Animal Production

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Aflatoxin Levels and Nutrient Content of Commercial Feeds in selected Areas of Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Alemayehu Belete; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu_
Contamination of feed with aflatoxin (AF) is a major barrier to long-term food safety and security. Ninety-nine commercial feed samples including poultry and dairy compound feed, and "noug cake" were purposively sampled and analyzed using HPLC and NIR, respectively, to determine the AF levels and the nutrient content. The study areas were selected purposively and clustered into three study locations. AF was discovered in more than a quarter (25%) of the feed sample in each of the study locations. Over all the samples, the contamination of AF levels in Addis Ababa and surroundings was alarming, with high positive samples (>80%), prevalence (>60%), and highest individual AF levels reported; the highest levels of TAF (549 µg/kg) and AFB1 (375 µg/kg) found in "noug cake" with all detected samples prevalent are also alarming. AFB1 was found to be prevalent in compound feed intended for layers in Addis Ababa and surroundings, East Shoa, and Southern Ethiopia at 80, 50, and 16.7%; layer growers at 57, 40 and 20%; lactating dairy cows at 57, 33.3, and 37.5%; broiler finishers at 80 and 50%; broiler starters at 100 and 20%; and for “noug cake” at 37.5, 50, and 33.3%, respectively. On the other hand, in Addis Ababa and surroundings or Southern Ethiopia more than a fifth (>20%) of the samples, as well as more than a quarter (25%) of the samples in each of the three study locations, were unfit for the DM and CP standards, respectively. Except for dairy cow compound feed, the mean DM & CP content in feeds fit the Ethiopian standard in each of the study location. No significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean nutrient content, mean AF level and prevalence of AF in feeds was observed among the study locations, except for the mean CF, mean AFB1 and TAF level and prevalence of AFB1 in broiler starter feed; mean TAF level and mean fiber content in layer grower and mean TAF level in layer feed. These variations may be linked to the type, and proportion of ingredients used in feed formulation. Whereas the highest AF level in oilcake may be associated with limited awareness of AF and proper storage. The highest AF level, prevalence, and positive samples in feeds investigated in this study are animal and public health concerns. It could be decided to implement a feed quality and safety control system in the manufacturing plant, proper regulation, training, and more research on AF in feed ingredients are recommended.
Agronomic and Nutritional Evaluation of Selected Forage Legumes and Locally Available Feedstuff, and Characterization of Forage and Dairy Innovation Systems in Bako and Nekemte Peri-Urban Areas, Oromia, Ethiopia
(2014-06) Diriba, Geleti; Dr. Mekonnen Hailemariam, Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu,; Prof. Adugna Tolera
The role of forage legumes in enhancing the quality of fibrous feeds has been widely advocated. Their selection and integration into ruminant feeding systems is thus vital. Yield and quality of five accessions each of alfalfa, cowpea and Centrosema were evaluated; the former under Debre Zeit, and the latter two species under Bako conditions. Quality of leguminous forages adapted to Bako was assessed concomitantly with locally used roughages. Systemic problems hindering forage adoption were also pinpointed using value chain and innovation system frameworks in Bako and Nekemte peri-urban areas. In the alfalfa experiment, dry matter yield (DMY) was higher (P<0.05) for FG9-09(F) than in Magna 801-FG(F) whereas the other cultivars (FG10-09(F), Magna-788 and Hairy Peruvian)) had intermediate values between the two. The crude protein (CP) content was higher for Magna-788 (P<0.05) than Hairy Peruvian, while FG10-09(F), FG9-09(F) and Magna801-FG (F) had intermediate values between the two. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) did not vary between the accessions (P>0.05). Accordingly, Magna-788, FG9-09(F) and Magna801-FG(F) were suggested for promotion to varietal verification stages. In cowpea, DMY was least for ILRI-11976 (P<0.01) and highest for ILRI-9325. The mean CP was 17%, values ranging from 16% (WWT) to 18% (ILRI-9325), while IVOMD ranged between 64% (ILRI-6783) and 69% (WWT). Overall, WWT, ILRI-9325 and ILRI-11976 were top performers in DMY, CP content and IVOMD. In centrosema, DMY was highest for C. plumeri ILRI-191 and lowest for C. pubescens ILRI-233. The CP content ranged from 18.9% (C. pubescens ILRI-243) to 22.4% (C. virginianum ILRI-14541). The IVOMD ranged from 38.6% (C. pubescens ILRI-233) to 50.7% (C. plumeri ILRI-191). Generally, C. Plumieri ILRI-191, C. Virginianum ILRI-14541 and C. pubescens ILRI-12297 outperformed others in DMY, CP content and IVOMD. In fourth experiment, CP content was highest for “noug” cake xxv (32%), followed by herbaceous (24%) and browse (23%) legumes and least for cereal straws (3%). The IVOMD values were highest for browses (68%) followed by herbaceous legumes (67%) and least for straws (45%). The value chain analysis revealed that the role of improved forages in dairy feeding was not remarkable, with farmers widely depending on purchased feed ingredients. “Noug” cake (92%), pulse grain hulls and mill house scraps (58%) and cereal straws (50%) were indicated to be widely purchased in Nekemte area, while “noug” cake, (88%) and sugar cane tops (75%) were commonly purchased in Bako. The innovation system diagnosis revealed that diverse actors exist but they are poorly interacting. The key problems indicated to hinder forage/feed technology adoption were: informal institutional problems, formal institutional problems, actors’ capability problems and poor interaction problems affecting 81%, 45%, 63% and 45% of the system actors, respectively. Crafting appropriate regulations for enabling feed and peri-urban dairying system were recommended. Promoting dialogue platforms and participatory and collaborative working cultures were also indicated to reinforce inter-actor interactions. Increased public investment to stimulate effective functioning of basic physical infrastructures (electricity, roads and water supply) was also indicated to be pivotal.
Analyses of Impact of Improved Dairy Technology Adoption on Smallholder Household Livelihoods and Milk Value Chain in Selected Zones of Oromia and Amhara National Regional States, Ethiopia
(2014-06) Dehininet, Gezie; Dr. Mekonene Hailemariam, Dr. Ashenafi Mengestu; Dr. Kidoido Michael, Dr. Emmanuelle GuerneBleich
This study was carried out in Amhara and Oromia National Regional States of Ethiopia with the study objectives to describe the milk production and milk utilization patterns of the smallholder farmers, to analyze the raw milk value chain and milk marketing systems, to identify the determinants of raw milk quality at farm level, to identify the determinants of dairy technology adoption and analyze its impact on household livelihoods of smallholder farmers. Totally, 384 randomly selected smallholder farmers from six study sites were included in the study. Data were collected by questionnaire survey, farm observations, group discussions and milk samples were also collected for both microbial and phyico-chemical analysis. Both Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 17.00) and STATA, version 11 software were used for analyses. Pearson correlation, multiple regression, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and econometric models such that Heckman two-stage model and propensity score matching (PSM) were also used. About 28% of the interviewed farmers were females that produced a significantly (P<0.05) greater average daily milk yield per cow(4.39 liters) than the male headed ones (3.37 liters). In the milk value chain analysis seven main stages (input supply, production, collection, wholesaling, processing, retailing and consumption) were identified. Low milk production (28.4%), need of processing at home (4.9%), unable to pay membership fee (2.3%), lack of awareness (2.1%), loss of trust on cooperatives (1.6%), distance from cooperative center (0.3%) were identified as constraints for smallholder farmers not to be a dairy cooperative members. 74 % of the total milk produced per day was obtained from cooperative members of which 5.2% was utilized directly at farm level and the remains (69.4%) of milk product was transferred indirectly to consumers through the value chain. Milk quality deterioration started at household level and, the microbial load increased through the value chain until it reaches to consumers. There was also a significant difference (P<0.01) in all physico-chemical milk quality parameters between the study areas. Dairy technology up-take constraints were financial problem, feed cost and xviii semen problem for artificial insemination (AI) in Amhara National Regional State and scarcity of crossbred heifers, land shortage and milk market for Oromia National Regional State. Family size, farming experience, availability of extension services, availability of crossbred cows, income from milk and milk products and availability of training in livestock production had positive association with dairy technology adoption and its level of use whereas age of household head and off-farm activity participation had negative association. Introducing and disseminating crossbred cows to smallholder farmers with a continuous follow up used to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and narrow the milk demand – supply gap. Hence, dairy technology input and/or service providers should undertake follow ups to identify possible problems and/or evaluate the use and benefits of the interventions and the concerned public institutions should institute milk quality control and quality based payment to insure milk and milk products quality in the course of production, transportation, processing, marketing and consumption were some of the recommendations forwarded.
ANALYSIS OF ENSET (Ensete ventricosum) BASED CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEM; AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF COMMON FEED RESOURCES IN GURAGE ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(2019-08) Dirsha, Demam; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu , Dr. Gebeyehu Goshu
The study was conducted in four districts of Gurage zone, Sothern Nations Nationalities and People’s Region to identify the major constraints of dairy cattle production, to determine the quantity and quality of available feed resources, to determine the livestock feed balance, to identify the interdependence between that exists between cattle and enset and to assess the role of cattle in enset based agriculture in relation to food security status of farming families. Households of 360 were selected using proportional sample size determination (Cochran, 1909; Thrustfield, 2013) and individually interviewed with personal observation and focus group discussion. The overall average family size of 7.71±.18 persons, herd size of 4.87±0.12 heads of cattle (3.35 TLU) and land holding of 1.75±0.05 hectare per household were obtained in this study. Around 88.05% of the farmers in the study areas were keeping cattle primarily for the production of milk and manure while 11.95% held cattle mainly for milk production and traction. Mating systems used by households predominately (83.6%) covered by the natural mating. Some (15.3%) of households reported to use AI and natural mating. About 95.55% of cattle were local breed. The overall average lactation yield of indigenous dairy cows was 1.53kg with lactation length of 7.23 months. The overall average age at first service and age at first calving for local heifers, respectively, was 53.44 and 62.44 months. The overall average days open of 211.44 and calving interval of 481.44 days was reported for local dairy cows. Farmers of 82.78% were relied on river water source for their cattle. Extensive-dairying is the dominant system where farmers majorly depend on enset leaf and leaf midribs (51.05% DM) to feed their cattle. Feeding systems of Grazing & cut and carry; Tethering, grazing and cut & carry as well as Tethering & cut and carry were practiced by farmers of 34.7%, 31.4% and 33.9%, respectively. Households of 77.5% gave feeding priority to the lactating cows and calves. The prevalent diseases of the study areas include: Anthrax, Blackleg, FMD, Bovine Pasteurollosis, LSD, Mastitis, Pneumonia, Metritis and parasites and their infestation depends majorly on seasons of the year. The DM produced from leaf and leaf midribs of enset, crop residues and natural grasses in tons, respectively, were 506.4; 312.33 and 141.62 in dega whereas it was 662.96; 472.83 and 207.33 in weinadega. The DCP produced from enset leaf and leaf midribs, crop residues and natural pasture, respectively, were 51,819.91 kg; 8,401.16 kg and 10,335.43 kg in dega while it was 55,217.94 kg; 13,799.32 kg and 11,490.23 kg in weinadega. The ME produced in dega was 4,420,872; 2,296,269.8 and 1,188,191.8 MJ whereas it was 6,013,047.2; 3,430,459.7 and 1,689,739.5 MJ in weinadega from enset parts, crop residues and natural pasture, respectively. The amount of DM, DCP and ME produced by individual household per year in weinadega agroecology were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the amount produced in dega agroecology. The annual feed supply in the study areas met only 76.81% DM and 69.9% DCP of the maintenance requirement of livestock in TLU but the available ME was 1.67% surplus. Conversely, the annual feed supply met only 64.98% DM, 66.24% DCP and 85.66% ME of the maintenance requirement of livestock in dega agroecology, whereas in weinadega, agroecology about 88.31% DM and 73.46% DCP of the maintenance requirement were met but the estimate of ME was 17.22% above the requirement. Livestock in the study areas of Gurage zone are in serious feed deficit which needs a special attention. There is a strong linkage between enset and cattle production in enset-cattle based mixed production system of Gurage zone through generations which has a strong bond in determining the livelihoods and food security of the rural farming families. Similarly, in the existing situation of fragmented land holding which doesn’t give opportunity of producing feed enough for cattle, it is paramount important to practice enset cultivation without which sustainability in cattle feeding cannot be obtained. Leaf and leaf midribs of enset represented the greatest share of 50.77% TDM, 70.86% TDCP and 54.81% of TME available for cattle feeding and it is imperative in safeguarding the life of animals especially during drought and unusual periods of the year. On the other hand, cattle manure is the only source of organic matter and nutrient input and is crucial for improvement in quantity and quality of enset products. The sampled manure had a total nitrogen of 2.68% and C: N ratio of 11:1 in dega and 2.24% with C: N ratio of 12:1 in weinadega. The organic matter obtained from manure sample in dega and weinadega, respectively, was 51.89% and 44.82%. The gm of N, P and K kg-1DM of manure, respectively, were 26.8, 16.5 and 1.6 for dega and 22.4, 12.6 and1.2 for weinadega. Feed shortage, low performance of indigenous cattle, inefficient AI service, water scarcity and animal diseases were the major challenges of dairy production. To achieve better result from dairying in particular and from livestock in general, efficient storage and utilization of crop residues, improved forage development, upgrading technical and managerial efficiencies of crossbreeding, supplementing livestock with concentrates of protein sources for both agroecologies and energy for dega agroecology, provision of animal health extension services focusing on preventive measures and developing different water harvesting structures based on agroecologies must be implemented. In food security realization programs, everyone should take his/her own accountability and responsibility through provision of strong and continuous extension services and area specific research works. The development planners including political leaders should pay attention on bringing improvement in production and productivity, understand the life securing abilities and do not undermine the economic and famine buffering potentials of these two resources. By considering multi-socio-economic use of enset crop, on the other hand, special attention should also be given to hasten the production of enset throughout Ethiopia.
ANALYSIS OF INTENSIFICATION OF DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, BOVINE MILK QUALITY AND CONSUMPTION IN THE SMALLHOLDER DAIRYING OF ADA’A DISTRICT OF ETHIOPIA
(2018-06) Habtamu, Lemma; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu, Dr. Tadesse Kuma; Dr. Berhanu Kuma
This study was carried out in Ada’a district of Oromia Regional States of Ethiopia with the objectives to identify factors determining intensification of dairy production systems to shed light on the present status of market-oriented smallholder dairy operation; to analyze gender aspects of labor distribution in dairy activities in the intensifying smallholder dairying; to explore milk production, major challenges facing dairy producers and dairy opportunities; and to investigate household consumption habits of bovine milk and to assess the quality and safety of raw milk sampled during delivery at collection center. Data were collected from household-level survey of 200 dairy farmers, milk sampling, key informant interviews and direct observation. Descriptive statistics, General Linear Model (GLM), and binary logistic regression methods were employed as analytical tools. The results revealed that 77 % of respondents/dairy producers kept crossbred dairy cows only, 53.5 % acquired good manure management and crossbreeding practices, and 44 % of the sampled rural households involved in crossbreeding and cultivating improved forage crops. The binary logistic regression model results showed that herd size, farmland size, dairy training and cooperative membership had significant effects on cultivating improved forages. Dairy production system, dairying experience and herd size were significantly associated with rearing only crossbred dairy cows. Farmland size, dairy system and awareness of manure handling were significantly associated with good manure management. Further analysis of the extent of intensification indicated that mean daily milk yield per cow and household milk market share were significantly related to crossbreeding and manure management practices in combination. Most family labor input for the dairy activities was contributed by women, which increased their workload though they involved well in decisions on dairy production and had market access for fresh milk. These differed significantly among farm- households across dairy production systems and source of major income. The major challenges faced by dairy farmers were: shortage of concentrate feed and water, lack of sustainable/guaranteed improved breeding and milk marketing, dairy stock health and manure disposal, in descending order. The total bacterial count in fluid milk was slightly higher than Ethiopian minimum standard. The coliform count was in the range of the standard. Somatic cell count was higher than US standard, but it was in the range of the EU standard. The overall mean value of the milk fat (3.82%) was slightly higher than the Ethiopian Standard (ES) value (3.50%). The mean value of protein and SNF percentages were 3.25±0.32 and 7.73 ±0.86, respectively. The overall mean value of protein was similar with the Ethiopian standard value (3.20%). The dairy potentials observed included some improved herd holdings, optimal daily milk yield, dairy experience, education and use of dairying as a major income source. The majority consumed (66.5 %) and traded (94.2 %) milk at the same time. The amount of self-consumed fresh milk per farm and day by producer families varied from 0.5 to 5 liters. Eighty four percent of the dairy producers boiled milk prior to consumption. The practice of treating milk before consumption differed significantly across production systems. 8.5 % of the dairy households did not consume fresh but rather fermented/sour milk (ergo) as most of them had symptoms of lactose intolerance. In household consumption, there was a lack of 1.40-2.85 liters of milk, which is insufficient to satisfy the nutrition requirement from dairy foods. However, there are ample experiences of dairy farming, local availability, milk production, and culture of milk consumption. In conclusion, production systems-based dairy-stock breeding, manure management practices, and related input supply and alternative formal marketing options are key attributes of the intensification and improved productivity of smallholder dairying. The capacity of smallholder dairy producers need to be built through gender-sensitive dairy extension including introducing cost-effective /labor saving-dairy technology, awareness creation in family to share women workload and enable them to participate in cooperative management positions. The dairy potentials could also help as spring board to enhance the market-oriented smallholder dairy farming provided that the above-mentioned challenges are dealt and tackled. To this end, a coordinated action involving all dairy stakeholders is needed in supporting/ building capacity of smallholder dairy producers to overcome the challenges for sustainable dairy production. There is scope to improve nutrition through consuming sufficient quantities of milk by the dairy farm families and balancing the staple foods (teff and wheat) in the area. Improving milk productivity will increase the levels of milk consumption, which in turn would have great potential as a cost-effective and sustainable household food production strategy for food/nutrition security besides market orientation.
Appraisal of Biosecurity and Occurrence of Salmonella in Selected Small and Medium Scale Chicken Farms At Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Tsedal Muluneh; Prof.Gebreyohannes Berhane; Hika Waktole; Dr. Tadesse Eguale
Biosecurity is believed to have the ability to improve production and ensuring the safety of chicken products through minimizing pathogenic infections such as salmonellosis in poultry. The aim of this study was to assess biosecurity measures and investigate the occurrence of Salmonella in small and medium scale poultry farms at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data and poultry house related samples. A total of 56 farms were addressed through the questionnaire survey by using KoBoCollec data collection tool and again a total of 391 biological samples (223 fecal droppings, 56 drinking water, 56 feed, and 56, floor swabs) were collected and analyzed for Salmonella Spp. following standard laboratory techniques. The questionnaire responses data were analyzed through descriptive data analysis and then biosecurity scoring system was developed to result ten basic biosecurity components. Multiple response analysis (MRA) was conducted to determine adoption level of each biosecurity components above mean score (“good”) across total assessed farms. The results showed that biosecurity in feed and water management and also in infrastructure of the farms were implemented in 87.5% and 76.8% respectively, while farm entry restrictions and farm relative location were slacked (16.1% and 3.6%, respectively). The adoption level of disease management practices were 64.3% and 48.3% of farms implemented cleaning and disinfection practices above mean score. Salmonella was identified in 15 (26.8%) of the farms and 22 (5.6%) of the samples. Occurrence of Salmonella was higher in small scale poultry farms (21.4%), deep litter farms (21.4%), farms containing layers (25%) and all from Bovans brown breeds. Farms with score of “Bad” were found to exhibit high number Salmonella comparing to farms implement biosecurity components as good. This signposted the benefits of applying biosecurity measures in poultry production to eliminate consequences of production loss and zoonosis due to bacterial infections such as salmonellosis.
Artificial Insemination Service Delivery System in the Ethiopian Dairy Industry: Evaluation of Semen Supply Chain and Quality
(2020-06) Kassahun, Melesse; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu, Dr. Diriba Geleti
A study conducted in Amhara, Oromia, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) and Tigray regional states of the country to contribute to increased dairy cattle productivity through providing information on the prevailing AI service delivery and input supply system; and major challenges & opportunities in the AI service delivery system. The research was mainly undertaken using a questionnaire survey, key informants’ interview and focus group discussions. Data on-field performance of AI technicians in the study regions received directly from AI technicians using a structured reporting format from October 2016 through December 2018 to evaluate the actual performance of AI technicians. A follow-up calving survey for AI services provided to farmers was conducted in March 2019 to better understand the performance of AI technicians in terms of conception and calving rates. Secondary data on livestock and livestock characteristics from agricultural sample survey reports of the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) were taken from 2004/05 to 2017/18 to analyze the trend of cattle population in the country. A total of 588 sample straws of semen were collected from production, storage, distribution, and end-users (AI technicians) in the four study regions and National Animal Genetic Improvement Institute (NAGII) and analyzed for their motility and morphology using Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer (CASA). With the current growth rate of indigenous (3.7%) and cross breed (15.8%) cattle population of the country will reach to 121.2 million and 5.4 million, respectively in 2029/30. The CSA data demonstrated that the proportion of crossbred and exotic cattle population from the total population in Ethiopia is less than 2 percent with an average percentage of 1.07% for the last thirteen years. There was an increase of only 1 billion liters without change in lactation length (6 months) but with an increase of only 0.138 liters/day/cow over the last thirteen years since 2004/05. The engagement of women in the AI delivery system increased in 2017/18 from 1.8% to 7.2%. About 42% of the total AI technicians considered in this study trained for 45 days while xxii the other 22%, 32%, and 7% trained for a period of three, six and nine months, respectively. AI technicians in the four study regions served as AI technician for an average of 8.17 years. About 88% and 75% of AI technicians in the four regions reported ready access to LN2 and semen, respectively. About 96% and 89% of AI technicians in the studied regions were providing AI service at their respective woreda/kebele and farm gate, respectively. However, about 56% and 31% of farmers in the four regional states participated in this study reported that they got insemination services only at woreda/kebele crushes and at their farm gate. Significant difference (p<0.05) observed among regions in the number of kebeles assigned per AI technician with an average of 8 kebeles, 199 potential farmers who need the service per kebele but 92 farmers (46%) who were getting the service. The thawing temperature reported by AI technicians was significantly different (p<0.05) among regions with average thawing temperature of 35.7OC. Months from August to December were categorized as peak season when AI technicians on average provided 6.7 inseminations per day. January, February, June, and July were categorized as regular season for AI service when AI technicians provided daily average insemination of 3.8. March, April, and May are off-season for AI service when on average only 2.2 inseminations per day were provided. Field level actual performance data also showed significant difference (p<0.05) in the number of inseminations provided per AI technician per month among regions and between male and female AI technicians with an overall average insemination of 39.3. The SPC reported by AI technicians was not significantly different among regions (p>0.05) with mean SPC of 2.13. About 2.6 SPC obtained from a follow-up survey conducted with farmers who received AI service in a specified period. The result of post-thaw total motility, progressive motility, normal and defective morphology of semen samples taken from studied regions showed significant difference (p<0.05). The overall average total and progressive motility percentage of semen samples taken from the four studied regions were 38% and 28%. Similarly, the normal morphology of semen samples taken from these regions was 77%.
Assessement on Husbandry Practices and Production Performance of Briolers under Smallholder Management in and Arround Debre Zeit Town, Ethiopia
(2008-06) MICHAEL, TEMESGEN; Dr. Mekonnen Hailemmariam, Dr. Kelay Belihu
The study has two parts. The first parts covers cross sectional study while the second part dealt with longitudinal investigation and conducted on private smallholder broiler farms having a flock size of 50-700 in Debre Zeit town, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study was designed to gather information on the baseline poultry husbandry practices, while longitudinal study was designed to collect data on production performances and mortality of broiler chicks. A total of 65 broiler farms existed in the study area and all were considered for cross sectional study, while a follow up longitudinal study was conducted on 17 purposively selected broiler farms. The household demographic profile showed that the age of most households lies within 31-40 years followed by 21-30, and most of the farmers were literate. The dominant farming system was raising livestock only. The study showed that 58.5% of the households were farmers, and 58.5% were females. All the surveyed households reared broilers chicken for sales as an income source, and 46.2% produce broilers 3 times per year. The average (mean ± SD) family size, flock size and flock density was 4.2±1.58, 386.87 ± 177.63 and 10.21 ± 2.18, respectively. About 93.8% of the households use separate housing for broiler, and the percentage of farms making house from mud was 50.8%. Most of the farms use flatted roofing (89.2%) and one sided openings (93.8%). With regard to health management, about 80% of the farms use vaccination only and the rest combine it with other medicaments. This study showed that Sodium hypochlorite account for the largest type’s disinfectants chemical used in the farming system. The higher and lower mortality rate occurred at finisher and grower stage respectively. While 58.5% of the labor source was family labor, the remaining was accounted for hired labor. The most important constraints of the broiler farms were shortage of land (64.6%), day old chicks (83.1%), capital (44.6%), feed related problems (63%) and while labor was less important (4.6%). The overall mean age at slaughtering, slaughtering weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage (%) and mortality rate (%) were 56.535.99 days, 2.640.17 kg, 1.840.17 kg, 69.92.71 % and 6.731.78 %, respectively. Commercial Feed Based (CFB) broilers XII farms had age at slaughtering of 53.18±1.14 days, and slaughtering weight of males and females broilers were 2.74±0.13 kg and 2.49±0.12 kg, respectively, while carcass weight of male and female broilers were 1.97±0.10 and 1.69±0.12, respectively. On the other hand, On Farm Feed Based (OFFB) broiler farms had age at slaughtering of 62.67±6.40 days, and slaughtering weight of male and female broilers were 2.78±0.15 kg and 2.57±0.11 kg, respectively, while carcass weight of male and female broilers were 2±0.12 kg and 1.74±0.92 kg, respectively. Feed type and sex of birds had significant effect on the slaughtering and carcass weight and dressing percentages across all the farms. The male broiler chicks had heavier carcass compared to the female ones. Smallholder broiler farms that used CFB ration perform better compared to the OFFB ration. Even if the productive performance of broiler chicken owned by smallholder in the area is improving, the prevailing situations such as shortage of skill, feed problems and health care practices is still the bottleneck for better performance. Thus, broiler farms should improve the prevailing management standard through improved husbandry practices; supply of quality feed and improved health care of birds.
Assessing and Evaluating Honey Quality at Different Market Points in Adama District and Adama Town, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2023) Melaku Bekele; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu; Dr. Zewdu Ararso;
The study was conducted to assess and evaluate the quality of honey produced in Adama District and Adama Town at different market points. Factors that affect honey quality and the botanical origins of honey produced and marketed in the areas were assessed at different market points. For this purpose, a total of 105 respondents were interviewed. Moreover, a total of 23 honey samples were collected from beekeepers and different market points and used for quality analyses. The results of the survey showed that honey quality deterioration starts at harvesting time, like the use of too much smoke, harvesting unripe honey, and improper harvesting and storing materials. In addition, the low volume of honey production compared to the demand for honey in the areas had its own contribution to adulterating honey using different adulterants, which affected the quality of the honey in the areas. According to the survey result, the major act of adulterating honey has been performed at the street honey sellers’ market point. Most of the quick test results showed that honey sold at most of the market points has quality problems that vary among the market points. The seriousness of the problem is relatively pronounced at the street market and minimarket levels. The ash content, free acidity, and pH value of all honey samples were found to be within the limits of the national standards. Except for the honey samples collected from street (24.62±0.67), minimarkets (23.23±0.58) and retailers (22.60±0.58) the moisture contents of the honey samples were within the national standards. The fructose and glucose contents of the samples were within the ranges of the national standards, whereas none of the samples met the national sucrose content standard. High sucrose content was observed in the samples obtained from retailers (32.23±1.78%) and the street (31.90±2.06%) market points. In general, the results of this study indicated that there is an overall honey quality problem in the sampled area. However, the level of the problem is more inclined towards the street and minimarket areas. Thus, honey market legislation is needed in the area in particular and in the country in general to protect honey consumers and other stockholders involved in the honey market value chain
Assessing and Evaluating Honey Quality at Different Market Points in Adama District and Adama Town, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Melaku Bekele; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu; Dr. Zewdu Ararso
The study was conducted to assess and evaluate the quality of honey produced in Adama District and Adama Town at different market points. Factors that affect honey quality and the botanical origins of honey produced and marketed in the areas were assessed at different market points. For this purpose, a total of 105 respondents were interviewed. Moreover, a total of 23 honey samples were collected from beekeepers and different market points and used for quality analyses. The results of the survey showed that honey quality deterioration starts at harvesting time, like the use of too much smoke, harvesting unripe honey, and improper harvesting and storing materials. In addition, the low volume of honey production compared to the demand for honey in the areas had its own contribution to adulterating honey using different adulterants, which affected the quality of the honey in the areas. According to the survey result, the major act of adulterating honey has been performed at the street honey sellers’ market point. Most of the quick test results showed that honey sold at most of the market points has quality problems that vary among the market points. The seriousness of the problem is relatively pronounced at the street market and minimarket levels. The ash content, free acidity, and pH value of all honey samples were found to be within the limits of the national standards. Except for the honey samples collected from street (24.62±0.67), minimarkets (23.23±0.58) and retailers (22.60±0.58) the moisture contents of the honey samples were within the national standards. The fructose and glucose contents of the samples were within the ranges of the national standards, whereas none of the samples met the national sucrose content standard. High sucrose content was observed in the samples obtained from retailers (32.23±1.78%) and the street 31.90±2.06%) market points. In general, the results of this study indicated that there is an overall honey quality problem in the sampled area. However, the level of the problem is more inclined towards the street and minimarket areas. Thus, honey market legislation is needed in the area in particular and in the country in general to protect honey consumers and other stockholders involved in the honey market value chain.
Assessment and Options for Improvement of Biosecurity Practices in Poultry Production Sectors of Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Mensur Sabir; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu; Hika Waktole (Assoc. Prof.)
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to May 2023 to determine poultry biosecurity measures, investigate existing policies and guidelines concerning biosecurity practices, and thereby suggest possible improvement strategies of biosecurity practices in the poultry sector of central Ethiopia. As part of the assessment of biosecurity practices, a total of 82 farms (Adama = 32, Bishoftu = 30, and Modjo = 20) were selected using the purposive sampling method, and data were collected using a Biocheck UGent data. The information were also collected from 13 feed processing plants, 4 Chicken slaughter house,13 live poultry markets, stakeholders and government offices. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. Thus the results showed that the mean overall biosecurity score of farms was 56.39%.whereas the average external and internal biosecurity scores were 49.41% and 72.67%, respectively. From the external biosecurity scores, visitors and farmworkers had the highest point of (93.3%), and feed and water supply (28.2%) had the lowest scores. From the internal biosecurity score, cleaning and disinfection had the highest score (78.59%), and materials and measures between compartments had the lowest score. The study site (p = 0.033) and capacity of the farm (p = 0.000) had a significant association with biosecurity status. Sources of day-old chicks (p = 0.000) significantly depends on the study site. Only 61.53% of the feed processing plants had updated biosecurity plans. However the worst case in the live poultry market using common equipment of (100.0%).Nationally, our country has no legal basis for the implementation of biosecurity measures in veterinary legislation in guidelines, rules, policies and proclamations. Significant variations in the biosecurity scores and a lack of legal basis for biosecurity adoption are highly require options of improvements by making awareness, guideline rules, policies and proclamations and enforcing their implementation.
ASSESSMENT OF CATTLE FATTENING PRACTICES IN DESSIE AND KOMBOLCHA URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AREAS OF ETHIOPIA, AND EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON FATTENING PERFORMANCE OF WOLLO OXEN
(2018-06) Kassahun, Ahmed; Prof. Berhan Tamir, Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu
This study embraced a survey and feeding trial. The survey was conducted with the objectives of assessing cattle fattening practices and identifying common conventional and non-conventional feed resources used for cattle fattening in urban and peri-urban kebeles of Dessie and Kombolcha areas. The feeding trial was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of supplementing different concentrate feeds of varied protein sources on feed intake, weight gain and dressing percentage of Wollo oxen and economic feasibility of treatments. For the survey, peri-urban and urban cattle fatteners were selected using systematic random sampling and complete enumeration techniques. Nine (3 urban and 6 peri-urban) and 10 (4 urban and 6 periurban) kebeles from Dessie and Kombolcha areas were included in the study, respectively. Thus, 337 cattle fatteners (190 and 147 from Dessie and Kombolcha, respectively) were interviewed using pre tested structured questionnaire. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were also employed for data collection. Feed resources used for cattle fattening, their availability, potential suppliers, price and distribution in the study areas were identified and the chemical composition of most commonly used feeds were determined. For the feeding trial, fifteen Wollo oxen were used for 90 days experiment. Experimental animals were randomly distributed into 3 treatments each replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Treatments included; grass hay as basal diet, wheat bran and crushed corn grain as energy sources across the treatment and grass pea leftover, poultry litter and dried brewery grain were represented T1, T2 and T3 as a protein sources, respectively. Feed intake and body weight measurements were taken daily and at 15 days interval, respectively. In addition, body condition score measurement was taken. To identify the most promising treatment diet, partial budget analysis was calculated. Data generated in the survey were analyzed for descriptive statistics and index ranking, while data generated in feeding trial were subjected to two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significance difference (LSD) was used for mean separation. The survey results indicated that, cattle fattening practices in Dessie and Kombolcha areas were structured into two categories, viz., urban and peri-urban cattle fattening practices. A byproduct based and a combination of traditional and byproduct based cattle fattening systems were identified in both areas. The cattle fattening practices in both areas were tightened with so many limitations that need short and long-term interventions, although there were so many favorable opportunities for the sector. In both study areas, 42 feed resources used for cattle fattening were identified, where 39 feeds were common for both towns. The rest three were unique to Kombolcha town. There was seasonal variability in feed distribution and availability in both study areas. Results of the feeding trial showed that, final body weight (FBW), overall body weight gain (BWG), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly higher (P <0.05) for oxen in T2 than T1 and T3. The dressing percentage on the basis of slaughter body weight was significantly higher (P<0.001) for oxen supplemented with poultry litter (T2). The partial budget analysis revealed that T2 resulted in a higher profit margin than T1 and T3. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that poultry litter (T2) is biologically more promising and economically beneficial for cattle fattening on grass hay based diet supplemented with a mixture of wheat bran and crushed corn grain. Furthermore, it is advisable to focus on the identified opportunities in the survey and there should be functional linkage between stakeholders for profitable cattle fattening practices and to alleviate the recognized limitations in urban and peri-urban areas of the study areas.
Assessment of Cattle Husbandry and Marketing Practices in Burji Woreda, Segen Zuria Zone of Snnprs, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2012-06) Guyo, Seid; Tamir, Berhan (Professor)
This study was conducted to assess cattle husbandry and marketing practices in the crop-livestock production system areas of the highland and mid-altitude and pastoralists in the lowlands of Burji woreda of Segen Zurea zone of southern Ethiopia. The cattle husbandry and marketing practices were assessed based on one time field visit, questionnaire survey and focus group discussions in highland, mid-altitude and lowland altitude area. A total of 100 farmers were selected randomly from 10 Kebeles, which are selected based on proportion of kebebes exist in altitude zones for the study. The survey showed that the majorities 81% of household heads under investigation were males and the rest 19% were female. The average family size in the highlands, mid-altitudes and pastoral areas were 9.0±0.5, 9.4±0.3 and 11.1±0.5 respectively. The survey showed that cattle were the most important species in the study area. Average livestock holding per household varied across the altitude zones, especially cattle and oxen holding per household in highland, midland and lowland altitude zones were, 13.7±2 cattle and 4.1±0.4 oxen, 11.6±1 cattle and 3.98±0.3 oxen and 29.3±2.5 cattle and 6.2±0.4 oxen respectively. Natural pasture is the major feed resource of the woreda, but communal grazing land in their area is dwindling at an alarming rate. Crop residues provided the second major feed resources for livestock, particularly during the dry season when biomass of natural grazing lands is very low. The constraints to cattle production system were feed shortage, drought, and diseases and parasites particularly Trypanosomiasis, shortage of grazing land, veterinary services, extension services, marketing and other infrastructures. Hence, more emphasis should be given to improving livestock productivity through strong extension services in proper management of the rangelands, feed conservation, crop residues treatment, healthcare, marketing and provision of credit facility. Keywords: cattle husbandry, constraints, crop residues, natural pasture, marketing and rangelands
Assessment of Dairy Cattle Feed Resources and Milk Yields Under Smallholder Farmers in Kersa Malima Woreda
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-06) Worku, Ketema; Birhan, Gebreyohannis (PhD)
This study was conducted at Kersa Malima woreda, South West Shawa Zone, Oromia Region , Ethiopia, with the aims of assessing dairy cattle feeding and production practices of smallholder farmers; assessing milk yields of dairy cows under a smallholder system; and characterizing major available feed resources using proximate composition. One hundred dairy cow owners in study area were included in the study. The common dairy cow feeds identified at the five study kebeles were: natural pasture (100%), wheat straw(75.66%), barley straw(59.0%), teff straw (70.46%), hay (66.68%), maize straw and stover(19.34%), ‘Atela’(26.62%). Dairy cattle production system in the area is crop-livestock integrated production system and the dominant breed in the area is local dairy cattle, which, can produce, in average 1.15litres/day. The study further indicated that crop pasture production and improved forage utilization is not practiced; and free grazing system was major feeding system. The type of feeds used little varied across the study area and common feeds were collected and assessed for their proximate entities. Accordingly, DM content of the feeds ranged from 95-99% and ash values from 6-11%. In the same token, CF, CP, EE and Ca ranged from 33-46%, 4-17%, 0.8-2.5% and 1.3-17%, in that order. The CP concentration of teff straw and barley straw varied significant (P<0.01) across kebeles. On the contrary, there is no significant difference (P>0.05) in ash, CF, EE and Ca contents of teff and barley straw. The concentration of CP of wheat straw and hay was not significantly varied (P>0.05) across study area. Moreover, the results showed feed type difference and feeding practice variability based on feed availability and season of the study area. Conclusions were made on assessment of feed resources and milk yield, production system and characterization of main feed and appropriate recommendation were forwarded Keywords; dairy cow, feed, feeding practice, milk yield
Assessment of Feed Formulation and Feeding Practices for Urban and Periurban Dairy Cows Around Holetta, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-06) Shewangizaw, Assaminew; Berhane, Gebreyohannes (phD)
There was a concern that farmers mix feed rations using locally available feed ingredients in any proportions and are often not aware of their quality, cost and impact of nutrient imbalances to performances of animals.This study was conducted on private urban and periurban dairy production systems around Holetta to assess the existing feed formulation and feeding practices for crossbred dairy cows in terms of nutrient supply, identify the gap in relation to the recommended nutrients required, assess performances of crossbred dairy cows and evaluate the economic viability of concentrate feeds. Structured questionnaire and laboratory analysis for home-mixed concentrate were employed to generate data from a total of 60 dairy farms. Based on laboratory analysis, the overall mean of home-mixed concentrates nutrient contents, were216.58±20.86 g/kg DM of crude protein,10.99±0.59 MJ/kg DM Metabolizable energy, 4.55±1.23 g/kg DM calcium and 10.16±1.16 g/kg DM of phosphorusand were differed significantly (P<0.05) between urban and periurban production systems. The overall mean crude proteinsupply per kg of milk yieldthrough home-mixed concentrates was93.06±15.81g anddid not vary (P>0.05)across the production subsystems.The overall mean nutrient supply per kg of milk yield through home-mixed concentrates4.73±0.70 MJ metabolizable energy, 1.98±0.62 g calcium and 4.36±0.73 g phosphorus and varied significantly (P<0.05)across production subsystems. The overall estimated mean daily milk yield per cow,calving intervaland days open was 10.20±2.63 kg,14.83±1.52 months and 163.83±36.90 days, respectively, and varied significantly (P<0.05) across the production subsystems of the study.The milk price/concentrate price ratio was 5.42 per cow/day varied significantly (P<0.05) across the production subsystems of the studyThus,it is concluded that big variation in nutrient supply and imbalances resulting in an apparently low performance of dairy animals in terms of milk yield, calving interval and days open as compared to what were expected and variation in economic viability of the dairy farms. Key words: Feed formulation, Urban,Periurban, cows, nutrient supply
Assessment of Feed Resources, Feeding Systems, Conservation Practices of Maize Stover in West Shewa Zone and Evaluation of Green Maize Stover Silage for Feeding Lactating Jersey Cows
(2020-06) Habte, Abebaye; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu, Prof. Berhan Tamir; Dr. Getnet Assefa, Dr. Fekede Feyissa
The survey part of the study was aimed to assess the feed resources available, feeding systems and conservation practices of maize stover in three selected districts of West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State. A total of 357 farmers were randomly selected for interview. Primary data were collected from smallholder farmers in a single visit interview by semi-structured questionnaire. The data collected through interview were also supported by observations. The silage experiment was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center to determine the optimum ensiling duration and type of additive to make quality silage from GMS. The treatments were combinations of four additives (without additive, 1% EM (Effective micro-organism), 1% FJLB (Fermentative Juice of Lactic acid Bacteria) and 3% molasses) on fresh weight basis of green maize stover and three ensiling periods (4, 6 and 8 weeks). Treatments were arranged by a 4*3 factorial setup using a completely Randomized Design with five replications. The Physico- chemical characteristics of the silages were analyzed. The feeding experiment was conducted at Ada-berga dairy farm to evaluate the feed intake, digestibility, and milk yield and milk composition of Jersey cows fed GMSS based TMR graded with concentrate (%):30, 40 and 50, and conventional feeding( control diet) where cows received GMSS adlibitum and formulated concentrate of 0.5 kg/liter of milk separately. A total of eight lactating Jersey cows of more or less similar milk yield (8-10kg/day) with the same stage of lactation (mid-lactation) and parity range of one through four were used for the experiment. A Double 4*4 Latin Square Design was used for handling the xix `experiment. The concentrate was formulated from wheat bran, noug cake and salt of 69%, 30% and 1%, respectively. Supplementation of this concentrate at the rate of 0.5 kg/liter of milk was assumed to meet the protein and ME requirement of lactating cows with milk yield of 8-10 liters/day with a butter fat content of 4.4% fed grass hay. The experiment was conducted for a total of 96 days which consisted of 4 periods. Each period had 24 days (14 days of adaptation and 10 days of data collection). Results of the survey identified 5 major feed resources in the study areas, of which natural pasture and crop residues were used by almost all the surveyed farmers. The estimated feed resource available satisfies only 81% of the DM and 69.7% of the protein maintenance requirement of the livestock population. Free grazing was the major (96.3%) feeding system in the study areas. Conservation of the green maize stover after the green cob has been removed in the form of silage was uncommon due to lack of awareness. The laboratory result depicted that GMS silage made with the inclusion of 3% molasses at six weeks ensiling period had lower NDF, ADF and ADL contents, but resulted in relatively high in-vitro organic matter digestibility (54.47%), metabolizable energy (8.72MJ/kg DM), and crude protein content (5.9%). The measured physical characteristics of GMS ensiled using 3% molasses for six weeks were within the recommended range of quality silage. In the feeding experiment the total daily dry matter, OM, CP and ME (MJ/kg) intake of (T4) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than (T2) and (T1). Similarly, (T3) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than (T1) in terms of total daily dry matter, OM, CP and ME (MJ/kg) intakes. The milk yield of cows fed TMR with concentrate inclusion rate of 40(9.29lt) and 50% (9.65lt) showed significant (P < 0.05) differences as compared to 30 %( 8.09lt) concentrate inclusion and conventional feeding (7.90lt) system. The milk yield of T2 was higher by 2.4% than T1. The partial economic analysis made by using the cost of feeds and milk price per liter suggested that cows fed TMR with 40% concentrate would be more profitable. Thus, it could be concluded that the use of GMS silage based TMR with 40% concentrate seemed more economical to sustain milk production.
Assessment of Impacts of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Measures on Cattle Herd Composition and Performance in Southern Rift Valley
(2008-06) MESSELE, TAYE; Dr. Kelay Belihu, Prof. Merga Bekana
This study was conducted in the Wolayta and Gamogofa Zones of the Southern Nation Nationalities and People Region. Two districts, Kindo Koysha from Wolayta Zone (community tsetse controlled areas) and Arba-minch Zuria from Gamogofa Zone (tsetse challenged and STEP tsetse controlled areas) were selected purposely based on their similar type of agro ecology and the status of tsetse control to assess the impacts of tsetse and trypanosomosis control measures on cattle herd size and composition, milk yield and reproductive performances of cattle. Two Kebeles were selected randomly from each study area (tsetse challenged, STEP tsetse controlled and community tsetse controlled areas) and 50 households were selected randomly from each Kebele that made a total sample size of 300 households. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and a follow up study was carried out on a total of purposely selected 45 prepartum cows to collect data on daily milk yield every two weeks and also check for the occurrence of postpartum heat and subsequent pregnancy. The results showed that land holding was significantly (P< 0.001) higher in community controlled areas (2.80 ha) followed by tsetse challenged (2.24 ha) and STEP controlled areas (1.44 ha). The total livestock holding by a household in tsetse challenged area (11.84 heads) was higher than the livestock holding in STEP tsetse controlled (9.82 heads) and community tsetse controlled (9.98 heads) areas (p<0.05). Livestock diseases were the first most important constraint of livestock production identified by 83% of respondents in tsetse challenged area. In STEP and community based controlled areas shortage of grazing area was mentioned by 88% and 63% of the respondents as a major constraint, respectively. The first priority disease mentioned by 100% of the respondents in tsetse challenged area and by 95% of the respondents in both STEP and community controlled areas was trypanosomosis. The average number of cattle herd size in tsetse challenged area (9.79 heads) was higher than the comparable number of cattle herd size in the STEP tsetse controlled (7.02 heads) and in the community tsetse controlled (7.45heads) areas (p<0.001). The number of non-pregnant dry cows (p<0.05%), bulls (p<0.0%) and oxen (p<0.001) were significantly higher in tsetse challenged areas than the other two study areas. The results of cattle herd dynamics study showed that both rates of addition to (p<0.01) and disposal from the herd (p<0.001) were significantly higher in tsetse challenged area than the other two study areas. Cows in STEP and community controlled areas were able to give 26-27, 25-29 and 17-21% more daily milk yield at x the beginning, middle and end of lactation, respectively, than those in tsetse challenged areas. In addition, cows in STEP and community controlled areas had lactation length was longer by 1.2-1.35 months, age at first calving shorter by 5.1-5.3 months and calving interval shorter by 3.2 -4.1 months than cows in tsetse challenged area, respectively. The results of follow up study indicated that daily milk yield was consistently higher for STEP controlled areas than the other two study areas where their values were overlapping at some points in the lactation period. The total number of cattle died in one year time in tsetse challenged area was about 9.18 and 7.29 times higher than the value for STEP and community controlled areas, respectively (p<0.001). It can be concluded that tsetse control measures improve the cattle herd performances and encouraged more people to be engaged into crop cultivation.
Assessment of operational facilities and hygienic practices of selected abattoirs and butcher shops in Eastern Shewa zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Awol Assen; Dr. Bedaso Mammo
Most meat-borne bacterial outbreaks are usually attributed to contamination of the meat supply chain due to poor handling practices and incomplete operational facilities. Foodborne diseases (FBD) continue to pose significant public health, economic, and social burden around the world. As a main part of meat supply chain, investigations of risky hygienic practices and operational facilities on abattoirs and butcher shops are low in Eastern Showa Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study carried out in abattoirs and butcher shops found at Bishoftu, Mojo, and Adama towns from December 2021 to May 2022, to assess the hygienic practices of meat handlers and the operational facilities in the area. Three municipal abattoirs and two hundred thirty six butcher shops were selected for the assessment. And a total of 286 respondents (n=50, from abattoirs and n=236, from butcher shops) were interviewed face to face with observational checklists employed to assess operational facilities and hygienic practices of the meat handlers. Inadequate operational facilities and poor conditions of abattoirs (Bishoftu, Adama and Mojo) were observed in all the study areas. Particularly, the municipal abattoir in Bishoftu town was less equipped with facilities and located between residential and industry. In this abattoir slaughtering process was conducted on floor. Still municipal abattoirs in Mojo and Adama towns were also not in a condition to ensure production of safe meat. With regard to hygienic practices of meat handlers in butcher shops and abattoirs, 64% of them had a poor practices. A multivariable and univariable logistic regression in this study indicated trained meat handlers from abattoirs (n=15, 95% CI=1.203-15.605), and from butcher shops (n= 41, 95% CI=1.21-4.79) were 4 times and 2 times more likely to be involved in good meat handling practices respectively. Unhygienic practices and insufficient facilities in the abattoirs and butcher shops identified in this study, might predispose consumers to meat-borne diseases and potential public health risks. Therefore, awareness creation on hygienic practices of meat handlers and improving operational facilities standard are essential for production of safe meat and to reduce meat borne pathogens in meat supply chain
Assessment of Post Slaughter Hide and Skin Defects and Market Analysis in Arsi Negele and Shashemene Woredas, West arsi, Oromia Regional State
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-06) Terefe, Selamawit; Jibat, Tariku (PhD)
The current cross sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to March 2015 on post slaughter hide and skin defects and market chain analysis in Arsi Negele and Shashemene woredas of west Arsi Zone Oromia Regional state. Eight kebeles from each woredas were selected purposively and numbers of house hold producer in each kebeles were taken proportionally. In addition to these, 24 butcheries, 5 middlemen and 4 collection centres were visited. One hundred households from each woreda were interviewed and 384 hides and skins at each woreda were sampled for prevalence of post slaughter defects at the four collection centers. Accordingly, 180 hides, 284 sheep skin and 304 goat skins (based on the supply proportion for each species) were visually inspected. Measurement of hide and skin were also carried out and were graded according to the standard set by Ethiopian Quality and Standard Authority. The result showed 94% of Arsi Negele and 97% of Shashemene house hold respondents had experience of slaughtering livestock at home. Respondents perceive that absence of flay cut, Freshness, Size and weight of the skin are major criteria for quality of hide and skin. Respondents from their experience ascertained also that flay cut, dirt, flesh remnant and blood were among the major defects encountered during slaughtering process where as dirt, delay in selling and putrefaction are also problems encountered after slaughtering process of livestock by producers. Majority (89%) of the sampled households reported to sell hide and skin to the formal market. Salting hides and skin is a practice very commonly adopted by middle men and collection centers in both woredas. Inspection of hides and skins at collection centres revealed that cattle hides had major defects such as flesh remnants, blood, dirt, corduroying and hole/flay cut. Similarly sheep skins were found to have flesh remnant (79.6%) and dirt (65.5%) Flesh remnant and dirt were also encountered as major defects on goat skins of the study areas. Measurement of the raw materials also demonstrated that large proportion of the sampled fresh and salted cattle hide were in the medium weight category whereas large proportion of the sampled fresh sheep and goat skin were in the extra light category and salted sheep and goat skin fall in the extra heavy category. On the other hand size measurement also showed that most of the sampled fresh and salted sheep and goat skin fall in medium and small size xi category. Four lines of market channels were identified for hides and skins. This starts from producers followed by middlemen, collection centres and tanneries. Producer in the study woredas usually were price takers and also had limited market information. It can be concluded that the post-slaughter defects demonstrated have the potential to downgrade the quality of hide and skins in the study areas. However, they can easily be minimized through continuous awareness creation and training and provision of more access to market and better price offer. Key words: Arsi Negele, hide, management, market, quality, Shashemene, skin, post slaughter
Assessment of Pre Slaughter Hide and Skin Management in and Around Assela and Sagure Town, East Arsi Oromia Regional state Ethiopia
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-06) jarso, Abaineshe; Goshu, Gebeyehu (PhD)
The study was conducted in Arsi Zone Oromia Regional state in Tiyo and Tijo/Digelu which are the woredas of the zone, on pre slaughter hide and skin quality and management. Ten kebeles from each woredas were selected purposively and number of farmer in each kebeles was taken proportionally. One hundred households from each woredas were interviewed and animals belongs to each house hold were observed for hide and skin defect. In addition to this all butchery and 20 middle men from both woredas were interviewed about handling practice of the animal. Visual observation was also carried out on 2 intensive and 2 semi intensive farms in both woreda of study. Collected data were intered in SPSS version 20 soft ware for analyze. As result of this the major mechanical and pathological factors affecting hide and skin quality in study area were identified. Skin disease like ectoparacite, sheep pox, nodule, alopecia and swelling, were found and they account for about (56%), (13.7 %), (12%), (9.7%) and (8.6%) respectively. from skin disease ectoparacite was a serious problem mentioned by respondents. Of mechanical damage horn rake, whip lash, thorny plant and branding were identified and they account (40.6%), (38.9%), (17.7%) and (2.8%) respectively. Almost all the variables had not significant difference (P>0.05) among two woredas except horn rake which was more serious in Tiyo woreda. In addition to these housing and transportation system and feed shortage were also identified as factors reducing hide and skin quality in study site. Farmer use different method to manage pre slaughter factors affecting hide and skin quality. For skin disease and ectoparacite, (47.5%) of them by medicine from the pharmacy and treat their home, while some of them (31.4%) go to veterinary station and use traditional type of treatment to treat tick (21.1%). On the other hand farmer manage horn rake by tethering each animal in pen individually. Of 1677 cattle and 981 sheep under observation, 123(7.33%) cattle and 16(1.63) sheep were affected by mechanical damage, while 64(3.8%) and 15(1.5%) show sign of skin disease. So it is concluded that skin disease is more serious than mechanical factors, so it is recommended for farmer to take their animal to veterinary station for any skin disease. Key words: hide, pre-slaughter, quality, skin, management, digelu/ tijo, tiyo, oromia

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