College of Development Studies

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Urban Poverty and the Survival Strategies of The Poor in a sella Town, Oromiya National Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 9-06) Debebe, Sisay; Mulugeta, Solomon
Poverty is multi-faceted issue and deep-rooted in Ethiopia. The country is among the world's poorest nations in terms of human development index. The incidence of poverty in urban center of Ethiopia has been growing fast over the last few years as compared to the rural area. The main emphasis of this study is to assess the level and status of urban poverty and survival strategies of poor households in Asella town. Asella is the capital city of Arsi zone in Oromiya regional state. In this study, analysis was made using primary dala collecled Fom 300 sample households selected through systematic random sampling Fom purposively selected six Kebeles of the town. Structured questionnaire was used to collect pertinent data form the household,. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis (ch -square test) was used to describe the sample households' demographic and socio-economic characteristics; and to test statistical significance benveen poor and non-poor household for some calegorical variables. In addition to the statislical tests a Logit model was employed 10 identifY determinants of urban poverty. COSI of basic need (CBN) approach and poverty indices compulalional formula were also used to identifY the magnitude, incidence, and depth of poverty in the town. The researchfolll1d out that food poverty line and total poverty line for the area are 1506.28 Birr and 2271.86 Birr per adult per year, respectively. Both the food and the total poverty line for the area are higher than the national poverty line calculated for all urban areas in the country. The incidence, depth and severity of urban poverty calc lila led for the areas are 69%, 33%, and 18% respectively while for the food poverty line are 63%, 27% and 15%, respectively. In the study, Variables that are positively correlated Wilh the probability of being poor are: sex, size of household and chronic diseases incidence in Ihe household member. Variable negatively correlated with probabilities of being poor are income, educational level, marital status and hOl/sing lenure. The Logit result shows that Fom different factors hypothesized to determine poverty variables like; sex, f amily size, monthly income, educational level of household head, and chronic diseases incidence in the household member significantly affect the incidence of poverty in the town. The result also has implication for policy makers, researchers, policy implementers and non-governmental agencies to take their parts in minimizing the incidence of poverty. The majority of poor household heads' monthly expenditure by far exceeds their monthly income. To close the gap between their fixed incomes and ever rising expenditure of basic needs, poor households in the town practice various survival and orl coping mechanisms which include: engagement of family members in various informal activities, selling of personal possessions, selling of household assets, renting oul property, leasing part of their dwellings to others, moving from higher rent residential to cheaper residential areas, taking loans from friends orland relatives, sending children abroad, reducing the quality and quantity offood consumed, and reducing number of meals il1lake per day.
The Problems of Rural Water Supply in Asosa Woreda, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 201-06) Musa, Abdulkerim; Aberra, Yohannes (PhD)
Water is one of the basic necess iti ~s for survi val and soc io-economic deve lopment, and access to safe water and adequate sa nitation is a uni versal lIeed ami basic human right. The lacks of access to improve drinking water still a serious problem in many As ia and African countries. However, it is lacking in most of rura l areas of Asosa woreda in general and the two study kebeles in paliicu lar. In addit ion to limited provi sion of this bas ic service in the study area, sign ifica nt numbers of watcr supply schemes that cont ribute for service coverage arc also poorly managed; provide service with problems and others llIal-fullctioning at any ti me. So, the study has tried to fi nd so lut ion for rural water su pp ly to continucd services for long. In order to obta in the required information, that the objective of the study, sampl ing techniques were employed. In ca rrying out the study, the researcher se lected 70 HH beneficiaries. Data obtai ned frolll HH survey were mainly analyzed quant ita ti ve ly wh ile in format ion from FGDs, KII, and observation were analyzed qua litat ive ly to supplement data from HH survey. As far as the fi ndings, the survey resuits fo und that the lack of proper managi ng or functionality of the scheme.s or lack of protected springs have been major prob lems and for seeable bottlenecks in the study area and the majority of communities in the study area whi ch 86'10 depend all ull safe water sources and covering these large segments of the commun ity in the short period of time and in foreseeable future could be a challenge. So, the cOlllmu nity should be given awareness rind gel supported on safe use of unprotected water sourccs such as boi ling, before use and through provision of chemi cal disinfecta nts so that they arc rescued from water-born and water-re lated hea lth problems. Besides, cleaning and clearing of unprotected water sources to minimize the infestat ion of microbes and other mi cro-orga ni sms are also importa nt. In addition, most of the schemes are also found poorly managed poor qua li ty and provide services with problems. The survey resul ts revea led that schemes are managed by communit ies through water cOlllmittees wl:o are respoll sib le is given or Ill:lnagcd by.
The Manpower Approaches to Educational Planning : The Erhiopian Case
(Addis Ababa University, 1976-04) Teklu, Tesfaye
Technical Assistance in Ethiopia With Specific Reference to Undp's country ·programme technical assistance
(Addis Ababa University, 1982-05) Bekele, Narddos; Mulat, Teshome (PhD)
Dry Matter Production And Distribution by Two Maize (Zea Mays.L) Hybrids And Their Parental Lines
(Addis Ababa University, 1982-05) Debelo, Aberra; Makonnen, Dejene (PhD)
A study of dry matter accumulation and N, P distribution and , ther agronomic characters was conducted on two hybrids of maize (Zea mays ~.) and their parental lines. Highly s i gnificant di fference was observed in total and ear dry matter accumulation among the genotypes, the growth stages and growth stage by genotype interacti on. The highest t otal and ear dry matter were produced a t the final stage of maturity. The analysis of l e af and stalk dry ma tter indicated that there was highly signj f '_'Oant difference among genotypes and growth stages. Howevere, there was no interaction. I n general a decreasing tendency of dry matter accumulation was observed in the non grain part as growth stage advancences. This loss is assumed to be due to trans location of carbohydrat~ B t o the grain late in the season as grain development advances. The associa tion bet ween l eaf number and total dry matter production was found t o be positive and significant (r= 0.86). 31 .4% and 68.6% averaged over all the geno types was grain and non grain , respectively. The transl ocati on of shoot dry matter into the ear indicated that H611 and its parental lines are more efficient than S.R. 52 and its parental lines. Highest harvest index of 0.44 and 0.43 was produced by H611 and SR52 , respective ly. Further more, an increasing and a decreasing trend of dry matter production was obs erved in the different plant parts as growth stage advances e xcept for the ear and ' grain . From this study it could be suggested tha t, Parental lines which .. L are effic~nt i n production and distribution of dry matter should be included in future breeding program t o produce high yi e lding hybrids.: The differences observed in the production and translocation of dry matt er aft e r flowering suggested that genotypes having such characters are very impor tant. Eventhough, it is imposible to point out a particular growth stage a t which hybrid vigor is expres ssed , insect pests , diseases , moisture and mutri ent deficienci es which affect the rate o f l eaf development should be ~void e d· inorder to have a healthy plant growth for muximum yie ld production.
Analysis of Household Consumption Patterns in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 1982-06) Aredo, Dejene; Mulat, Teshome (PhD)
The point o f departure o f this study was a n examination o f the limita tions o f the traditi onal appr oach t o consump ti on a nalysis in the developinG countries . An a l ternative appr oach was developed a nd applie d t o the socio- e c o nomic r ealities o f pos t-revolutionary Ethiopi a . The appr onche ' permitted one t o a nalyse h ousehold c onsumption pat t er ns o f the c ountry fr om diff erent aneles. The s t~ tly suggested that th os e who a r e c oncerned with c onsumption planning Gould be able t o contribute more t o t he de velopment o f the national economy by r e c onsidering their appr oach t o the subject .
Grassland Composition and Current Livestock Feeding Systems in Nekemte Awraja
(1982-06) Taddese, Alemu; Abebe, Biru (PhD)
In thi s study , grassland compos ition and current livestock feeding systems practiced in Nekemte Awra j a were investigated. For the investigation of the grassland compositi on, plant materials from ninteen different sites of this Awraja wer e collected and identified. For the current livestock feeding systems practiced in the Awraj a, rep r esentat ive farmers were interviewed about the current li'ij'stock feeding systems practiced in their respective zones . As the r esult of this study shows , the vegetation of Nekemte Awraja changes with ~hange in elevation and based on this , the region is divided into three main e~ological zones, namely : Highland , Medium altitude and l owland zones. A total of 36 grasses, f our legumes, four s edges and 24 tree species were identified for the region. During the survey soil samples were also collected and analysed and the r esults are incluged. Grasses such as Andropogon abyssin i cus , Cynodon dactyl on , Pennisetum Schimperi and Fennisetum glabrum were dominant in t he highland zone of Nekemte Awr aja. ayarrhenia hirta, Hyparrhenia rufa and Sporobolus natalensis Commonly occur in the medium a ltitude zone . Penni se t um Schimperi and Pennisetum g l abrum were also f r equently f ound in this zone. I n the l owl and zone of this region Hyparrhenia species s uch as ~arrhenia diplandra, Hyparrhen i a antistirio i des and Hyparrhenia Collina were large l y grown . In general, grasses of good grazing va lue were found in larger proporation in the highland zone . The proportion of l egumes in all of the grasslands s tudied was very low. Soils in this Awraja in general are strongly t o moderately acidic . Phosphorus in these soils is low t o very low , organic carbon and total nitrogen are medium to high. In Nekemte Awraja , mixed farming is practiced , but farmers are engaged more in the production of cereal crops for family subsistance. Livestock are raised for draft purpose and to provide money in case of emergency. In this region , fire is used as the only tool of pasture management system. Fodder conservation method for the dry s eason feed is virtually unknown. Cattle in this region mainly feed on natural pastures. 'Atela' (a residue from preparing 'tella' or 'araki ' ), teff straw, boiled barley and finger millet bread are given mainly t o oxen and milking cows as a supplimentary feed.
Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in Healthy Ethiopian School Children
(Addis Ababa University, 1982-06) Gebre- Mari am, Zinabu; Belehu, Ayele (PhD)
Serum conc ent r ations of immunoglobulins 19G, 19A and 19M in 258 healthy Et hiopian school children and 82 healthy adults residing in Addis Abeba were measured by the r adial immunodi ffusion t ec hnique . The r esults a r e presented as geometric mean values in mg/100 ml and as percent of the adult mean val ues. A statis- • tical analysis showed that the 19G a nd 19A concent r a tions at ages 8 and 7 r espectively were lower than the adult values . The infe renc e drawn from these r esults is that the 19G and 19A l evels do not r each the adult l e vel until a fter the age of 8 and 7 r espective l y . In c ontras t the 19M l evel was found to reach t he adult l e v e l before the age of 7 . No truly significant differences we r e observed in immunoglobulin l evels which could be attributed to se x , intestinal pa rasitic infection or socio-economic status . The mean values for IgG and 19M obtained from this study were found to be higher than the r e ferenc e values being used in the country a t the mome nt. I t is thus suggested that mean immunoglobulin conc entration val ues obtained from this s tudy be used as r e f e r ence values until furth e r study is made and more r e fined r e f e rence value s ar e set .
Rural Institutional Refort1s in Post-Revolution Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba university, 1982-07) Teka, Tegegne
Monopole Synchrotron Radiation and Electron-Monopole Scattering
(Addis Abeba university, 1983-06) Kassahun, Fesseha; V. Davydov, V.(PhD)
The power radiated per harmonic into a unit solid ang l e by a monopol e in uniform c ircul ar moti on i s computed . Then t he pol arizati on of monopole synchrotron radiation is investigated, and found to have certain distinct f eatures compared with that of electron synchrotron r adiation . This, we hope, may serve as a theoretical background i n the search fcr monopoles. Finally, the energy transferred from a scattered monopole to an e l ectron initially at rest i s determined
The Production and Iiiarketing of Oilseeds in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 1984-06) Tamiru, Nigussie; Niokola, Tennssia (PhD)
Characteristics Influencing Usage of Modern Contraception
(Addis Ababa University, 1989-05) Kebede, Fekreab; Pickering, Joyce (PhD)
A case control study has been conducted in Tegulet and Bulga Awraja/district, Northern Shoa Administrative Region. The purpose of the study was to assess the various characteristics influencing modern contraception usage among users as compared to never-users and dropouts from family planning clinics. A total of 848 women ages 15 - 49 were interviewed. Among these, 41.4% were users while 42.1% and 16.5% were never-users and dropouts, respectively. In addition, husbands of 150 users , 115 never users and 49 dropouts were interviewed. Examinat i on of the various socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics showed significant differences in most of the variables between users and never-users. compared to never-users, users were older (mean age 27.1 years versus 25.9 years), more likely to be married (56% versus 47%) or divor ced (31% versus 25%), have a higher mean educational level (grade 5.3 versus 4.8), are more likely to work outside the h orne for cash payment (43% versus 28%), belong to the high income class (30% versus 17%) and have more chi l dren (2 live- children or more) (72% versus 45%). The vast maj ority of use r s (95%) s cor ed 3 and above in modern contrac ept i on knowledge whereas only 51% of the never-users scored so h igh . Ni nety per cent o f the users' husbands scored 3 and above on modern contraceptive knowledge while only 71 % o f never-us ers' scored this high. A higher approval of modern contraception and sex education to school children was s een among users' husbands (99% and 88%, respectively) as compared to never-users (77% and 74%, respectively) . Husband-wife communication on family planning was significantly higher among users (41%) than never-users (15%). Of the v ariables tested between users and dropouts very few signifi cant differences were demonstrated . Current users had u s ed modern contraception f o r a mean period of 23 . 5 months while dropouts had used it for a mean period of 17.9 months. A higher proportion of dropouts were found to be dissatisfied with the method refill interval compared to users (1 9% versus 10%).
The Occurrence and Determinants of Motor Vehicle Injuries in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa Univerisity, 1989-05) Dessie, Taddele; Larson, Charles(PhD)
This is a study of hospital treated motor vehicle injuries occurring in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Injuries are desc ribed in terms of their circumstance, type, and consequence . Drivers caus ing injury and their vehicles were compared with randomly selected control drivers in order to identify important driver and vehicle determinants of injury. The investigation was carried out between August 21, 1988 and November 12, 1988. During the twelve week period of study, 1050 hospital treated injuries were identified, for an overall incidence density of 279.4 per 100,000 person years. The mortality rate was 17.6 per 100,000 populati on per year and these fatalities accounted for an estimated 11,154 years of potential life l ost before age 65. The annua l vehi c le inflicted injury i ncidence density rate was 94 .6 in j u r i es pe r 1,000 cars registered. The majori t y ( 90 . 6%) of the injured we re pedestrians and 48.9% were between 11 and 30 years of age. The commonest body parts affected was multiple parts (43.6%), the extremities (26.5%) and the head (22.0%). The most frequent type of injur ies were l acerations (42.1.%) and fractures (14.9%). Driver characteristics plac ing an individual at increased risk of inflicting injury were mal e gender, under age 25 with less than 5 years driving e xperiences , a nd being pri vately employed with a taxi o r sma ll bu s d ri vers licence. Elevated risks were also f ound fo r the following motor vehicle v characteristics; buses, taxis, privat e ownership, and less than 5 years on the road. Based upon a multiple regression ana l ysis for the prediction cf motor vehicle injuries, the mos t important predictions in order of their strength of association were found tc be; motor vehicle age, drivers age, drivers gender and motor vehicle type. This study has documented the high motor vehicle morbidity and mortality rates occurring, male population of Addis Ababa. in particular, among the young ~ Several driver and vehicle determ inants of t his important public health problem have been identified,and recommendations have been given for the planning of future preventive programs, safegurding and educating the road user.
The Occurrence and Determinants of Motor Vehicle Injuries in Addis Ababa
(1989-05) Dessie, Tadele; Larson, Charles
This is a study of hospital treated motor vehicle injuries occurring in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Injuries are desc ribed in terms of their circumstance, type, and consequence . Drivers caus ing injury and their vehicles were compared with randomly selected control drivers in order to identify important driver and vehicle determinants of injury. The investigation was carried out between August 21, 1988 and November 12, 1988. During the twelve week period of study, 1050 hospital treated injuries were identified, for an overall incidence density of 279.4 per 100,000 person years. The mortality rate was 17.6 per 100,000 populati on per year and these fatalities accounted for an estimated 11,154 years of potential life l ost before age 65. The annua l vehi c le inflicted injury i ncidence density rate was 94 .6 in j u r i es pe r 1,000 cars registered. The majori t y ( 90 . 6%) of the injured we re pedestrians and 48.9% were between 11 and 30 years of age. The commonest body parts affected was multiple parts (43.6%), the extremities (26.5%) and the head (22.0%). The most frequent type of injur ies were l acerations (42.1.%) and fractures (14.9%). Driver characteristics plac ing an individual at increased risk of inflicting injury were mal e gender, under age 25 with less than 5 years driving e xperiences , a nd being pri vately employed with a taxi o r sma ll bu s d ri vers licence. Elevated risks were also f ound fo r the following motor vehicle characteristics; buses, taxis, privat e ownership
HIV Seropositivity and Related Factors Among Prisoners in Dire Dawa
(Addis Ababa Univerisity, 1989-05) Kebede, Yohannes; Pickering, Joyce(PhD)
Handwriting: A Comparative Study of the Synthetic And Global Methods
(Addis Ababa University, 1989-06) Temelso, Haile; Gamta, Tilahun (PhD)
The main objective of this study was to find out whether or not the Global Me t hod is more effective than the Synthetic ' Iethod in the t eaching of handwriting. To achi eve this , an experiment , for which hundred subjects were selected, was conducted for six weeks. Out of the hundred subjects , ninety- five children in four groups attended the experiment. Two of the groups formed the Control groups and the other two , the Study groups. A pretest was given to both the Control and Study groups to det ermine if they had a significant difference in writing performance. Statistical computations, however, showed tha t there was no significant difference between the t wo groups in writing cursively. After six weeks, a post-test was administered to both the Control and Study groups. A t - t est at 0.5 l evel of confidence was conducted to determine the significance difference between the means of the two groups and the results showed that the Study groups performed better than the Control groups. A conclusion was drawn that the Global Method is more effective than the Synthetic Method in the teaching of handwriting. On the basis of the findings , it is recommended that children in the elementary schools be taught handwriting through the Global Method and tha t speed of writing be considered and increased without affecting handwriting l egibility adversely affected
HIV Seropositivity and Related Factors Among Prisoners in Dire Dawa
(Addis Ababa University, 1989-06) Kebede, Yohannes; Pickering, Joyce (PhD)
HIV antibody was detected in 27 of 450 prisoners (6.0%), in a crosssectional study carried out in the major prison of Dire DaHa district, in eastern Ethiopia. Syphilis was found to be very common in the prisoners. Overall, 31.6% of the prisoners had a positive VDRL. The rate in prisoners who were HIV positive HaS 63% or 17 out of 27. A concurrent diagnosis of syphilis was strongly associated with HIV seroposi ti vi ty. (Odd's ratio = 4.09 ). Recent admission to prison within the past three months was strongly associated with HIV positivity (Odd's ratio = 3.72); 21 of the 27 HIV positive prisoners had been in prison for less than three months. Factors found important in other studies on prisoners and AIDS, such as homosexuality and intravenous drug use were not found to be features of prisoners in Dire Dawa. Surprisingly, significant associations could not be proved between number of prostitute contacts or number of sexual contacts per month before prison and HIV positivity. Duration of residence in Dire Dawa tOlm, travel outside of Dire Dawa and number of l ong term sex partners before prison, were not found to be associated with HIV seropositivity . Likewise, no statistically significant correlation was found between HIV seropositivity and history of injections, dental extractions or immunizations in the past. Only 8 of the 450 prisoners (1. 6%) were uncircumcised. Al though one of the eight was HIV positive, no relationship was found between the circumcision state and HIV infection. That all 27 HIV positive prisoners had been in prison shorter than 12 months with 21 of them (77.8%) imprisoned for less than three months, suggests that the epidemic in Dire Dawa may be of recent origin. The high prevalence seen in prisoners in Dire Dawa likely reflects infection in the surrounding community, and are a cause for serious concern.
Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior (KAB) on mV/AIDS/STDs Among Workers in the lnformal Sector ill Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 1990-10) Abera, Zenabu; Habtemariam, Gebremaskal (PhD)
This study targeted to assess knowledge, attitude and behavior (KAB) on HIV/AlDS/STDs among workers in the informal sector in Addis Ababa. The study is based on the sample of J J 77 respondents. The eli gibi li ty criterion for the selection of respondents is based on the definition of workers in the Informal Sector as adapted from CSA and MOLSA survey. This work discusses the sampling procedure employed and the quality of data and examines the relationship between knowledge, attitude and behavior and selected background characteristics using univariate, bi-variate, and multipl-variate statistical techniques of data analysis. In multi- variate analysis, logistic regression model has been employed. The dependent variables were tested against the independent variables: age, marital status, place of work and sample area and sex were used as useful variable. The findings indicate that there is a positive relation between knowledge about HIV/AIDS/STDs and educational level. In self-reported STD infection, rel atively high rate was exhibited with increase in educational level. Education by itself doesn't guarantee for behavioral change. Males were more infected by STD than females . Attitude towards the disease was found to be lower for females than males. Misconception in the mode of AIDS transmission was higher in the study population. The study has found that the youth, working in the core business area and outside home need target oriented intervention. Finally, the study concluded by suggesting recommendations, general and specific, that may help to enhance awareness, attitudinal and behavioral change among the study population.
The Predictive Validity of Secretarial Tests Given By The Institute of Educational Research in Addis Ababa University
(Addis Ababa Univerisity, 1991-06) Chalchisa, Desalegne; Yimer, Mekonnen (PhD)
Infant and Early Childhood Mortality in Shewa Region: An Investigation into the Levels and Differentials
(Addis Ababa University, 1991-06) Hagos, Assefa; Shah, M.R. (PhD)
Available evidellce show that 1I0t ollly is child mortality ill Ethiopia amollg the highest ill the world, there are also cOllsiderable differences ill chalices of survival a11l0llg children of differellt populatioll groups. Nevertheless, the different aspects of child mortality are still far from sufficielltly documellted. In an effort to fill some of the gaps ill this respec4 this study sought firs4 to detennille levels alld trends of child mortality usillg a 5 percellt sample of womell from the 1984 census data for Shewa region. Because of its cultural alld climatic diversity,Shewa provides all ideal settingfor such all undertakillg. Secolld, attempt was also made to filld out the differences in child survival in a uni- alld bivariate study followed by a multivariate analysis of the detem.illants of child mortality. Using the Trussell procedure, illfant mortality rate (IMR) is estimated as high as 101 deaths per 1000 live births for Shewa region. The correspolldillg child (,lJ,) and ullder five mortality (,Q,) are 73 and 167 respectively. This means that one out of every six children in the region failS to reach his/her fifth birthday. Furthermore, no improvement in child mortality in the recent past is detected- In the 1970s it remained COllstallt fluctuating around 160 deaths per 1000 live births for both sexes. When attelltion is focussed all the differellces in child mortality among different population subgroups, the expected strong negative relationship between child mortality alld education of mother is evidellt. aile revealing aspect of this study is the prevalence of strong regional difference in child mortality in Shewa region. Thus, the illcidellce of child death is much more frequent ill the three south em Awrajas of Haikoch-Butajiru, Kembata-Hadiya and Chebo-Gurage than in the central Awrajas of Menageshu, Selale alld Tegulet-Bulga. Moreover, child survival advantages of the Amara ethllic group over that of the Gurage, Christialls over Moslems alld the currently married women over other marriage categories are observedIt emerged from the study that acquirillg more pertillellt data, expalldillg educatiollal opportunity for womell, redressillg the regiollal imbalance ill child mortality will go a IOllg way ill reducillg child mortality ill this country

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