Veterinary Epidemiology

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Impact of Animal Health Interventions on Food and Nutrition Security in Extensive Livestock Systems in Selected Community-Based Breeding Program (CBBP) and HEARD project Implementation Areas of Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Asmamaw Duressa; Bekele Megersa; Teshale Sori; Shigdaf Mekuriaw
Ethiopia is home to a large population of small ruminants, although their contribution to the livelihoods is sub-optimal. This study examines the impact of animal health interventions on food and nutrition security within Ethiopia‘s extensive livestock systems, with a focus on Community-Based Breeding Programs and the HEARD project. Literature review, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, secondary data analysis, and a targeted survey were employed to compare households in intervention and non-intervention areas regarding access to veterinary services and food security. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), Food Consumption Score (FCS), and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) were used to measure food and nutrition security of the study households. A total of 497 households were surveyed, comprising 321 from intervention areas and 176 from control areas. The study results showed significantly better access to veterinary services among intervention households (e.g., vaccination: 67.9% vs. 54.0%; training: 62.1% vs. 24.8%, P < 0.05). Food security was higher in animal health intervention areas: 72.4% vs. 54.7% (HFIAS), 64.6% vs. 56.3% (FCS), and nutrition security 65.4% vs. 62.9% (MDD-W). Logistic regressions revealed deworming increased odds of food security (OR = 3.6, P = 0.000) and treatment (OR = 2.27, P = 0.006) using the HFIAS indicator. Deworming and treatment also improved FCS (OR = 1.66, P = 0.05 and 1.88, P = 0.023), and awareness of zoonoses had a strong effect (OR = 3.20, P = 0.000). Vaccination was linked to better MDD-W (OR = 2.02, P = 0.043), and primary education improved MDD-W (OR = 2.97, P = 0.000). However, anthrax vaccination was negatively associated with all three indicators. This study showed that targeted animal health interventions significantly enhance food and nutrition security. The findings support national efforts to strengthen livestock strategies and food security. Further experimental research is needed to strengthen evidence on the relationship between animal health interventions and human nutrition.
Occurrence, Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibilityof Sorbitol Non-Fermenting E. coli Isolates, and Assessment of FishHandling Practices along the Supply Chain in Central Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Tesfaye Debelu; Professor Bekele Megersa; Dr. Fanta Desissa
Fish-borne diseases are among the global public health concern. Contaminated water bodies and poor handling practices along the fish supply chain can lead to fish contamination. Raw fish consumption is a leading cause of fish-borne infection. Emerging sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli strains including Escherichia coli O157:H7, may transmit to human sthrough contaminated water and fish. However, despite reports of contamination, there islimited information on the occurrence, molecular characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli in Ethiopia. This study, attemptstode termine these aspects in fresh water lakes, fish, and humans in central Oromia, Ethiopia. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire interviews and personal observations from a total of 200 purposively selected respondents comprising of 50 fishermen, 10 retailers, 20 food establishments serving fish, and 120 consumers. Moreover, a total of 750 samples including 150 fish meat, 150 fish skin swab, 150 fish feces, 150 fresh water of the lakes, 150human stool samples were collected from five Lakes and three health facilities. Overall, 150fish, 30 fish from each Lake, comprising of six fish species: Oreochromis niloticus, Clariasgariepinus, Tilapia Zilli, Cyprinus carpio, Labeobarbus intermedius, Barbus ethiopicus, whichare commonly used for human consumption were included in the study. Fecal, meat andskinswab samples were taken from each fish. The samples were processed following the standardprotocol recommended by European Food Safety Authority and Kirby–Bauer disc diffusionmethod for detection of the bacteria, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, respectively. Molecular characterization of presumptive isolates was performed using Whole-Genome Sequencing for sero typing, determination of virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance traits, and genetic linkage of the isolates. The study revealed a wide range of hygienic breaches, including fish processing at unhygienic landing sites, washing filleted fish with contaminated water of the Lakes, use of a single knife for processing all fish with infrequent washing and withnodi sinfection in between. Majority (70%; n=10) of the retailers and all the food establishment strans ported fish in vehicles with no cold chain facilities. Over three-fourths (77%; n =120) of theconsumers preferred consuming raw fish; 80% of them lacked the knowledge of fish borne diseases. Few good hygienic practices appreciated include, the use of refrigerators for storageinall retailers and 70% (n =20) of the food establishments, and the use of vehicles with thermostat for the transportation of fish among 30% of retailers. From a total of 750 microbiological samples analyzed, 3.9% (29/750) was found positive for sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichiacoli; of which 6.7% (n=10), 1.8% (n=8) and 7.3% (n=11) were retrieved from water, fish, anddiarrheic human patients, respectively. Whole-Genome Sequencing confirmed that all the isolates were sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli strains; among which none of them were Escherichia coli O157:H7. Two novel Escherichia coli strains with unknown O-antigen were retrived from fish feces and human stool. All the strains have multiple virulence factors and one or more genes encoding for them. Genetic relatedness was observed among strains from the same sources (water, fish, and humans). Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), cefotaxime (100%), ceftazidime (100%), meropenem (100%), nalidixicacid(93.1%) and sulfame thoxazole/trimethoprim (79.3%). Majority of the strains were resistant tochlor amphenicol (58.6%) and cipro floxacin (48.3%), while small fraction showed resistance toazi thromycin (3.45%). Isolates have shown an overall multi-drug resistance profile of 87.5%. Majority, (62.1%; n=18) of the strains have acquired multi-drug resistance traits. Genes encoding for mutational resistance and extended spectrum beta-lacta mases were also detected. In conclusion, the study revealed a wide range of hygienic breaches along the fish production and supply chain; lack of infrastructure for post-harvest fish handling and processing, lackof appropriate transportation facilities and presence of knowledge gaps regarding fish borne diseases, and the occurrence of virulent and antimicrobial resistant sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli strains in water, fish, and humans. Although no genetic relatedness was observed among strains from various sources, the genomic clustering among strains from the same sources strongly suggests the potential risk of transmission along the supply chain at the human–fish-environment interface if strict hygienic fish production is not in place. Hence, infrastructural development for hygienic fish production and processing, training for fish producers, consumer retailers and food establishments, and robust genetic study of the new strains with unknown O-antigens is required to improve fish safety and reduce the risk of public health.
Seroepidemiology and Molecular Identification of Brucella Species in Livestock and Humans in South Omo Zone, South Ethiopia Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Mekonnen Sorsa; Professor Gezahegne Mamo; Professor Gobena Ameni; Dr. Fufa Abunna
Brucellosis, a bacterial infection caused by the genus Brucella affecting animals, poses economic and public health risks, particularly for communities reliant on livestock. Limited data exists on the epidemiology of brucellosis and Brucella species affecting livestock and humans in Ethiopia, particularly in the South Omo Zone of the South Ethiopia Regional State. A crosssectional study was conducted in South Omo Zone, Ethiopia, from January 2017 to June 2020 to determine the prevalence, isolate and identify Brucella species in cattle, sheep, goats, and humans, and pinpoint risk factors associated with the disease across five istricts: Bena-Tsemay, Dassenech, Hamer, Gnangatom, and Malie. A multistage sampling approach was used to select study subjects, encompassing 1,920 cattle, 1,536 sheep, 1,536 goats, and 768 humans for serological examiantion using combined serial tests RBPT, competitive ELISA and CFT. These sample sizes for animals, and humans were distributed to each district in proportion to their livestock,and human populations, respectively. Additionally, a structured questionnaire survey was conducted to explore risk factors associated with brucellosis in both livestock and humans. Furthermore, a total of 340 clinical specimens (n=53 milk from cattle, n=39 milk from goats, n=28 milk from sheep, n=34 vaginal swab from cattle, n=48 vaginal swab from goats, n=16 vaginal swab from sheep) having recent history of abortion and whole blood samples from pastoralists with febrile illness visiting health centers (n=122) were ollected for Brucella species isolation and molecular identification using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed with STATA version 14.0, applying logistic regression to assess risk factors associations. The findings revealed that in cattle, overall seroprevalence of 5.26% (95% CI:5.05-8.04) and 36.43% (95% CI:33.18-43.76) at individual and herd level, respectively. Age, sex, herd size, abortion history, retained fetal membrane, and parity were statistically significant with seropositivity for brucellosis. Moreover, the findings established that pastoralists had low level of awareness about brucellosis and carryout risky practices that could expose them to brucellosis. In sheep, the study indicated 5.40% (95% CI: 3.34-7.47) and 39.74% (95% CI: 36.50-48.80) seroprevalence at individual and flock level, respectively. Age groups, sex, flock size, district, history of abortion, and body condition were stastistically significantly associated risk factors with Brucella seropositivity (P<0.05). In goats, individual animal level and flock level seroprevalences were recorded as 6.90% (95% CI:5.18-10.90) and 34.31% (95% CI:30.52- 42.41), respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between seroprevalence and factors such as sex, age, flock size, body condition, parity number, production system, history of abortion, retained fetal membrane, and stillbirth (P< 0.05). In humans, the overall seroprevalence of brucellosis recorded was 14.58% (95% CI: 12.07-18.24). The multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated statistically significant association (P<0.05) between Brucella seropositivity and factors such as gender, age, education level, occupation, consumption of raw animal products such as milk, meat and blood, direct animal contact, assisting animals during parturition with bare hand, contact with aborted materials without protective gloves, and lack of knowledge of zoonosis and brucellosis. The isolation and molecular detection revealed that 15 Brucella isolates were obtained (4.41%): 8 B. melitensis (53.33%) from (3 goats’ milk sample, 3 goats’ vaginal swab samples, and 2 human blood); 5 B. abortus (33.33%) from (2 cattle milk, 1 cattle vaginal swabs, and 2 human blood); and 2 B. ovis (13.33%) both from vaginal swab of sheep based on bacteriological and biochemical tests. The isolation and molecular identification of these Brucella species from multiple hosts including humans demonstrate potential cross-species transmission. In conclusion, brucellosis is endemic in both livestock and humans in South Omo Zone, driven by multiple risk factors and exacerbated by low community awareness. The findings underscore a serious public health concern requiring urgent need for integrated control measures, including public education, improved veterinary services, safe handling of animal products, and further research on disease transmission dynamics in wildlife-livestock-human interfaces.
Epidemiology of Rift Valley Fever Virus and West Nile Virus in Livestock Populations and Their Public Health Implications in the Afar Region, Northeastern Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Jemberu Alemu; Gezahegne Mamo (DVM, MSc, PhD, Professor); Mengistu Legesse (BSc, MSc, PhD, Professor)
Ethiopia faces heightened risk of Rift Valley fever (RVF) and West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks due to proximity to endemic countries (Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti), climatesensitive conditions (heavy rainfall, flooding), climate change, unrestricted livestock movement, and widespread mosquito vectors. Regions like Afar, with tropical ecosystems, are particularly vulnerable, mirroring trends across the Horn of Africa. Despite significant public health and economic threats, the epidemiology of these arboviruses in Ethiopia remains understudied. Therefore, the general objective of the study was to investigate the epidemiological status of Rift Valley Fever and West Nile viruses, along with their associated risk factors, in livestock populations and to assess the public health importance of these diseases in the Afar pastoral region of northeastern Ethiopia. A total of 736 serum samples were collected from 224 cattle, 155 camels, 144 sheep, 121 goats, and 92 donkeys in the Amibara and Haruka districts. The detection of anti-RVF nucleoprotein antibodies of Rift Valley Fever virus and anti- West Nile virus antibodies were performed using the ID Screen® Rift Valley Fever and West Nile competition multispecies ELISA kits. A total of 150 human participants (60 livestock owners, 40 animal health workers and paraveterinarians, and 50 public health professionals) were involved in the KAP study. The overall eroprevalence of RVF was 22.0% (162/736; 95% CI: 19.41–24.79%). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in goats (42.2%, 95% CI: 39.61–44.99%) compared to that of cattle (14.3%, 95% CI: 11.74–17.09%), sheep (21.5%, 95% CI: 18.91– 24.29%), or camels (30.97%, 95% CI: 28.38–33.76%) (P < 0.001). The study showed that seropositivity for IgG antibody to RVF infection was associated with locality and species of animal. Goats were two times more likely to be seropositive for RVF infection than cattle (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.462–3.574, P = 0.001). Livestock in the Kealatburi sub-district were five times more likely to be seropositive for RVF infection than those in the Halidegei sub-district (OR: 5.074, 95% CI: 3.066–8.396, P = 0.001). Among 736 tested livestock serum samples, 50.7% (373/736) showed anti-WNV IgG antibodies evaluated using the ID screen® WNV competition multispecies ELISA kits (95% CI: 47%–54.4%; P < 0.01). The seroprevalence was higher (p<0.01) in donkeys (76.1%), followed by camels (69.1%), cattle (52.2%), goats (34.7%) and sheep (25.7%), respectively. The study showed a statistically significant difference of WNV seropositivity between species of animals (OR:1.5, 95%CI =1.038-2.212). Donkeys were (OR: 6.447, 95% CI = 3.888-10.688) seven times more likely to be seropositive for WNV infection than sheep (p < 0.01). The study also revealed 9.1%, 95%CI= 8.86-9.29) seroprevalence of co-circulation of RVF and WNV. High 32/155 (20.7%) seroprevalence of co-circulation was seen in camels followed by goat 14/121(11.6%), cattle16/224(7.14%) and sheep 5/144(3.5%) respectively and higher 41/421(9.7%) seroprevalence of co-circulation was observed in Amibara district than Haruka district. Camels were seven times (OR: 7.016, 95% CI = 2.639-18.653) more likely to be seropositive for the co-circulation than sheep (p =0.000). Of the participants, 29.3% (44/150) believed zoonotic diseases spread through animal-based food or mosquito bites, while 63.3% (95/150) expressed insecurity about infections like Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever, or other zoonoses. This study found substantial knowledge gaps, a low level of risk concern, and high behavioral practices regarding zoonotic disease. Animal health workers had higher mean scores of knowledges of Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever and other zoonotic disease 27.3 ± 10.9 than public health professionals and livestock farmers/owners at p< 0.05. Mean score statistical difference was also observed among Illiterate, primary education, and secondary and above educational status groups. In conclusion, the present study showed that eropositivity of different species of livestock to RVF and WNV is an indication of its widespread occurrence of RVF and WNV in the study area, domestic livestock, especially in large herds, can serve as useful sentinels for the infections and warrants the need for further investigation on molecular epidemiology of RVF and WNV in livestock, their potential zoonotic significance to the pastoral communities and understanding of the vectors in transmission of the viruses in the study area in order to design a feasible control strategy.
Network analysis and mapping of small ruminant trade in Somali region and Borena zone, Ethiopia: Implication for potential spread and control of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus
(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Asrat Arke; Dr. Haileleul Negussie; Dr. Samson Leta
Livestock movement through trade is central driving factor for the spread of trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs) including Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) since pathogens can spread long distance via movement of infected animal. Hence, understanding animal trade network structure is fundamental step for surveillance and to implement effective animal disease control measures. This study aims to characterize small ruminant trade network patterns in the Borena Zone and Somali region by using social network analysis (SNA) approach. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the potential role of trade network structure in the risk of PPRV diffusion and control. Small ruminant market movement data including source, destination and volume of exchange was recorded from January to December, 2023 in selected eight markets in Borena Zone and Somali region. A total of 365,261 individual animals (sheep and goats) were traded through 64 identified markets and 20 non-market premises including abattoirs and cross-border destinations. The whole small ruminant trade network was sparsely connected (Density = 2.4%), and showed small-world network topology, with high clustering coefficient (CC= 0.73), and short path length and diameter (PL = 2.21, diameter =5). Degree-distribution of markets in network was right skewed and disassortatively mixed (assortativity = -0.517). Centrality-based percolation analysis showed remarkably faster reduction in connected components size than random removal of markets. Analysis of threshold parameter showed average epidemic threshold (q = 0.392) and Basic Reproduction Number (R0 = 2.75), with maximum risk at August (q =0.199, R0= 5). This study highlighted that; the whole small ruminant trade network in study areas was prone to the spread of PPRV due to the low epidemic threshold, the short diameter of the network and the presence of hub markets which can act as super-receivers and/or super-spreaders. Additionally, over 90% of the animals traded through the current small ruminant trade network came from PPR endemic and high-risk areas. Therefore, targeting those highly connected markets and nearby areas as sentinel during epidemiological surveillance could provide opportunities for early detection of threats enhance preparedness rapid response and minimize cost.
Study on Epidemiology and Economic Impact of Rabies in Humans and Animals in SouthWest Shewa Zone, Waliso, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Tadesse Debele; Dr. Zerihun Asefa; Dr: Haileleul Negussie
Rabies is an important viral zoonotic disease with a high fatality rate and sever economic impact. Epidemiological information can play an important role in the control and prevention of rabies. The current study investigated the spatio-temporal patterns of rabies and associated risk factors in humans and livestock. In addition, estimates the economic burden of rabies and assesses the community’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and their determinants. A retrospective study was conducted from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2023, and data was collected from selected health centers, monthly reports of offices, and questionnaire surveys from selected districts of the south-west Shewa zone, namely Kersa Malima and Sodo Dachi. Out of the 506 respondents interviewed, 23.32% of them were females, and about 80.0% of them had their own dogs. Almost 94.07% of the respondents had heard of rabies and identified the mode of transmission of rabies. Moreover, 41.9% had a good level of knowledge, 63.24% had a good level of positive attitude, and 17.78% had a good level of rabies prevention practices. A total of 345 cases of human rabies exposure were reported from 2019 to 2023 in this zone. The incidence of human rabies exposure cases was 6.07, 6.99, 4.36, 3.11, and 4.0 per 100,000 population from 2019 to 2023, respectively. The age group of 5 to 14 years old was highly exposed (31.93%). A larger number of human rabies exposures were reported in males (62.2%). The results of the spatio-temporal analysis identified Kersa Malima, Sodo Dachi, and Weliso districts as hot spots. Strong peaks of human rabies cases occurred in May and August. The estimated total economic impact of canine rabies was over USD 0.41 million. The largest portion of impacts (98.6%) were made up of Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP)-related costs from the total cost of prevention. The findings of this study indicated that preventive measures considering socio-demographic factors can be targeted to high-risk areas for effective control of rabies. Further studies are needed to develop effective strategies for hotspot areas.
Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease and Indigenous Disease Management Practices in Smallholder and Intensive Dairy Cattle Production Systems in Jimma City, Southwest Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Emraphel Ali; Dr. Ytbarek Getachew; Dr. Haileleul Negussie
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that has a significant economic loss in the livestock sector in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of FMD, the associated risk factor for its occurrence, and FMDV serotypes circulating in the area. Moreover, efforts were made to assess the traditional FMD management practices in the study area. A total of 384 blood samples were collected from dairy cattle managed under various production systems and subjected to a 3ABC enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) test to detect antibodies against non- structural proteins of FMD virus. A total of 22 serum samples exhibiting higher antibody titer were further tested using solid-phase competitive ELISA to identify the serotypes circulating in the area. Semi stractured questionnaires were used to collect information on potential risk factors and to extract knowledge, attitudes, and practices among respondents pertinent to the epidemiology of FMD. In this study, the overall seroprevalence of FMDV in dairy cattle of Jimma City was 29.9% (95% CI: 25.4 - 34.8). A multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of being FMDV seropositive was four times higher in crossbred cattle (OR = 4.15; 95% CI: 1.67 - 10.3; P = 0.002), three times higher in animals managed extensively (OR = 3.22; 95%CI: 1.33 -7.83; P = 0.01), three times higher in animals uses communal grazing and watering points (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.28-4.86; P 0.007), and two times higher in larger herd sizes (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.059-4.17; P = 0.039). In this study, four FMDV serotypes were identified in which serotype O was the predominant serotype (33%), followed by SAT-2 (27%), serotype A (23%), and SAT-1 (17%). Of the 104 respondents, the majority (84.6%) knew about FMD. Additionally, the indigenous FMD management practice of the respondents demonstrated extensive use of indigenous treatments and herbal remedies such as Solanum Nigrum („Embuay‟) (9.1%), Urtica pilulifera L (“Sama”) (15.2%), suspension of honey with red pepper (42.4%), and tobacco leaves powder (12.1), and salt (21.2%) in managing FMD in cattle. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of FMD in the study area.
Seroepidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Neospora Caninium in Cattle of Pastoral Production System in Teltelle District of Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Kula Jilo; Dr. Yitbarek Getachew
Neosporosis is a cosmopolitan disease that has recently emerged as a major cause of abortion in smallholder dairy farms in Ethiopia. However, the status and impact of Neosporosis in pastoral cattle production settings at large and Borana pastoral area, in particular, is uncovered. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021 to determine the seroprevalence and to elucidate potential associated factors for N.caninium infection in cattle in the Teltelle district of Borana zone. A total of 180 blood samples were collected from randomly selected herds(n=48) were examined to detect antibodies specific to N.caninium using indirect ELISA (ID.vet Innovative diagnostics, ID Screen®, and Montpellier, France). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather information about the potential risk factors of N.caninium from the owners (n=48) of sampled herds. Among the sampled animals 9 were positive on iELISA. The overall seroprevalence was 5.0% and 14.6% at animal and herd levels respectively. Animal level multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated animals with a history of abortion had significantly higher odds to be N.caninium seropositive (AOR=23, 95%CI: 2.354-188.702; P=0.006). Similarly, a significant association of prevalence was noted with the presence of open source of water (AOR=9, 95%CI: 1.599-47.568; P=0.012) and the presence of dogs (AOR=6, 95%CI: 11.213-27.222; P=0.028) respectively. At the herd level, the result of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significantly higher likelihood of N.caninium seroraections in the herd with the history of abortion (AOR=16; CI=1.446-175.939; P=0.024) and dystocia (AOR=7; CI=1.008- 45.071; P=0.049) respectively. Therefore, the study revealed for the first time provided evidence for N. caninium infection that was significantly associated with history abortion in a pastoral cattle production system. Further confirmatory epidemiological studies and community sensitization to achieve separation of dogs from herds, to do not feeding dogs with raw animal products and provision of hygienic water to animals is recommended.
Seroepidemiology and Also Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viral Antigen from Dairy Farms In Holeta Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Worku Berhanu; Dr. Haileleul Negussie; Dr. Asamenew Tesfaye
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to April 2021 to detect the antigen, investigate seroepidemiology, and associated risk factors bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in Holeta town at Walmera district of Ethiopia. A total of 337 sera samples were collected from unvaccinated cattle. The sera samples were subjected to BVDV antibody and antigen detection using indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and antigen-capture ELISA test, respectively. In this study, 15.43% (n = 52) and 64.71% (n = 11) overall seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus antibody was observed at individual and herds level, respectively. All antibody-negative serum samples (n =285) were tested for antigen using antigen-capture ELISA, of which 0.35% (n = 1) was found antigen-positive for BVDV.This is the first report of BVDV antigen prevalence (0.35%) in the study areas and Ethiopia. A statistically higher seroprevalence (P = 0.000) of BVDV was observed in cows with a history of abortion 52% (OR: 7.2; 2.98- 16.56), cows with repeated breeder 50% (OR: 6.2, 2.85-13.12), the introduction of new animal to the herd 50% (OR: 6.97;3.01-16.13), animals reared in intensive farms 26.43% (OR: 4.36;0.28-8.32) and parity ≥ 2 24.17% (OR:4.42;1.92-10.14). Additionally, Congenital defects 41.67% (OR: 4.22;1.28-13.86, P=0.017), large herd size 24.22% (OR: 3.36; 1.358.35,P=0.009), adults 23.12% (OR: 3.78;1.63 8.77, P=0.002) and farms used both AI and bull breeding 17.44% (OR: 2.17;0.93-5.03,P=0.070) were identified as potential risk factors and significantly associated with bovine viral diarrhea seropositivity. Seroprevalence of BVDV was not associated with body condition scores and sex at (P>0.05). This study revealed that cattle residing in Holeta town have greater exposure to BVDV infection and varied with reproductive problem, management, and farming system of the animals. The finding has also detected the antigens that helpful to further isolate the dominant genotypes BVDV circulating in the study area
Epidemiology and Economic impact of Foot and mouth disease in Domestic ruminants in Western Amhara regional state, North western Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Betelihem Yirdaw; Dr. Yasmin Jibril; Dr. Haileleul Nigusse
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects cloven-hoofed animals and causes significant economic losses in the livestock industry. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the western Amhara region of Ethiopia during the period from November 2020 to May 2021 with the aim of estimating the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of FMD, to identifying circulating serotypes and determines the economic impact of the diseases on domestic ruminants. A total of 389 sera samples and 14 epithelial tissue samples were collected from ruminants. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to determine economic loss associated with FMD. All the serum samples were subjected to a 3ABC enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay to detect antibodies against non-structural proteins of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). In this study, the overall seroprevalence of FMDV in the domestic ruminants were 4.63% (18/389); (95%; CI: 2.93% - to 7.24%). The seroprevalence of cattle, sheep and goats were 6.38% (12/389), 3.67% (4/389) and 2.17% (2/389) respectively. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed the occurrence of FMD was higher in Adet than in Banja (OR= 11.48, p=0.02). The occurrence in the semi-intensive production system was significantly greater than the occurrence in the extensive production system (OR=14.2 and p= 0.001). FMDV was detected using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerize chain reaction (RT-PCR) from a total of 14 active tissue samples taken and serotyping was done using antigen detection sandwich ELISA. FMDV was found in all tissue samples, and serotypes O, A, SAT1, and SAT2 were identified. Questionnaire survey data revealed total economic loss was 5553.21ETB (132.21$USA) per herd and 1124.13ETB (26.76$USA) per individual animal. It was determined that the disease's impact is extremely severe, resulting in massive economic losses. Therefore, it was recommended that further investigations on the epidemiology and economic consequences should be studied to design appropriate control options.
Phenotypic, Molecular Detection and Antibiogram Analysis of Aeromonas Hydrophila from Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) And Ready-To- Eat Fish Products in Selected Rift Valley Lakes of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Nebiyu Kassa; Dr. Yitbarek Getachew; Dr. Tesfaye Rufael
Aeromonas hydrophila is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen that frequently causes disease and mass mortalities among cultured and feral fishes worldwide. In Ethiopia, A. hydrophila outbreak was reported in Sebeta fish ponds and in lake Tana fishery. However, there is no to little information on the molecular, and phenotypical characteristics of A. hydrophila in Ethiopian fisheries. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to May 2021 in selected Ethiopian Rift valley lakes namely Koka, Ziway, Langano and Hawassa Lakes with aim of isolation and determination of phenotypic and genotypic features of A. hydrophila infecting tilapia and fish products in respective towns. A total of 140 samples were collected aseptically from fish (Muscle, Gill, Intestine, Spleen and Kidney) from fish landing sites, market and restaurants from respective towns with purposive sampling methods. Aeromonas selective media (AMB), morphological and biochemical tests were used to isolate and identify A. hydrophila. Accordingly, the pathogen was isolated from 81 (60.45%) of samples. Among the isolates 92.59% expressed virulence trait through β hemolysis on blood agar media with 5% sheep blood. Moreover, 54 strains (66.67%) were further confirmed with Real-Time PCR (qPCR) using ahaI gene specific primers and optimized protocol. The highest (68.51%) were detected from live fish, (24.07%) were from market fish and the lowest (7.4%%) were from RTE. Antibiogram analysis was conducted on ten representative isolates. Accordingly, A. hydrophila isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%) and ceftriaxone (100%). However, all ten isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Penicillin. The present study revealed virulent, Amoxicillin and Penicillin resistant A. hydrophila stains in fish and fish products. Interestingly adhesive (ahaI) gene was detected in majority of the isolates. Moreover, we optimized the first Real time PCR protocol that would be useful for molecular epidemiological studies of A. hydrophila. In conclusion, A. hydrophila strains carrying virulence ahaI gene that were ß-hemolytic and resistant to antibiotics commonly used in human and veterinary medicine are circulating in the fishery. The detection of the pathogen in 140 of the sampled fish population is alarming for potential outbreaks and zoonosis. Therefore, further molecular epidemiology of the disease should be studied to establish potential inter host transmission and antibiotic resistance traits. Therefore, raising the public awareness on risk associated with consuming undercooked or raw fish meat is pertinent. Designing prevention and control strategies against A. hydrophila to safeguard the fishery sector is highly recommended.
Serological Investigation of Infectious Bursal Disease in Poultry Reared under Backyard Production System In Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Mihret Amajo; Dr. Haileliul Negussie
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2020 to May 2021 to investigate the epidemiology of the infectious bursal disease (IBD). Multistage sampling was implemented to determine the seroprevalence and assess the risk factors of IBD in unvaccinated backyard chickens and describe the distribution of disease concerning different risk factors in the Wolaita zone. A questionnaire survey was also carried out and revealed that various factors affect the occurrence of IBD. From 482 sera samples tested for IBDV antibodies using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA), 236 samples were positive for IBDV antibodies with an overall prevalence of 48.96% (95% CI: 44.52-53.41). A statistically (P< 0.05) higher seroprevalence of IBD was found in exotic breed (n = 112; 57.14%) as compared to local breed (n = 124; 43.35%). Similarly, statistically higher seroprevalence of IBD was recorded in flock sizes ≥ 5 chickens (n = 201; 59.47%) as compared to < 5 chickens (n = 35; 24.3%). Based on the results of multivariable logistic regression the odds of occurrence of IBD was 0.67 times lower in local breeds than exotic breeds and ≥ 5 chickens had 4.33 times higher seropositive than < 5 chickens. There was a statistical association (P<0.05) between the treatment history and death in the flock. This study revealed that IBD was an important and wide speared problem in poultry production. Thus, appropriate biosecurity measures, regular serosurveilance, creating awareness to the owners, and frequent outbreak investigation for selecting appropriate vaccine strain and effective vaccine design and vaccination is important for the control of the disease.
Sero-prevalence and risk factors associated with brucellosis in ruminants and humans in selected districts of West Shoa zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Wakuma Mitiku; Dr. Teshale Sori; Dr. Getachew Tuli; Mr. Teferi Benti
A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted in Bako Tibe, Ilu Galan, and Nono districts of the West Shoa zone, from January - May 2021 to estimate the seroprevalence and identify associated risk factors of brucellosis in ruminants and humans, as well as to assess the knowledge and practices of livestock owners towards the disease. A total of 295 blood samples were collected for serological tests from ruminants using a simple random sampling, whereas the districts and kebeles were selected purposively. In addition, 102 human sera were included in the study. Rose Bengal Plate test was used to screen the serum samples, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed as a confirming test. Besides, information was collected on the individual animal and herd-level risk factors using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the prevalence of brucellosis and present the questionnaire survey results. Firth's bias-reduced logistic regression was used to determine the association between the prevalence of brucellosis and the risk factors. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was 3.3 % (95 % CI: 1.73-6.34) by Rose Bengal Plate test and 1.3 % (95 % CI: 0.43 -3.67) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent test, of these,1.17% (95 % CI: 0.14 - 4.18) in cattle, 1.63% (95 % CI: 0.04 - 8.7) in sheep and 1.56% (95 % CI: 0.03 - 8.4) in goats. The result of univariable firth's bias-reduced logistic regression analysis indicates that animals with the history of abortion (OR= 26, P= 0.003), species composition (OR= 8, P= 0.023), and retained fetal membrane (OR=9, P=0.034) were found significantly associated with brucellosis. Nevertheless, in the multivariable firth's bias-reduced logistic regression analysis, history of abortion (OR=10.72, 95 % CI: 1.06 -131.26, P = 0.044) and species composition (OR=12.37, 95 % CI:0.98 -155.67, P = 0.03) were statistically significant risk factors of ruminant brucellosis. Four blood clots from seropositive animals were further tested with real-time PCR and the result revealed that all samples were negative for IS711 primers. Similarly, no human sera were found positive for Brucella antibodies. A total of 120 peoples were questioned to evaluate their awareness and practices regarding to brucellosis. Accordingly, most respondents 71.7% did not know brucellosis and 50% of them practices handling animals’ delivery. In conclusion, despite the low figure of brucellosis, the free movement of animals across herds could make it a source of infection for other herds. The study also shows that, despite having some understanding about zoonosis, the community's practices are poor. As a result, seropositivity in animals may suggest that brucellosis poses a public health risk. This necessitates a more detailed epidemiological and genomic assessment to identify the specific Brucella species found in the area's animals and humans.
Isolation, Molecular Detection and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test of Salmonella Isolates in Broiler Chicken Production System in and Around Adama Town, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Yamlaksira Ayalkibet; Hika Waktole
Ethiopia is one of the leading countries in having a large chicken population in Africa. However, different constraints are affecting the productivity of the chickens in the country. Salmonellosis is one of the prioritized bacterial diseases affecting poultry in the country and poultry meat is the major source of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans. As the result, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to July 2021 in purposively selected broiler chicken farms found in and around Adama town with the aim of isolation, molecular detection, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of Salmonella from broiler chickens. A total of 380 samples (cloacal swab, n=260; pooled fresh fecal dropping, n=30; pooled litter sample, n= 30; pooled feed sample, n=30; and pooled water swab, n=30) were randomly collected from 6 purposively selected broiler chicken farms. Standard bacteriological techniques were employed to conduct isolation and biochemical test confirmation of Salmonella followed by molecular confirmation using conventional PCR and the drug sensitivity testing was done for 10 antimicrobials by using disk diffusion methods according to CLSI guidelines. Out of the total 380 samples collected, 88 (23.2%) were positive for Salmonella. Based on the potential effects of sample type, the likely hood of isolation of Salmonella was 6.91 times significantly higher in the fecal sample as compared to the other types of samples. A total of 42 representative samples out of 88 (~50%) biochemically positive Salmonella were subjected to molecular detection and 10 (23.8%) of the isolates were positive to S. Enteritidis using the SdfI gene. From the PCR positive S. Enteritidis profiled for antimicrobial susceptibility, the highest resistance (90%) was observed in Ampicillin followed by Tetracycline (80%). Multi antimicrobial resistance (MAR) was recorded in 8(80%) of the isolates; indicating the irrational use of antibiotics in broiler chickens which leads to the potential source for MAR Salmonella infection in both animals and humans. Therefore, improvement of knowledge of farmers and judicious use of antimicrobial and restriction of getting drugs without a prescription is crucial and mandatory. Further, molecular confirmation and sequencing should be done to identify the gene that plays a role in resistance.
Epidemiology Of Subclinical Hypocalcaemia and its Metabolite Profile In Dairy Cow During Transition Period in and Around Bishoftu Town, East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Mogos Mekonnin; Dr.Yitbarek Getachew; Dr.Haileleul Nigussie
In order to sustain the healthy, production and productivity of dairy farm, it’s important to manage and control the metabolic disease of dairy cow in dairy sector. Hypocalcaemia is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cows that cause significant economic loss in the dairy industry. However, more studies have not been conducted in Ethiopia on subclinical hypocalcaemia during transition period. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2021 to June, 2022 in and around the Bishoftu town of East Shewa Zone to know the Epidemiology of subclinical hypocalcaemia and its metabolite profile in dairy cows during the transition period. During the study period, 43 dairy farms were purposively selected based on the willingness of dairy owners. 176 blood samples of dairy cows were sampled from the target population during the study. A semi-structured questionnaire survey was also conducted in parallel to sample collection on dairy farm owners or producers during the study period. The Cobas 6000 electrolyte analyzer at Adama Public Health Research and Referral Laboratory Center was used to measure serum calcium concentrations of sampled dairy cows during transition period. Cows with serum calcium levels < 2.15mmol/L were considered to have subclinical hypocalcaemia, whereas those with serum calcium levels > 2.15mmol/L were considered to have normocalcaemia. The number of dairy cows that were below the threshold point was (n=49) in the study period. The current study revealed that, the prevalence of subclinical hypocalcaemia was 27.8% (CI, 95% = 22% - 35%). The average serum calcium level of sampled dairy cow was 2.174mmol/L (median = 2.21mmol/L), the minimum and maximum value 1.21mmol/L, 2.49mmol/L, respectively. The test of significance association implies that serum calcium concentration was related to breed (local, coef =0.098740, p =0.001), age (coef = -0.042506, p = 0.000137), milk yield (coef = -0.054521, p = 0.042397), feed type (mixed, coef = 0.116441, p=0.002, roughage, coef = 0.091068, p = 0.0049), parity (coef = -0.070485, p = 0.01632) and cow status (pregnant, coef = 0.055772, p = 0.0469). Despite the fact that the farm owner unaware of its presence, the current investigation revealed that subclinical hypocalcaemia is the most prevalent metabolic condition affecting dairy cows in the study area. Therefore, emphasis on host-related and management factors during the transition period is warranted.
cart and harness characteristics of draught equids in the oromia region ; the contribution of local cart and harness design to the welfare of working equids
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Abel Legesse; Prof.Teshale Sori
The study was conducted from November 2021 to May 2022 in three selected towns of Oromia region Bishoftu, Selale, and Shashemene to assess cart and harness characteristics and its contribution of local cart and harness design to the welfare of working equids . A total of 369 equines were examined during the study period, with 244 (66.12 %) horses, 122 (33.06 %) donkeys, and 3 (0.81 %) mules being examined for general attitude, gait, response to spinal contact, presence of shoes, lesions on various parts of the body, hoof and limb conditions, and body condition status. When the proportion of work types was compared to the study region, Bishoftu, Selale, and Shashemene differed. In Bishoftu, 72.88 % use taxis, 19.43 % use transit, and 7.68 % utilize water transportation. A taxi driver, like Bishoftu, was the most frequent type of work in Selale. It was 74.32 %, with goods transport accounting for 21.66 % and water transport accounting for 3.53 %. Cart taxi service is virtually non-existent in the Shashemene area. The bulk of carts were used to transport commodities and water, accounting for 82.84 % and 17.15 %, respectively, of all carts. The study found that 13.11 % of the 122 donkeys were "Very thin," 84.42 % were "Thin," and 2.45 % had "Ideal" physique scores. The condition "Thin" accounted for 53.68 % of the total horse population, followed by "Ideal" condition, which accounted for 23.36 % of the total horse population. The third and last segment was occupied by a very thin body score condition, which accounts for around 22.95 % of the total. From the total sample 75.60% of working equids were found with wound on different body parts in Bishoftu, 67.47% in Selale and 84.55% in Shashemene area because of improper fitting of harness materials. Girth wounds account for the majority of these three major wound results, accounting for 43.90 % of all wounds across the research region. Chest wound 23.30 % and saddle wound 22.49 % took second and third place, respectively. In the current study, we discovered that equines play a significant role as useful animals in both rural and urban communities. Cart and harness features such as unfitted, thinner saddles, use of unbreathable paddings, lameness, wound, overworking, overloading, injuries, and general abuse were common. Further research and appropriate interventions should be explored on the welfare restrictions impeding the optimal use of equines in this critical area.
Seroepidemiology of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Isolation of Bovine Herpes Virus-1 from local breed cattle in selected districts of South Omo Zones, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Melkamu Tadesse; Dr. Zerihun Assefa; Dr. Hagose Asegedom; Abebe Garuma(MSc)
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild bovines and angulates caused by Bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1). It causes a high economic loss in cattle industry worldwide. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to May 2023 to determine the seroprevalence of the disease, assess the potential risk factors associated with the disease as well as to isolate the BHV-1 from local breed cattle in the selected districts of the South Omo zone, Ethiopia. A total of 400 blood sera and 24 nasal swaps were collected to determine the seroprevalence and isolation of the virus respectively. Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA) was used to detect antibodies specific to Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BoHV-1). The nasal swap samples were propagated on Madine-Darby Bovine Kidney Epithelial (MDBK, passage 84) cell line, monitored and inspected for the development of cytopathic effects (CPE). Descriptive statistics, chi-square (x2) test, univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyse the field and laboratory data. An overall individual animal seroprevalence of 81% (324 of 400) and herd-level seroprevalence of 88.29% (83 of 94) were recorded. Out of 24 samples were processed for virus isolation, virus specific cytopathic effects were observed only in 6 (25%) samples. Factors such as herd size (OR= 14.5, p=0.000), movement across a national border (OR=5.2, p=0.005), contact with wild animals (OR=3.99, p=0.005), retained placenta (OR=30.7, p= 0.005), and purchased, gifted or cattle rustling (OR=10.6, p=0.000) were found statistically associated with IBR seropositivity in multivariate analysis. However, abortion, dystocia, still birth, history of respiratory and ocular problem, sex, age, crossing Park and sanctuary boundary, were not found statistically significant. In general, the serological and cell culture results showed that BHV-1 was circulating among the herds in the study area. Given that the current study was limited in time, space and design, further works need to be conducted to generate additional information which helps reduce the transmission and socio-economic impacts of the IBR disease on domestic cattle.
Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Its Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile in Beef in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2023) Gemechis Tegegn; Dr. Fufa Abunna; Dr. Zerihun Asefa
Escherichia coli O157:H7 spreads through the consumption of contaminated, raw beef. A cross-sectional study was carried out between November 2022 and June 2023 on 285 samples collected from butcher shops and abattoir to investigate the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and assess its antimicrobial susceptibility profile in slaughterhouse and butcher shops in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The 3MTM Molecular Assay Detection E. coli O157 methods were used to detect E. coli O157 using the 3MDS protocol guide. Isolation and identification E. coli O157:H7 was by using Biolog GENIII Microplate system. Over all, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in the abattoir and butcher shops was 6.32% at 95% CI [4.0–9.83] with a higher prevalence in the abattoir (12/150; 8.0%) than butcher shops (6/135; 4.44%). In the abattoir, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 12 (8%) at 95% CI [4.6, 13.6] samples, 10 (6.67%) from beef carcasses, 1 (0.67%) from workers' hands, and 1 (0.67%) from knife swabs. Animal-related risk factors (sex, age, breed, and body condition score) were not significantly associated with the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in the abattoir. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in butcher shops was 4.44 % at 95% CI [1.99– 9.63], and cutting board swabs (16%), carcasses (1.67%), and knife swabs (4%) were the most common sources. The test statistics association found a significant difference in the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 among sample types from an abattoir and butcher shops (df = 7, p = 0.04). The disc diffusion method used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Eight antimicrobials used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 18 E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Accordingly, E. coli O157:H7 showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin, penicillin G, and vancomycin and 94% resistance to ampicillin. Moreover, both streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim showed 100% susceptibility. E. coli O157:H7 was also found to be susceptible to gentamicin and tetracycline (17/18) (94.44%) and 16/18 (88.9%), respectively. In the current study, samples from butcher shops and an abattoir were found to contain the human pathogenic E. coli O157:H7, which is resistant to many antibiotics. Therefore, coordination of efforts is required to minimize or eliminate the dangers that this organism poses at various points in the food chain. These can be prevented primarily by using antibiotics ethically and correctly handling and cooking animal products.
Seroepidemiology of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Bovine Brucellosis, and Major Reproductive Problems in Commercial and Smallholder Dairy Farms in North Shewa, Central Highlands of Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2023) Aweke Engdawork; Haileleul Negussie ( Assoc. Prof); Dr. Demeke Zewde; Abdela Bulbula
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to May 2023 to determine the seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine brucellosis, and to identify the major reproductive problems and potential risk factors in commercial and smallholder dairy farms in North Shewa, the central highlands of Ethiopia. Stratified random sampling technique was employed to sample animals from the respective farm types. A total of 511 blood samples were collected from crossbred and local cattle from 142 herds. The serological investigations were conducted using competitive gE-ELISA for IBR, RBPT and CFT for bovine brucellosis. The overall seroprevalence of IBR was 61.84% (95% CI: 57.53-65.97%) at animal level and 85.21% (95% CI: 78.28-90.21%) at the herd level; while the prevalence of bovine brucellosis was 0.98% (95% CI: 0.41-2.34%) at animal level and 3.52% (95% CI: 1.46-8.26%) in the herds based on combined RBPT and CFT tests. The univariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age, breed, parity, history of abortion, retained fetal membrane and ocular/nasal discharges were significantly associated with IBR seropositivity. The final adjusted model for potential risk factors indicated that animals above 6 years old were 9.16 (95% CI: 3.09-27.16; p = 0.000) times at higher risk, while animals with abortion were 4.51 (95% CI: 1.23-16.53; p = 0.019) times and nasal discharges were nearly 3 (95% CI: 1.86-9.31; p = 0.030) times more at risk for IBR seropositivity. The univariable firth’s bias reduced logistic regression analysis indicated that district, age, breed, parity, history of abortion, retained placenta and dystocia were found to be significant factors for bovine brucellosis seropositivity in dairy cattle. The odds of brucellosis were higher in animals above 6 years old (OR = 3.82; 95% CI: 1.71-7.97; p = 0.004), local breeds (OR = 6.2; 95% CI: 2.08-8.21; p = 0.016), and aborted cows (OR = 22.35; 95% CI: 3.90-107.91; p = 0.002). Semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 120 respondents to determine major reproductive problems, and assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of farmers. The most common reproductive problems in dairy herds were repeat breeding (47.5%), anoestrus (44.17%), retained placenta (40%), abortion (32.5%) and dystocia (22.5%). Most of the farmers (55.83%) reported assisting a cow during parturition and 75% of them did not use protective glove or personal protection. The practices of raw milk (26.67%) and raw meat (64.17%) consumption were reported. However, only 14.17% of the respondents were found to have the awareness on zoonotic transmission of brucellosis. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that IBR was widely distributed in commercial and smallholder dairy farms; whereas, the prevalence of bovine brucellosis was found to be very low among dairy cattle. Therefore, the initiation of vaccination for Bovine Herpes Virus-1 with marker vaccines in Ethiopia, regular herd testing, isolation of animal with predictive signs, and implementation of strict farm biosecurity measures are forwarded to minimize impacts of the diseases on the growing dairy industry, and public health impact of brucellosis.
Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in small ruminants of Borena Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2023) Adem Kumbe; Haileleul Negussie(Assoc. Prof.); Yitbarek Getachew(Assoc. Prof.); Samson Leta (Assoc. Prof.); Gezahegn Alemayehu(PhD)
A peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a major economic threat to sustainable small ruminant production in the developing world, including Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to March 2023 to estimate the epidemiological status of PPR in the small ruminants of the Borena Zone. Moreover, a questionnaire survey and retrospective outbreak data analysis were conducted to complement laboratory and field data. In the present study, districts and households were selected purposively based on small ruminant population, and individual animals were selected randomly. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from sheep and goats and subjected to serological analysis using cELISA. In this study, the seroprevalence in nonvaccinated animal was 32.1% (95% CI: 26.3– 38.3). Multivariable logistic analysis revealed a statistically significant association of PPRV seropositivity to older age (60%, OR = 7.3, 95%CI = 2.7–19.4; P = 0.000), animals of market origin (62.9%, OR = 4, 95%CI = 1.4–11.3; P = 0.00), animals given as gifts (56.3%, OR = 8.3, 95%CI = 2.1-32.6; P = 0.003), poor veterinary service (43.5%, OR = 2.6, 95%CI = 1.2– 5.7; P = 0.019), and medium flock size (74.2%, OR = 15.4, 95%CI: 3.1–77.3; P = 0.001). In retrospective data from 2018 to 2022, 554 outbreaks and 114,924 deaths of small ruminants were reported in Ethiopia, with 9.6% outbreaks and 0.6% deaths reported from Borena Zone. A total of 81 household heads were interviewed in three districts. The disease was known to locals as "Marareba". Respondents reported that the virus had a detrimental effect by causing mortality in goats (12.3%) and sheep (7.4%), and abortions in goats (22.2%) and sheep (11.1%). However, most respondents (81.5%) lack knowledge about disease transmission, sources and practices facilitating factors including small ruminant sales, cultural festivals, dry seasons, and traditional remedies. The study highlighted the presence of PPR among the sheep and goats in Borena Zone. Lack of awareness on means of transmission, and different social activities might have contributed toa higher presence of the disease in the study population. Therefore, continuing the vaccination effort and community education are recommended to minimize the socioeconomic impact of PPR among the Borena pastoral community.

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