College of Development Studies

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A Study on Practice, Opportunities and Challenges of Stopover Tourism in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-12) Befkadu Kifle; Tamirat Tefera (PhD)
This thesis was conducted with the objective of an Assessment of stopover tourism practice, challenges and opportunities of stopover development in Addis Ababa as Stop Over. For achieving the objective of the study, both primary and secondary data source were generated by employing qualitative and quantitative methods. Purposive and stratified simple random sampling techniques were used to select the respondents. As the research approach employed here are a mixed methods research approach, the researcher used key informant interviews. The quantitative data was analyzed using frequency and percentage when appropriate while qualitative data was used to triangulate and confirm the study. The study identified various challenges which affected stopover tourism development the major once are political instability, covid 19, lack of promotion tourist attractions and lack of skilled man power. Whereas there are also opportunities that helps the development of stopover tourism in Addis government support for the growth of the sector, well known(international hub) airlines, development of new tourist attractions, cooperation to work together between tourism Ethiopia and Ethiopian airlines. The researcher recommends gov‘t should pay special attention on stability of the city and build country image, gov‘t and other stakeholders should raise their promotional budget, continuous trainings and short courses for tour guides should be provided. At last hotel, transport services providers, tour and travel agencies should update and go in line with the current technological advancements.
Acceptability of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) in Assosa Town, Western Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2002-06) Dcjen, Michael; Teklu, Tesfaye (PhD)
A cross sectional survey was conducted in Assosa town of the Benshangul Gumze National Regional State on March 2002, to identifying factors that affect the acceptability of VCT services in Assosa town of the Benshangul Gumze National Regional State. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were utilized to gather the required information. The collected data was analysed using bi variate and mUltivariate techniques and results were presented using tables and in the form of rates and proportions. The observed association between dependant variables and covariates was presented in the form of Chi-square and Odds ratio. Results of the Focus Group Discussions and in depth interviews were presented as excerpt and in the form of case studies Six hundred ninety two respondents between the age of 15 and 49 years selected with using multistage sampling procedure were included in the study. The male female ratio of the study subjects was almost 1: 1 with the mean age of 25.6 and standard deviation of:!: 8.53 years. More than 86 percent of the respondents are aware of HIV/AIDS and about 85 percent of them know whether one can check his/her HIV status through a blood test and three fourth stated that the service is available in Assosa town. Nearly eighty seven percent expressed willingness to use VCT service; and about equal proportion (86.1 %) show intention to ask their partners for VCT, however, a lesser proportion (75%) expressed their readiness to declare the HIV test result. The bivariate analysis result showed a significant association between respondents that belief that People Living with HIV/AIDS need better care and support among those who intend to use VeT and with risk perception for HIV for those who expressed their readiness to declare the test result. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that sex employment status and respondents belief that People Living with HIV/AIDS need better care are significant predicators for the respondents readiness to request their partners for VeT. The VCT centre of Assosa hospital is found to be not functional on fu ll time bases and getting the HIV test result can take up to two weeks time. Furthermore mechanisms are not in place that ensure People Living With HIV/AIDS could be provided with a continuous care and support from the concerned. Intensive Information Education and Communication activities on VeT aimed at reducing stigmatising effects of AIDS and HIV positive result in Assosa town , strengthening the VeT centre of the Assosa hospital so as to enable it functional at full capacity and establishing other free standing VCT centres are the major recommendations of the study.
Accessibility of Five Star Hotels and National Museum for Persons with Disabilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Kassa, Iyerus; Tefera, Tamirat (PhD)
The issue of accessible tourism is an area which needs great focus from all sectors of tourism development, specifically in relation to persons with disabilities. We human incur some sort of disability in our lifetime, so we should think about making our tourist attraction areas and services very accessible for all segments of the people; because person with disability have the same desire and need to take part in leisure activities like others. This is why this exploratory study is very important in giving background information on the area, by assessing the accessibility of star hotels and museum for persons with disability found in Addis Ababa city. The sample was gathered through a snowballing technique from associations of disability. The study utilizes semi-structured interviews of 18 visitors with different impairment: 2 uses wheelchairs; 5 are crutches user; 5 are visual impaired 5 are hearing impaired and 1 has hand impairment and none disabled persons from services providers: Museum guide and director (2), front office supervisor (4), waiters (3) and receptionist (3). The data were subject to thematic content analysis and Interpreted by the social model of disability, the results suggest that none of the seven five star hotel was found fully accessible plus the aggregate result shows that the extent of accessibility is 51.1% and 27.9% of accessibility requirement has been found inaccessible at all and 15.6% were the requirement which are found in- partial condition and 5.4% of accessibility requirement has been found not applicable. Moreover accessibility is subjected to change of time, technology and people’s disability awareness. Contradictions were found between the service provider and users on the concept accessibility, all the respondents found the hotels inaccessible by appreciating the exiting inclusiveness however, the hotelier thought they have most accessible place for everyone. This study is limited to only five star hotels found in Addis Ababa and on Ethiopian National Museum. The paper recommended for hotel managers and for government bodies on ensuring the accessibility of specific physical, information and on policy and legal frame works. This study relays the genuine voice of people with disabilities. The findings have relevance to hospitality researchers, educators, executives, and hotel staff as background information. Keywords: Accessible Tourism, and Accessibility Audit, Five star Hotels, Museum
Accessibility to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services for Female Migrant Returnees who are Survivors of Sexual Violence: The Case of Female Migrant ReturneesAssisted by Civil Society Organizations.
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-07-20) Jerusalem Dejene; Mulumebet Zenebe (PhD)
Migrants travel to other countries to get employment opportunities and make their lives along with their families better. When they migrate, they might be faced with unforeseen challenges on their journey, when they reach their country of transit or country of destination. One of these challenges is facing sexual violence along their way. Survivors of sexual violence need sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services among others after the incidents of sexual violence. The research aimed to examine access to SRH services for female migrant returnees (FMR) who are survivors of sexual violence. More specifically it aimed to assess the opportunities, challenges, and coping mechanisms female migrant returnees, survivors of sexual violence, have in accessing SRH services before and after their return. This study used a qualitative case study research design. For the study, FMRs were reached out through civil society organizations (CSOs). These CSOs have shelters that work on the rehabilitation and reintegration of migrant returnees. Eight FMRs participated in the in-depth interview and two shelter coordinators were interviewed as key informants. Thematic analysis was used for the data analysis process. The results showed that there is a gap in easy access to information and SRH services, some FMRs who became pregnant, after the incident of sexual violence that happened to them, could not access any SRH services. While some were only able to access SRH services through their employers, friends, or other organizations. In contrast, all the interviewed FMRs that needed SRH after their return were able to get access to SRH services either through CSOs they were assisted by, privately, or through other organizations. The major challenge interviewed FMRs faced was getting the information on how to access such service providers, as a coping mechanism, some approached their friends and employers. But others could not find ways to overcome their challenges and returned without any access to SRH services. To gain the information migrants have regarding SRH services, different local CSOs and other international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that work closely with migrants and migrant returnees can create a platform, where before individuals migrate, they can get important information from them or other returnees. Government bodies such as the Ministry of Labor and Skills of Ethiopia, can help ensure the safe and legal travel of migrants to their country of destination.
Achievement and Challenges of Micro and Small Enterprises in Improving. The Income of the Poor: The Case of Two Sub Cities of A sella Town.
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-05) Gebremariam, Yoseph; Alemu, Getnet (PhD)
This paper analyzes the achievemellts of Micro ami small Enterprises ill improvillg the illcome of urban poor alld identifies the clllIlIellges they are encountering. The study is cOllducted in Asella town- Oromia regional state, ill two sub cities ami 011 44 ellterprises. The subjects of the study are operators of MSEs in the particular enterprises. Representative samples were selected usillg both random afl(l 1101l-rllfulom sampling methods from which data were gathered, usillg questiollllaires alld focus group discussiolls ami thell descriptive statistics afl(1 before alld after approach (paired sample T- test) of data analysis are employed. As a result, it is found that: the program has created employmellt opportunity particularly to those jobless dwellers, there are significant differences in operators' illcome, expansioll and growth is exhibited itl growth oriellted enterprises, improvements are realized in; households' fIXed assets, access to education ami medical services after establishment of the business ventures. The findings of the study revealed that Micro and small enterprises in the study area are playing a vital role ill illcreasing income, creating employment opportunities ami generally improving the livillg cOllditions of their operators. However, they are facing with various challenges afl(l threats that could lifJect their sustainable contributions to the proliferation of their overall benefits. These includes: financial constraints, inadequate technical ami mallagerial trainings, inadequate markets alld market linkages, high level of depelldellce 011 government projects, disagreement among members al/ll the like. Finally, for a better achievement of objectives of the program in the study area, illterventiolls such as: access to finance, appropriate supports to improve outputs (supply) and market demand, and promoting a culture Ihal sllppol'ls and rewards entrepreneurship, need 10 be undertaken.
Achievements and Challenges in the Implementation of Result-Oriented Performance Management System in the Ethiopian Federal Civil Service: Case Study of Three Selected Ministries
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Mitchel, Sirgut; Ayenew, Meheret (PhD)
PeljiJrmance measurement helps organizations to identify gaps and to take corrective ac/ions as important ingredients jiJr an organization to excel in today's competitive environment. In order to evaluate performance properly, developing and implementing a workable .system that suits the requirements ofa job is vital to prove that they are within the bounds' of the expected results. This research is conducted with the objective of assessing the implementation process of result oriented peljormance management system (ROPMS) in the civil service organizations focusing on identifying major achievements gained and challenges faced To assess the situation three civil service organizations were selected for the study they are: Ministries of Finance and Economic Development, Ministry of Trade and Indusfly and MinistlY of Revenue. The study employed qualitative research methodology. Data was collected through questionnaire me/hod and analyzed The main areas of focus in the study is to /.Inders/and and analyze the major organiza/ional factors which contributed for proper implementa/ion of ROPMS, the appropriateness of the implementation process and the level of commitment of managemen/ and employee to facilitate implementation of ROPMSfor /he intended results. Thefindings reveal that creation of awareness about strategic planning, and ROPMS, developed a positive altilude towards vision, mission and objectives of organizations, recognized as a belter system to minimize subjectivity and helped organization /0 streng/hen employee - supervisor rela/ionship are some of the achievements of the .~yslem. The necessity of maximizing stalf participation in the developmen/ of strategic plan, improvemen/ in leadership quality, in/egrating ROPMS wi/h other systems of /he organiza/ions, absence of proper monitoring and evaluation sys/em and organ, inadequacy of measurement standards, lack of proper culture to implement the system are identified as major challenges faced during the implementation. To overcome the challenges the importance of developing and implementing an integrated peljormance management system, monitoring and evaluation system, empowering civil service organizations, the think-tank groups, continuous training and coaching, conSidering the name ROPMS andjilrther study for the .system implementability and sustainability are recommended II' proper allention is given ./i'om the part of the government at large and leaders of individual organizations ROPMS can bring about ejjiciency and effectiveness for the organizations within a short period of time.
Achievements and Challenges of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Strategic Plan Implementation In Tole Ana of South West Shewa Zone
(Addis Ababauniversity, 2010-06) Gulilat, Awoke; Tolossa, Degefa (PhD)
The overall objective of Ihis study is to assess the achievements of the five years strategic plan and challenges encountered in implementing the stralegic plan in the study ana Tole of the South-West Shewa Zone. In doing so, the research was aimed 01 assessing and finding out major challenges that hindered the strategic plan's implementation in the swdy ana and forward suggestions for fillure performance improvements of the water supply and sanitation development endeavors. During Ihe study, both qualitative and quantilative research melhods were employed. Household survey, Key Informants interview and observation methods were the major data collect ion 100is used to generate primary data. Moreover, all the necessary and relevant secondary data were also used 10 substantiate the primary data. Data analysis of the research was done by using both descriptive stalistics (for quantitative data) and triangulating the findings of different research tools and data sources one with the olher (for qualitative data). It has been depicted thaI less emphasis was given 10 low cost and easily manageable water supply technologies such as on SpOI springs and hand dug wells with hand pump schemes. Implementing bodies have shown unjl/stifled inclinalion to high COSI water supply technologies such as deep wells and machine drilled shallow wells though there IS good ground water potential which could be developed at community level with low cosl and simple and easily manageable technologies. The absence of well organized water resources database (both developed and potentially to be developed) as to the ana IS also another problem encountered in making appropriate and cost efficient water supply technology selection especially on NCOs implemented projects. The weak integralion among stakeholders IS also another challenge which resulted in inefficient utilization of available scarce capital and human resources. The absence of well coordinated monitoring and evaluation system has also aJfocted the construction quality of water supply projects and their timely completion. Moreover, the very limited financial, human and material resources capacity of local implementing bodies such as ana water resources office, less emphaSIS for constructed water supply schemes' manageme11l and the scattered settlement pattern of Ihe people have been also among challenges enCOU11lered during the implemenlation of the strategic plan which resulted in the slow pace of Ihe water supply and sanilation development. Therefore, it IS found recommendable 10 establish a well organized water resources database 01 Ana level so Ihal rational and appropriale water supply oplions' selection could be fairly made. It IS also found importa11l 10 focus on community based low cost and easily manageable water supply options that could be developed with the local capacity by mobilizing the communily at latge with the technical support of local service providers using the available limited capital resources. It is also recommendable to build the capacity of the Ana waler resource office by finance, logistics and materials and manpower (experienced professionals) so that it can give timely response for communities' inquilY and can perfonn ils dulies successfully with its full capacity. Moreover, it IS found recommendable to give due emphasis for the developed water supply schemes ' manageme11t to ensure their sustainability parallel to new water supply schemes construction. The coordination of all stakeholders being involved in the water sector development should also be well strengthened so that efficient uti!tzation of available scarce resources and improved pace of the sector deve/opme11l could be achieved
Achievements and Challenges of Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Program (R WSSHP) Implementation in Oromia Region. A case study in Bereh Woreda (North Shewa Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Tolcssa, Samuel; Simanc, Belay
Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Program (RWSSHP) was designed/or Ethiopia based on experience of other developing countries in Africa as well as early experiences in Ethiopia. The program was designed to bring positive changes in lives and conditions of the rural people through radical improvement in water supply and sanitation services as well as behavioral change in personal and environmental hygiene. 117e program is the main strategy for the allainment of UAP in such a way that all program inclusive woredas will attain 100 percent water supply and sanitation coverage by preparing and implementing strategic plan of R WSSHP. in Oromia region the program is being implemented in 152 woredas, of which the study woreda is one of the woredas where the program was early commenced. The overall objective of this study is to assess the achievements of the program sofaI' and challenges of the program's implementation in the region with a case study of Bereh woreda of the North Shewa Zone. in doing so, the research was aimed at obtaining factors that challenging program's implementation in the study woreda myl forward recommendations for its improvements in the fii/llre. Moreover, it was intended to give a clueforfitrther study at broader level in the region The study woreda has prepared five years strategic plan for the period of 2005/06 - 2009/ 10. It was planned to increase rural water supply coverage of the woreda from 23.84% at base year to 100% and sanitation coverageji-om nil to 100% at the end the program's period. In the study both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed. Focus groups Discussion, Key Informants Discussion and observation methods were the major data collection tools used to generate primw)I data. Inventory of water supply schemes and household latrine was also conducted to produce a primw)I data. All available and relevant secondw)I data were used to substantiate the primw)I datci. Data analysis of the research was dane by triangulating the findings of different research tools and data sources one with/against the other. In doing so, conclusions and recommendations were drawn from the findings. Accordingly, it was reveled that failure to establish Strategic Plan Commillee which is responsible for preparation of the strategic plan of the woreda was the primwy problem in the program's implementation. Moreover, the planning pracess was not participatolY; the strategic plan document was poorly appraised to make it feasible or practicable. On the other hand, though less than its plan rural water supply coverage of the woreda has increased from 23.84% to 3-1.6% and sanitation coverage from nil to 14.8%. The study has also revealed that there is poor tvf&E s)lstem. The woreda has established a comprehensive reliable data base, but failed to update it at least on yearly basis. Xl Generally, there is no good practice o.ffeedback system in the program's impLementation. Integration oj program activities (stakeholders coordination) is almost non-existent. The program is not mainstreamed in the identified stakehoLder organizations. There is wide financial deficiency jor program's implementation. In the study, it was realized that training component oj capacity buiLding was relatively weLL done and a reliabLe Local Service Providers were created to augment the shortage oj local contractors in the water suppLy and health sectors in the woreda. Finally it is recommendable to establish a muLti-disciplinwy Strategic Plan Commiltee and revise the strategic pLan oj the woreda with filii knowLedge oj WWT and the woreda council. The pLan document need to be critically appraised bejore it will be approved and taken as working document. Stakeholders anaLysis is beller done again to strengthen stakehoLders coordination and hencejoster integration oj program's activities. Reji-eshment training need to be given jor concerned stakehoLders and generally program's objectives and impLementation procedures need to be weLL communicated among the woreda staffs and within the user communities.
Achievements, Gaps and Prospects of The Productive Safety Net Program in Ethiopia: The Case of Lemo Woreda, Hadia Zone, Snnprs
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-05) Molla, Tefera; Nigatu, Workineh (PhD)
Combinations of natural and man-made factors have resulted in a serious and growing food insecurity problem in many parts of Eth iopia. About fifteen million people are lacing food insecurity that is either chronic or transitolY in nature. The governments of Ethiopia and its development partners have made concel1ed effort to avert the problem of food in security and vulnerability. To this effect, a national food security strategy was developed in the year 2002, one component of which is the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP). This program has been designed and implemented to address the needs of chronically food insecure households in a total of 267 targeted woredas from seven regional states of the countly. Meanwhile, in order to ensure an effective implementation of the program, the government put in place a guideline which clearly defines the rules to be applied in its way to achieve the expected outcomes. Specifically. the implementation guideline stipulates, among others, the institutional arrangements, targeting, payments, as well as monitoring and evaluation system. Even if the PSNP is still in the course of implementation and has brought about encouraging results, there are some evidences that its implementation has also encountered problerlls. Thus, assessing the achievements and gaps as well as indicating the prospects 01 ti le PSNP is, more than any thing, a relevant and trmely agenda in Ethiopia. Therefore, this thesis was conducted to assess the achievements, gaps and prospects of the Ethiopian PSNP taking the case of Lema Woreda , which is one of the 267 Safety Net Woredas in Ethiopia. The thesis argues that, no matter how a program is properly designed, unless the rules are implemented to the level of expectations, it would be difficult to expect the envisaged outcomes from tire program. The thesis tries to examine whether rule are properly applied; i. e. institutions are right, targeting criteria are properly applied, payments are appropriate and progresses are tracked properly vis-a-vis the program documents. Besides, the thesis investigates the expected outcome of rescuing household asset depletion and explores, if there are any, undesirabfe outcomes of the program. To come up with the research findings, afresh cla ta Irom household level sUNey plus face-to-face inteNiew with key informants as well as focus group discussions were supplemented with secondary data obtained through consulting pertinent literatures. Analysis of sUNey results shows that institutions are not performing well, targeting-related problems are obseNeci. payments are inadequate and mechanism of monitoring and evaluation is practically missing. The findings, however, also revealed that the PSNP, either directfy or indirectfy, has been successful in terms of preventing the deple tion of the human, physical, social, natural and human capitals of most of the targeted beneficiaries. Corroborating with other fin dings, the study also uncovered that there are also undesirable outcomes like creating andlor aggravating dependency attitude as well as weakening of informal institutions. Hence, scaling-up or out of the specified achievements and redressing the gaps thereof is tantamount to make the PSNP bear a fruit. Tefera Molla: Addis Ababa Uni versity, RLDS-School of Graduate Studies Key: Words: Asset Depletion ; protection ; prevention Household stafynet safety net; and implementation
Adaptation of Pastoral Livetock Production to Climate Change and Variability: A Case of Harshin District, Somali Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-10) Eshetu, Theodros; Yayeh PhD, Desalegn
Climate change and variability poses a major threat to pastoral livestock production in Ethiopia. Thus, pastoral communities positive coping and adaptation strategies need holistic support to safeguard their livestock based primary livelihood option. The purpose of this study was to determine the trends & variability of temperature and rainfall, describe climate change impact on livestock production, explore the adaptation strategies practiced and perceived success of the adaptation strategies, and determine the factors that influence the adaptation strategies. The study was conducted in Harshin Woreda, Fafan Zone, Somali region. In this study a mixed research design was applied. A total of 356 sample households were selected using systematic sampling method. Qualitative data were collected from 10 key informants and 4 focus groups discussions. Descriptive statistics, mann-kendal trend test, standardized precipitation index (SPI), precipitation concentration index (PCI), likert rating scale, and multivariate logistic regression were used to achieve the stated objectives. Pastoralist’s perceptions were examined in correspondence with climate data recorded at meteorological stations in Harshin Woreda. The climate trend and variability analysis findings over the last three decades revealed that generally there is an increasing trend of rainfall and temperature, but the rainfall pattern is irregular even within the same season. This presents difficulty for the pastoral communities to pursue their two main livelihoods; livestock keeping and farming. The prominent impact of climate change and variability in the study area is reduced livestock number and productivity, degraded pasture and browse, depleted watering points, reduced terms of trade, reduced community risk sharing practice and proliferation of livestock diseases. The principal adaptation and coping mechanisms employed to mitigate the impact of climate change are herd management; changing herd composition, increased herd mobility and herd splitting followed by rotational grazing, increased veterinary service use, destocking, feed preservation, and combing livestock production with crop production. The study portrayed the most perceived success of climate change adaptation strategy relates with herd management; changing herd composition, herd splitting, and increase mobility of livestock. The perceived success of rotational grazing, purchase of livestock feed, storage/preservation of livestock feed climate change adaptation strategies are prominent as well. As per the analysis of the socio-economic (non- climatic xii | P a g e factors), climatic factors, and perception of climate change and variability variables against the climate change adaptation strategy revealed that household sex, livestock holding, income level, educational status, access to veterinary service, access to credit, flooding, livestock disease outbreak are statistically significant in two or more climate change adaptation strategies practiced by the pastoral communities in the study area. From the study findings, it is evident that the impact of climate change and variability is massively felt in the pastoral communities of the study area affecting their means of living, social dynamics, environment at large. However, as per the findings of the study showed, the pastoral communities never fail from trying to cope and adapt to the prevailing challenging situation resulted from climate change and variability through herd management, rotational grazing, feed preservation and diversification of livelihood options. Nevertheless, effective livestock adaptation strategies are seriously constrained by lack of institutions that governs climate issue at the grassroots level, poor service and facilities that support the adaptation strategies such veterinary and credit services and lack of basic infrastructure. Therefore, as recommendations sensitization of pastoral communities on reality of climate change and variability and its impact and to strengthen the positive coping and adaptation strategies is paramount. On top of dealing on the immediate climate related problems, it is paramount for government and any development actor to work on factors to address the barriers to climate change adaptation in the study area to deal with the root causes to find lasting solution. Policy and support program should focus on strengthening community based early warning and early action and institutionalization of climate and climate change issues.
Adaptation Practices of Smallholder Farmers to Climate Change In Ankober Woreda North Shewa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Berhane, Tewodros; Bantider PhD, Amare
Climate change is rapidly emerging as a global critical development issue affecting many sectors in the world and considered to be one of the most serious threat to sustainable development. Adaptation to climate change involves changes in agricultural management practices in response to changes in climate conditions. This study was done to investigate the contributions of different climate change adaptation strategies to increase food production by evaluating indigenous knowledge and emerging climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in Ankober woreda. Random sampling method was used to select a sample of 150 smallholder farmers. Structured questionnaires and participatory rural appraisal approach were the techniques used to collect data. The method of data analysis was both qualitative and quantitative where descriptive statistics was used to analyses the objectives. The study identified various indigenous knowledge and emerging adaptation strategies and evaluated institutional and socio-economic and factors influencing the choice of these strategies. Terracing and mulching were the most common indigenous and emerging strategies respectively. Farmer’s organization, extension services, and access to information were dynamic in assisting adaptation of reasonable handling strategies which improves small holder’s food production and consequently food security. The common farmer’s adaptation strategies in the study area were growing a variety of crops, feed preservation, time of planting, rearing different breeds of cattle and soil fertility management. Different adaptation strategies have been practiced both at individual and group level. Communities in the study area have developed indigenous knowledge of agricultural adaptation strategies to cope with climate variability and extreme events. Adaptations outside of agriculture are also important for livelihood diversification and increasing resilience to climate variability in study area. Government, research institutions and stakeholder need to provide climate change information to farmers through training and extension services. Research, trainings and extension on climate change issues should be provided by both the public and private sectors as they are crucial in ensuring farmers adapt to climate change. Investments in infrastructure such as roads and irrigation systems, affordable credit schemes, and climate information systems would help create the enabling conditions for adaptation to climate change. Experience with these strategies needs to be shared among communities to assure adaptation practices.
Adaptive Capacity of Woodland Dependent Households to Climate Change in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-05) Mesfin, Demamu; Simane, Belay (PhD)
Ethiopia stands among the most vulnerable and worst affected countries in the world to the impacts of climate change mainly because of its low adaptive capacity. The Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia is one of the most vulnerable areas in the country. However, studies to understand the perception and adaptive capacity of rural households to climate change in the semi-arid areas of the CRV are limited. This study examines the perception and adaptive capacity of rural households to climate change in the CRV. Mixed research methods approach was adopted to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. Household survey, focus group discussion (FGD), key informant interview (KII), field observation, and remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to collect data. The study found out that a large majority of households perceived climate change and its impacts and adopted an array of adaptation practices. It was also found that the adaptive capacity (AC) of households in the CRV was generally low and varies among households living in different Kebeles. From five major components that contributed to adaptive capacity, institutions and entitlements, knowledge and information, and innovation were found to contribute better than decision making and governance, and asset-base. Moreover, the composite indices for sub-components indicated that woodlands contributed to AC better than grazing land, farmland, and water resources, respectively. However, it was also found that woodlands are declining. Forty years ago, the study area was virtually covered with woodlands and forests (95%) and agriculture was just starting (1%). Now, it is reversed that agriculture covered nearly half of the study area (45%), while woodlands covered 42% and forests virtually disappeared. The socioeconomic and environmental impacts of these changes have also been perceived by households. Furthermore, seven proximate and ten underlying causes of woodland decline have been identified and ranked by households. It is concluded that adaptive capacity has broader dimensions and assessments and interventions need to be made in a holistic and integrated manner. Moreover, interventions need to acknowledge local differences and be tailored accordingly to suit local contexts. Key words: Climate change, perception, adaptive capacity, woodland, impacts, proximate causes and driving forces.
Administrative Powers of the Federal Environmental Protection Authority of Ethiopia in the Protection of the Environment: The Law And The Practice
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Teklemedhn, Merhatbeb; Bedri, Abdulhamid(PhD)
This study examines into the extent of exercise of rule making, adjudication and investigative powers of the Federal Environmental Protection Authority of Ethiopia (FEPAE). The investigation has mainly focused on revealing gaps in the law and the practice of implementation of the mandates of the organization under study. Reviews of legal instruments, key informant interview, as well as documentation of prevalent realities pertaining to the institutional operation of FEP AE were the major sources of data. Qualitative analysis were employed, and the analysis were multifaceted, iterative, and simultaneous which eventually mirror out what has been intended to put into practice and what is actually being accomplished. Findings revealed that the FEPAE is not up to expected to review and approve the enabling directives, guidelines and environmental standards which are thought to be the sine qua conditions for the realization of its very mandates and that have a far reaching implication on regional environmental authorities to apply the same or formulate their own no less stringent laws. Secondly, the study uncovered that the FEPAE has no full-fledged legal and institutional machineries that guarantee the protection of the environment with regard to review of environmental impact assessment and adjudication of complaints. Thirdly, the FEPAE's act of delegation of the power to review EIAR to sector institutions is found to be subject to substantive and procedural ultra virus. Fourthly, it is learnt that the FEP AE institutional structure does not consist of environmental inspectors unit which is expected to generate up to date information that enables it to take timely action in the case of actual or potential damage to the environment. Finally, the study implied that the failure of the FEPAE to exercise its mandates up to the expected may have negative implication on the protection of the environment, and in turn in the realization of sustainable development.
Adolescent Perceptions of Sexual Health Issues: A Case Study of Students of High School in Addis Ababa.
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Yimer, Wossen; .B, R. Upadhyay (PhD)
The concept of Adolesce nt reproductive Health (ARH) has gained attent ion follow ing the international conference (ICPD) held in September 1994 in Cairo, Egypt. Reproductive heahh problems assoc iated with the ri sk behaviour and vulne rabil ity of adolescen ts, especially in re lation to early and unwanted pregnancy, un safe abortion, sexually transmitted infection and HIV/AIDS. Therefore, addressing risk behaviour is certainly important, considering that many adolescents have ins ufficient factlJaI knowledge of sexual and reproductive health. Also they have in adequate guidance from adults and limited access to health care services, of course sexual intercourse is an inevitable precondition for the generational continuation of human existence. In the current conditions of HIV/AIDS as a new glo bal risk, however, sex has become a possible threat to existence of people in all societies.In this study, an attempt has been made to in vestigate the i~of sex u a l ~alth among the school adolescents in Addis Ababa High School. Risks of sexual behavior cannot be predicted in the current circumstances in which especially adolescent meet many ri sky challenges that drive their behav ior and even their int imacy. When th e world around them is rapidly changing young people face threatening syndromes like HI V/AIDS, which cause ontological uncertainty because of their un known character. Adults impose their sex ual worries on to children and young adu lts in ways, which are relatively inaccessible and bounded by what cannot be sa id aloud or clearly s e~n because of the taboo character of sex. Taboo makes the issue of sex extremely diffi cult to di scuss with young people, the exact ri sks, however, being warned about. Most of these risks arc preventable but many paren ts, opin ion leaders and policy makers are afraid to act. They do not want to inform young people about sex and its consequences because they believe th is will lead to teenage promiscu ity and immorality. Parents might be embarrassed to bring up reproductive health wi th their children, opinion leaders may not speak out because they wish 10 avoid contro ve rsy. As a consequence, our societies face unnecessary human and social costs. The purpose of th e study is to in..x.e~t i ga t e... th e_status of reproductive hea lth among ado lesce nts in Addis Ababa High Schools, by usi ng prin)ary and seconqary sources of information. Its main objectives arc I) to assess the knowledge, attitude, beliefs and perceptions of reprod uctive heal th pract ices of high school s tudents in Addis Ababa, and 2) to map out their sources of information and 3) to assesses att itudc of adolescent towards sex education. This study was carried out in Addis Ababa High School students. At the time of data coll ection, there were 70 High Schools and a total of 96,57 1 students all in at! in the city. Out of these l..Q..schools randomly se lected and 600 students were sampled from each grade and gender (3 14 males and 286 females). The study was conducted in Mwch 2005. The major findin gs of the study showed that age of adolescents determine thei r sexual behaviour; the ir knowledge on aspects of their own sexual ly is seen incomplctc and not enough to minimi ze ri sk-taking behavior. Younger adolescents shown more open att itudes toward sexual issues th an the older adolescents do. The knowledge about sexual health issues comes from health professionals and teachers as well as some patchy information is receivcd from peers of the same sex who may th emse lves be too litt le informed or misinformed. Based on the out comes of the study, seeking of general information on how to behave in the sexual life sphere was positively percei ved, as claimed by both male and female adolescents. Yet more than half of all adolescents believe that it is unacceptable to discuss these matte rs openly with their parents or adults. It is a lso found from the ana l y~is that a greatcr number of male than fema le respondents know more about the top two co ntraceptive methods namely condom and pill s. Most part, more than (8 1.8%) of all adolescen ts, indicate their interest to use contraceptive mcthods in the futu re. The study indicates that quite large portion of male (44.3%) and females (39.5%) among the population undcr the study were sexually active, more th an half of them (67.5%) reported to have had unprotected sexual intercourse. While the rest telt that they used contraception (condom) in the past. The general attitude is that the act of premarital intercourse is not supported in this survey. Based on the findin g, some suggestions arc forwarded for futu re needs to initiate sex education in the school curriculum emphasizing the community-based efforts, as recommended. Furthermore, for practical reasons, community based preventive interventions s ites need to be established by enabling the ex isting networks: health fac ilities, relig ious organi zation s, school teachers and peer educators.The usc of trained peers as educators could be a part of lhe school curricu lum and an inc rease of lhe responsi bi lity of parents in matters concerning sexuality of adolescents might ease the workload on health profess ionals and teac hers.
Adolescent Sexual Behavior and the Risk of HIV Infection in Urban Ethiopia: The Case of Awassa City
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-12) Getahun, Dejene; Hailemariam, Assefa (PhD)
II/V I A II)S is one of the seriolls health and social problems the world is facing 10 day. The epidemic is unique in its deuQS1Qting impact on the social, economic and demographic development. III Ethiopia. the highest rltllnber of AJ[)S cases was reported in the age group 2 0-39 in I he year 2003. ThIS fOCI revealed that most of the infections OCCUlTed much earlier during the period ofyuJth. IJas l researches have focused on knowledge about condonl d is tn'bution, pattern oJ condom utilization, . sexual violence, knowledge, altitude and practice of HIVI AIDS and knowledge and sexual behavior 011 IIIVI AIIJSI STDs. Little is known, however, about correlates of youth sexual activity , ris /cy sexual behavior and factors that motivates youths to engage in sex. This study, therefore, addresses the sexual risk taking behavior among youths aged 15-24 who are of particular interest given the fact that HIV is mainly transmitted through sexual contact.' The study was aimed at exploring the sexual behavior of youths in the city of A. Jassa. A sUl'IJey was conducted involving 383 unmarried youths aged 15-24 in the year 200S using a stll1ctured questionnaire. Multinomial regression was used to examine whether different p rediclor variables were associated with sexual risk fa ctors for HIV infection. Descriptive analyses of respondents' characteristics were made to obtain a general description of sexual ris k behavior. According to Ihe analyses majon'ty of the youths had never had sex and those who have ever had sex were se:n.lOlly aclive occasionally. Despite the fact that most of the youths were aware of IIIVI AJ[)S. considerable prop011ion oj the respondents had misconception regarding hal/} the virus con he ( . transmitted. The regression analysis re vealed that household s ocia economic stat"·s wasJound to have an influence on sexual risk taking behavior oj youths. FurthelIDore, living an'Ollgements of youths explains the van'alion in risk taking behavior i.e. living with both parents in the past and currenlly were protective fa clors frOTH sexual risk. J\10reover, current religiosity was also a protective faclor from sexual risk taking behavior. Nevertheless, involvements in other behavioral risks and engagement in economic activities during the nlOnth prim' to the survey were found to be s igm/icanl in increasing the likelihood oj risky sexual behavior. 13ased on t he findings of lhe study a better and widespread public educalion on fIlV I AIDS, expansion oj sexual health services for unmarried yO/lII1" and implementation of programs that are inlended to enhance household slandard of living w ere commented. A policy issue lhal m;ghl em.erge from this sludy is lo open opportunities in the area where parents, healthcare providers, the school and religious leaders can guide .I'U1(II!.\ on making responsible decisions esp ecially on se.>..:ual iss ues.
Adoption and Implementation of Waste Water Treatment Technologies: The Case of Textile Industries
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Tegegne, Ameha; Senbeta, Dr. Feyera
Adoption and impact of environmental management technology: the case of waste water treatment technologies in textile industries Ameha Tegegne Addis Ababa University, 2019 Industrialization, although a promising tool to pool out many societies from poverty and enhances economic growth, is featured by different environmental consequences like pollution. Ethiopia’s commitment to boost industrialization in order to achieve the middle income status plan by 2025 prioritizing the textile sector has brought about fast growth of textile industries which are known for their high polluting nature. Besides the adoption of waste water treatment technologies in textile industries to prevent water pollution, implementation of these technologies is not done accordingly and the result is far below the national expectation, water pollution due to discharge of untreated waste water from textile industries is increasing with time. This study is therefore intended to explore the implementation status of adopted treatment technologies in Ethiopian textile industries and identify challenges related to their implementation. Qualitative approach was employed in this research and data was collected via interviews, site visit/observation, notes from informal discussions during visit and open-ended questions. Results of the analysis showed that lack of environmental awareness and technical support from pertinent institutions, lack of treatment chemicals and spare parts, poor enforcement of environmental laws and lack of commitment both from industries and environmental governing bodies to do accordingly are main causes for poor implementation status of adopted technologies. Accordingly, it is concluded that environmental issues are not properly addressed to all key players that there is lack of integration among them and due attention is not given to the problem at all levels. It is therefore recommended that all concerned bodies particularly governmental regulatory bodies to do their utmost efforts in enhancing implementation of adopted technologies through providing support to textile industries, facilitating local manufacture of treatment chemicals, formulate an environmental organ at national level who own and responsibly manage environmental issues accordingly.
Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices: Determinants And Challenges in Gerar Jarso Woreda of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Beyene, Tewodros; Assefa, Engdawork (PhD)
Ethiopia’s low level of economic development with its heavy dependence on rain- fed agriculture, which is the sector most vulnerable to climate change make the country susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change. To counter this, several measures have been suggested in attempts to reduce the vulnerability of smallholder farmers who are the worst affected by changes in climate. One such intervention is climate smart agriculture (CSA), which is probably one of the most viable and sustainable option. It offers triple wins; Mitigation and adaptation measures to climate changes and sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes. However, the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices is far below the expectation. Thus, this thesis answers why some farmers practice it while others not. To address this general question a study was conducted with objective to examine factors affecting adoption of climate smart agricultural practices in Gerar Jarso woreda of Oromia region. Mixed research method design was employed in order to conduct this study. Household questionnaire survey (N=201), focus group discussion, key informant interview and field observation were used to collect data. Logistic regression model was employed to identify key factors that influence adoption of climate smart agricultural practices. The result showed that sex of household heads, education level of household heads, off-farm income , livestock number , farmers’ field day participation, knowledge on environmental regulation , access to extension services and being member of organizations were positively correlated and significantly determine adoption of CSA practices. Therefore, the findings of the promising demographic , socio-economic, and institutional factors should be given to capitalize by the Woreda Agriculture and natural resource development office and other concerned bodies to enhance farmers’ adoption potentials of the study area. Moreover, before expanding CSA practices in other areas of Ethiopia, addressing the implementing obstacles by establishing enabling local environments through enhancing farmers’ implementing capacities and incentives to implement is crucial. Keywords: Adoption, Climate change, Climate smart agriculture, Determinants, Gerar Jarso
Adoption of Forage Innovation in Smallholder Farming Systems: A Case Study in Kalu Woreda Of South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Damtie, Yimam; Simane, Belay (PhD)
Livestock development and production is constrained and challenged by recurrent feed shortage. Forage innovation is proposed to minimize feed shortage for the livestock sector and it is also recommended to control soil erosion and land degradation. Even if the level of adoption is limited, the introduction' of the innovation is not a recent phenomenon in the country. The main emphasis of this study is to assess major feed resources and to identify determinant factors, constraints and challenges of adoption of forage innovation in smallholder farming systems. Kalu is one of the districts where smallholder farming system is practiced. It is one of the 15 administrative districts in South Wollo Zone of Amhara Regional State. In the study, analysis was made using primary data collected from 120 sample households selected through systematic random sampling from purposively selected six Kebeles. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data collected from the sample households using structured questionnaire was supplemented by data collected from key informants and focus group discussants. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis (chi-square and ttests) were used to describe the sample households' socio- economic, institutional and adoption characteristics; and to test statistical significance of variables that influence the households' adoption decisions. In addition to the statistical tests a logit model was employed to identify determinant factors in adoption of forage innovation. The major feed resources identified were crop residues, weeds, aftermath and grazing pastures. The smallholders manage and control feed resources through collecting and piling crop residues and hays. Forage adoption is started 25 years before in the district. The land allocated and the priority given to grow forage species is limited. The adoption decision is mainly constrained and challenged by uncontrolled grazing and water shortage. Labor shortage, land shortage, literacy le vel; market access, credit delivery, and forage seed have limited impact to challenge and constrain adoption of forage innovation. The logit result shows that from different factors hypothesized to determine adoption of forage innovation, dairy production, beef fattening, contact with extension agents, forage related training, inviting farmers to grow forage species, distance from towns, water and free grazing are found to be significant. The use of cross-bred cows in the dairy production activities has positive and determinant effect on adoption of the technology so that the shift to improved- bred should be a sustainable endeavor. The result also has implication for policy makers, researchers, policy implementers and non- governmental agencies to take their parts in minimizing the constraints and in enhancing the potential for adoption of forage innovation so that the productivity of the livestock sector is increasing.
Adoption of Physical Soil and Water Conservation Structures In Anna Watershed, Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2006-08) Ertiro, Habtamu; Bewket, Woldeamlak (PhD)
The objectives o.lthis study were to describe soil conservation measures introduced to the area and to investigate holl' farmers have adopted introduced conservation measures. It also aimed to assessfactors that affect farmers' adoption. The data for the study came mainly fi'omfarmers in the study catchment. Itll'as analyzed using 1\1'0 methods: descripti1'e and regression methods Soil conservation measures intrndllced to the area can be grouped into three depending on tile land use type ill which they are installed. The first: soil conservation measures on cultivated{telds, these are the most dominant ones. They include, soil bunds and fanya juu. The second: soil conservation measures on degraded hillsides, they include area closure, hillside terrace, micro-basin!; and plantations. The third: soil conservation measures to rehabilitate gullies. they include Brash \I'ood check-dams and Rockfi/ll loose rock check-dams. Farmers responded to soil conservation measures introduced on cultivation fields differently. From J I 0 respondents. 53% removed conservation structures completely. 20% removed selectively and the remaining 21% of the interviewee retained these structures in their original state. [t was found that farmers ' decision to remove completely, to remove selectively or retain in the original state is influenced by different factors. Farmers that perceive the problem of soil erosion belieI'. plan to continue in the farming. and tl)' new technologies are 1I10re likely to retain conservation structures. Likewise, farmers that cultivate their uwn !ands, attended soil conservation trainings and those perceived traditional conservation measures to be less effective in retaining soil erosion compared (0 the iniroduced soil conservation technologies are more likely to make decision to retain conservation structures installed on their .fcll'lnland. On the contrm)" Ftrl17erS that are old, having large farmland, plowing black soil and involved in o/ffarm activities are less likely to retain conservation structures. Different measures need to be undertaken to address the problem of low level of adoption o.f conservation structures. Appropriate conservation measures need 10 be found out ins'fead of heavy reliance on the physical conservation measures especially on cultivation fields. Farmers also need to be made aware ol rhe economic significance of soil erosion on the cultivated fields belieI'. Farmers that lack required labor need to be provided with sZlpports that enable them to nilain conservation structures. Farmers that try new technologies by themselves on their own land also need to be targeted.Farmers need to be provided with trainings on impact of soil erosion and available conservation measures. Information on inejjectiveness of traditional conservation measures has to be disseminated among Flrmers. Furthermore, farm ers have to be made remain on the agricultural sector, by making the sector more productive. and cultivate their own land.
Adoption of Wheat-Chickpea Double Cropping and Its Impact on Yield and Farm Income in Becho Woreda, South West Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Haileyesus, Desalegn; Mekuriaw, Dr. Abate
Adoption of wheat chickpea double cropping is one of the measures presumed to enhance productivity and farm income given potential compatibility of the crops. Double cropping maximizes benefit from same area and season in suiting twice harvest in a single season. In light of this premise, this study was initiated to analyze adoption status of wheat-chickpea double cropping, factors affecting the adoption and its impacts on yield and farm income of farming households s in Becho Woreda, South West Shoa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. The study used cross-sectional data collected from 203 smallholder farm households selected through two-stage stratified random sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. Probit model and propensity score matching method (psmatch2) were employed to analyze determinant factors of the adoption and the impact of adoption on yield and farm income, respectively. The binary probit model result indicated that sex of household head, farmer type (model or non-model), total tropical livestock unit (TLU), training on double cropping, access to improved seeds, access to broad bed maker(BBM) and access to fertilizer were significant factors affecting the likelihood of adoption of wheat-chickpea double cropping positively and significantly. But, involvement in non-farm income had negative and significant influence on the likelihood of adoption of wheat-chickpea double cropping. The result of the psmatch2 estimation showed that adoption of wheat-chickpea double cropping has significant impact on yield and farm income of the treated households compared to the control groups. The result showed that, treated groups harvested average wheat yield of 21.2 Q/ha ,while the control groups harvested average wheat yield of 14.2 Q/ha with a difference of 6.9Q/ha. In line with farm income, keeping other farm income constant for both the treated and controls; the treated households earned average annual farm income of about 22,692 birr per year from sale of both wheat and chickpea as adopters while the control smallholders earned average farm income of 4128 birr from sale of wheat as non-adopters (mono-croppers) at statistically significant level (t=3.46 for yield and 5.34 for farm income). The findings suggest that, Ministry of agriculture (MoA) and its relevant stakeholders need to focus on promoting double cropping practice as one feasible measure in Vertisol dominant areas so as to exhaust the opportunity from the cropping system. The promotion of the double cropping system need to be supported by the provision of proper training on double cropping, better access to improved seeds, better access to efficient broad bed maker (AYBAR brand or better),efficient support in livestock productivity, and better timely access to recommended fertilizer. Key words: Adoption, Determinant Factors, Double Cropping, Farm Income, Yield

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