Center for rural, local and regional development studies

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Indigenous Institutions and Local Development Initiatives: Case Studies from Selected Gurage Areas of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 1999-06) Assefa, Getinet; Aredo, Dejene (PhD)
This paper attempts to investigate the raison d' etre and development implications of indigenous institutions. The meaning of institution and indigenous institutions is provided in the context of the available literature and the study area of the paper. The explanatory power of institutional theories has been assessed and attempt is made to give a theoretical explanation as the background to the existence of institutions that are based on the customs and traditions of local people. A model of institutional design is also developed in the context of the situation in the study area to show the place and relative contribution of indigenous institutions in promoting development at the local level. Based on a systematic examination and analysis of the various functions of fourteen different indigenous institutions identified in the study area, the paper shows that these institutions occupy a velY important place in the development actors network as well as the state and private-sector actors. Not only are indigenous institutions important in performing their own distinct functions in their specific localities, but also they playa significant role in promoting development by acting as collaborators to and intervention points for other government and non-government organizations.
Aspects of Decentralization Practices in Sidama Zone of the SNNP Regional State: A focus 011 Dale and Bensa Weredas.
(2000) Tassew, Bereket; G/Egziabher, Tegegne (PhD)
Sillce 1992, Ethiopia has embarked on extensive decentralization and regions have been givell extensive decision making power and responsibilities in administering their respective regions. J-/mv ever, if we understand decentralization as making governance closer 10 people and strengthening local/ wereda government little is done at wereda level. The silualioll in Sidama zone indicates that local government officials have no clear idea as 10 what belongs to Ihe wereda and what belongs to the higher level. The weredas have /illle or 110 aulollomy 10 plan and make decisions and no sources of revenue, which could be used, for local development activities. Moreover, they are highly dependent on zone for recurrent budget and the capital budget does not flow to wereda level. Regarding service delivery, although considerable expansion is witnessed, due to lack of standard and Cjuality problems most of the health posts and health centers could not be used for illlended purpose. Moreover, lillle allention was given to recurrent cost of the institutions lind I71QJljJ0l
Ngos Natural Resources Management Technologies: Their Adoption by Farmers with Evidence from Kindo Koisha Area, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2000) Giya, Ginjo; Singh, K.N.(Prof.)
NGOs have considerable experience in promoting and disseminating NRM technologies t hro ughout the world. In line with this, since the 1984/ 85 Sahelian drought, NGOs have introduced various NRM technologies to rehabilitate renewable natural resources in different rural areas of Ethiopia. SOS ( 'Save Our Soils') Sahel IUK international is one of slich environmental NGOs in Ethiopia. The major objective of th is paper was to exa mine whether farmers in the study area have adopted the SOS-Sahel initiated NRM technolog ies and some socio-economic and institutional factors affecting the adoption and sustainabi lity issue. Th e study was based on th e survey of 92 randomly selected HH heads from Kindo Koisha Wereda and other institutional data sources from project, local, regional and federal offices concerned with environment and NRM. The study has employed both descri ptive and qualitative analysis as methodological tools. The findings have shown that both the structural and agronomic NRM technologies were int roduced by the project. From among agronomic measures (multipurpose grasses and shade trees) and from structural measures soil bund were well adopted. For instance, the adoption level of technolog ies shows that out of the total fa rmers more than 93% adopted soil bund , 58% adopted grass strips and 50 % adopted shade trees. Training, labour availability, participation and access to hand tools were found to be highly affecting the adoption process in the study area. In fact, as compared to previous government intervention in the area the adoption is better due to improved participation (during implementation), favorable attitude of community towards the technologies introduced, better awareness creation and technical back-up services. Although the SOS-Sahel introduced NRM technology is high ly accepted in the study area its widespread repl ication and sustainabi lity seems requiring additional technical and material assistant. In fact, about 78.6 % of respondents covered in thi s survey showed interest to continue the intervention. However, some of them put material and technical pre-conditions to undertake conservation measures in a sustained manner. Hence, addressing socio-economic and institu tional arrangement such as additional training, access to hand tools, creating means for off-farm income sources, strengthening conservation work groups, improving basic social infrastru ctures like water supply, health facilities for human and animal and introducing agro-forestry and fuel wood saving mechanisms is necessary. In general the paper concludes by highlighting that SOS-Sahel /KRDP should design and implement a sound socioeconomic and in stitutional NRM package arrangements in addition to technical feasibility to ensure the sustainab ility of the NRM interventions. Finally, NGOs efforts to mange natural resources should be encouraged th rough clear sector/actor-NRM Pol icy/ strategy and its subsequent implementation proced ure which might be desig ned by Federal Environmental Protection Authority or government bodies concerned with NRM in SNNPR to ensure the lasting benefit from such NGOs intervention.
The Role of Married Women in Household Food Security:The Case of Kersa Kondaltiti Woreda, West Shewa
(Addis Ababa University, 2000-05) Amsalu, Fanaye; Rahmato, Dessalegn(PhD)
This paper is aimed at examining the role of women in household food security. The content, however, is confined to the realities in three kebeles of Kersa Kondaltiti Woreda. Kersa Kondaltiti is found in the West Sh ewa Zone of the Oromia Regional State. It is located 60 kms south of Addis Ababa on the main road to BLitajira. Results of the study have revealed that women in the area participate actively both in crop and in livestock production. However, they are denied of ownership of productive assets (i.e. land and livestock), and the fruit of their labor. They have little power on the decision of the selling and disposing of the income that is earned from the field crops and from the larger animals except their products,such as butter. This has resulted in the women having less purchasing power, which fiu·ther affects their participation in the market and in the household's access to food. In addition, it has been established that availability of women's labor is very essential to household food security in relation to the provision of processed food for consumption. Besides, fetching water, gathering fuel wood and grinding grain have been found to be ensuring factors for household food security. As a result, since most of women 's time is utilized by these daily activities their involvement in other income generating activities is restrained. The study has strongly established that the role of women in household food security is crucial, but that under the curtailing conditions for women - - the key actors - the desired food security could not be ensured.
The Survival and Growth of Micro Enterprises in Ethiopia: Case of two Peasant Associations in Baso Worcna Woreda, North Shoa
(Addis Ababa University, 2000-05) Abebe, Etsegenet; Ageba, Gebrehiwot (PhD)
This study aims at examining the general characteristics of rural micro enterprises, and factors determining their survival and growth in an area with chronically low agricultural output: Baso Worena Woreda, North Shoa Zone. Two peasant associations one accessible to major markets - Talak Amba- and the other with relatively little access located in the gorge - Atse Wash- are the focus of this study. Based on a survey conducted in the two Peasant Associations, the paper revealed that micro enterprises are sources of both employment and income for significant proportion of the households in the area. People mainly use the sector as an alternative source of income and employmelll to the agricultural sector. A wide range of activities are undertaken in the sector by different people, which illuminates the intense potentials it has. Owing to data constraint, the survival analysis focused only 'on micro entelprises operated by credit serviced households, who are mainly female. The main reason for the closure of female headed elltelprises based all descriptive analysis, is non - economic, while the economic reasons are confined to market and finanCial constraints. The paper compares the major differences and similarities of surviving and closed micro enterprises. On the other hand based on a general sample, using linear regression method the growth analysis also identified factors influencing micro entelprise growth in the area. Accordingly characteristics of the operator, the entelprise as well as the household have explained the growth of micro entelprises. The paper discusses this result in relation to the theol)1 established. Constraints faced by the operators were also investigated, accordingly the major problem of ME activities in the area are found to be finanCial, demand and input problems that affect them in the different stages of their life. Differences have also been found among different activities. Although the presence of few financial services indicated, [heir prospect seems limited. Besides, finanCial support alone doesn't ensure development of the sector, other technical support are found to be crucial. The government has given due emphasis to the sector in general. The micro and small entelprise development and promotion strategy seems promising to exploit the potentials of the sector. However, th e study area could not benefit much so far pam what is stated in the strategy. In general, the findings, indicate that the ME sector is an alternative source of income as well as employment in the area, that it shares some of the burden 011 the agricultural sector. However, much attention is required pam development practitioners to exploit the potentials MEs have.
Household Food Aid Targeting: the case of Antsokia-Gemiza wereda.
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-05) Solomon, Essete; Habteweid, Debebe (PhD)
This study aims at assess ing th e targeting efficiency in Antsokia Ge miza Wereda, in North Shewa. The study ba sed its obj ectives on th e hypothesis of household targeting prac tice s are not efficient in Antsokia due to the failure to exclude the non-eligible beneficiaries at the expense of eligible non-beneficiaries. Th e specific objectives are (i) to examine different targeting methods used to select beneficiary households of relief, (ii) to examine criteria used to set a threshold among beneficiary households, (iii) to estimate the targeting accuracy (error of inclusion and error of exc lusion) against its intended eligib le groups, (iv) to compare resource given to households with the 'idea/' ration (error of under supply and error of over supply) and finally (v) to assess major factors that affect targeting efficiency. Information gathered by empl oying a co mbination of prim ary and secondary data; th e study applied both qualitative and quantitative methods. Th e secondary data ga th ered from previously published materials wh ile the primary data based its information on the 200 relief distribution have been co llected from the sampled households h eads, interviews, and observa tio ns. Th e household survey app lied economic vulnerability indicators to identify household's 'eligibility' or 'ine ligibility' for relief aid. Th e major indices, i.e. livestock ownership, land holding, dependency ratio, off-farm in come, crop production and oxen own ership, were convert ed into a standard scale th e 'Z-score '. The study noticed that the current targeting mechanism in Antsokia wereda has proficient procedures, de sp ite actual practices impeded its e fficiency. It applied a co mbined administrative-community targeting method, the combina tion is advantageous to complement each other. Th e administrative targetin g decided th a t the eligibility indicator would be asse t ownership . However, the community targe ting found oxen ownership indicator easier to screen out eligible beneficiary households. The wereda implemented its selection factor (oxen own ership) with 14% inclusion and exclusion errors. Both pair of errors, inclusion/exclusion and over/under supply targeting errors are witnessed in th e relief targeting. The findin gs show that there was 32.5% error of incidence (using economic vulnerability indica tor) and 91.3% error of benefit. Th e major factors which determined the efficiency of targeting are: (a) DPPC approved below half of the wereda's relief request , (b) oxen ownership selection factor genuinely denied some of the food insecure and included th e food secure households, (c) the community targeting had been affected by favoritism and discrimination (d) the co mmunity refused to participate in the selection and (e) the beneficiary households did not get all their ration. Identification of the exact problems, tied with th e efficiency of targeting system s, is used to suggest practical and affordable methodologies for future intervention in the wereda and other we redas with similar features. Th e study recommended (a) to balance Ple dge and delivery (b) to construct additional warehouse to th e wereda (c) to extend th e se le ction factor from oxen ownership to related economic statu s indicators (d) to encourage th e community to participate in targ eting and (e)to strictly f ollow th e intended household/individual ration.
Institutional and Administrative Capacity for Development: The Case of the Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State: Efforts,Problems and Prospects
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-05) Bessie, Mulualem; Ayenew, Meheret (PhD)
Institutional and Administrative Capacity that should exist in the social, economic and political institutions has become one of the essential instruments of achieving any envisaged development policies and programs, and at the same time, sustains and supports the several processes of development. Consequently, capacity development is being considered as a prerequisite and a sine qua non for the commencement and success of development objectives and goals. After the demise of the Derg Regime, Ethiopia has launched on an unprecedented tradition of decentralization and regionalization. Concomitantly, the regional governments are entrusted with the legal powers of adopting and implementing development policies and programs. However, making of policies and programs require the availability of competent and efficient staff members and capable administration which almost all of the regional governments lack. The Problem of capacity is grandeur in the forlorn and marginalized peripheral regions of the country one of which is the Benishangul-Gumuz area that did not obtain due concern and attention by the past centralist power holders in Ethiopia. The impact of this capacity constraint has been poor planning, formulation and execution of development policies, programs, strategies, projects and budgets. Presently, although the region and the federal governments have been taking up numerous activities in order to redeem the capacity problems, especially in the area of human resource development through education and training, the problem seems untouched and unresolved, and in turn has negatively affected the development efforts of the region. This study has tried to pinpoint that the overall capacity development programs that have been carried out (be it regional or national) have not been wellplanned need-based, and very often ill-implemented. Moreover the study has identified that nepotism and favoritism have played significant roles in Ihe planning and implementation of training activities in the region. As to education, Ihe study has also . shown that quality deterioration in Ihe educalion system is overtly depicled in Ihe region which is true of Ihe country on the whole. In sum, since capacity problems would also resull in widening development disparity among regions, greater emphasis should be given to this aspect than ever. Among other options, devising differenl incentive systems of motivating, relaining and slabilizing Ihe available civil servanls and launching of massive infrastructure building programs by Ihe federal government in Ihe peripheral and under served areas appear as some of Ihe mosl important solutions to the prevailing capacity problems. If not, the poorer regions get poorer and the richer ones get richer which would in turn threatens the national integrity and unity of the country in the long run.
Community – Based Development Organization (A case study of Greo / Gpsdo in Sebat - Bet Gurage)
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-06) Debelle, Tadesse; Abebe, Teketel (PhD)
Potenti als exist in a community for undertaking local development. The study therefore aims at exploring the existence of this community potential with a view to base the findings as a rationale to promote part icipatory community local development initiati ves and sell~reliance or cOlllmunities in var ious regions of Ethiopia. Many times than not the fate of development of developing countries is decided by the ·'good wi ll" of the "west". These countries, either being a colony or ot herwise attached and entangled by ideo logical cables have their development agenda decided for them by the ciclcloped cou ntrie s. Hence. it can be argued that the political (ideological) climate of the ··center" decides the ri se and fall of the development process in the ·'peripheri es". Development theories propagated from the "center" to the peripheries since the 1960·s. Experience shnwp ,> "' -.:. the successive theories presc ribed proved infertile and at some instance completely went astray to the expected goal: where equity collided with modernization and vice versa, the role of the state and the free market. and now the globalization formula of unequal competition (survival of the fittest). Each development prescription did not meet the intended purpose. It rather aggravated the development process from worse to worst. Considering the period 1960 - 2000, the four decades in connection with development endeavor were yea rs of rather growing poverty, hunger. pestilence and war to developing countries in genera l and Ethiopia in particular. The developing countries becollle price takers as producers and sellers (of co urse agricultural products). It is still obsen-cd that the problems are gett ing aggravated and ramified day by day. For instance. the fertilizer debt burden in driving farmers crazy and even forces them to commit su icide.rh~ prubkm "'aus to various questions on what is "to be done?" Th is study tries to come out with possible local measures to with stand age- old problems. fight dependency and es tabli sh se lt~ re lian ce. Comminutes in different parts of the country can be taken as l'ocus 01' atte nt ion to at least alleviate local development problems. The success in trying to up root the hard pegged problems calls for an approach where by potentials of a community are pooled together to address fe lt needs. The conceptual frame works are designed to reflect these issues and conce rn s. Part icipation and se lf - reliance are the two theoreti cal frame works of the study. A case st udy of an organi zation GRCO (Gurage Roads Construction Organization) and its off shoot GPSDO (Gu rage People Self help Development OrganizationO) is undertaken to explore cOlllmunity potentials. The organi zations operate in SNNPR(Southern Nati ons Nationalities and peoples rL'gion)Guragc zone. The concept of part icipation depends on the nature, the extent. the means and the ends of different issues or disciplines. Participatory democracy. industrial democracy. managerial and administrative participation are issues of partic ipation forming diffe rent di sc iplines. Part icipation can also be viewed as a process and means or each independent 01' the other. Whatever be the implication, participation exists in an institution and structure. This study considers an insti tution 111 a community. As such it specifically refe rs to partici pation as {fu~. ~ttlf.-. lv./(/. (:oJ(e~(il!e. pr{i(}I.I .of (ll.tljvJ!IYf}(s. ill. {t. CJ)-'~lIP.uJ1i(y .. (0. Y!I {if!/:lq/fi!. !q(:t11.((l!y~(OjJ!I!e.I1J l'!·(!if!~·/:\.bY.I!(!(~/{IIR ~/U!jl: f}!fl..n:IJU!f! !'~~P!/tf.;e.JJpgl}t-'l.et· Participation in my research does not negate the explanation, as a normative concept, a statement of intent and bod ies of prescriptions (Yeraswork Admassie. 1995:44). Indeed. intentions and prescri ptions can be understood as processcs and actions or activ it ies to so lve community problems. The out come of the research is a participatory community local development approach to promote se lf-reliance ~Ind chalknge dependcncy. Self-re li ance is a co ncept. whi ch can take different perceptions tar ditlclc'nt issues 01' disciplines In thi s study self-reliance. does not necessarily mean se lf-suffi cient. Se lf-reli ance is undl'rslO(ld :IS Ihc fcc ling of dcpcndencc on ones own self and nol on (llhers. II is understood as a measure of achievement (local development) and creation of sel fcontidence of a community in a participatory development initiative. The organization of the paper is chapter I, introduction. Here I tried to ex plain the paradox of poverty (underdevelopment) amidst plenty in Ethiopia and the causes of underd eve lopment perta ining to developing co untries. The concept of "Community" and communit), based dCYelopmcnts and their institutions are highli ghted. Chapter I also include the background which tries to address development theories in general and community development in particular. Statement of the problem, objective and scope of the study are also included un der thi s chapter. Chapter II deal s with the conceptual frame works of th e study. whi ch is (i) participati on (ii) Self- reliance. Chapter III ex plains research design and methodology of the study. Primary data was coll ected from survey( questionnaire), interviews and focus-group disscuss ions .Secondary data was coll ected from available documents of the two organi zations considered for the case studv. I al so rcferred other relevant documents on community and development. The survey was conducted in Guragc zone. By multi -stage random sampling procedure IWO of the seven woredas in "Sebat-bet Gurage" were selected. Areket and Emdeber are the twoworeda towns of Gomar and Cheha respectively. The survey was fin ally ad mini ste red to fo ur kebeles randomly se lected two from each woreda . Purposive sampling procedu re was lulluwcd during interviews . In chapter IV the rcscmch area Sebt-bet Gurage is described from economic. political and cultural aspects. Chapter V describes the two community development organi zat ions se lected fo r thi s study. The most important part of this study is dealt in chapter VI .Findings of the research are di scussed in detail.lmpact assessment findings used as a measure of potenti al (ac hi c\'cment) is also included here. Chapter VII includes summary and conclu sion includes potential (achievement) is also included here. Chapter VII includes summary. conclusion and recommendation.
Determinant Factors That Influence the Use of Family Planning Among Eligible Couples in Rural Amhara: the Case of Bahir Dar Zuria Woreda
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-06) Hassen, Mohammed; Berhane, Yemane (PhD)
Rapid population growth is one of the major hindrances of societal development, which in most cases obse/ved in developing countries. Resource shortage, high rate of unemployment, high burden of dependency ratio, environmental degradation, etc, and an overall deterioration of the quality of life are sOllie of the outcomes of rapid population growth. Due to this governments of lIIany developing nations are unable to meet the social and economic needs of their people. In order to avoid problems caused by population growth, practicing of fclll1ily planning is one of the 1II0S/ papillar con/rolling methods used as a remedy. Limiting the number of children at household level is a first step to be taken that requires educating and encouraging rural eligible couples to have a Sill all family size. A cross-sectional survey was conducted all 140 couples, 70 currently users and 70 currently non-users in ten rural Kebeles using multi-stage stratify and random sampling techniques and the study was conducted to identify the influential factors for the use and non-use of modem contraceptives. Fac/ors identified as determinants were age of males, age during first marriage of females, education level of females, economic status of couples, knowledge about modem contraceptives and al/itude of couples, desired number of children of males, reasons given by males to have 1II0re children, decision making role of males and sex preference of children of couples. Providing consecutive education all fcUl1ily planning that enable to bring attitudinal and behavioral c/wnges of the rural couples would be much helpjitl to improve the pe/forl/wnce of falll it)! planning and thereby couples would have small family size, which is the main strategy to curb the rapid population growth that contributes to the achievement of development.
The Impact ofInadequate Cadastre System In Urban Development and Land Evaluation In the T own of N azreth
(Addis Ababa University, 2002-06) Tadesse, Daniel; Nath, Kailash (PhD)
The Livelihoods Reality of Micro and Small Enterprise Operators: Evidences from Woreda One of Lideta Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Yohanes, Mulugeta; Mahitame, Yirgalem (PhD)
This qualitative research was conducted at woreda I of the Lideta sub city in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with the overall aim of assessing the overall livelihoods situation of MSE operators specifically by examining issues related to context, capital assets, role of institutions, policies and processes, and finally the livelihood outcomes of working in MSEs. The study targeted those cooperative MSEs engaged in metal and wood work activities. The data generated to meet these objectives were collected via semi- stmctured interviews, key-informant interviews, focused group discussion, and non-participant observations, whi le subsequent analysis was done in light of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF). The studied operators and their MSEs were vulnerable to many contextual factors with both faci litative (such as the prevalence of rree market system, decentralization, federalist state stmcture, price ceiling, presence of general favorable policy environment and political leadership) and hindering ( like market shortage, misconception of the society, inflation, high and increasing price of inputs and basic commodities, poor access to social facilities and infrastmcture, tenure insecurity, inconvenient working place, and bureaucratic work procedures) roles. In relation to their level and access to various types of capital assets, the operators have relatively better access to and level of social, political, and human assets. It is also found that, although not equal to the level of possession of the previously-indicated three types of assets, the operators own a significant amount of financial and physical assets. A number of formal and informal governmental, non- governmental, private and commercial institutions have played helpful role during the establishment and operation of the studied MSEs through creating better policy environment, organizing the operators to form MSEs, credit and training provision, increasing the political capacity of members, and finally providing mutual support. Yet, some of the shortcomings associated with these institutions and with an adverse effect on the MSEs are inflexible working procedures, lack of commitment and responsiveness, and adopting unsuitable policies In due course, it was found that the prob lems challenging the targeted MSEs were market, institution, operator, MSE and society related. The reported outcomes of this li velihood strategy were increased income and household asset ownership, better access to food and health services, increased exposure and level of technical and other social skills, becoming a law-abiding, self-confident, self-re liant, and productive individual with enlarged social and political capacity. The study mainly suggests such measures as alleviating the market problem of the MSEs; improving the provision and current state of public infrastructures; and increasing the capacity of executives and the operators themselves.
Contributions and Challenges of Amhara Development Association to Community Development: The Case of Enemay Woreda; Amhara National Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-07) Gebeyebu, Degwale; Mandefro, Fentaw (PhD)
The Life-Experiences of Ethiopian Youth Returnees from the Gulf Countries; The Case Study of Saudi Arabian Returnees from Shirka Woreda of Oromiya Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-11) Abdurrahman, Ibrahim; G/Egzillbhcr, Tegcgne (PhD)
The phenomenon of return migration has been neglec ted in many st udies in Arrica ill general dnd Eth iopia in particular. Converse ly. there has been a growing recogniti on that migration. both internal and international, can one r an important directi on out of poverty for Illany people from develop ing co untries. Parti cularly. high-skilled return migration has thc potential to positive ly impact on development in our country in many ways including through the harness of the potent ial of acti ve (youth) portions or the soc iety who acti vc ly cngllged in cmigration. /\1,0. various studi es conducted among Asian. European and Mediterrancan return migranLs have shown Lhm many return migrants race serious probl ems in obtaining employment ullcr returni ng home. Evidentially, several months ago. there were ovcr 150,000 Ethiopians who wc re lorced LO return to home as a resu lt or the crackdown in the Ki ngdom targeting illegal foreign laborers/migrants. Besides, the repatriation was accidental and the incident was not projected. Particu larly. Ethiopian yo uth re turn migrants' later life at homc was ridd led with possibilities and challenges and they had signilicant impacts and prospec ts ror the development in the localitic, and regions LO where they return . I-Ience. their Imer socio-economic and psychological lilcexperiences, after the retu rn from the Kingdom, in their host communities required sc rUTin y. To th is end. the aim of this study was to exp lore the socio-economic and psyc hological lik experiences of Eth iopian youth Rellirnees !i'om the Gulf Countri es, the Case Study of Saud i Retu rnees ii'om Shi rka Worecla of Oromiya Regional State. Accordingly. key intfJl'll1ant ;nterview. locus group discussion and in-depth in terview were employed for this st udy. Several interviews conducted with 53 ( lin)' Lhrce) Eth iopian youth return migrants. Besides. Lhere were a total or nine (9) st' lec lcci hn indiv iduals and three ICU!),. r he sLuri), cmpluycd '1u.ll itati\'t; research approach and an exploratory research de sign respect ive ly. In add iti()n to Lh is. considering the time dimension , the study was cross-sectional ill nature. The select ion of Lhe respondents (interviewees) fo llowed snow ball sampling or non-pro bability sampling technique. To thi s end, the study analyzed the overal l sketch of return migration and its implications tc)r local development in the study arca in particul ar. The stuclyinclicated that there were changes in living standa rds/conditions of return migrants as compared to what they were belo re migraLion. Likewise. study p~rticipants asserted that the return migrants have been rucing challenges. especia lly with regard tolinding job opportuniti es. Thc study recomillends that gm Cril mc III ought to des ign and implement comprehen sive programlllcs such as post-arrival counseling. reintegration and business start-up support lor returnees to ensure a max imulll utili zation of their skills and resources tor the socia-economic development orthe co untry. Keywords: Rcturn migrants, Life experiences Saudi, Youth Ethiopian
Assessment of Community Development Practices: The Role of “Kale Heywot” Church Development Program in Selected Project Areas of “Gamo Goffa” Zones, Southern Nations, Nationalities And People Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Yaekob, Tadele; Belay, Hailu (PhD)
Despite the above efforts that have been made, experiences of KHCSWZDP in relation to genuine community participation, implementation process, decision making, project sustainability and partnership with other development actors are still under question. In addition in respect of EKHC the perception of local community was not fully grasped. Moreover, socio-economic benefits of its project are still under question. So, this study was believed to bridge the gap through focusing on assessing the role of the “Kale Heywot” Church Development program in terms of community participation and projects sustainability for target groups in South West Zone of “Gamo Goffa” zone. This research followed mixed-methods descriptive-design approach. Accordingly, observations, In-depth interview, focus group discussions and structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather information. The findings have shown that the “Kale Heywot” church of south-west zone development program has played a significant role in terms of community development. Moreover, its development approach is responsive to local needs and able to mobilize resources to support the poor, so that through empowerment and participation they will be released from the deprivation trap that they find themselves. The study also reveals that the KHCSWZDP has good linkages and network with other communities and partners. However, the study indicated that the intensity of community participation in decision-making is still low in certain cases. Meanwhile, the beneficiaries did not show a clear understanding of aspects such as project ownership. Finally, this study recommends that community participation should be maintained because it is the core activity contributing to beneficiary’s employment and grassroots institutional empowerment and an essential ingredient for sustainability of any development initiatives. Key words: KHCSWZ and KHC SWZDP
An Assessment of Local Government Service Delivery: The Case Of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation in Burayu City
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Leta, Girma; Gebre-Egziabher, Tegegne (Professor)
The estimated water service level of Ethiopia in terms of coverage, quantity, quality, and reliability is among the lowest in the world. Sanitation facilities are also in worst condition. Due to unreliability of safe and inassailability of safe and sufficient water supply and adequate sanitation facilities the estimated service level could be in much less situation. These combine effect of the poor water supply and sanitation facilities in the country have high impact on the economic development of the country and the living condition of the towns‘ communities (OWRMB, 2010). This study was conducted to assess the existing water supply and sanitation service delivery of Burayu city, Oromiya National Regional State, Ethiopia. To achieve the objective of the study, a total of 350 household heads were randomly selected and interviewed by using a semi structured questionnaire. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected through questionnaire, personal observation, and key informant interviews. In addition, different documents from secondary sources were reviewed. The collected data were analyzed using a descriptive statistics. The survey result revealed that the city water supply cannot fulfill consumer demand for water. Only 60% of the population have a water supply service from the city administration. Inadequate water source, electric power supply problem, lack of institutional capacity and budget shortage are the basic factors for this imbalance. In line with this, the most frequent complains by water customers were regular interruption of water supply, ill hospitability of the office and unfair water distribution. The collected data also showed that there is prolonged water shortage in two kebeles (Leku Keta and Gefersa Nono) of the city. Consequently, in order to narrow the supply and demand gap, expansion of water supply services that match with the town development must be carried out, the city water supply and sewerage service enterprise should devise a mechanism (such as increase production, using modern technology, using alternative power generation) so as to assure the equitable distribution of water among the residents and the concerned stakeholders (Ethiopian electric power authority, the city administration, NGOs) should discharge their respective responsibilities properly. Key words: local governance, service delivery, water supply, sanitation, Burayu city
Impacts of Informal Settlement on Development of Sebeta City
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Chaka, Shibru; Gudeta, Kumela (Phd)
The central focus of this paper is on exploring contents of the policy and respective legal provisions in relation to squatter settlement management, implementation gaps and challenges to implement the legal frameworks as well as assessed effects of the situations of squatting on development of Sebeta city. The coverage of squatters’ houses in the city is more than 51.16 percent of total residential houses in the city. The total population size of the city is estimated to 179,897. Mixed paradigm has been used with pragmatism world view. Four kebeles of the city administration were selected purposely based on location factors like land value differences with 384 sample informal settlers and open-ended questions were dominantly used not to limit ideas of the respondents. The prominent factors contributing for proliferation of informal settlements in Sebeta city are lack of clear urban land policies that could guide on how to manage squatting; unfair amount of displacement compensation (69.56 birr/m2 versus 1,250birr/m2 in informal market); and inability of the city government to provide title-deeds for old possessions and squatters in accordance with the law. In contrary to the findings of many studies conducted on similar areas, squatters in sebeta city are involved in squatting because of lack of access to formal land rather than economic poverty and other reasons. Majority of the informal settlements in sebeta city have almost equal access with formal settlements to basic infrastructures and services including roads, potable water, electricity, and shopping services. High proportions of the informal settlers in the city have occupied urban lands suitable for residence and can be used for any development purposes. Effects of the settlements are huge capital requirement for provision of infrastructures and services; government revenue reduction; violation of urban plans; uneconomical use of urban land and critical flooding which cumulatively hamper development of the city. The city government responses mainly focus on demolition. Since causes of squatting are variable as factors from government side and squatters themselves, demolition cannot be the best response. It adversely affects national economy, social development, and human right which finally may result in political instability.
Relationship between Premature Incorporation and Land Administration Performance; the Case of Small Cities in Oromia, West Hararge Zone.
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Bekele, Getahun; Woldegebriel, Daniel (PhD)
It is natural that number of cities and population size of cities have inverse relationship. Our planet has few cities with large population size and many cities which increased in number as the population size gets smaller. The data about cities in Oromia Region reflects the same phenomenon. In 2014, out of the 629 cities in the region, 46 (7.3%) and in West Hararge Zone, 2 of the 31 which was 6.5% met the criteria to form complete form of urban governance in relation to their population size (indirectly city size). From the 629 cities in Oromia, 529 (84.1 %) and in West Hararge Zone 25 (80.6 %) were cities of the least grades which are currently given the name Municipal City Administration or Growing Municipal City Administration. This study is conducted to justify that there was premature incorporation of small cities that affected Land Administration Performance. In doing so, it tried to answer the following two questions mainly. The questions are: ‘Were the small cities Prematurely incorporated?’ and ‘Was there significant relationship between land administration performance and city maturity level (expressed in terms of revenue collected by the cities)?’. In this study, both qualitative and quantitative approaches were applied. The study used data that ranged from 2005 to 2009 EFY. It was a longitudinal study. Nine cities which are serving as woreda administration seats were used as sampling frame of this study. The data was collected from all these cities. It was found that the cities were collecting about 53% of the revenue they planned to collect, the average annual budget gap of the cities was -5,327,069 Birr which was 2.68 times their average actual expenditure, fiscal gap of the cities were increasing from time to time, though revenue was specified as a criterion for incorporation, it was not considered accordingly when incorporating the cities, and the manpower in most of the cities was filled below 35% of their approved structure. The cities also lacked other logistics. The Kendall Tau-b and Spearman correlation analysis done also showed that there was moderate to strong association between revenue of the cities and their land administration performance. From these results, the study concluded that the small cities were prematurely incorporated and increase in revenue of the cities improves their land administration performance, though it is not the sole factor to do so. The study has forwarded recommendations. Among the recommendations forwarded were: due consideration shall be given to revenue while incorporating cities, types and standards of services based on city grades shall be prepared, the minimum share of capital expenditure in the cities shall be specified, the subsidy range that small cities get from woredas shall be clearly stated and the representation of the cities in the woreda council shall be reconsidered since the council is dominated by rural kebele issues. There shall be a policy which guides the regional urban development effort.
Challenges of Micro and Small Enterprises in Worabe Town, Silte Zone of SNNP Regional State of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-11) Jemal, Sirmolo; Hadaro, Filimon (PhD)
Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) play vital role in the process of development. It generates employment at low cost and helps the society to move on the path of wealth &growth. No wonder that government, particularly in the developing countries has made tremendous efforts to enhance the capacity of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). However, the MSEssector has fallen short of expectations. In respect of this, the fundamental objective of the study was to reveal the key Challenges for the developments of MSEs in Worabe town. To achieve the objective, the study employed both qualitative and quantitative research approach. The available data was gathered from primary and secondary sources and closely examined through probability and non probability sampling techniques. Generallythe study elicits key challenges which seem to affect performance of MSEs in Worabe town which include: finance related problems, market problems and working premises.The municipality should strive to do everything possible to improve the business environment in which MSEs operate through improved infrastructure such as an electrical power supply, water, shade (buildings) and roads that are necessary and basic to the effective performance of Micro and Small Enterprise in Worabe town. This is achieved through coordination of responsible sectors. To tackle marketing linkage challenges there should be a multi-dimensional and concerted effort by the local governments and Micro and Small enterprise owners/managers in such a way that instead of hanging around government market linkages the Micro and Small enterprise owners/managers should work more to be competitive and enhance market linkages were among the recommendations by the researcher.
The Role of Sub City level leaders on Micro and Small Enterprises Development in Addis Ababa City Administration
(Addis Ababa University, 2019) Mekonnen, Zenebe; Semu, Girma
Micro and small enterprises are seen as an emerging private sector, forming the basis for private sector led growth by providing employment, alleviating poverty, ensuring food security, and private sector development. Practically, the increasing rate of unemployment, the gap between the rich and the poor, corruption and good governance problems need leader’s intervention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of leaders in MSEs development and fill the gap in the city administration. This study employed a descriptive survey research design. As the scope covers all the ten sub-cities of Addis, six offices those were responsible for the development of MSEs purposely selected and represented by their heads, professional experts, Women associations, youth forum and council representatives who participate on the work were involved and three enterprises heads and one of their members were reflected their view on the roles of leaders on the development of micro and small enterprises. The sample comprised a total of 191 respondents. Primary data were collected through questionnaire, interview, and focus group discussion while the secondary data was collected from performance reports. Findings revealed that local economic development which was used as an approach in the city administration, has given due attention to the importance of proactive management in the development of micro and small enterprises. As a result, all of the leaders in the sub cities were striving to succeed in the development frame set and majority of them had achieved better on financial support, working and selling area provision and market development. But there are gaps on entrepreneurship and enterprise development, one window shopping service center development, industry extension service development and institutional capacity development in order to realize the development of MSEs. Based on the findings, the study concluded that there were internal and external constraining challenges that hinder the leaders` performance. These challenges arise from the enterprises, Some others from stakeholders and still from the leaders themselves. The critical challenges those arise from all parties were mainly because of the attitude they have and some of them might be related to knowledge, technology and skills of all stakeholders. Therefore, the city administration should build the capacity of the leaders to make them play their roles in all aspects and the leaders should identify their gaps, plan them in priorities to take appropriate actions to their context. Finally leaders have to play key roles in coordinating all the stakeholders as well as national and local partners to come up with successful enterprises that can contribute to the local economy and sustainable economic development at large.
The Impact of Mass Media for Urbanization
(Addis Ababa University, 2019) Degefu, Gezahegn; Abeje Phd, Wondimu
To make this research completed the study employed mixed approach, both qualitative and quantitative. The researcher used both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary information was collected mainly from both kinds of migrants; elderly migrants those who became permanent residents of Addis Ababa city and youth migrants who arrived after the Ethiopian millennium celebration. The tools used to gather the primary information were questionnaires and interview as well as FGDs guidelines for media professionals and urban research specialists. A total of 180 respondents (100 youth migrants, 55 elderly residents,20 mass media professionals ) were selected for questionnaire by purposive sampling technique. Moreover, 5 urban experts and researchers from AAU,EDRI, MoUDC were selected purposively . But 90, 45 and 15 questionnaires respectively were responded back to the researcher properly. Moreover 12 youth migrants and elderly residents (six from each) were selected to be key informants purposely for interview and 23 key informants were included (from mass media,urban sociology,toem planning,research and municipality service sectors) and 6 professionals were involved in FGDs. whereas secondary data were gathered from sources like books, articles, official documents and other pertinent publications. Descriptive statistical method was employed to analyze quantitative data about general information of migrants by using excel 2007.Whereas the qualitative data was analyzed using description as well as narration to triangulate its validity and reliability with the data set. The interview held with key informants and both kinds of migrants has been audio recorded for further investigation, adjustment and addition of some information related to this research. The result of the study indicated that mass media was not working its own assignment to bring intended urbanization because of many reasons. Inversely the urban development actors didn’t give credit for the importance of mass media as part of holistic urbanization.

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