurred in May and August. The estimated total economic impact of canine rabies was over USD 0.41 million. The largest portion of impacts (98.6%) were made up of Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP)-related costs from the total cost of prevention. The findings of this study indicated that preventive measures considering socio-demographic factors can be targeted to high-risk areas for effective control of rabies. Further studies are needed to develop effective strategies for hotspot areas.Item Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease and Indigenous Disease Management Practices in Smallholder and Intensive Dairy Cattle Production Systems in Jimma City, Southwest Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Emraphel Ali; Ytbarek GetachewFoot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that has a significant economic loss in the livestock sector in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of FMD, the associated risk factor for its occurrence, and FMDV serotypes circulating in the area. Moreover, efforts were made to assess the traditional FMD management practices in the study area. A total of 384 blood samples were collected from dairy cattle managed under various production systems and subjected to a 3ABC enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) test to detect antibodies against non- structural proteins of FMD virus. A total of 22 serum samples exhibiting higher antibody titer were further tested using solid-phase competitive ELISA to identify the serotypes circulating in the area. Semi stractured questionnaires were used to collect information on potential risk factors and to extract knowledge, attitudes, and practices among respondents pertinent to the epidemiology of FMD. In this study, the overall seroprevalence of FMDV in dairy cattle of Jimma City was 29.9% (95% CI: 25.4 - 34.8). A multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of being FMDV seropositive was four times higher in crossbred cattle (OR = 4.15; 95% CI: 1.67 - 10.3; P = 0.002), three times higher in animals managed extensively (OR = 3.22; 95%CI: 1.33 -7.83; P = 0.01), three times higher in animals uses communal grazing and watering points (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.28-4.86; P 0.007), and two times higher in larger herd sizes (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.059-4.17; P = 0.039). In this study, four FMDV serotypes were identified in which serotype O was the predominant serotype (33%), followed by SAT-2 (27%), serotype A (23%), and SAT-1 (17%). Of the 104 respondents, the majority (84.6%) knew about FMD. Additionally, the indigenous FMD management practice of the respondents demonstrated extensive use of indigenous treatments and herbal remedies such as Solanum Nigrum („Embuay‟) (9.1%), Urtica pilulifera L (“Sama”) (15.2%), suspension of honey with red pepper (42.4%), and tobacco leaves powder (12.1), and salt (21.2%) in managing FMD in cattle. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of FMD in the study area.Item Seroepidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Neospora Caninium in Cattle of Pastoral Production System in Teltelle District of Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Kula Jilo; Yitbarek GetachewNeosporosis is a cosmopolitan disease that has recently emerged as a major cause of abortion in smallholder dairy farms in Ethiopia. However, the status and impact of Neosporosis in pastoral cattle production settings at large and Borana pastoral area, in particular, is uncovered. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021 to determine the seroprevalence and to elucidate potential associated factors for N.caninium infection in cattle in the Teltelle district of Borana zone. A total of 180 blood samples were collected from randomly selected herds(n=48) were examined to detect antibodies specific to N.caninium using indirect ELISA (ID.vet Innovative diagnostics, ID Screen®, and Montpellier, France). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather information about the potential risk factors of N.caninium from the owners (n=48) of sampled herds. Among the sampled animals 9 were positive on iELISA. The overall seroprevalence was 5.0% and 14.6% at animal and herd levels respectively. Animal level multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated animals with a history of abortion had significantly higher odds to be N.caninium seropositive (AOR=23, 95%CI: 2.354-188.702; P=0.006). Similarly, a significant association of prevalence was noted with the presence of open source of water (AOR=9, 95%CI: 1.599-47.568; P=0.012) and the presence of dogs (AOR=6, 95%CI: 11.213-27.222; P=0.028) respectively. At the herd level, the result of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significantly higher likelihood of N.caninium seroraections in the herd with the history of abortion (AOR=16; CI=1.446-175.939; P=0.024) and dystocia (AOR=7; CI=1.008- 45.071; P=0.049) respectively. Therefore, the study revealed for the first time provided evidence for N. caninium infection that was significantly associated with history abortion in a pastoral cattle production system. Further confirmatory epidemiological studies and community sensitization to achieve separation of dogs from herds, to do not feeding dogs with raw animal products and provision of hygienic water to animals is recommended.