Animal Production

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Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Camel Raw Milk in Selected Pastorial Kebeles, Fentale District, Oromfya Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Aklilu Feleke; Tesfaye Sisay
The current study was undertaken to assess the bacteriological quality of raw camel milk and to isolate and identify prevalent bacterial species from raw camel milk from study areas. A total of 420 milk samples (384 from lactating camels and 36 from milking utensils) were collected from August 2011 to April 2012. An observational study was conducted to gain an insight on pre-harvest. harvest and post-harvest milk hygiene practices. The standard plate count and coliform count as well as isolation and identification of bacteria from camel milk were carried out by employing standard microbiological techniques. The mean standard plate count for milk sample taken from the udder of' lactating camels and milking utensils were 4.30 log10 CFU/ml and 5.34 log10 CFU/ml, respectively. A statistically significance difference was observed between the two means (P= 0.000). The mean coliform count of milk samples collected from the udder of lactating camels and milking utensils were 0.98 log10 CFU/ml and 3.57 log10 CFU/mI. respectively. There was also a statistically significant difference between the two mean (P=0.000). Clinically mastitic udder have role as a source of' Staphylococus aureus,S.hicu,.Streptococcus galactic. S. dysgalactia. Enlerococcus faecalis. Bacillus spp Eschericia coli and Mannheimia hemolytica in camel milk. Subclinical mastitis acts as a source of contamination for microbes such as Staphylococcus. aureus, S. hyicus, S. intermedius. Enterobacter aerogenes,Escherichia coli and Cyanobacteria spp .. Likewise, milk form the also yielded several bacteria which included S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. uberis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas spp .. On the other hand, milking utensils served as an important source of' Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. A higher bacterial counts was observed in milk samples taken from milking utensils as compared to the milk samples collected directly from the udder indicating poor milk hygiene/ manufacturing practices. The prevalence of infectious mastitis can result in reduced milk yield and poor quality of milk. In addition, consumption of' raw camel milk by herdsmen may pose considerable health hazards
Assessment of Prevalence and Host-Related Risk Factors of Camel Trypanosomosis in Selected Districts of Afar Pastoral Area, North East Etihiopla
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Andualem Yimer; Fikru Regassa
A cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts of Afar region eastern Ethiopia from November 2011 to April 2012 to estimate the prevalence and host- related risk factors for camel trypanosomosis. Accordingly, blood samples were collected from randomly selected 400 camels and examined for parasite detection by Giemsa stained thin blood smear, presence of agglutinating antibodies against T. evansi using card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CA TT/T. evansi) and ITS-1 PCR test. The overall prevalence of 2 %, 24 %, and 30.5 % using thin blood smear examination, CATT/T. evansi and ITS's-1PCR tests, respectively were recorded. T. evansi (20%) was found to be the prominent trypanosome affecting camels followed by T. vivax (7.5%) as detected by ITS-1 PCR in the study districtes. Pregnant camels (OR= 2.74, CI: 1.37- 5.50) and lactating camels (OR= 2.6, CI: 1.34-5.06) were 2.7 and 2.6 times more likely to be infected with trypanosomes compared to non pregnant and non lactating camels, respectively. While camels with poor body condition OR of 2.96 (CI: 1.55- 5.67) were three times more likely to be infected compared to camels with moderate body condition. PCR detected infections in 114 (29%) camels out of 392 camels which were negative based on the parasitological method. Consequently, PCR technique is more sensitive method for diagnosis of trypanosome infected camels than parasitological techniques, and can detect low parasitemic camels in chronic cases. From the results of the present study it can be inferred that camel trypanosomosis is endemic in Chifra and Dewe districts of Afar region, Ethiopia where it demands further study on identification of the principal vector species responsible for transmission and appropriate control and preventive measure should be applied to circumvent the impact of camel trypanosomosis in the surveyed districts
Smallholder Farmers Cattle Husbandry Practices, Milk Production and Major Constraints in Telo District of Kafa Zone, Snnprsmallholder Farmers Cattle Husbandry Practices, Milk Production and Major Constraints in Telo District of Kafa Zone, Snnpr
(Addis ababa Universty, 2012-04-20) ASKALEGEBREMICHALEL; Mokonnen Hailemariam
A cross sectional study on smallholder farmers cattle husbandry practices, milk production and major constraints in Telo district was conducted from September 2011 to March 2012 with aim of assessing cattle husbandry practice, milk production and determining major constraints of milk production from randomly sampled 156 households (33 from urban and 123 from rural). Information was collected using questionnaire survey, farm visit and group discussion and analyzed using SPSS.version 16.0. Sixty two percent of household heads were male. The average family size per household was 6.8 persons. 58% of household heads were illiterate, and most of these were found in rural, the average of cattle herd size was 7.45, which is significantly higher in rural milk production than in urban milk production. 99% of cows were of indigenous breed. Cows (67.3%) and calves (66.9%) were housed sharing in family house. The main source of feed were grazing on natural pasture on the grazing area of individual owned 71.2%, combination of rented and individual owned 10.3% and only rented 18.6%. Seventy nine percent of respondents were producing crops like wheat, barley, teff, maize, but the ones who supplementing their cattle with crop residues were only 13.7%. About 67.3% of smallholders used water from river for their cattle. The reported disease were Anthrax, black leg, parasite, bloating, cough. Most smallholders relay on traditional healers or on their own skill to treat their sick animals. The primary objective of cattle keeping in rural milk production was for traction, while in urban was for milk production. Male calves suckle relatively longer period than female calves. The dung removed from cattle's house was not put in use. The estimated average daily milk yield of local and cross cow was 1.4 and 7.28 litters with an estimated LL of 8.47and 9.92 months, respectively. Total milk produced per lactation was significantly higher in urban. There was no practice of selling fresh milk in rural. Over all percentage of milk sold in study area was 19.2%, the largest volume of milk produced in rural was processed, the major constraints in milk production were shortage of grazing land, disease and low productivity. Crop and livestock sectors were not complementing each other. Therefore, there should be resource control over.
Value Chain and Quality of Milk in Sululta and Welmera Weredas, Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Mustefa Abu; Mekonnen Hailemariam
Milk value chain and quality of milk were assessed in selected areas of Oromia special zone surrounding Addis Ababa from September 2011 to April 2012. A total of 180 randomly selected market-oriented smallholder dairy farmers were involved in a cross-sectional study that was carried out by way of questionnaire survey, rapid market appraisal, farm inspection and group discussion. The overall mean family size of respondents in this study was 5.63 ± 1.926 persons with average livestock holding per household of 23.93 ± 11.755 animals. Cattle were the predominant species representing 84.3% of the total TLU. The average number of lactating cows owned by the respondent farmers was 1.76 ± 0.920 local and 2.79 ± 3.445 cross bred animals. Average daily milk yield of crossbred and local milking cows were 9.11 ± 2.902 and 1.889 ± 0.6707 liters respectively. Overall mean lactation lengths of crossbred and local milking cows were 9.7 ± 0.46 and 6.26 ± 0.6624 months. Sixty milk samples were collected and the analysis of microbiological and physiochemical were carried out. The overall mean chemical compositions of milk for fat (%), protein (%) and solids not fat (%) contents were 3.5693 ± 0.10892, 2.9646 ± 0.04621 and 6.9632 ± 0.12175 in bulk Tank milk samples. The overall mean microbiological count of log (TBC cfu/ml), log (CC cfu/ml) and log (SCC/ml) of raw milk was 8.2285 ± 0.10041, 3.3363 ± 0.10010 and 5.1622 ± 0.07382, respectively. The proportion of raw milk used ftr household consumption was relatively small (5%). The major part (86%) of milk produced by smallholders is destined to market. The main outlets for raw milk identified were cooperatives (55.6%), processors (20.0%), vendor (20.0%), directly to consumer (2.8%) and hotels/restaurants (1.7%). Price variations (cited by 87% of the respondents), lack of fair market (72.2%), lack of demand during fasting (49.4%), lack of preserving facilities, and absence of quality based payment and no/less say in deciding milk price by producers were the major problems of raw milk marketing
A Comparative Study on Bacterial Distribution in the Respiratory Tracts of Ruminants
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Biruk Tesfaye; Tesfaye Sisay
For this study pneumonic lung tissue and tracheal swabs were collected from sheep, goat and cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir. From the total of 170 bacterial isolates from sheep lung tissue 42.4% Staphylococcus species, 14.7% Mannheimia haemolytica and 10.6% Bacillus species were isolated aerobically. The tracheal cultures also indicate that 66.7% were M. haemolytica, 13% were Bibersteinia trehalosi and 5.8% were identified as Enterobcter species from the total of 69 cultures that cultured aerobically. Out of 192 bacteria isolated from aerobic inoculation of goat lung 45.3% were Staphylococcus species followed by Bacillus species 19.8%, Micrococcus species, 12.5% and M. haemolytica 6.3% of the total isolates. The tracheal culture showed Enterobacter species 30.1 %, M. haemolytica 27.7% and Bacillus species 26.5%. Twenty-nine Staphylococcus species were among 93 bacterial isolates of aerobic cultures of cattle lung followed by Bacillus species, 17 and M. haemolytica, 8. While Staphylococcus, B. trehalosi, and M. haemolytica were account for 18, 14, and 8 out of the total 57 tracheal cultures respectively. A total of 522 bacterial isolates were detected via anaerobic culture, in which 40% of the 131 isolates from sheep lung were Staphylococcus species, 25.4% were M. haemolytica, and 6.2% were Bacillus species while B. trehalosi and Micrococcus species took 5.4% each from the total isolates. Whereas, 60.6% M. haemolytica , 19.7% B. trehalosi and 12.7% Enterobacter species were isolated from a total of 71 sheep trachea culture isolates. Among anaerobic cultures of goat lung tissue Staphylococcus species accounts for 36% followed by Bacillus species, 25.6% and M. haemolytica 11.2% out of the total 125 bacterial species. In the tracheal culture M. haemolytica counts for 33 followed by Bacillus species, 14 and Enterobacter species, 7 from 61 isolates. 42.9% Staphylococcus, 23.4% Bacillus species and 7.8% B. trehalosi were isolated species from the lung of the cattle, while from the trachea 25.0% M. haemloiytica and Staphylococcus each were isolated anaerobically. A total of 1556 bacteria were isolated from 960 nasal swabs from three different areas. In Debre Berhan 140 M. haemolytica, 81 Histophilus somni, 57 Staphylococcus species and 52 B. trehalosi were isolated. While from Gimba M. haemolytica, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and H. Somni of which contribute for 25.2%, 15.9%, 11.4 % and 5.9% of the total 647 bacterial species were observed respectively. In Asella from 352 bacterial species isolated 93 were M. haemolytica, 48 were Staphylococcus species, 26 were B. trehalosi and 17 H. somni were recognized. Further identification and characterization was made using BIOLOG identification system at the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa, and the result indicate that Enterococcus avium and Sphingomona Sanguinis were identified at 100% probability, while. H.somni and Actinobacillus lignerisii were suggested by the system
Prophylactic Effects of Methanolic Extract of Artemisia Absinthium in Trypanosoma Congolense Infected Mice
(Addis Ababa Univensity, 2012-06-01) Birhane Wakjira; Getachew Terefe
An experiment was conducted to determine the in vivo anti-typanosomal effect of methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Artemisia absinthium against Trypanosoina congolense. Thirty-six Swiss white male mice aged between 6 - 8 weeks were divided into six expcrimental groups each consisting of six animals. Methanol extract of the plant was prepared. T. congolense was isolated from cattle at Didessa valley (western Ethiopia) and propagated on mice. All groups received 1 x 105 /ml of trypanosomes in 0.2 ml of blood /PBS via intra peritoneal route of inoculation. The methanol extract of A. absinthium was given orally to three groups. at doses of 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg body weight for 7 consecutive days before in infection. One group remained as infected non treated control and the other group received Isometamidium chl oride as treated control. The last remaining group rep resented the non infected and non treated but received distilled water only. The effect of' the extract on Ievels of parasitaemia, PCV. body weight, and mice survival was monitored for 70 days. No parasitc was dctected by wet film examination upto 21 days post infection with T congulense in mice treated with methanol extracts of A. absinlhium and Isometamidium chloride. Similarly, groups received methanol ex tracts of A. absinrhium and Isometamidium chloride had significantly higher body weights than the untreated infected group (P<0.01). Significant higher PCV and mice survival time were observed in groups treated with methanol extracts of the plant and lsomethamidium chloride compared to the untreated infected control (P<0.01). It can be concluded that the plant ex tract has a good prophylactic potential against pathogenic trypanosomes ( T. congolense) of livestock importance by suppressing further multiplication of the parasite, maintaining good PCV, body weight, and survival of infected animals
In-Vitro Acaricide Efficacy Evaluation and Survey of Ixodidae Ticks on Cattle in Borena Pastoral Area, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Eyob Eshetu; Dinka Ayana
This study was conducted from September 2011 to May 2012 in Borena pastoral area with the objectives of determining the distribution and relative abundance of Ixodidae ticks on cattle in relation to short rain and major dry seasons, cattle age and sex. Moreover, the efficacy of Amitraz 12.5% and Diazinon 60%EC against Rh.pulchellus and A.gemma was detennined using modified Adult Immersion Test; on top of the assessment of pastoralist communities' perceptions on acaricide usage, delivery and methods of tick control practice. A total of 8,912 adult ticks belonging to genera of Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, Boophilus and Hyalomma were collected from 768 indigenous cattle. Rhipicephalus pulchellus and A.gemma constituted more than 70% of the total collection. Other identified species in order of abundance were B.decoloralus, A. variegatum, H.m.rufipes, H.truncatum, A.lepidium and A.cohearens. All species were collected throughout the study period, but showed higher overall mean tick burden (29.39±14.392) during short rain season than major dry (17 .14 ±7.294). These variations were statistically significant (t= 14.915,95% CI=10.634-13.866, df= 766 P< 0.05). The abundance and mean burden of each tick species was high in adult cattle than young and females than males; which also showed statistical significant variation (P<0.05) between cattle sex and age groups. Acaricide treatment is the only method for tick control in the area, in which Amitraz was the most widely used, followed by Diazinon. Manual spraying and hand dressing of each acaricide relaying on frequent, over or under concentration, inadequate application and a long time use of one acaricide type was the common practice of application. The result of in-vitro trials revealed that, Amitraz 12.5% has significantly higher (P<0.05) overall mean percent oviposition control (%C= 95.47%) of A. gemma and Rh.pulchellus than Diazinon 60% EC (%C= 80.9%). But, both acaricides are relatively less efficient against Rh. pulchellus oviposition, %C = 90.94% for Amitraz and %C = 71.41 % for Diazinon. The results of this study suggested that the two seasons, cattle age and sex were found to be determinant for dynamics of tick population during the study period. Furthermore, Amitraz and Diazinon are the two mostly used acaricides in the area and under in-vitro condition, Amitraz at field recommended concentration provides efficient Rh.pulchellus and A.gemma oviposition inhibition than Diazinon 60%EC. Therefore, strategic control using such seasonal dynamics of ticks, aimed at primarily reducing Rh pulchellus and A.gemma burden on female and adult cattle, with the objectives of allowing maintenance of endemic stability are recommended. Besides, in vivo trial to assess the residual effect of these acaricides was suggested
Assesement of smallholder cattle fattening practices and marketing systems of fattened cattle in Arba Minch Zuria Woreda of Southern Nations Nationalities and People Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-04-30) Asmamaw Zafu; Ashenafi Mengistu
The study was conducted in Arba Minch Zuria woreda of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State with the Objectives of assessing cattle fattening practices, marketing systems of fattened cattle and constraints and opportunities of cattle fattening in the woreda. A total of 100 cattle fattener households were randomly selected using purposive simple random sampling method. Major feed resources used by the fatteners were fresh cut green forage (38%) followed by natural grazing, crop residue and hay with 29%, 21% and 12% respectively. From the sampled farmers 41.8% used feed supplement, while 58.2% of did not use feed supplements. River (46%), pond (27%), and hand dug wells (27%) were the major sources of water in the area. In the study area fattening cattle were tethered either on the farmland or in fences near the homestead during the day. Most farmers house their fattening cattle during the night. Four types of diseases were identified as major health problems of the study area; trypanosomosis (32%), ecto- parasites (23%), blackleg (15%) and internal parasites (14%). In the district, about 57% of the cattle fattening was done starting from early June up to mid September, 29% of the cattle fattening activity was done starting from late September to mid December and the remaining, 14% of cattle fattening was late December to late March. Three different marketing agents participate in the transaction of fattened cattle marketing. These included individuaVgroup of consumers (41 %), cattle traders (32%) and local butchers' (27%). Major constraints that hindered the performance of cattle fattening activity were feed shortage, lack of service (extension and input), and disease challenge, market infrastructure and information and lack of genetic improvement in order of importance. Availability of crop residues, high irrigation potential coupled with rainfed cultivation and high market demand were identified as good opportunities which could be used to enhance the performance of cattle fattening activities.
Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from 'Qibe', A Traditionally Prepared Ethiopian Butter
(Addis Ababa Univensity, 2012-06-01) Elias Walelign; Tesfaye Sisay
'Qibe' is a traditionally prepared Ethiopian butter made by churning fully soured cow’s milk. In this study,’Qibe’ samples originating from different parts of the country (Gojjam, Sidamo, Jimma, Sheno and Wolega) and sold at Merkato butter market have been be used. The study focused on the isolation and identification of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from 'Qibe'. For this purpose, six different butter retail shops were chosen. LAB were isolated based on their Gram stain and catalase test reactions. They were identified to the genus level based on their growth difference at different temperature levels (10°C, 21° C, and 45°C), NaCl concentrations (4%, 6.5%), tolerance to 60°C for thirty minutes and their reaction to citrate utilization as their sole energy source. Accordingly, 56 typical isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected out of the 87 isolates from samples of cow's butter ('Qibe'). They were further classified in to 5 different genera: Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Lactococcus(44.6%, 21.4%, 21.4%, 12.5% and 5.3%, respectively). The highest proportion of Pediococci (48%), Streptococci (41.6%) and Lactococci (50%) were identified from Sidamo , Wolega and Wolega isolates, respectively. An increment in the diversity of the LAB species was also noticed in aged/ripe (three different species of LAB in 1.5 month and 2 months old Gojjam and Wolega samples, respectively, as compared to only one species of LAB identified from a 2weeks old Sheno and Sidamo samples) butter than in fresh ' Qibe' samples. The results showed that Pediococcus, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were the predominant genera in this traditionally produced butter. However, identification of this isolates to the species level and assessing the technological performance of thus predominant isolates is essential and needs further investigation
Effects of Skip-A-DAY Feed Restriction on Production and Carcass Yield Characteristics of Koekoek Chicks
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Rahwa Salih; Berhan Tamir; Harpal Singh; Etalem Tesfaye
The effect of feed restri ction on the production performances and carcass yield characteri stics of Koekoek chicks was studied with the objective of determining to age, on body weight and egg weight at the onset of lay, economic advantages and the effect of feed restriction on carcass yield characteri sti cs. The experimental study was carried out at DZARC. Two hundred fourth day-old chi cks were randomly di stributed in to 12 pens each with 20 chick's representing 4 feeding treatments, representing of TI (unrestri cted), T2 (restricted at 7, 10, 13, 16, 19,22, 25 and 28 days), T3 (restricted at 35, 38, 4 1,44,47,50,53 and56 days) and T4 (restricted at 63 , 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81 and 84 days) of age. The experiment lasted for a period of (23) weeks. Feed intake and body weight changes were monitored. At the end of the experimental period, six pullets from each treatment were randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate carcass yield, weights and lengths of different parts of gastrointestinal tracts and reproductive organs. The daily and total feed consumption, total DM intake and daily CP intake of chicks had a significant difference. Feed restriction had a signifi cant effect on body weight and body weight gain at the end of feeding starter feed. Age at onset of first laying, shell thi ckness, albumen height, yo lk color and haugh unit score did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between feed restricted and unrestricted groups. The yolk di ameter had significa nt di ffe rence between the treatment groups. The effect of feed restriction on the slaughter weight and dressing weight were not significant (p>0.05). The eviscerated carcass yield weight with abdominal fat and the abdominal fat weight and percentage showed significant (P
Dairy Production, Processing and Market System: A Case Study of Gambella, South West Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Gatwech Tang; Mekonen Hailamariam
A study on characterization or cattle milk production, processing and marketing system was conducted in Gambella region based on data collected between September and December, 2009. A multistage sampling proecdure was employed to select representative kebeles and households from Jekow and Gambella town. A total of 156 households were randomly selected using systematic random sampling methods. Questionnaire based formal survey as well as Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques were employed to collect both quantitative and qualitative data on cattle milk production, prioritizing the major production constraints and selection criteria for dairy cows and breeding bulls in the region, while Rapid Market Appraisal techniques were used to characterize the marketing system of dairy products. For verification of the survey based information, 24 households (12 lactating cows in each) were voluntarily selected from the two farming systems and were monitored (one month/ farming system) on related parameters. Two types of livestock production systems were identified in the district. namely crop-livestock mixed fanning and urban production system. The current study was concerned entirely on both the production systems. 'The average cattle herd size of households was 16 heads. but it varied significantly (P<0.05) between the two areas. Cows (43%) and heifers (20%) mainly dominate the herd composition. The breeding system was entirely natural mating performed unselectively. Major feed resources used by the households were natural grazing (48%) and crop residues (29.5%). Availability of water throughout the year was also noted by most respondents (88.5%). The major disease of cattle identified in the current studied areas was trypanosomosis (49.4%) followed by brucellosis (25%). Average milk off-take of indigenous cows was 1.62± 0.07 liters/cow/day and on average cows gave a lactation yield of 355.0± 10.274 liters/cow during an average lactation period of about 7.30+1:0.06 months. Cows in urban gave significantly (P<0.05) higher daily milk yield and milked with in a lactation period similar to that of rural areas. These differences were 'mainly attributed to feeding practice (supplementation; atella) in the urban area. Out of the total milk produced. most of it was consumed (41 %). while some quantity was sold out (37%), traditionally processed (13%) and given to neighbor(8%). The dairy marketing system identified was entirely informal. Milk production and marketing system were constrained mostly by diseases, feed scarcity, security problem, distant traveled to sell milk and seasonality in price variation. Government intervcntion should focus on dairy production and on improving the marketing system of these products
Estimation of Heterosis, Combining Ability and Reciprocal Effects for Production, Reproduction, Carcass Characteristics and Egg Quality Traits in four Genetic Groups of Chicken from a Full Diallel Cross
(Addis Abeba University, 2026) Philimon Teshome; Gebeyehu Goshu
Crossbreeding is an effective strategy for improving productivity and adaptability of chickens under diverse production environments. This study evaluated heterotic effects (He ), general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), reciprocal effects (RE), and maternal effects (Me ) for production, reproduction, carcass characteristics, and egg quality traits in a 4×4 full diallel cross involving four chicken breeds: Improved Horro (H), Commercial Sasso (S), Potchefstroom Koekoek (K), and Dzwhite feathered (D). The experiment was conducted at the poultry research farm of Werer Agricultural Research Center (WARC), located in Amibara Woreda of the Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. A total of 960 purebred and F1 hybrid chickens representing sixteen genetic groups were reared in a completely randomized design to evaluate growth performance, with body weight (BW) recorded from hatch to 14 weeks of age. At 24 weeks, 288 chickens (144 males and 144 females), comprising 18 birds per genotype (9 males and 9 females), were used for carcass component analysis. Fertility and hatchability traits were monitored throughout the incubation period. Egg production data were collected from 672 hens, with eggs recorded twice daily from the onset of lay until 40 weeks of age to determine egg production. Egg quality traits were evaluated using 480 eggs (30 eggs per genetic group) randomly sampled at peak production (32 weeks of age). Heterosis estimates revealed that crosses between S males and K or D females (including reciprocals) exhibited the strongest positive He for BW throughout the growth period, whereas K×D crosses showed negative H , and H×K crosses displayed low and showed decreasing trend after WK 10. The GCA effects were highly significant (P < 0.0001), underscoring the importance of additive gene effects on BW, while SCA significantly influenced early-age BW (hatch, WK 2, 4, and 10), highlighting non-additive genetic contributions. The RE was significant only at hatch, WK 2, and WK 10, suggesting transient maternal or paternal influences. These findings suggest prioritizing parental GCA for consistent BW gains and developing broiler lines from S sires crossed with K or D dams and H sires with S dams. Carcass traits showed moderate to high heterosis in several crosses, particularly H×S, S×K, S×D, and H×K, with strongerresponses in males. The S breed exhibited the highest positive GCA for slaughter, dressed, and eviscerated weights, while H showed negative GCA effects. Favorable SCA estimates were observed mainly in H×S, S×K, and K×D, and significant reciprocal effects indicated important maternal influences. Reproductive traits showed generally positive heterosis, with H×K and H×S crosses exhibiting superior fertility and hatchability. Genotype K showed the highest positive GCA for fertility and hatchability traits, whereas H showed negative GCA effects. The H×K cross demonstrated the best SCA for reproductive performance, and significant reciprocal effects confirmed the importance of cross direction. For egg production traits, 800 chickens were evaluated over 40 WK, with significant genotypic variations (P < 0.0001) in age at first egg (AFE), body weight at sexual maturity (BWSM), egg weight at first egg (EWAFE), egg number (EN), hen-housed egg production (HHEP), hen-day egg production (HDEP), and egg mass (EM). Heterosis varied widely: BWSM and EM showed positive He in most crosses, while AFE consistently exhibited negative He . Notably, the K×H cross demonstrated the highest He for HHEP (26.85%), HDEP (29.44%), EM (40.88%), and EN (28.27%), while D×H and K×S crosses also displayed strong heterosis for key traits. Reciprocal crosses generally showed positive H e for all traits except AFE. Both GCA and SCA were highly significant (P < 0.0001), with GCA/SCA ratios indicating non-additive dominance for AFE, additive influence for EWAFE, and balanced additive/non-additive effects for HHEP, HDEP, EM, and EN. RE and Me further modulated trait expression, supporting optimized crossbreeding strategies such as using K sires with H/S dams and D sires with H dams to enhance egg production. Egg quality traits were assessed using 480 eggs from purebreds and crossbreds, evaluating egg weight (EWT), egg length (EL), egg width (EW), shell weight (SWT), shell thickness (ST), shell ratio (SR), albumen height (AH), albumen width (AW), yolk height (YH), yolk width (YW), yolk weight (YWT), yolk ratio (YR), and Haugh unit (HU). Positive He was observed for most traits, with significant GCA effects (P < 0.001) for EWT, EL, EW, AW, YW, YWT, and YR, while SCA influenced all traits (P < 0.001). The K×S cross showed positive RE for EWT and AW, whereas D×S had the highest RE for ST. Additive effects primarily governed EWT and YWT, while non-additive effects dominated EL, EW, ST, and YR. Maternal effects significantly varied across genotypes, emphasizing their role in egg quality. In conclusion, these findings underscore the importance of tailored breedingstrategies based on trait-specific genetic architectures. For growth, leveraging high-GCA parents is critical, while crossbreeding programs should prioritize synergistic heterotic combinations like S×K/D for broilers and K×H/S for layers. Egg quality improvement requires balancing additive and non-additive selection, supported by molecular tools for precision. This integrated approach enhances genetic gains across production traits in poultry breeding.
Evaluation of Bacterial Contaminations and Mineral Contents of Eggshell Powder Recycled from Hatchery Wastes as an Alternative Animal Feed Source in Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Mohammed Beriso; Olana Merera
The rising demand for sustainable and cost-effective animal feed ingredients has sparked interest in using hatchery byproducts, specifically eggshells, as a potential mineral source. The research experiment was conducted from November 2024 to May 2025 in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia, to evaluate the levels of bacterial contaminations and mineral content of hatchery waste recycled eggshell for its potential as an alternative animal feed source. A total 36 eggshell samples of different hatch status and breed origins were collected from four hatchery plants. Microbial analyses were conducted to assess total aerobic bacterial count, coliform count, and Escherichia coli count, as well as the presence rate of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. before and after preliminary processing of the eggshell. High contamination level was found with total aerobic bacterial count, total coliform count, and Escherichia coli counts averaging 6.80 ± 1.21, 6.23 ± 0.63, and 3.20 ± 2.54 log₁₀ CFU/g, respectively before the processing. Eggshell from unhatched eggs had significantly greater Escherichia coli count (4.24 ± 2.33 log₁₀ CFU/g) than eggshell of hatched eggs (2.11 ± 2.34 log₁₀ CFU/g). The study identified that Escherichia coli and Salmonella ontaminated eggshell powder with 69% and 13.8% frequency, respectively After processing, total aerobic bacterial count and total coliform count levels dropped to 5.32 and 4.53 log₁₀ CFU/g respectively. The frequency of Escherichia coli in eggshell samples dropped to 36.1%, whereas Salmonella was eliminated. The study found that hatchery waste derived eggshell powder is the best natural source of major and minor minerals, particularly when derived from unhatched eggs. The major minerals like magnesium (2429.8mg/kg ± 266.6), calcium (2078.1 mg/kg ± 0.8), phosphorus (1036.9 mg/kg ± 125.0), and sulfur (1389.2mg/kg ± 139.7) were very prominent than other minerals and trace elements. The study confirms that eggshell powder from hatchery waste can be used as a safe and effective mineral supplement in animal feed, but recommends additional thermal treatment or chemical sanitization steps and improved extraction for safe and effective recycling
Assessment of Seroconversion and Protection Level Against Viral Diseases in Commercial Layer Chickens in Bishoftu Town, Ada’a and Lume Districts, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Nabon Debela; Hika Waktole
Chickens receive live attenuated or inactivated vaccines to control Newcastle disease (NCD), Infectious bursal disease (IBD) and Infectious bronchitis (IB) virus, with humoral antibodies typically developing within 6–10 days in serum and mucosal surfaces. The efficacy of vaccinations can be estimated best with experimental challenges but the procedure is usually expensive and time consuming. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the seroconversion and protection level against viral diseases including NCD, IB and IBD in commercial layer farms found in Bishoftu town, Ada’a and Lume districts from November2024 to June 2025. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study and questionnaire survey were conducted to assess risk factors, and serological investigation to detect the protection level of vaccines in chickens found in 19 sampling sites in three study areas making a total of 384 if chickens during the entire study period. Simple random sampling was employed to obtained proportional number of chickens from each of small-scale, medium scale and large-scale farms during the study period. Data recorded during the study period was entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and descriptive statistics and chi square test were performed using STATA Version 17 software. Out of the 384 chickens tested, 380 achieved protective antibody levels for NCD, resulting in a seroconversion prevalence of 99%. IBV achieved 377 protective antibody levels resulting in a seroconversion prevalence of 98%, whereas 363 of the chickens developed protective antibodies against IBD, resulting in a seroconversion prevalence of 94.5%. Ventilation, hygiene, post-vaccination, flock size and location showed significant difference (P < 0.05), however, age, breed and housing were not showed statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) with the occurrences of the aforementioned diseases. The study identified key risk factors associated with the development of protective antibodies after vaccination against viral diseases and help to develop evidence-based recommendations for effective management, handling, storage and transportation of the poultry vaccines in the area
Agronomic Performance, Nutritional Value, and Simulation of the Impacts of Climate Change on Growth and Yield of four Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. (Syn. Urochloa P. Beauv.) Species Under two Locations in Central and Western Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Fantahun Dereje; Ashenafi Mengistu
Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa, yet productivity is limited by chronic feed shortages, largely due to shrinking pasturelands, poor-quality crop residues, and the increasing impacts of climate change. Improved forages like Brachiaria grass offer a promising solution. However, adaptation must prioritize not only biomass yield but also nutritional quality and climate resilience. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance, feeding value, and simulate the growth and yield of Brachiaria species under future climate scenarios in central and western subhumid agroecology of Ethiopia. Four Brachiaria (syn. Urochloa) species—B. mutica, B. brizantha, B. decumbens, and B. humidicola— was compared with Rhodes and Desho grasses (2020–2022). Results showed significant effects of species, year, and interactions. B. mutica revealed the highest DM yield, followed by B. brizantha and Desho grass. CP yield showed a similar pattern. The highest CP content was in B. humidicola, followed by B. mutica and B. brizantha, while Desho grass had the lowest. No significant differences were observed in NDF and lignin. Rhodes grass had the highest ADF, while B. humidicola had the highest ash content. IVDMD was highest in B. humidicola and B. brizantha, and lowest in Rhodes grass. B. mutica and B. brizantha emerged as the most promising forages for subhumid areas. In the feeding value trial, Arsi-Bale rams were fed B. mutica hay supplemented with 100, 200, 300, or 400 g/day of concentrate (noug seed cake and wheat bran). Higher supplementation significantly improved DM intake, digestibility, and growth rates. Rams fed 300 g and 400 g showed the highest gains, with no significant difference between them. Carcass traits, including carcass weight, dressing percentage, and rib-eye area improved with increased supplementation. Economic analysis showed that 200–300 g/day supplementation offered the best cost–performance balance. Thus, supplementing B. mutica hay with 300 g/day of concentrate optimizes growth and return, while 200– 300 g/day is recommended for cost-effective feeding. Further research is needed to validate these findings under small-holder farmer conditions. The CROPGRO-PFM simulation model predicts that B. brizantha showed increases in shoot (9%), herbage (11%), and stem (25%) biomass, but a 7% reduction in leaf biomass and CP content. B. humidicola followed a similar trend. In contrast, B. mutica showed projected biomass reductions of up to 34% by the end of the century and a 14–20% drop in CP content. Overall, B. brizantha and B. humidicola appear more resilient to climate change, while B. mutica is more vulnerable. Further research is recommended to refine adaptive strategies, improve crop management, and support sustainable livestock production in Ethiopia.
Comparative Evaluation of Koekoek, Improved Horro and DZ white Chicken Breeds for Different Traits of Growth Performance from the Day-old to Age at first Laying at Holetta Research Centre, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2025) Zenebech Lemma; Ewonetu Kebede
Genetic improvement of indigenous Horro and synthetic breed development of DZ White chicken breeds have been undertaking since 2008 at DZARC. The progenies of these breeds at different generations have been evaluated in different areas under different farming systems and management conditions. Through continuous selection and improvement, the generations of the breeds are now reached 17th and 14th for Improved Horro (IH) and Debre Zeyit (DZ) White parent stocks, respectively. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the growth and early reproductive performances of recent generations of DZ White and IH breeds compared with Koekoek (KK) breed during the different weeks of age. This study was undertaken at HARC poultry research farm. A total of 270 day old chicks, 90 from each breed obtained from DZARC were used for the experimental study. The three breeds were distributed randomly in three pens with three replications using CRD design. Data on feed intake, body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, mortality rate, age at first laying as well as egg weight at first laying parameters were collected, analysed and interpreted. The GLM procedure of SAS 2004 version 9.0 was used to analyse the data. Linear model that breeds, replication and age in weeks were fitted as independent variable except for replication for age at first laying and egg weight at first laying. On the other hand, feed intake, body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, mortality rate and age at first laying were assumed as dependent variables. The results showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) between breeds on feed intake, body weight, daily weight gain and age at first laying traits at different growth stage. Feed intake and body weight were increased as age in week increases. The highest total body weight gain was recorded by Koekoek (1562.8±0.00g) followed by DZ White breed (1544±0.00g) and (1200±0.00g) IH for the entire study period. The highest body weight (1603g) was recorded by KK and followed by DZ White (1585.13g) and IH (1239g) at the end of the experimental period. Analysis of variance showed that highest daily weight gain was observed during 16-18 weeks of age for all breed. Keokeok breed gained slightly higher weight as compared to DZ White and, IH recorded the lowest weight gain.Improved Horro was the highest (1.84) overall feed conversion ratio followed by Koekoek (1.66) and DZ White breeds (1.65). The DZ White breed recorded significantly (P<0.0001) take lower days (129 and 133 days) to reach 5% and 10% age at first egg laying and followed by IH (136 and 140 days) and KK breeds (140 and 142 days). The DZ White breed produced heavier egg weight of 39.58g, 42.9g and 46g at first, 5% and 10% egg laying periods, respectively. This study revealed that all the three experimental breeds were grow faster, achieved better body weight gain, better feed intake and conversion efficiency, and reached early for age at first egg laying period. In conclusion, further research should be undertaken to evaluate the production and reproductive parameters of the three breeds at the later age, as well as on farm evaluation condition should be executed to promote these improved synthetic breeds under small holder farmers.
Major Feed Resources and Effect of Flushing on Production and Reproductive Performance of Arsi Bale Ewes in Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Abaynesh Jarso; Gebeyehu Goshu
The aim of this study was to assess the major feed resources and effect of flushing on production and reproductive performance of Arsi Bale ewes in Arsi Zone. For survey part, two districts, Tiyo and Digelunatijo from Arsi zone were purposively selected based on sheep population, and three Peasant Associations (PAs) from each districts were selected randomly. A total of 200 HHs were taken. Feed sample of natural pasture and barley straw was collected from ten (10) randomly selected HHs from each PAs. Feed samples collected were mixed, dried, packed individually and taken to Holeta Agricultural Research Center for laboratory analysis of Dry Matter, Crude Protein, Ash, Neutral Detergent Fiber, Acid Detergent Fiber, Acid Detergent Lignin, In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility, In Vitro Organic Matter Digestibility and Metabolizable Energy. On the other hand, effect of flushing on production and reproductive performances of Arsi Bale ewes was also tested. A feeding trial was conducted using 24 Arsi Bale ewes. The ewes were purchased from the Sagure market of Arsi Zone at their 7 to 8 months of age. The treatments are T1 (hay+350 g of barley grain), T2 (hay+287.5 g of barley grain), T3 (hay+225 g of barley grain) and T4 (the control diet). All ewes, except in the control diet were supplemented for three weeks prior to mating and four weeks after mating. Two mature rams of Arsi Bale breed were purchased for mating. After three weeks of the feeding period, the rams were set free in the flock for 35 days. Reproductive performances of ewes were assessed by taking records on Conception Rate, Lambing Rate, Abortion Rate, Litter Size and Pre Weaning Lambs Mortality Rate; and Production characteristic was assessed by taking records on lambs birth and weaning weight (at three months of age) and body weight of dam before and after flushing. For survey part, collected data were stored in Microsoft Excel spread sheet. Data analyses were carried out by using SPSS version 2019, software. Chemical composition of both feed types was subjected to analysis of variance using a GLM procedure of statistical analysis system (SAS) version 9.1 (SAS, 2002). The Pearson Chi-Square was used to determine mean differences at (p < 0.05) for qualitative variables. Data on production and reproductive was analyzed using R 4.2.2, 2023soft ware. Tukey HSD test was employed for separation of treatment means differences at (p < 0.05). The results of the field survey in the present study revealed that natural pasture contributes the largest proportion (53%) in Tiyo and (55%) in Digelunatijo of sheep feed which is followed by crop residue (30%) and (33%) in Tiyo and Digelunatijo, respectively. On the other hand 16 % in Tiyo and 10% in Digelunatijo use both natural pasture and crop residues. The overall mean of DM, Ash, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, IVDMD, IVOMD and ME content of natural grasses respectively were 89.5%, 5.4%, 20.1%, 68.5%, 37.1%, 5.0%, 55.8%, 43.8% and 7.4 MJ/kg DM. The corresponding values for barley straw were also 90.9%, 5.6%, 5.4%, 70.7%, 54.05%, 9.6% and 8.25MJ/kg. In terms of reproductive and production characteristics, the conception rate of ewe was 83% for T1 and 100% for T2, T3 and T4 and revealed as there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the treatments that ewes fed, while lamping rate was 120%, 100% and 83.3% and 66.7% for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and there is a significant difference (p<0.05) between treatment groups. There was a significant differences (p<0.05) on the litter size from ewe under T1 and T2 and where all ewe in the first two treatment group gave twin births. Lamb mortality rate was high under T3 and T4 than the first two treatment group. In terms of production characteristic, the average body weight (BW) of dam before flushing was 21.5kg, 22.6kg, 22kg and 22.2kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and the corresponding results for average dam BW after flushing was 25kg, 23.8kg, 23.2kg and 22.5kg. On the other hand, the birth weight of lambs was 2.3 kg, 2.1 kg, 2. 3 kg and 1.8 kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and the average weaning weight (three months of age) of lambs was 11.3 kg, 10.3 kg, 9.9 kg T1, T2and T3, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) on average weaning birth and weight of lambs. From the above results, it was concluded that, natural pasture and crop residue (mainly barley straw) are the main sheep feed in the studied areas, and good production and reproductive performances were seen under T1 and T2, so flushing ewes with 350g (T1) and 287.5g (T2) barley grain are recommended. Conducting other research by different types of feed like concentrate at different feeding rate is recommended and also flushing ewes after first parity is recommended.
Effects of Different Feed Supplements and Agro-ecologies on Honeybee Colony Performances of in South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional state, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Wubalem Alebachew; Berhan Tamir
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different supplements on honeybee colony performances, evaluate farm honeybee performance and analyze honey quality and pollen. A study involved 30 A. M. monticola colonies in an apiary for treatments and across agro- ecology for onfarm evaluation. For honey quality and pollen analysis, 30 samples were taken from those hives which on farm performance evaluation was measured. The treatment diets included: T1: 50% sugar syrup, 14% roasted barley powder (beso), and 36% roasted spiced pea powder (Shiro). T2: 50% powdered sugar, 14% white sorghum powder, and 36% bakery yeast. T3: 50% powdered sugar, 14% white sorghum powder, and 36% skimmed milk powder. T4: 50% sugar syrup with an infusion of stinging nettle and 1% kerefa, along with 50% white sorghum powder. Feeds were provided at the entrance sides of the colonies. The study was conducted in two phases, the dry season (December 20, 2021, to March 22, 2022) and the rainy season (June 27, 2022, to September 7, 2022) which are dearth periods. While on-farm performance evaluation was done from September 10, 2021, to December 30, 2021, and March 27, 2022, to June 23, 2022 during active seasons of the year. Measurements of brood area, pollen, nectar, and honey space in the comb were taken using a transparent grid meter of frame size (cm2 ). Feed intake, profitability, honey stores, and total bee strength were also assessed. Honey yield, swarming tendency, foraging activity, defensive behavior, and absconding rate were measured during the active season. Honey quality and pollen were also analyzed. Notably, colonies that received T4 exhibited superior performance, with a feed intake of 98.3%, egg area of 464.9 cm2 , larvae area of 553.9 cm2 , pupae area of 627.1 cm2 , colony strength of 6.4 frames, and queen cell construction of 0.2, surpassing the other colonies. In addition, they had a nectar area of 54.3 cm2 , a pollen area was 68.7 cm2 , a honey area was 311.2 cm2 honey yield of 7 kilograms. Colonies found in the highland showed the highest value on all performance measurement parameters and recorded a honey yield of 22.13 kilo grams. While, colonies found in the lowland were active foragers, starting their activities at 5:13 a.m. and returning to the hive at 7:04 p.m., and aggressive than others. Their response time after disturbances was approximately 53.29 seconds, and they followed up to 182.42 meters. The average values for free acidity, moisture content, ash content, pH, and hydroxyl-methyl-furfural (HMF) were measured as 19.14 meq/kg, 17.43%, 0.09%, 3.13, and 5.49 mg/kg, respectively. During pollen analysis, 41 and 23 plants were identified during the first and second honey harvesting seasons. There were unique plants for each agro ecology. During both harvesting seasons, Eucalyptus globulus accounted for the highest percentage. In general, the diets presented by T4 performed better. A.m monticola in the highland showed better performance. The overall stated characteristics of the honey fell within the established ranges for honey quality standards of both the national and international and Eucalyptus globulus was the dominant plant which identified in the honey sample. But, further findings will be better regarding all these works
Contribution of Smallholder Livestock Production to Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Arsi zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Birhanu Mamo; Ashenafi Mengistu
The study was conducted in the mixed crop-livestock production system of the Arsi zone to investigate major feed resources, feed intake, and digestibility, estimate enteric methane emission, and predict methane and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock manure. Using multistage purposive sampling, 150 households of the three agroecological areas (lowland, midland, and highland) of the Arsi zone were sampled for one year 2021. Data were collected through discussions with key informants and groups, formal surveys, observations, laboratory analysis, and secondary data and analyzed using SPSS and SAS software. The experimental design of the feeding trail was a crossover design with three treatments and three periods. Descriptive statistics, and chisquare, one-way, and two-way ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data. The mean land allocated for cultivation was 82.08%, 88.447%, and 80.97% for lowland, midland, and highland agro-ecologies respectively, while the remaining proportion of lands was uncultivated and used for grazing. The mean total cattle (7.48±0.2) and equine (1.52±0.1) in TLU showed a significant (P<0.001) different between the highland and other agro-ecologies. The mean total goats (0.9±0.1) in TLU was a significant (P<0.01) different between the lowland and other agro-ecologies. The communal grazing land stover crop DM yield was significant (P<0.001) different between the lowland and other agro-ecologies. The fallow land DM yield was significant (P<0.01) different between midland and other agro- ecologies. The Cereal straw DM yield was significant (P<0.01) different between the highland and other agro-ecologies. Cooperatively, straw (cereals and oil), haulms (pulse), stovers (maize and sorghum), and natural pasture DM yields contributed 96.67 % to the total HH annual feed supply. Total dry matter intake (DMI) was higher (P<0.001) for sheep fed in T2 (706.9 g/day) compared to the rest of the treatments, because the presence of s.sesban leaves and NSC increase the intake. The effects of S. sesban leaves decreased the total DMI. The digestibility of DM, OM and CP were significantly (P<0.01) different between T1 and T2, NDF and ADF were significantly (P<0.05) different between T1 and the rest of treatments. The enteric methane emissions factor (4.73kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) and daily methane production (12.69g CH4 head-1 day-1 ) were significant (P<0.01) different between treatments. The enteric methane emissions factor (5.5kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 and daily methane production (14.6g CH4 head-1 day-1 ) were significant (P<0.01) different between T3 and the rest of treatments. The estimated enteric methane EF (5.2-61.1kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of different age groups of cattle were significantly (P<0.01) different between cattle subcategories. The estimated enteric CH4 EF (41.7-40.9kg CH4 head-1 year -1 ) of cattle were significant (P<0.001) different between the lowland agro-ecology and other agro-ecologies. The estimated enteric CH4 EFs (3-6.7kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of different age groups of sheep were significant (P<0.001) different between the sheep categories. The enteric EF (5.3- 5.1kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of sheep were significantly (P<0.001) different between the lowland agro-ecology and other agro-ecologies. The estimated enteric CH4 FE (2.6- 6.9kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of different age groups of goats were significant (P<0.001) different between the goats' subcategories. The enteric CH4 EF (5.7-5.5kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of goats was significantly P<0.001) different between the three agro-ecologies. Cattle contribute 45.76 % followed by horses (20.01 %), donkeys or mules (11.12 %), goats (6.22%), and sheep (5.78%). From the total population in the study area, cattle share (83.88%) the largest EF CH4 followed by donkeys (4.31%), goats (4.19%), sheep (4.11%), and horses (3.23%). From the agro-ecologies point of view per head of animal, the lowland area took the highest share (33.61%), followed by midland (33.23 %) and highland (33.16 %). The shares of agro-ecologies per total population highland area (43.54 %) share the largest emissions, followed by midland (35.23%) and lowland (21.23%). The estimated CH4 (0.74-4.5kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) emissions from manure handling practices in the study area of different age groups of cattle were significant (P<0.001) different between the cattle subcategories. The estimated CH4 (3.17-3.06kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) emissions from the manure of cattle were significant (P<0.001) different between the lowland agro-ecology and other agro-ecologies. The estimated methane emission factors(0.128-0.141kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) from the manure handling practices of different age groups of sheep were significantly (P<0.001) different between the sheep subcategories. The estimated CH4 emission factors (0.137- 0.129kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) from the manure of different categories of sheep were significant (P<0.001) different between the lowland agro-ecology and the other agroecologies. The estimated methane emission factors (0.09-0.177kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of different age groups of goats were significant (P<0.001) different between the goats' subcategories. The CH4 emission factors (0.154-0.145kg CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) from the manure handling practices of goats were significantly (P<0.001) different between the three agro-ecologies. The estimated nitrous oxide (1-10.2g CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of different age groups of cattle was significantly (P<0.001) different between the cattle subcategories. The estimated nitrous oxide (7.85-7.7g CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of dual-purpose cattle was significantly (P<0.001) different between the lowland agro-ecology and other agro-ecologies. The estimated nitrous oxide (1.14-1.32g CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of different age groups of sheep were significant (P<0.001) different between the sheep subcategories. The estimated nitrous oxide (1.23-1.19g CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) was significant (P<0.001) different between the lowland agro-ecology and other agro-ecologies. The estimated nitrous oxide (1.-1.6g CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) of different age groups of goats were significant (P<0.001) different between goat subcategories. The estimated nitrous oxide(1.4-1.35g CH4 head-1 yeay -1 ) was significant (P<0.001) different between the lowland agro-ecology and other agro-ecologies. Therefore, produce quality feed supply and proper handling husbandry, improved manure management system and promotion of farm level livestock technologies should be exercised astutely to increase productivity and reduce the GHG emission of the livestock sector.
Comparative Studies on Performance and Carcass Traits of Naked Neck, Normal-Feathered, Tetra-H Chicken Genotypes, and their Crossbreeds in Southwest Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Abiyu Tadele; Gebreyohannes Berhane
This study consisted of two independent experiments carried out in Southwest region, Ethiopia. In the first experiment the effect of genotype on fertility and hatchability, growth performance, and carcass traits were assessed from the naked-neck, normal-feathered, and Tetra H chicken genotypes. For this study, a total of 135 day-old chicks, with 45 chicks from each genotype, were divided into 9 replicates (15 chicks per replicate) in a completely randomized design. The chicks were fed the same commercial starter, grower, and layer ration for 40 weeks. Data collection for growth, fertility, hatchability, morphometric, and carcass traits took place during the first 18 weeks of age, while the reproductive and productive performances and egg quality traits were evaluated between weeks 20 and 40. Statistical analysis using SAS software and one-way analysis of variance were employed to analyze the data. In the second experiment, the effect of genotype and addition of phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) up to 2g/kg on growth performance, carcass traits, blood profiles, and breast meat quality were evaluated during 18 weeks of age. In this experiment, a total of 360 unsexed chicks were assigned into nine groups with 40 chicks in each group, and each group was replicated four times with 10 chicks in each replicate. The study employed a 3 × 3 factorial design, consisting of three genotypes and three diets, namely standard commercial ration/control (C), phytolacca dodecandra 1g/kg (C+1), and phytolacca dodecandra 2g/kg (C+2). The data were analyzed using the general linear model in R, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. The Tukey standard range test was used to compare means, with a significance level of (P < 0.05). The results showed that daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and final body weight of the Tetra H genotype were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the naked-neck and normal-feathered. The feed conversion ratio of the Tetra H genotype (3.76) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the naked-neck (5.6) and normal-feathered (6.1) genotypes, indicating the Tetra H was better in feed conversion efficiency. The Tetra H genotype had significantly higher body length, chest width, keel bone length and carcass traits such as carcass weight, breast, drumstick, and thigh muscle than the naked-neck and normal-feathered genotypes. The reproductive and productive performance traits indicate that the Tetra H hen exhibited significantly superior body weight, feed consumption, hen-housed egg production, egg mass, and a lower (better) feed conversion ratio compared to the other genotypes. The egg quality traits indicated the Tetra H genotype demonstrated better characteristics except for yolk width and color. In the second experiment, the results showed that diet and genotype*diet interactions significantly influenced performance parameters, with the 1g/kg Endod supplementation demonstrating better results compared to the other. Genotype also affected dressing percentage and various carcass components, with the naked-neck * Tetra H cross showing higher values. Supplementation improved dressing percentage and breast muscle compared to the control. Blood parameters were significantly influenced by genotype, diet, and their interaction. It increased protein levels and reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood. Incorporating 1g/kg of phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) into the diet improved protein content and reduced fat content in the breast muscles. Thus, these findings contribute to the advancement of more efficient breeding programs for these chicken genotypes by providing valuable insights into their performance and egg quality. The study concluded that the Tetra H genotype is ideal for meat production due to its superior growth performance, body size, carcass traits, and feed conversion efficiency. The indigenous genotypes exhibited better fertility, hatchability, and livability. Adding up to 2g/kg phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) to chicken feed can enhance performance, carcass traits, blood profiles, and breast meat protein levels. Further investigations are recommended to confirm cross-breeding and adaptation of those genotypes in various agroecologies. Assessing Endod effects on various chicken genotypes, optimum dosage, and duration, evaluating consumer health and economic efficiency, and exploring underlying mechanisms are recommended.

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