Veterinary Epidemiology

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Study on the Prevalence of Bovine Cysticercosis in Awassa Municipal Abattoir and Taen Sagnlnain Awassa Tows and its Surroungs, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 200-06) Fufa, Abunna; Tiiahull, Dr. Getachew
The stud y was made from October 2005 to April 2006 at the Southern Nat ion, ationalities and Peoples Regi on. Awassa town and its su rroundings. It was carried out with the overall objecti ve of providing base line data on the prevalence of C bovis'T saginata. A total of 400 carcasses of randomly selected bovine animals we re used fOT the active abattoir survey. The study comprised of an active abattoir survey data collection at Awassa municipal abattoir. questionnaire sur. cy on \ 'oluntecr respondents and an inventory of phannaceutical drug stores and shops in Awassa town. Of the 400 carcasses examined during the study period. 105 (26.25%) were infected with C. bonos. The distribution of organs tissues infected with C. bO \'is werc. heart (11.25',). diaphragm (1.75',). masseter (8.5',). kidney (0.25',). lung (OJ'·,). shoulder (9°'0) . tongue (3.25° '0). and liver (0.75°0). Analysis of active abattoir survey revealed that there was a significant difference ( P < 0.05. OR = 3.34) between breeds. but there were no significant differences observed in the infection rates between sex (P > 0.05. ;( = 0.02) and origin (P > 0.05. OR = 0.87) of the animals. The viability test on all isolated bladder WOnTIS showed that -l4.2% were viable. The tonf,1Uc. heart. shoulder and masseter muscles had the highest number of viable (11.25°0), (9°0), (8.5°0) cysts respectively. Based on the questionnaire SUI\'cy. T. saginaw taeniasis is a v .. ide spread problem In Awassa town and it s surroundings. 64.1 00 of the respondents had contracted taeniasis due to T. saginala. The potential risk factors of taeniasis namely. age. sex. religion. occupation, educational le\ cis, raw meet consumption. use of spices during meat consumptio n and marital status were considered . The pre\alence of taeniosis was slightly significant by the age of the respondents (P 0.05 and ;! = 0.44). Among ~ luslim and Christian communities. it was found that there was a statistical significant difference in the pre\·alence oftaemosis (P0.05 and OR = 0.7 1). The prevalence of tacniosis was highly signilicant (P
EpidemiologeIcal Survey of CBPP in Awi and Western Gojjam Zones of Amihara Region and Comparison of CFT and C-EliSa for the Diagnosis of CBPP
(AAU, 1998) Takele, Gashaw; Staak, C(Dr
For assessing the prevalence and distribution of contagiolls bovine pleuropneumonia (C BPP) in North -Western Ethiopia, a cross-sec tional questionnaire s urvey and sero-epidemiological investigation has been conducted in 11 selected districts of AWl and Western Gojjam zones of Amharn regin The questionnaire surwy and se rum sample collecti on was conducted nduc from February to August 1997. The purpose of the questionnaire was to assess the produc ti on system. preva lence a nd economic importance of major cattk diseases. occurrence of bovi ne respiratory diseases and measures wken to deal with it The questionnaire was given to a total of 39 farmers. According tothe questionnaire, the farme rs have described bovine respi ra tory cli s~ast! using various local names: Samba (2 1%), SalIg (5%) and il was ranked as a major veterinary problem. About 41 % or the inntervewed have reported the seasonal occurrence of the respiratory disease problem. Thl' major sou rcl.!S of the disease outbreak were reported as grazing cont act (5 1 %), social facto rs involving cauil' movement (3%). While others (aboul 41 % ) did not specify them. t-. leasures lakL'n in case of outbreaks: Treatment using antibiotics (69%). vaccination (23%) and traditional measures(8 )
Epidmiology and Zoonotic Importance of Bovine Tuberculosis in Selected Sites of Eastern shoa Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 1998-01) Kiros, Tade!e
A. survey was conducted In De bre Zeit and .-\ddis Ababa. from Jo.nu:!ry to October. 1997 in canle and human tuberculosis patients to study thl;! epidemiology or bO\Jne tuberculosis and to assess the role of J! hOlliS in human T8 cases re spectively. The methods applied wefe comparative intradermal tuberculin te st. postmortem diagnosis. cul tural examination. biochemical te:m and questionnaire su rve::v on human TB p:ltients and 'Jlry farm \\"o rkers. A to tal of 788 anim:tls \\ere subjected to the comparatj\e intradermal :uberculin test (C lOT) resulting In 2.3Qo o pOSHl\e and 5.81)'0 doubtful reacWrs. Th ere \\as a slgmricant difference In pre\ alenee between tiums sites ranging fr om -J. .2° 0 to 90.8°0 mcludin.,; the doubtful reactors , I,Z~ test. p
The Epidemiology of Bovine Brucellosis in Intra-and Peri- urban Daban Dairy Production Systems in and around Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 1998-01) Asfaw, Yilkal; Molla, Dr Bayleyegn
Bovine brucellosis is an infsease of economic importance by causing abortions and infertility .Bovine brucellosis is considered azoonosis information on the extent of bovine brucellosis . however, is scarce for the expanding intra- and peri- urban dairy enterprise in Ethiopia .the purpose of this study was to investigate the status of bovine brucellosis and its impact on reproduction in some intra and peri – urban dairy production systems in Ethiopia across- sectional investigation of bovine brucellosis was carried out from june to October 1997 on 42 dairy farms located in debre zeit ,kaliti, Sebeta .and Addis Ababa
Prevalence of Camel Trypanosomiasis and Factors Associaten with the Disease Occurrence in Leben with the Disease in Leben District Boriea Zone Oromia Region Ethiopa
(AAU, 1998-01) Demwke, Getahun; Abebe, Getachew(Dr
A cross-sectional study wns undertaken to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis and to identify factors associated with the disease in the southern nlngdands of Ethiopia. Multistage sampling was employ..:d as sampling method. Wet blood smeJrs, buTy com technique and antibody ELISA were utilized as diagnostic techniques to delennine the prevalence. A herJ health management questionnaire was also used to collect rdevant infor'tion on factors associated with the disease. Furthe rmore, a parallel Slirvey of the helminth status was undertaken in dry season to assess a possible association with low pev readings. A total of 31..J. camels in 81 herds and 285 camds in 74 herds were sampled during wel and dry season, respectively. In rainy season sampJ.es prevaknces of 10.1 % using parasitological methods and of 56.5% using antibody ELISA were found were found whereas parsitological methods revealed an infection 2.8% in dry season Aeg ecological conditionas and season were found to the disease a cumulative incidence of 0.03 and an incidence density of 3 cases per 10.000 animal days points to an extremely low disease dymamic during the dry season Tevansi was most common cause of camel trypanosomiasis ,Tvivax was found in twe camels
Epidemiological Survey of CBPP in Awi and Western Gojjam Zones of and Comparison of CFT and C-elisa for the Diagnosis of CBPP
(AAU, 1998-01) Takle, Gashaw; Staak, C (Dr
For assessing the prevalence and distribution of contagiolls bovine pleuropneumonia (C BPP) in Norl h-Western Ethiopia, a cross-sec tional questionnaire s urvey and sero-epidemiological investigation has been conducted in 11 selected districts of AWl and Western Gojjam zones of Amharan region. The questionnaire surwy and se rum sample collecti on was co nduc ted from February to August 1997. The purpose of the questionnaire was to assess the produc ti on system. preva lence and economic importance of major cattk diseases. occurrence of bovi ne respiratory diseases and measures wken to deal with it. the questionnaire was given to a total of 39 farmers
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Prospective Study of Bovine Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis in Peri Urban and Urban Dairy Production Systems in the Addis Ababa Region, Ethiopia
(AAU, 1998-01) Simukai Bishi, Alee; Zessin (Prof); Zerihun, Ademe (PhD)
This study was conducted to establish the prevalence and incidence of clinical and subclinical Mastitis in peri-urban and urban dmry production systems in and around Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to gain an insight in to the farming systems in operation, and to study some management and social factors that may have an influence on the occurrence of mastitis. The main aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of intensification (farm size in particular) on the Occurrence o f mastitis.
Oral Newcastle Disease Vaccination Trials and Studies of Newcastle disease In Ethiopia
(AAU, 1998-01) Nasser, Mohammed; Zerihun, Ademe(Phd
Oral Newcastle Disease Vaccination Trials and Studies of Newcastle disease In Ethiopia ==Three laboratory trials Wert: conducted in commercial broiler chickenst to determine efficacy of the heat-resistant NDV-12 vaccine (similar to V4 vaccine). and to compare the NDV-I~ vaccine with conventional vaccines (HBI and LaSola). Sorghum and barley were tested for their suilabiJity as vaccine carriers for oral administration. Further one eight field isolates of NOV were tested for their pathogenicity and nine ND outbreaks between 1983 and 1995 in state poultry farms in Ethiopia were studied retrospectively. In the vaccination Trials, chickens were vaccinntcd twice or three timcs with NDV-i2 and conventional vaccines via the ocular and/or the drinking water route, and via feed with parboiled and untreated barley and sorghum as carriers. Sera were collected al wekly intervals up 10 the end of the triias and were tested for haenugglutinatioll.inhibition (Hi) activity. The protcection level was assesse'-lebratu d by challenging the chickens intramuscularly by a locatly isolated velogenic strain of NDV
A Study of Prevalence Mid EpidemIologIcal Key Factors of Salmonella Species in Selected Poultry Farms in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
(AAU, 1998-01) A.Molomo, Marosi; Kasbohrer (PhD)
A cross-sectional and longitudinal study were undenaken for a period of 5 months identify current salmundtallae scrotypcs prevailing in selected poultry farms in Debrc Zeit, Ethiupia. Strotypes of particular interest were S. EnteritiJis and S. Typhimurium which are of public health importance and S. Gallinarum which is of economic significance. In the cross-sectional stud, 8 farms with 20 flocks of chickens were investgated. . The farms were subdivided acco rding to ownership. The large state farms large private farms and small private farms. These farms were labeled from A to H and flocks in farms wert labded accordingly.Histoical data of the last 5 year were obtained and analyzed farm A
Epidemiology and Seasonal Dynamics of Gastrointestinal Helminthoses of the Small Ruminants in Eastern and Southern Semi Arlozones of Ethiopia.
(AAU, 1999) A. Kasambara, Donald; Schuster, . R. (Prof); Makonnen, Yilmn J. (PhD)
This study Was Conducted to established the Prevalence of the Gastrointestinal Helminths Infecting the Small Ruminants in Eastern and Southern semi arid zones of Ethiopia, to Determine the Seasonal Dynamics and relative Importance of Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection. to Determine the Relationship Between the Faecal Egg Output and Intensity of Infection (Worm Burden) in Infected Subjects A Questionnaire survey Was also Conducted Gain Insight Into the Fanning System in Operation and Study Some Herd Health. Management and Social Factors That May Have Some Influence on the Occurrence of Gastrointestinal. 300 Households Were Randomly Selected and the Heads or The Household S Were Interviewed. Out of 300. 264 Respondent Were Males and 36 Were Females.
Investigation on Ectoparasites of Small Ruminants in Selected Sites of Amhara Regional State and there Impact on the Tanning Industry
(AAU, 1999-12) Sertse,Tefera
The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites on sheep and goats. assess the effect of major ectoparasites on the quality of skin processed in the tanneries and identify the type and magnitude of defects that cause down grading and rejection in pickled sheep and wet blue goat pelts. The study was carried out through questionnaire survey, clinical examination and analysis of pickled and wet blue skin defects in Kombolcha and Dessei tanneries. 0 ut of 7 52 sheep and 752 goals examined 50.5% of s heep and 56.4% of goats were found infested with one or more ectoparasites. The major cctoparasitcs identified on sheep were D ovis (38.5%), A{ 0\,;'1115 (12.5%), tick infestations (3.4%) and Linog"athus spp. (2.4%). The major ectoparasites recorded on goats were Lillogllarlws spp, (28,3%), ticks (22.2%), sarcoplic mange (6.1 %) and Ctenocephalides spp (8.1 %). In sheep, there was significant difference (pO.05) was detected in prevalence of sarcoptic mange and Ctenocephalides spp. In goats, the risk of sarcoptic mange infestation in lowland (Odds ratio (OR) =4.6, p0.05) was recorded in prevalence of all ectoparasites except D. ovis infestation by age. D. ovis was found to affect more significantly (p<0.05) the adults (42.2%) than the young (29.9%) sheep. Analysis of body condition showed no significant varia tion (p>O.05) to ectoparasite infestation in sheep. However, poor body condition goats \'-'ere 4.3 times at risk from sa rcoptic mange (OR=4.3, p
Cross Sectional and Longitudinal study of Bovine Mastitis in Urban and Peri-urban Dairy Systems in the Addis Ababa Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 1999-12) Hussein, Nesru; Molla, Dr Bayleyegn
Epidmological Study and Zoonotic Importance of Bovine Salmonellosis in Selected Sites of Addie Ababa, Ethiopia
(AAU, 1999-12) Nyeleti, Charles; Hildebrandt, Goetz (Prof)
A cross-sectional study was carried out Cor the period of 6 months in selected sites of Addis Ababa in order to determine the prevalence and distribution of Samonella in the cattle chain frolll abattoir to the COllsumer. The sources analyzed were pooled cattle faeces, pooled mesenteric Iymphnodes. single muscles from the diaphragm as well as from the abdominal region Additional minced beef from supermarkets destined for human consumption and additinally stool samples from the abattoir personnel were included ill the survey. The isolated Salmollella strains were serotyped and resistance against antibiotics delclIllined For the culture method, the technique recommended by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO 6579. 1998) was choscn Antimicrobial results \\ere analyzed based on the descrption by AVID (1987). All the data collected on the prevalence and Salmonella distribution from the samples were presellled ill form of tables and figures The Chi• Square test analyzed statistically whether there was association between Salmollella plcvalence with animal condition or Illode of transport conditions, supcrmarkets or storage conditions in supermarkets. Analyzing prevalence and di stribution of Salmullella from 235 abattoir cattle randomly selectcd samples leads to the following results: in 47 pooled samples of faeces (containing five samples) 5 Salmullella strai ns (10.6 00) were isolated. in 47 pooled samples of mesenteric Iymphnodes there were 9 strains (196 00). 111 235 single samples of the abdominal (oblique and transverse musclc) 23 (9.8 %) and in 235 diaphragmatic muscles 28 Salmonel/a \,ere found (1\ 9 ~o) From 300 stool samples of the abattoir pcrsunncl ill 18 cases (6.0 %) St.,lmomdlll were isolated. tvlinced beef frolll the 22 supenllarkets \.,,•ilb an uverall of 330 samples cOlllained in 26 of the units (7 9 °0) .''l'tdll1cJllcl/a cases In the entire study. 98 survivi ng Salmullel/a strains were serotypcd and identified as 27 S. Anatulll. 53 S. Dublin. 5 S. leleagridis, I S. ~Iuenchen. 9 S. Sailllpaul alld 3 S rough forlll. From the pooled samples of faeces 4 S. Dublin and 1 S•. Muencl1en. of the pooled samples of IIlcscnteric IYlllphnodes 3 S. AIlt1tUIll and 2 S. Dublin IwYe been found. In single salllpies of abdominal muscles 18 S. Dublin and 3 ') .. Analum and in diaphragmatic muscle samples 21 S. Dublin and 2 S. Anatull1 occurred. The cattle specific S. Dublin \.vas tbe lIlost dominant serovar in all the cattle st1l1lples The 18 Salmol/ella isolates from the abattoir pelsollllcl consisted of 7 S. Aanlulll. 4 5/. Dublin, 5 S. Mcleagridis and 2 Salmollel/a rough \11 forms, In this case S. Anal lim was the most predominant scrovar followed by S. Al eleagridis v.hich \\as never isolated from the callie chain From mi nced beef 26 ~)"alll1()IIC!l/o strains were cultivated comprising 12 S. Anatulll. 4 S. Dublin, 9 S. Saintp3u l and 1 S. rough form 3 Sallllollel/a scrotypcs, (2 S. Anatulll. I S. Dublin and 6 S. Saintpaul) originated from Kal iti abattoir In this of Kara abattoir all 3 strains belonged to S. Saintpaul In minced meat originating from Addis Ababa lOS. Anatulll, 3 S. Dub lin and I S. rough form but no S. Saintpaul were found In all the samples of Addis Ababa aballoir (faeces, mesenteric Iymphllodes. beef cuts and minced Ineat) no S. Saintpaul \\as detected neither. The 98 Salmullel/a isolates v.ere tested for resistance against the seventeen antibiotics This result is an inuication of rare ly using antimicrobial agents in Ethiopian call ie. hence no drug
Assessment and Mapping of Contagions of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneu Monia in Kenya and Present
(AAU, 1999-12) Salome. W Wanyoike; W. Wunyoike, Salome(Dr
A rctfospcctive study was carried out in Kenya with lhc objective to summarise and map CBrp outbreaks. tu relate th em tll caule movement patterns. to assess vaccination coverage. and to evaluate factors affecting the reporting of CBPr.to passive data were collected for 1989 to 1998 from district reports. slaughterhouse reports and laboratory reports. Active data were collected by questionnaires in 8 districts Tana river where CBPP is believed to be endemic. Data werw collected by questionaiuers in 8 distrcts tana river .where CBPP in belived to be Mwing lMuenig Makuen kiajiado. and Thika which are believed to be Newly infected. and Kiambu and Nairobi districts \'hieh arc regarded as CUPP free. 166 fanner. 14 veterinarian. 12 slaughterhouse and 18 para\ctcrinary persollnel questionnaires were administered primarily to tlctcnnine the factors affecting disease reponmg. and to describe the production systems and also additional infunllation 011 CBP P outbreaks,Vaeeinations and cattle movcment. i\lap Info Profcssional and Arc View 3.0a \\cre used to map CBPP vaccinations and its relation to cattle movcmcnt pauems. Microsoli Excel 97 and tatSgraphics Lpus 2.1 were used to store and analyse respectively the data obtained
Integration of Tsetse Survey Data and Agro-ecological Characteristics from Remotely Sensed and Field Observation a Geographic Information System in the Reft Valley of Ethiopia
(AAU, 2001) Bancha, Bergenie; Dr. Abebe, Getachew(Dr
----- A tsetse fl y survey was carried out in over I00 km ~ of the study site of the Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia Tsetse Eradication Project (SRVETEP) with the objective of imegrating the remotely sensed data. ground verified agro-ecoiogical characteristics and tsetse survey d::na in a geographic infonnation system (GIS). Field data collection on tsetse fly distribution and abundance and ground vegetation type observation was conduc ted in two seasons: the dry season survey (March) and the wet season survey(]une and first week of July), Seventy-eight NGU traps baited with ace tone and three week old cow urine was used for catching tsetse during each season. Traps were deployed in a transect in a selected Ix I Km. UTM (Universal TransverseMlercater) grid square . .a hand held receiver GPS (Garmin -48) was used for geo-referencing and sPO( elevation measurement ot the trappmg Siles. Remotely sensed Landslt TM of the area taken in 1994 was anulysed . The digital image processing employed the supervised classificatio n procedure with the maximum likelihood decision rule, Tsetse survey data. ground observed vegetation type and the procesed remotely sensed datl were integrated into the GIS database Arcvie 3 I Variol enviro nmental features like roads, rivers, senlement, Contours and Lakes In the stedy area were digitised and incorporated into the GIS databse
Management of Dairy Calves in Holetta Area, Centra.L Highlands of Ethiopia-
(AAU, 2001-10) Terence, Odoch; B.A, Tenhagen (Dr
This study was camied out with the primary objective of determining prevnience of failure of passive transfer of antibodies (FPTA ) in dairy cJlve!) 10 Holetta area. Central Highlands of Ethiopia .. Other objectliveses w ere to determine reltaionship of some management practices with morbIdity and monality and identifying constraints of dairy calf management and health in this area. The study period was 5 months in\olving 287 calves. 218 of them were born dunng thi~ period The callves were from 3 different production systms In the in area. Market oriented specialised dairy production system (MOSDP), mixed crop livestock production system (MCLP) and Holeutl Agricultural Research Center (Hgriculthural. To derermint: FPTA. ZinC sulphate lUrbidity tests (ZSTTl was performed on 189 serum sample A strucrured questionnaire was :.ldminrstered to -1-S farms. Cah'e!) were climcally examined regularl . whole blood samples from sick calves were examined for trypanosomes.
Cross-Sectional Study of Mastitis In Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) in Selected Sites of Ethiopia
(AAU, 2001-11) Abder Gadir, Atif EI amin; Hildebran, Goetz (Dr
== One thousand and twelve udder quarter from 253 traduionally Managed lactating camels( Camelus dromediarus were invesugated according to multi-saage. sampling In the study Sits. Out of the 1012 udder quarters. 35( 3 .46%) quarters were blind and 21(2.08) (quarter milk samples were lost dunng handhng. The remamIng 956 quarter milk samples 1.f66. 305. 185 from Negele (Bprene Rorena Region DIRE and Gewane (Afar Region)Respectively )Were Tespectively) Were Tested For California Mastiis Test (CMT) SOMATIC CEIL Counts (SCC). And bacteriological analysis
Epidemiology of Taenia Saginata and Cysticercos in three Selected Agro-climatic Zones in Central Ethiopia
(AAU, 2001-11) Tembo, AJice; Schuster (Prof); Jobre Maknnen, Yilma (PhD)
This study was conducted in three agro-climatic zones in central Ethiopia. Namely Akaki (highland). Dehre Zeit (mid-altitude). and Nazareth (lowland) with the overall objective of Providing baseline data on the epidemiological situation of Taenia. saginata cysticercosis and taeniosis. The comprised an abattoir survey (retrospective data analysis and active data (Collection) at the Addis Ababa slaughterhouse, a household heads questionnaire survey and an Inventory of pharmaceutical plants (Adigrat and EPHARM) and pharmaceutical shops (pharmacies. drug stores and rural drug vendor shops) in all the study areas.
Study on the Occurrece of Drug Resistant Trypanosomes in Cattle in the Faring in Tsetse Control Areas (FITCA) Project in Wester., Ethiopia
(AAU, 2001-12) Tewelde Tikue, Nega; Clausen, P.-H. (PhD); Abebe, Getachew (PhD); Afewerk., Yohannes (PhD)
The main objectives of the study were: (1) to dete rmine the prevalence of bovine trypanosome Infection in selected areas of the fltca project and (2) to assess the trypanocidal activit: of Diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride and the impact of isometamidium Prophylaxis relative to no prophylaxis using cattle under natural challenge in the field The study was conducted in seven areas (kone settlement, lako, shobe. Village i settlement, Ego kofele settlement sorelement and darimu). Which are located along three river Valleys in western ethiopia (upper didessa. Birbi r and sore-geba), the study was carried out From february to end of june 2001 and comprised of questionnaire survey. Cross sectional Study and isometamidium block treatment study.
Management and Economics of Dairy Cow Mastitis in the Urban and Peri-urban Areas of Addis Ababa (Addis Ababa Milkshed)
(AAU, 2001-12) Ouma Mungube, Erick; N. Kyule, Mose
A study on management and economics of dairy cow mastitis was undertaken between February and September 2001 in the urban and peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa milk shed. Ethiopia the Study had the following main objectives: prevalence estimation. Risk factor assessment and Economic impact of mastitis. Questionnaire survey was used to gather various risk factors. While Clinical examination and California .mastitis test (CMT) screening were used to determine Mastitis prevalence. Economic impact of mastitis was assessed using 51 dairy herds randomly Selected for the study

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