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Item Swollen Gland Syndromei Haemorluiagic Septicaemia of Camels in Northern Kenya: Indigenous Knowledge and Socio-Economic Implications(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Diba Dida; Baumann, MaximilianSwollen Gland Syndromei Haemorluiagic Septicaemia of Camel in Northern Kenya: Indigenous Knowledge And Socio-Economic Impllca Tions TIus study describes camel hemorrhagic septicaemia/swollen gland syndrome (HS/SGS) in NOrthem Kenya (Marsabit North, Mandera West and Wajir East Districts), with the objectives of tapping the local knowledge regarding the disease, assessing its socioeconomic implications and attempting to determine its causative agent. The locations of the study and the informants were purposively selected based onconcentration of camel herds during June to September 2011 period. The following participatory methods were used in the data collection: focus group discussion (FGD), semi-structured interviews (SS1), matrix scoring, proportional piling, participatory mapping, seasonal calendars, time lines and pair-wise ranking. Clinical examination and sampling of camels suspected to be suffering from HS/SGS were done. Laboratory analysis of whole blood and lymph node swabs, nasal swabs, pharyngeal swabs and tissue swabs was also carried out. Camel HS/SGS was ranked the top most important disease of camels ahead of Respiratory Disease Complex I (RDC 1), Camel Pox, Wry Neck and Respiratory Disease Complex 2. Enlarged superficial lymph nodes, lachrymation, fever, recumbency, bad odour and high mortality were heavily associated with HS/SGS. Other clinical signs given by the infom1ants include shivering, little or no urine, slight cough, dyspnoea and extreme weakness. Main post-mortem flndings are enlarged and hemolThagic lymph nodes, haemolThages in the intestines and subcutaneous tissue and swollen lungs. Furthem10re, according to the informants, the age group most affected by HS/SGS are young adults (3-5 years) with an expected mean morbidity rate of 67%, followed by older calves (0.5-2 years) at 49%. Adults are less affected with an expected mean morbidity rate of 18%. Expected mean within herd morbidity and mortality rates of HS/SGS were estimated at 49% and 46%, respectively. The disease is said to run a clinical course of about 2 weeks' and a prolonged outbreak is estimated to take an average of 3.5 months in a herd before it ceases. There was no significant agreement regarding the seasonality of HS/SGS though most informants gave high scores for the cold and dry period of the year (June-August). HS/SGS, RDC I and Pox were ranked as the most frequently occurring camel diseases in that order. HS/SGS and wry neck had the worst relative response to treatment compared to trypanosomosis, RDC 2 and RDC 1, and trypanosomosis having the highest relative response. There was good agreement (W=0.815) between the groups regarding the ranking of the benefits derived from camels in order of importance as follows: milk (21 %), transportation (17%), cash/barter (15%), dowry (13%), meat (11 %), sacrifice (9%), slaughter for funeral (8%), skin (4%) and prestige (2%). On estimating the relative effects of priority diseases on these benefits, HS/SOS had the highest relative effects on some of the most important benefits of camels such as milk, transportation, dowry and funeral, while pox hadthe highest relative effects on skin and sacrifice. The relative effects of both HS/SOS and Pox on the meat and cashlbarter were the same. The agreements between groups regarding these effects were moderate to good except for funeral where there was no significant agreement. In the investigation of an outbreak of suspected HS/SOS that occurred in Wajir East and Mandera West, the clinical signs given by the infom1ants were confinned. The mean morbidity rate of HS/SOS was 20% and the mean case fatality rate was 37% in this outbreak.The majority of camels affected were mainly between 10 months and 5 years of age and the Upper Age Limit Was 12 Years Confirming The Infom1ation Given By The Informants. Out Of The Fourteen Samples Collected, Seven (Nasal Swabs) Were Positive For Genus Pasteurella When Tested By Api 20 ne (Analytical Profiling Index For Non-Enteric Bacteria). However The Test Could Not Determine Specific Species Involved. Based On The Result Of This Study, It Was Concluded That Hs/SGs Is an Important Disease In Northern Kenya Exerting High Relative Socioeconomic Pressure On The Pastoralists. It Was Also Concluded That The Infonnation Given By The Informants Largely Agreed With The Description Of This Disease In The Available Literature And It ' Leaned ' Towards SGs More Than The Typical Camel Hs Description. However, Due To The Inability Of This Study To Put Clear Difference Between Hs And SGs And Find Their Causative Agent (S), It Was Recommended That More In-Depth Studies Are To Be Done To Ascertain The Occrrence Of Both Hs And SGs And Clearly Differentiate Them Or Conclude Beyond Doubt That Only One Of Them Is Present In Northern Kenya.Item Effect of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control on Growth and Mortality of Calves in Arbaminch District in the Southern Rift Valley, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Geja Gechere; Kelay BelihllA study was conducted to assess the effect of tsetse/trypanosomosis control on growth and mortality of calves in tsetse controlled and tsetse uncontrolled blocks of southem tsetse eradication project (STEP), at Arba Minch Zuria district of southem region. A total of 182 farmers were interviewed with structured [formal questionnaire from the two blocks. They were mainly interviewed on socioeconomic and farming system characteristics, livestock herd size and composition, cattle herd size and composition, the objectives of cattle keeping, cow housing, feeding and culling, major animal health problems and calf management. 180 clusters (house hold heads) herds from two blocks were established to collect blood samples in wet and dry seasons. From each household an average of calves three (total 1080) were examined to detennine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis using dark groundl Buffy coat examination technique. To assess tsetse and biting fly population in both blocks 240 NGU traps were deployed from October 2009 to March 2010 (40 traps every month). A case control study of 40 calves, (20) from each blocks were performed for consecutive six months to determine the body weight gain, hip height increment, body length measurement and body condition score. The questionnaire survey indicated that Mean livestock herd size and composition In tsetse controlled block were 6.05±0.31 cattle, 0.48 ±0.12 sheep, 1.56 ±0.22 goats, 0.37 ±0.07 donkey and 4.66 ±0.47poultry, were as in tsetse uncontrolled block were 11.26 ± 1.18 cattle, 0.93 ±0.22 sheep, 0.93 ± 0.21 goats and 2.38 ±0.48 poultry. No donkey was found in tsetse uncontrolled block. Mean livestock herd size and composition was smaller in tsetse controlled block than tsetse uncontrolled block. All cattle owned by the sampled households were indigenous. Mean cattle herd size and composition in tsetse controlled block was cows 2.14 ± 1.18, heifers 0.77 ±0.08, bulls 0.98 ±0.83, male calves 0.74 ±0.08, female calves 0.66 ±0.07 and steers 0.77 ±0.07. In tsetse uncontrolled block were cows 3.41 ±0.43, heifers 1.45 ±0.24, bulls 1.77 ±0.23, male calves 1.26 ±0.20, female calves 1.04 ±0.16, and steers 1.13 ±0.15. Mean cattle herd size was smaller in tsetse controlled block than tsetse uncontrolled block Results of parasitological study revealed that the prevalence of trypanosome positive calves in dry and wet seasons were higher in tsetse uncontrolled block (p<0.05). It was 5( 1.85%) in wet season and 3( I. I %) in dry season, while in tsetse controlled block no positive cases detected in both seasons. Trypanosoma congolense 75% and trypanosoma vivax 25% was responsible for trypanosome infection of calves. Mean rev value of 30.48± 0.42% was recorded in tsetse controlled block, while in tsetse uncontrolled block it was 28.37± 0.37%. The difference in the level of anemia between the two blocks and between parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals was significant (P< 0.05). The entomological survey showed that the apparent density (fly/trap/day) in tsetse controlled block were 0.12 for tsetse fly, 1.67 for Tabanus and 0.76 for Stomoxys, whiIe in tsetse uncontrolled block, 32.16 for tsetse fly, 2.41 for tabanus and 1.26 for stomoxys. Mean catch (average ±SE) of tsetse and biting flies varied significantly between the two blocks (P<0.05). The case control study of calves after six months revealed that the mean (±SE) body weight of calves in tsetse controlled and tsetse uncontrolled blocks were 40.23 ± 0.70 kg and 34.74 ± 0.68 kg, respectively, which were statistically different (P<0.05).The above findings strongly suggest that trypanosomosis is a disease of economic importance in the area and control programs being implemented by the STEP project is registering a significant improvement in livestock production in the areas it has intervened.Item Study on the Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle Around Lake Mburo National Park in South-Western Uganda(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Batwala Stephen; Haileleul NegussieA cross-sectional survey was carried out from March 2011 to September 2011 with the objectives of determining the prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle, the risk factors associated with FMD seropositivity and the temporal characteristics of FMD outbreaks in cattle in four districts (Kiruhura, Mbarara, Isingiro and Rakai) around Lake Mburo Conservation Area (LMCA), formerly called Lake Mburo National Park (LMNP), in South-Western Uganda. A total of 404 cattle of 6-12 months of age and never vaccinated against FMD were tested from 41 herds in Kiruhura district. A retrospective assessment of veterinary records to determine the temporal characteristics of the FMD outbreaks was carried out for Kiruhura, Isingiro, Mbarara and Rakai districts for a period of 10 years (2001-2010). The seroprevalence of FMD was 6.2% (n = 404) and 36.6% (n = 41) at individual and herd levels, respectively. The within herd seropositivity (on-farm seroprevalence) for the seropositive herds ranged from 4.5 to 57.1% with an average of 15%. The location of the herds/farms by sub-county and the husbandry system practiced on the farm/herd were statistically significantly associated with FMD outbreak occurrence on the farms/herds. Within Kiruhura district, herds from Nyakashashara Sub-county were found to be at 2.7 times higher risk (odds ratio) of getting FMD' outbreak than those in Sanga Sub-county. The husbandry system was also an important risk factor. Up to 78% (n = 27), 45.5% (n = 11) and 0.0% (n = 3) of the herds under the communal grazing, grazing herd separately and fenced grazing systems, respectively, were found to have got at least one FMD outbreak in the period between 2001-2011. FMD outbreaks were more common during the dry season months (JuneJuly) and shortly after the dry season (March) than in the rainy season months. There is continuous circulation of the FMDV in the cattle population in the study area and control, by vaccination, should consider the seasonal pattern of the outbreaks and collaboration with the neighboring republic of Tanzania.Item Management Practices, Productive Performances and Egg Quality Traits of Exotic Chickens Under Village Production System in East Shewa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Desalew Tadesse; Harpal SinghA cross sectional study was conductcd with the objectives of assessing management practices, evaluate productive performance and egg quality traits of lsa Brown (lB ), Bovan Brown (BB) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) under village production system, from November 2011 to May 201 2 in Ada 'a and Lumc districts of East Shewa, Ethiopia, Totally, 180 randomly selected respondents were included in the study from six purposively selectcd Peasant Associations (PAs) from two districts, The data collectcd were analyzed using SPSS version 17. In both districts, 97.8% of the respondents provided additional supplement. Over 95% of the respondents used maize and wheat as additional 'supplement , mostly three times a day. About 96% of respondents in both districts provided water with free access. The 8O % in Ada'a and 71.2% respondents in Lume districts had good market access to procure poultry production inputs and 68. 8% in Ada' a and 94.4% respondents in Lumce had good market access to sell eggs and chicken. Extension services were used by 4 1.2% in Ada'a and 53.4% respondents in Lume districts. The 78.8% of respondents did not vaccinate their chicken, in Ada'a, whereas 80% of rcspondents vaccinate their chicken in Lume distric ts. Collectively, about 56% of the respondents provided Oxy-tetracycline 20% as prophylactic measures against various poultry diseases. The average eggs laid/year/bird was 276.1 , 266.32, and 178,07 eggs for IB, BB and PK, respectively. Ave rage age at first layi ng was 160.5, 165.5 and 153 day for IB , BB and PK respectively, BB was superior for egg weight , yolk height, albumin height, albumin weight, Haugh Unit and eggshell thickness than IB and PK. IB was found to be superior to BB and PK for yolk weight, whereas PK was superior to IB and BB for yolk colour. Diseases, in adequate veterinary services, feed shortage and predators were listed as major constraints in both districts. Gelling improved chicks at affordable price, provision of vaccination, training on poultry rearing, supply of electricity and clean water were mentioned as option to improve chicken productivity in the study areas. In this study, the performance of hybrid layers seems to be over reported by farmers and this requires further study considering the amount of additional feed supplement by farmers' and proper recording on the number of eggs to better conclude on their productive performances.Item Study on Milk Production and Influencing Factors in Ada'a Dairy Cooperative(Addis Ababa University, 2012-07-01) Etagegnehu Misaw; Gebeyehu GoshuA study was conducted at the Ada'a Dairy cooperative on Study on milk production and influencing factors in Ada'a dairy cooperative from September 2011 to January 2012.The objectives of the study were to assess milk production system and determine the prevalence of mastitis among lactating dairy cows in Ada'a dairy cooperative smallholder farms. Survey was made using semi-structured questionnaire, farm visit, animal examination and CMT test. A total of 90 smallholder dairy farms and all milking cross bred dairy cows on selected farms were included in the study. From total population (900 members) 10 % was selected for study sample. 76. 7% dairy farms were male headed and 57.8 % of the respondents had> I 0 years dairy experience and 55.6 % of the respondents used dairy farming as a main income source. There was an average herd size of 6.25 cattle per household of which 3.12 crossbred cows. Most dairy activities were done by family members. Animals were permanently housed and stall feeding system was practiced. The first, second and third ranked feed sources were concentrate (63.3 %), crop residue and poultry waste (32.2 %). 51.1 % of smallholders used artificial insemination for breeding. The average age at first mating and calving of crossbred cows were 20.82 and 29.93 months respectively. The average milk yield was 10.67 litre/day. Milking hygiene was generally poor with no milking sequence between mastitic cow and non mastitic once and udder drying and teat dipping practices. Mastitis and lumpy skin diseases were the first (41.1 % and second (22.2 %) ranked diseases. The first (55 .6 %), second (17.8 %) and third (12.2 %) ranked problems of milk production were feed shortage, lack of space and lack of AI service. Prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 60.8 % out of which 15.2 % and 45.6 % were clinical and sub clinical cases, respectively. The quarter level prevalence was 40 % out of this 3.6% (clinical) and 36.4% (sub clinical), respectively, out of 868 quarters examined, 31 was blocked. The quarter level of mastitis prevalence was high in right rear (43.2 %). Prevalence of mastitis varied significantly in (teat lesion, previous exposure to mastitis and udder swelling) (P= 0.000), parity (P= 0.024), age (P= 0.04) and body condition score (P= 0.002). No significant association (P= 0.634) between mastitis occurrence and lactation stage. Generally it can be conclude that milk production is a livelihood source for most smallholders in Ada'a dairy cooperative. However, due to poor husbandry, milking practices and lack of skills on record keeping for accurate decision making on chronically mastitic cows the over all prevalence of mastitis was high.Item Cross-Sectional Study of Brucellosis and Mastitis in Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) and Camel Milk Markets Network in Babille Woreda, East Harargae Zone, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-11-01) Hafez Mohammed; Mekonnen HailemariamA cross-sectional study was conducted with the objectives of determining the prevalence of camel brucellosis and clinical and sub-clinical mastitis and associated risk factors, and making a preliminary assessment of the camel milk markets network in Babille Woreda Field data gathering and observation was carried out from August to October, 2011. Two- stage cluster sampling was employed to select 378 camels in 12 peasant associations of Babille Woreda. Serum samples were taken from these camels and 8 serum samples (2.1 %) were lost during handling. The 370 sera were screened for brucellosis by RBPT and 26 serum samples (7.0%) were found positive and further tested by CFT where 9 sera (2.4%) were reacting positive.Hence, the overall seroprevalence was 2.4% (n=370). Seroprevalence of Brucella infection in male and female camels were 2.9% (7/241) and 1.6% (2/129) respectively, with no statistically significant difference. The seroprevalence of brucellosis was relatively higher (3.8%, n=791) in young (below 4 years) than in adult camels (above 4 years) (2.0%, n=291), however, not statistically significant. No statistical association of parity and origin of camels nor abortion with the occurrence of Brucella infection could be determined. All camels with an abortion history were reacting seronegative. Questionnaire survey results of 40 herders revealed an average herd size of 12.4 camels and camels were the only livestock in 8 of the herds (20%) and were reared together with other livestock in 80% of the herds. Contact with other herds was common in 90% of the herds. Abortion seemed rare in Babille Woreda: only 6 of the respondents (15%) reported abortion in the past. Fever, trypanosomosis infection, ingestion of toxic plants, drought and bulls were claimed to be the causes of abortion. For clinical and sub-clinical mastitis prevalence determination again two-stage sampling was undertaken and 544 quarters were examined from 136 lactating camels reared in 34 herds and 9 quarters were blind(1.7%). The remaining 535 quarter milk samples (98.4%) were screened for sub-clinical mastitis using CMT. Clinical examination of the udder and inspection of milk were employed to determine the presence of clinical mastitis; however, clinical mastitis was not observed at all. The prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was 14.4% at quarter level. Sub-clinical mastitis cases were prevalent in 31 .6% of the camels studied. A significant association (p-< 0.05) was found between sub-clinical mastitis and age groups. Sub-clinical mastitis and udder lesions were also found to be significantly (p-< 0.05). The presence of sub-clinical mastitis was not significantly associated(p-<0.05).The presence of sub-clinical mastitis was not significantly associated with udder conformational disorders, tick infested udders and lactation stage classes. Out of a total number of 34 herds, 25 herds (73.5%) presented at least one camel with one quarter milk sample positive for CMT. Associations of practices of cauterization for treatment of udder problems, use of anti-suckling equipment and unhygienic practices with herd level sub-clinical mastitis positivity were not found . The questionnaire survey results showed that clinical mastitis seemed to be rare in the study area; only 4 owners(11.8%) confirmed the presence of mastitis in their herds. Twenty two respondents (64.7%) attributed the cause of mastitis in camels to tick infestation Cleaning of the udder before milking was seldom done, only 3 owners (8.8%) cleaned the udder. However, 31 owners (91.2%) washed their hands before milking.Through direct observation and interviews information was gathered to analyze the camel milk markets network in Babille Woreda and neighboring towns The nodes included all 22 PAs within Babille Woreda and 5 small and big towns to which the milk was; sold arcs represented milk trade relationship among PAs and of PAs and towns. A network with 27 nodes and 33 edges (relationships) was identified and analyzed. The network consisted of 3 components: one large component and two other components with 24, 2 and 1 nodes, respectively. The overall density of the milk market network was 0.047, indicating a very loosely connected network with an average degree of 1.2. Babille, Harer, and Jijiga scored high in-degree values indicating their role as terminal markets. Aw-Sherif having the highest degree centrality score had a very important and influential position in the network. There was substantial centralization in this whole network as the network centralization for out-degree and in-degree were 15.1 % and19.1 %, respectively. The network closeness centrality measures revealed that Harer had the highest incloseness score followed by Jijiga and Dire Dawa. The majority of the PAs had lower scores of closeness centrality measures as they were peripherally located. Actor betweenness measures ranged from zero to 20 with wide variation. Aw-Sherif,Erer Ibada and Gemechu appeared to be more powerful than others by this measure followed by Tula and Erer Guda and others scoring zero. This study has shown that camel brucellosis and sub-clinical mastitis are prevalent in the area. Both diseases can cause extensive economic losses in camel production and pose a public health hazard as a result of raw camel milk consumption and traditional husbandry practices. This is warranting control and prevention programmes and public health education. Such undertakings should be based on further in-depth epidemiological investigations. Network analysis of milk markets can help in policy formulations, evaluation of risks estimaion of potential spread of infectious agents and control as well as in designing and implementing risk-based surveillance and milk market devdopment activitiesItem Assessment of Dairy Farming in Three Districts of Orol\Iia Regio. " Central Ethiopia: Management, Reproductive and Prodctive Performance(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Kefelegn Seyoum; Ashenafi MengistuA cross sectional study was conducted with the aim of assessing dairy farming, with special emphasis on management, breed and breeding practices in three districts of Oromia region, central Ethiopia. The study covered 151 dairy farms from the three districts namely Adama. Lume and Ada'a. Data on farm management variables, feed resources and breed and breeding practices were collected by means of questionnaire together with farm inspection in a one visit interview. The main sources of feed for farms of Adama, Lume and Ada'a were crop residues and commercial feeds and supplements with the respective proportions of 100% to crop residues in all the farms and 98%, 92% and 98% to that of commercial feeds & supplements. It is conclude that high cost and scarcity of feeds are the major constraints of the dairy farm in the study areas, three types of breeds (local, cross and exotic breeds) and two types of breeding practices (Artificial insemination and natural mating) had recognized. According to the respondents the cross breed type and artificial insemination breeding practices were the predominant in all the farms of the study areas. The mean daily milk yield. lactation length, ages at first calving, numbers of services per conception and calving interval for local, cross and exotic breeds were 2.68, 10.70 and 10.57 liters, 6.52. 9.82 and 9.93 months, 51.85, 31.87 and 33.87 months, 1.56, 2.33 and 2.40 and 18.68, 15 .56 and 14.36 months respectively for the dairy farms of Adama, 2.00, 11.88 and 10.30 liters, 6.84, 9.03 and 8.90 months, 49.15, 33.7-l and 35.60 months, 1.57, 2.25 and 2.45 and 20.71. 15 .76 and 15.67 months respectively lor the dairy farms of Ada'a and to that of Lume dairy farms all these traits for indigenous and cross breeds were 2.33, and 11 .1 1 liters, 6.91 and 9.88 months, 51.00 and 39.59 months. 1.45 and 1.98 and 20.41 and 17.38 months respectively. There was significant variation between the three districts for the results of age at first calving of cross breeds which might be due to the difference in the level of management. Daily milk yield and lactation length were also significant (p<0.05) for bred types. Cross breed cows under all farms had a relative good reproductive and productive performance. Therefore establishment of new ones to cross breed cows should be encouraged by the government and nongovernment institutions with better technical assistance and recommended capacity building of farm owners.Item Prevalence of Swine Tuberculosis in Central Ethiopia and Molecular Characterization of its Causative Agents(Addis Ababa University, 2011-12-01) Sintayebu Mulugeta; Gobena AmeniA cross-sectional study was carried on 841 pigs slaughtered at Addis Ababa and Alema Swine Farm abattoirs in central Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of swine tuberculosis (TB) and to investigate the potential risk factors associated with the prevalence as well as to isolate and characterize the causative agents. To achieve these objectives, detailed post-mortem examination, mycobacteriological culturing, molecular typing usmg multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), regions of difference (RD)-4, and RD9 deletion typing, and spoligotyping were used. The prevalence of TB in the study pigs was 5.8% (49/841) on the basis of gross post-mortem lesion. The prevalence was significantly higher in older pigs than in younger pigs (10.8% versus 3.4%, X2 = 18.84; P0.05). The multivariate analysis indicated that age and origin of pigs were the only statistically significant explanatory factor for variation in the recorded prevalence. Culture positivity was confirmed in 30.6% (15/49) of the pigs with TB suspected lesions. Of the 10 acid-fast positive isolates subjected to PCR 4 showed band for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex on gel electrophoresis. Speciation of three isolates indicated that two of them were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tuberculosis), and one was M bovis and further strain characterization of the two M tuberculosis showed that one was SIT 53 and the other was a new strain which had not been reported to the international spoligotype database before. The findings of human type Mycobacteria probably suggest interspecies transmission pattern. SIT 53 is known to be common in human population in the country further strengthening the suggested transmission pattern given the endemic nature of TB in Ethiopia. Hence launching feasible control methods for swine TB and avoiding physical contact between infected cattle or humans and swine would be requiredItem Sero-Prevalence Study of Brucellosis in Small RumnAnts and Camels as Well as Risky Practice of Pastoralists for ZoonOtic Brucellosis in Selected Districts of Afar Region(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Wesinew Adugna; Tesfaye SisayA cross-sectional study was carried out in four district of Afar region from November 201I to April 2012 to determine the prevalence of brucel1OSiS in smal1 ruminants and camels and to identify. risky practice that would faCi1itate the transmission 0f zoonoses. to humans . The study involved testing 324 sheep, 726 goats and 461 camels and interviewing 120 livestock owner:. Modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT) were used as screening and confirmatory tests, respectively. The SPSS 16.0 software was used to establish the overall prevalence for each species. while potential risk factors for seropositivity were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. The results showed that 7. I% of the sheep, 5.4% of the camels and 13.6% of the goats (X~= 24.9 L P<0.05) and 5. I I % and 24% of the small ruminant and camel herds tested had antibodies against Brucella species. District level seroprevalence ranged from 3.6% to 13.6%.3.3% to 6.7% and 11.7% to 15.5% in sheep. goats and camels, respectively. The final logistic regression model for small ruminants identified goats (OR=2.36; 95% CL: 1.46-3 .82) showing higher risk of brucella infection when compared to sheep. In addition small ruminants greater than two years (OR= 3. I 32; 95%CI: 1.6-6 .15), females (OR= 1.79; 95%CI: 1.02-3.13) and larger than 30 herd size (OR=2.04; 95%CI: 1.35-3 .1) arc at higher risk of brucella infection than their counter categories. Moreover in camels. herd size> 20 animals (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.16-6.62) and greater than four years (OR 4.9: 95% CL: 1.45- 16.82) show higher risk of brucella infection when compared to small herds and those ~ 4 years old. The questionnaire survey showed that most respondents had no accurate knowledge about the transmission or zoonoses. It was also found that some of their practice would potentially facilitate the transmission of' zoonotic pathogens to human. such as handling of abortcd materials and raw animal product consumption The results of this study demonstrated that livestock brucellosis is widely prevalent in the study areas. Hence. the study suggests the need for implementing control measures and raising public awareness on prevention methods of brucellosis.Item Evaluation of Reproductive Performance of Begait Cattle Before and After Application of Estrus Synchronization Protocols in Northern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Berihu Gebrekidan; Tefera YilmaRetrospective and prospective studies were conducted in Kafta-Humera and Wukro area of Tigray region. A retrospective study was carried out on 12 herds consisting 2144 Begait cattle from pastoral and agro-pastoral areas to assess herd composition and calf-crop. To evaluate the reproductive and lactation performance, 210 and 61 cows, respectively were selected randomly from pastoral. agro-pastoral, confinement and crop-livestock production systems. All necessary data of reproductive and lactation parameters were collected through questionnaire surveys, group discussions and follow-up observations. Another experimental study was conducted to evaluate the estrus characteristics, estrus response and reproductive performance of Begait cattle following estrus synchronization using PGF2a alone and GnRH + PGF2a treatments. Forty heifers and 47 cows were purposively selected for this study and randomly assigned in the two treatment groups. Thirty-eight cattle were treated with PGF2a (GI) followed by mating aftcr estrus exhibition and second PGF2a injection was given for those that didn 't exhibit estrus signs in the first injection. The rest, 49 cattle were treated with GnRH followed by PGF2a (GIl) 7 days later and observed for estrus that followed by mating. SPSS software was applied to analyze the da.a. The result of the present study showed that the average calf-crop of 53% and 42.4% and annual calf mortality rate of 20.8% and 9.4%, were observed for pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems, respectively. The mean AFC and CI in months were 43.9 and 12.9 in pastoral. 45.0 and 14.0 in agro-pastoral, 44.9 and 15.0 in confinement and 49.5 and 19.6 in crop-livestock production systems, respectively. Both parameters were significantly (P<0.05) affected by site and production system. Significantly longer AFC and CI were noticed in crop-livestock system than in the other 3 production systems. However, CI was not affected by age and parity. Likewise, the mean daily milk yield at early, middle and late lactation of Begait cows was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the agro-pastoral (4.5, 6.7 and 3.1 liters, respectively) than in pastoral (2.2, 4.0 and 1.4 liters, respectively) production system. On the other hand, lactation lengths were shorter in pastoral (150 ± 4.39 days) and crop-livestock (148.4 ± 5.48 days) than in confinement (209.7 ± 7.90 days) and agro-pastoral (189.2 ± 4.45 days) production systems. Younger and first parity animals as well as those with once milking practice per day also had significantly lower lactation performance while site did not have effect. The hormonal experiment study showed that an overall 71.3% of cows responded in both treatment groups. The most frequently observed estrus behaviors and physical changes were standing to be mounted, restlessness. swelling and redness of vulva and vaginal discharge with the value of 100. 100. 96.7 and 90%. respectively. The mean time interval from PGF2a injection to the onset of estrus in GI and Gll was 73 .8±5.26 and 67±2.42 hours. respectively. Both the estrus response and pregnancy rate in GIl (83 .7 and 92.7%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) as compared to GI (55 .3 and 85 .7%), respectively. The present study showed that heifers and moderate body condition cattle became more responsive (PItem Effect of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control on Growth and Mortality of Calves in Arbaminch District in the Southern Rift Valley, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Geja Gechere; Kelay BelihuA study was conducted to assess the effect of tsetse/trypanosomosis control on growth and mortality of calves in tsetse controlled and tsetse uncontrolled blocks of southem tsetse eradication project (STEP), at Arba Minch Zuria district of southem region. A total of 182 farmers were interviewed with structured formal questionnaire from the two blocks. They were mainly interviewed on socioeconomic and farming system characteristics, livestock herd size and composition, cattle herd size and composition, the objectives of cattle keeping, cow housing, feeding and culling, major animal health problems and calf management. 180 clusters (house hold heads) herds from two blocks were established to collect blood samples in wet and dry seasons. From each household an average of calves three (total 1080) were examined to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis using dark groundl Buffy coat examination technique. To assess tsetse and biting fly population in both blocks 240 NGU traps were deployed from October 2009 to March 2010 (40 traps every month). A case control study of 40 calves, (20) from each blocks were performed for consecutive six months to determine the body weight gain, hip height increment, body length measurement and body condition score. The questionnaire survey indicated that Mean livestock herd size and composition In tsetse controlled block were 6.05±0.31 cattle, 0.48 ±0.12 sheep, 1.56 ±0.22 goats, 0.37 ±0.07 donkey and 4.66 ±0.47poultry, were as in tsetse uncontrolled block were 11.26 ± 1.18 cattle, 0.93 ±0.22 sheep, 0.93 ± 0.21 goats and 2.38 ±0.48 poultry. No donkey was found in tsetse uncontrolled block. Mean livestock herd size and composition was smaller in tsetse controlled block than tsetse uncontrolled block. All cattle owned by the sampled households were indigenous. Mean cattle herd size and composition in tsetse controlled block was cows 2.14 ± 1.18, heifers 0.77 ±0.08, bulls 0.98 ±0.83, male calves 0.74 ±0.08, female calves 0.66 ±0.07 and steers 0.77 ±0.07. In tsetse uncontrolled block were cows 3.41 ±0.43, heifers 1.45 ±0.24, bulls 1.77 ±0.23, male calves 1.26 ±0.20, female calves 1.04 ±0.16, and steers 1.13 ±0.15. Mean cattle herd size was smaller in tsetse controlled block than tsetse uncontrolled block Results of parasitological study revealed that the prevalence of trypanosome positive calves in dry and wet seasons were higher in tsetse uncontrolled block (p<0.05). It was 5( 1.85%) in wet season and 3( I. I %) in dry season, while in tsetse controlled block no positive cases detected in both seasons. Trypanosoma congolense 75% and trypanosoma vivax 25% was responsible for trypanosome infection of calves. Mean PCV value of 30.48± 0.42% was recorded in tsetse controlled block, while in tsetse uncontrolled block it was 28.37± 0.37%. The difference in the level of anemia between the two blocks and between parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals was significant (P< 0.05). The entomological survey showed that the apparent density (fly/trap/day) in tsetse controlled block were 0.12 for tsetse fly, 1.67 for Tabanus and 0.76 for Stomoxys, whiIe in tsetse uncontrolled block, 32.16 for tsetse fly, 2.41 for tabanus and 1.26 for stomoxys. Mean catch (average ±SE) of tsetse and biting flies varied significantly between the two blocks (P<0.05). The case control study of calves after six months revealed that the mean (±SE) body weight of calves in tsetse controlled and tsetse uncontrolled blocks were 40.23 ± 0.70 kg and 34.74 ± 0.68 kg, respectively, which were statistically different (P<0.05).The above findings strongly suggest that trypanosomosis is a disease of economic importance in the area and control programs being implemented by the STEP project is registering a significant improvement in livestock production in the areas it has intervenedItem Epidemiological and Socio-Economic Investigation of Camel Sudden Death (CSD) and its Relationship to Paste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in a Wash Fen tale, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-11) Fitsum Alemayehu; Maximilian BaumannA cross-sectional survey using serological and participatory appraisal investigation methods was applied between March 20 II and November 201 1 to determine the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in camel and its associations with major risk factors like age, sex, pastoral association (Pa) and female lactation status, and to assess the community knowledge about causes and the socio-economic impact of a camel sudden death outbreak in 2006 in Awash Fentale of Afar Regional state, Ethiopia. Seroepidemiological investigations were performed using the competitive ELISA technique. The overall seroprevalence of PPR in camel in the study area was 13.7% (n= 446). Higher seroprevalences were recorded in camel of Doho Pa (19.1%) being significantly different from the other Pas, in female camel (14.1%) compared to male (6.7%); in lactating camels (14.9%) compared to dry camels (11.7%) and in adults >4years (14.2%) compared to young camels (12%). From the risk factors analyzed in the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis including Pa, sex, age and female lactation status, only Pa remained to be significantly associated (P=O.OI) with seroprevalence with an odds ratio of 3 (95% CI: 1.012-9.417) when Doho was compared to Sabure Pa (2.4%). The participatory methods used were pair-wise ranking and comparison, matrix scoring, and proportional piling. The result of pair-wise ranking indicated strong agreement among the 5 informant groups (W=0.883; p=O.OO) where camel sudden death (Galireba) was ranked first followed by pneumonia (Mesengele). Matrix scoring for the disease indicators/disease signs showed strong levels of agreement among the 5 informant groups (W= 0.672-1.000; p< 0.05) for the Awash Fentale Afar pastoralist's descriptions of camel sudden death with at least some overlap with modern veterinary descriptions. The results of proportional piling indicated that about 49.3% of the camel population suffered from various diseases and 35.1 % died during the 2006 camel sudden death outbreak period. For camel sudden death (Galireba) the highest mean annual incidence and mortality of 23.3% and 22.8%, respectively were reported with the highest mean annual incidence in adults (45.4%), being significantly (p<0.05) different from calves (\0%); similar findings were noted for mortality in adults compared to calves. The participatory appraisal results indicated camel sudden death is an important camel disease in Awash FelltaleAfar pastoral production system to wanant the institution of an appropriate control strategy. The semi-structured questionnaires revealed fmiher that camel is a very impo11ant animal to the Awash Fentale Afar pastoralists in terms of food security and social benefits such as transport, source of income, and ceremonial purposes. All of the respondents indicated the importance of camel milk for children and for its clan based consumption. The mobility of the camel herds for many reasons is likely to contribute in particular to the transmission of infectious diseases. The reason that camel sudden death in 2006 affected camel herds which were not sick, clearly indicates its peracute nature and thus only preventive measures can be applied. The high mean number of camels dead (15) per herd and a market price of 4,134.7 Bin due to CSD for mostly adult, productive camels did have a direct and serious impact on the (re )building-up of camel herds using replacement stock. Most of the signs shortly before and at death (69%) were inconclusive including recumbency, dyspnoea, arching of neck, oozing of blood from anus (81.1%) and nasal discharge (12.6%). The post-mortem results revealed black, enlarged lungs, blackish effusion from the thoracic cavity, extended and black liver, hypertrophied heart, airway passages filII of white foamy gaseous fluid, distended carcass, and no rigor mortis. Even though the absence of rigor mortis and blood clotting are pathognomonic signs of anthrax, vaccination against anthrax and even mass treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics did not stop the mortality, although a reduction in mortality was observed. No etiological agent such as Bacillus anthracis was isolated. Although camel movement control is impractical (at least at present) in the Awash Fentale Afar pastoral system, the detem1ined level of seropositivity of PPRV and the reported loss due to morbidity and mortality attributed to camel sudden death justifies the launching of a disease identification and control, prevention and emergency rehabilitation programmes, Thus PPR and its effects in camels and small ruminants and possible interactions should be further studied, Key: Camel sudden death, PPR, seroprevalence, cELIS A, Pmiicipatory Appraisal, Awash Fentale AfarItem Foot and Mouth Disease in the Borena Plateau: Livelihoods Impact and V Accina Tion Benefit - Cost Analysis, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2011-11) Tariku Jibat; Berhanu AdmassuFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly communicable and economically important disease of livestock and wild animals. This study was conducted on FMD's livelihoods impact, trend analysis and benefit-cost ratio of vaccination in Borena zone, Oromia regional state of Ethiopia. The study used pal1icipatory appraisal methods and secondary data sources. Livestockrelated livelihoods options accounted for 31 % of the total means of food and income source followed by crop farming. This study clearly showed that FMD had the greatest impact on the cattle-derived benefits and the trend of outbreaks frequency and severity has been increasing with timeline from 1960 to 2007 (1=0.612) . Furthe11l10re, tlu•ough the timeline, FMD outbreaks frequency and severity was found to be significantly correlated to length of extended dry season (r=0.377). In addition, FMD is ranked number one cattle disease after 1985 with significant rank change (t=12 .04) as compared to 1984 and before. In this study area vaccination was proposed after realizing that majority of the FMD cases remain untreated and outbreaks remain uncontrolled. The benefit from FMD vaccination is found to be 9.1 times that the expenses of the vaccination indicating that the control of FMD in Borena zone by vaccination could be justified on economic grounds. The feasibility of FMD vaccination as control strategy needs to be examined in the light of FMD's significant impacts on livelihoods, its positive benefit-cost ratio for vaccination, absence of an envirol1lllent suitable for FMD control through movement control, quarantine, culling and other options. The benefit-cost ratio of vaccination was less sensitive to vaccination costs change. Although it is not expected for a vaccination program to lead to a disease free status in herds in the region soon, decreased FMD incidences will lead to increased milk production and calf survival. This would imply less stress on people's lives, secure food sources and social harmony and also might increase national and intemational trade opportunities. Keywords: Food security, ecollomic modeling, participatory epidemiology, socio-economics, trend analysis.Item Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Camel Raw Milk in Selected Pastorial Kebeles, Fentale District, Oromfya Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Aklilu Feleke; Tesfaye SisayThe current study was undertaken to assess the bacteriological quality of raw camel milk and to isolate and identify prevalent bacterial species from raw camel milk from study areas. A total of 420 milk samples (384 from lactating camels and 36 from milking utensils) were collected from August 2011 to April 2012. An observational study was conducted to gain an insight on pre-harvest. harvest and post-harvest milk hygiene practices. The standard plate count and coliform count as well as isolation and identification of bacteria from camel milk were carried out by employing standard microbiological techniques. The mean standard plate count for milk sample taken from the udder of' lactating camels and milking utensils were 4.30 log10 CFU/ml and 5.34 log10 CFU/ml, respectively. A statistically significance difference was observed between the two means (P= 0.000). The mean coliform count of milk samples collected from the udder of lactating camels and milking utensils were 0.98 log10 CFU/ml and 3.57 log10 CFU/mI. respectively. There was also a statistically significant difference between the two mean (P=0.000). Clinically mastitic udder have role as a source of' Staphylococus aureus,S.hicu,.Streptococcus galactic. S. dysgalactia. Enlerococcus faecalis. Bacillus spp Eschericia coli and Mannheimia hemolytica in camel milk. Subclinical mastitis acts as a source of contamination for microbes such as Staphylococcus. aureus, S. hyicus, S. intermedius. Enterobacter aerogenes,Escherichia coli and Cyanobacteria spp .. Likewise, milk form the also yielded several bacteria which included S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. uberis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas spp .. On the other hand, milking utensils served as an important source of' Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. A higher bacterial counts was observed in milk samples taken from milking utensils as compared to the milk samples collected directly from the udder indicating poor milk hygiene/ manufacturing practices. The prevalence of infectious mastitis can result in reduced milk yield and poor quality of milk. In addition, consumption of' raw camel milk by herdsmen may pose considerable health hazardsItem Assessment of Prevalence and Host-Related Risk Factors of Camel Trypanosomosis in Selected Districts of Afar Pastoral Area, North East Etihiopla(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Andualem Yimer; Fikru RegassaA cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts of Afar region eastern Ethiopia from November 2011 to April 2012 to estimate the prevalence and host- related risk factors for camel trypanosomosis. Accordingly, blood samples were collected from randomly selected 400 camels and examined for parasite detection by Giemsa stained thin blood smear, presence of agglutinating antibodies against T. evansi using card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CA TT/T. evansi) and ITS-1 PCR test. The overall prevalence of 2 %, 24 %, and 30.5 % using thin blood smear examination, CATT/T. evansi and ITS's-1PCR tests, respectively were recorded. T. evansi (20%) was found to be the prominent trypanosome affecting camels followed by T. vivax (7.5%) as detected by ITS-1 PCR in the study districtes. Pregnant camels (OR= 2.74, CI: 1.37- 5.50) and lactating camels (OR= 2.6, CI: 1.34-5.06) were 2.7 and 2.6 times more likely to be infected with trypanosomes compared to non pregnant and non lactating camels, respectively. While camels with poor body condition OR of 2.96 (CI: 1.55- 5.67) were three times more likely to be infected compared to camels with moderate body condition. PCR detected infections in 114 (29%) camels out of 392 camels which were negative based on the parasitological method. Consequently, PCR technique is more sensitive method for diagnosis of trypanosome infected camels than parasitological techniques, and can detect low parasitemic camels in chronic cases. From the results of the present study it can be inferred that camel trypanosomosis is endemic in Chifra and Dewe districts of Afar region, Ethiopia where it demands further study on identification of the principal vector species responsible for transmission and appropriate control and preventive measure should be applied to circumvent the impact of camel trypanosomosis in the surveyed districtsItem Smallholder Farmers Cattle Husbandry Practices, Milk Production and Major Constraints in Telo District of Kafa Zone, Snnprsmallholder Farmers Cattle Husbandry Practices, Milk Production and Major Constraints in Telo District of Kafa Zone, Snnpr(Addis ababa Universty, 2012-04-20) Askale Gebremichalel; Mokonnen HailemariamA cross sectional study on smallholder farmers cattle husbandry practices, milk production and major constraints in Telo district was conducted from September 2011 to March 2012 with aim of assessing cattle husbandry practice, milk production and determining major constraints of milk production from randomly sampled 156 households (33 from urban and 123 from rural). Information was collected using questionnaire survey, farm visit and group discussion and analyzed using SPSS.version 16.0. Sixty two percent of household heads were male. The average family size per household was 6.8 persons. 58% of household heads were illiterate, and most of these were found in rural, the average of cattle herd size was 7.45, which is significantly higher in rural milk production than in urban milk production. 99% of cows were of indigenous breed. Cows (67.3%) and calves (66.9%) were housed sharing in family house. The main source of feed were grazing on natural pasture on the grazing area of individual owned 71.2%, combination of rented and individual owned 10.3% and only rented 18.6%. Seventy nine percent of respondents were producing crops like wheat, barley, teff, maize, but the ones who supplementing their cattle with crop residues were only 13.7%. About 67.3% of smallholders used water from river for their cattle. The reported disease were Anthrax, black leg, parasite, bloating, cough. Most smallholders relay on traditional healers or on their own skill to treat their sick animals. The primary objective of cattle keeping in rural milk production was for traction, while in urban was for milk production. Male calves suckle relatively longer period than female calves. The dung removed from cattle's house was not put in use. The estimated average daily milk yield of local and cross cow was 1.4 and 7.28 litters with an estimated LL of 8.47and 9.92 months, respectively. Total milk produced per lactation was significantly higher in urban. There was no practice of selling fresh milk in rural. Over all percentage of milk sold in study area was 19.2%, the largest volume of milk produced in rural was processed, the major constraints in milk production were shortage of grazing land, disease and low productivity. Crop and livestock sectors were not complementing each other. Therefore, there should be resource control over.Item Value Chain and Quality of Milk in Sululta and Welmera Weredas, Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Mustefa Abu; Mekonnen HailemariamMilk value chain and quality of milk were assessed in selected areas of Oromia special zone surrounding Addis Ababa from September 2011 to April 2012. A total of 180 randomly selected market-oriented smallholder dairy farmers were involved in a cross-sectional study that was carried out by way of questionnaire survey, rapid market appraisal, farm inspection and group discussion. The overall mean family size of respondents in this study was 5.63 ± 1.926 persons with average livestock holding per household of 23.93 ± 11.755 animals. Cattle were the predominant species representing 84.3% of the total TLU. The average number of lactating cows owned by the respondent farmers was 1.76 ± 0.920 local and 2.79 ± 3.445 cross bred animals. Average daily milk yield of crossbred and local milking cows were 9.11 ± 2.902 and 1.889 ± 0.6707 liters respectively. Overall mean lactation lengths of crossbred and local milking cows were 9.7 ± 0.46 and 6.26 ± 0.6624 months. Sixty milk samples were collected and the analysis of microbiological and physiochemical were carried out. The overall mean chemical compositions of milk for fat (%), protein (%) and solids not fat (%) contents were 3.5693 ± 0.10892, 2.9646 ± 0.04621 and 6.9632 ± 0.12175 in bulk Tank milk samples. The overall mean microbiological count of log (TBC cfu/ml), log (CC cfu/ml) and log (SCC/ml) of raw milk was 8.2285 ± 0.10041, 3.3363 ± 0.10010 and 5.1622 ± 0.07382, respectively. The proportion of raw milk used ftr household consumption was relatively small (5%). The major part (86%) of milk produced by smallholders is destined to market. The main outlets for raw milk identified were cooperatives (55.6%), processors (20.0%), vendor (20.0%), directly to consumer (2.8%) and hotels/restaurants (1.7%). Price variations (cited by 87% of the respondents), lack of fair market (72.2%), lack of demand during fasting (49.4%), lack of preserving facilities, and absence of quality based payment and no/less say in deciding milk price by producers were the major problems of raw milk marketingItem A Comparative Study on Bacterial Distribution in the Respiratory Tracts of Ruminants(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Biruk Tesfaye; Tesfaye SisayFor this study pneumonic lung tissue and tracheal swabs were collected from sheep, goat and cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir. From the total of 170 bacterial isolates from sheep lung tissue 42.4% Staphylococcus species, 14.7% Mannheimia haemolytica and 10.6% Bacillus species were isolated aerobically. The tracheal cultures also indicate that 66.7% were M. haemolytica, 13% were Bibersteinia trehalosi and 5.8% were identified as Enterobcter species from the total of 69 cultures that cultured aerobically. Out of 192 bacteria isolated from aerobic inoculation of goat lung 45.3% were Staphylococcus species followed by Bacillus species 19.8%, Micrococcus species, 12.5% and M. haemolytica 6.3% of the total isolates. The tracheal culture showed Enterobacter species 30.1 %, M. haemolytica 27.7% and Bacillus species 26.5%. Twenty-nine Staphylococcus species were among 93 bacterial isolates of aerobic cultures of cattle lung followed by Bacillus species, 17 and M. haemolytica, 8. While Staphylococcus, B. trehalosi, and M. haemolytica were account for 18, 14, and 8 out of the total 57 tracheal cultures respectively. A total of 522 bacterial isolates were detected via anaerobic culture, in which 40% of the 131 isolates from sheep lung were Staphylococcus species, 25.4% were M. haemolytica, and 6.2% were Bacillus species while B. trehalosi and Micrococcus species took 5.4% each from the total isolates. Whereas, 60.6% M. haemolytica , 19.7% B. trehalosi and 12.7% Enterobacter species were isolated from a total of 71 sheep trachea culture isolates. Among anaerobic cultures of goat lung tissue Staphylococcus species accounts for 36% followed by Bacillus species, 25.6% and M. haemolytica 11.2% out of the total 125 bacterial species. In the tracheal culture M. haemolytica counts for 33 followed by Bacillus species, 14 and Enterobacter species, 7 from 61 isolates. 42.9% Staphylococcus, 23.4% Bacillus species and 7.8% B. trehalosi were isolated species from the lung of the cattle, while from the trachea 25.0% M. haemloiytica and Staphylococcus each were isolated anaerobically. A total of 1556 bacteria were isolated from 960 nasal swabs from three different areas. In Debre Berhan 140 M. haemolytica, 81 Histophilus somni, 57 Staphylococcus species and 52 B. trehalosi were isolated. While from Gimba M. haemolytica, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and H. Somni of which contribute for 25.2%, 15.9%, 11.4 % and 5.9% of the total 647 bacterial species were observed respectively. In Asella from 352 bacterial species isolated 93 were M. haemolytica, 48 were Staphylococcus species, 26 were B. trehalosi and 17 H. somni were recognized. Further identification and characterization was made using BIOLOG identification system at the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa, and the result indicate that Enterococcus avium and Sphingomona Sanguinis were identified at 100% probability, while. H.somni and Actinobacillus lignerisii were suggested by the systemItem Prophylactic Effects of Methanolic Extract of Artemisia Absinthium in Trypanosoma Congolense Infected Mice(Addis Ababa Univensity, 2012-06-01) Birhane Wakjira; Getachew TerefeAn experiment was conducted to determine the in vivo anti-typanosomal effect of methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Artemisia absinthium against Trypanosoina congolense. Thirty-six Swiss white male mice aged between 6 - 8 weeks were divided into six expcrimental groups each consisting of six animals. Methanol extract of the plant was prepared. T. congolense was isolated from cattle at Didessa valley (western Ethiopia) and propagated on mice. All groups received 1 x 105 /ml of trypanosomes in 0.2 ml of blood /PBS via intra peritoneal route of inoculation. The methanol extract of A. absinthium was given orally to three groups. at doses of 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg body weight for 7 consecutive days before in infection. One group remained as infected non treated control and the other group received Isometamidium chl oride as treated control. The last remaining group rep resented the non infected and non treated but received distilled water only. The effect of' the extract on Ievels of parasitaemia, PCV. body weight, and mice survival was monitored for 70 days. No parasitc was dctected by wet film examination upto 21 days post infection with T congulense in mice treated with methanol extracts of A. absinlhium and Isometamidium chloride. Similarly, groups received methanol ex tracts of A. absinrhium and Isometamidium chloride had significantly higher body weights than the untreated infected group (P<0.01). Significant higher PCV and mice survival time were observed in groups treated with methanol extracts of the plant and lsomethamidium chloride compared to the untreated infected control (P<0.01). It can be concluded that the plant ex tract has a good prophylactic potential against pathogenic trypanosomes ( T. congolense) of livestock importance by suppressing further multiplication of the parasite, maintaining good PCV, body weight, and survival of infected animalsItem In-Vitro Acaricide Efficacy Evaluation and Survey of Ixodidae Ticks on Cattle in Borena Pastoral Area, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Eyob Eshetu; Dinka AyanaThis study was conducted from September 2011 to May 2012 in Borena pastoral area with the objectives of determining the distribution and relative abundance of Ixodidae ticks on cattle in relation to short rain and major dry seasons, cattle age and sex. Moreover, the efficacy of Amitraz 12.5% and Diazinon 60%EC against Rh.pulchellus and A.gemma was detennined using modified Adult Immersion Test; on top of the assessment of pastoralist communities' perceptions on acaricide usage, delivery and methods of tick control practice. A total of 8,912 adult ticks belonging to genera of Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, Boophilus and Hyalomma were collected from 768 indigenous cattle. Rhipicephalus pulchellus and A.gemma constituted more than 70% of the total collection. Other identified species in order of abundance were B.decoloralus, A. variegatum, H.m.rufipes, H.truncatum, A.lepidium and A.cohearens. All species were collected throughout the study period, but showed higher overall mean tick burden (29.39±14.392) during short rain season than major dry (17 .14 ±7.294). These variations were statistically significant (t= 14.915,95% CI=10.634-13.866, df= 766 P< 0.05). The abundance and mean burden of each tick species was high in adult cattle than young and females than males; which also showed statistical significant variation (P<0.05) between cattle sex and age groups. Acaricide treatment is the only method for tick control in the area, in which Amitraz was the most widely used, followed by Diazinon. Manual spraying and hand dressing of each acaricide relaying on frequent, over or under concentration, inadequate application and a long time use of one acaricide type was the common practice of application. The result of in-vitro trials revealed that, Amitraz 12.5% has significantly higher (P<0.05) overall mean percent oviposition control (%C= 95.47%) of A. gemma and Rh.pulchellus than Diazinon 60% EC (%C= 80.9%). But, both acaricides are relatively less efficient against Rh. pulchellus oviposition, %C = 90.94% for Amitraz and %C = 71.41 % for Diazinon. The results of this study suggested that the two seasons, cattle age and sex were found to be determinant for dynamics of tick population during the study period. Furthermore, Amitraz and Diazinon are the two mostly used acaricides in the area and under in-vitro condition, Amitraz at field recommended concentration provides efficient Rh.pulchellus and A.gemma oviposition inhibition than Diazinon 60%EC. Therefore, strategic control using such seasonal dynamics of ticks, aimed at primarily reducing Rh pulchellus and A.gemma burden on female and adult cattle, with the objectives of allowing maintenance of endemic stability are recommended. Besides, in vivo trial to assess the residual effect of these acaricides was suggested