Accounting and Finance

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The Role of Microfinance in Financial Inclusion in Addis Ababa City
(AAU, 0024-02-19) Meron Jemal; Alem Hagos (PhD)
Determining the role of microfinance institutions in financial inclusion in Addis Ababa was the study's goal. Apart from utilizing simple random and purposeful sample techniques, the study employed both explanatory and descriptive research methodologies. The study's primary data were gathered through questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data was also gathered from desk reviews of selected microfinance institutions in Addis Ababa, and both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze it. Out of the 384 survey questionnaires that were obtained from randomly selected microfinance institutions customers, only 312 were completely filled out, sent back, and utilized in the study. The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor produced the most extensively used performance metrics, which were used to evaluate the microfinance institutions' performances. The study's conclusions showed that the microfinance institutions in Addis Ababa had been in operation for more than eight years, were categorized as mature, and had a sizable gross loan portfolio that exceeded 50 million Ethiopian Birr—but a limited number of active borrowers. The study's regression analysis revealed that group lending, saving mobilization, and small business lending all had a positive and significant impact on financial inclusion. The majority of microfinance institutions in Addis Ababa offer group loans, it would be beneficial for them to keep up this practice in order to attract more clients and lower operating costs per borrower.
Factors Affecting Profitability in the Airlines Industry: an Empirical Study on Major Airlines in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Addis Ababa University, 200-06) Menta, Fikre; Gebrehiwot, Gebremedhin
This study examines the airline-specific, industry-specific and macro-economic factors affecting airline profitability for the three airlines in Sub-Saharan Africa, covering the period of 2003-2013. To this end, the study adopts a mixed methods research approach by combining financial reports and further documentary analysis for qualitative information. The findings of the study show that load factor and exchange rate fluctuation have statistically significant and positive relationship with airlines’ profitability. On the other hand, variables like leverage and liquidity have a negative and statistically significant relationship with airlines’ profitability. However, the relationship for airline size, sales growth and major incidents/shocks is found to be statistically insignificant. The study suggests that focusing and reengineering the airlines operations alongside the key internal drivers could enhance the profitability. Moreover, airlines in sub-Saharan Africa should not only be concerned about internal structures and policies, but they must also consider the macroeconomic environment in developing business strategies to improve their financial performance or profits
Challenges and Opportunities of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Addis Ababa (The Case of Arada Sub City)
(Addis Ababa University, 1997) Tezera, Habtamu; Murthy, Krishina (Prof)
Despite the tremendous increase in number of SMEs, little research exists that examines challenges and opportunities of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. SMEs occupy a prominent position in the development agenda of many developing countries like Ethiopia. SMEs are long recognized as important vehicles of economic diversification, employment creation, income generation and distribution, and poverty alleviation. The number of SMEs in Ethiopia is steadily growing. But, much more important than their number is their current status, stage and pace of development The government of Ethiopia has been promoting the development of SMEs through the formulation and implementation of Micro and Small Enterprises Development Strategy as of November 1997. The purpose of the study is to identify the challenges and opportunities of the SMEs in Arda sub city and to give recommendations based on the problems. Primary data were collected from 115 SMEs in Arada Sub city of the capital city; Addis Ababa. The study covers almost all sectors that identified by Addis Ababa city administration SMEs office. Therefore the study identifies the major factors towards the success of the SMEs by considering all sectors The findings indicated that SMEs face different problems. These problems are financial factors, marketing, management and HRM factors, environmental factors and the like. Inadequacy and costly of credit facilities and sources is the major problem of the SMEs in the sub city. More over Shortage of working capital, intensity of competition, like lack of business development services, collateral requirement by financial institutions, conflict with neighbors and lack of transparency among SMEs office at the time of allocating the working place were the major problems identified in the study. The study shows that sole proprietorship form of SMEs is most common in Arda sub city. All of the sample firms were owned by citizens only. The findings indicated that SMEs use informal sources finance than formal sources. The sources of capital for SMEs in the sub city falls under the two traditional sources; borrowing from friends & relatives and personal saving. Other informal sources like “Equib” play the great role than the formal sources like microfinance. Most of SMEs prepare business plan but they did not have business associations. The findings of the study have important implications for SMEs, support agencies and future research by academics, consultants and researchers.
Career Orientation of Accounting Professionals in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2003) Getachew, Assegid; Teklu, Tilahun (PhD)
The issue of career orientations has become a critical component of career development of professionals in a rapidly changing world. To this effect, the career orientations of professionals employees is considered to have important implications for their job satisfaction, commitment, and retention within organizations. However, career orientations of professionals in general and that of Accounting professionals in particular have not yet been studied in Ethiopia. In view of the above, this study examines the career orientation held by accounting professionals in Ethiopia and the variation in the distribution of career orientation among category of accounting professionals having different occupational/ professionals status. Data for the study were obtained from 40 accounting professionals working in various organizations in Addis Ababa. The findings of the study suggest that the most prevalent career orientation among accounting professionals included in the sample are service/ dedication to a cause, entrepreneurial creativity, pure challenge and life style. The remaining types of career orientations (technical functional, general management competence, Autonomy/independence, security /stability.) are found to be less predominant. However the results obtained for each dimensions indicated the existence of variation in the distribution of career orientation across the sample categories of accounting professionals.
Using the Sustainable Growth Rate for Managing Growth: The Case of Meta Abo Brewery
(A.A.U, 2003-02) Kebede, Meron; Laximikantham, Mr P.
This paper addresses the financial aspect of managing growth in Meta Abo Brewery. The period taken into consideration is from 1987 to1998 and it is divided into the pre and post public enterprises reform periods. The findings revel that the actual growth rate of the enterprise was not in harmony with the sustainable growth rate that should have been attained for the period considered. The company was rapidly growing before the reform. After the reform it was growing slowly. Therefore, the researcher recommends that management closely examine the company's growth plans using the sustainable growth rate. The alternative of reducing the dividend payout or giving out elevated sum of dividend is not in the domain of the company's decision making, and hence it is suggested that the government should take a policy decision regarding dividend payment. The enterprise should be able to decide upon its dividend payment in line with its growth plan and its fund requirement. In addition, the researcher also recommends improvement in the asset turnover to avoid problems that may arise from rapid growth.
Skilled Manpower Turnover and its Management the Case of Ethiopian Roads Authority
(A.A.U, 2007) Aberra, Solomon; Pande, Shweta (Dr )
Employee turnover is an important and pervasive feature of the labor market. Employee turnover affects both workers and the firms. Workers experience disruption, the need to learn new job-specific skills and find different career prospects. Firms suffer the loss of job specific skills, disruption in production and incur the costs of hiring and training new workers. Turnover is a serious and costly problem but it is rarely seen as such by the people who could take action to prevent it. Often they fail to take action partly because departing employees couch their reasons of leaving in cryptic and euphemistic language. They do so because they distrust the company -often one of their reasons for leaving. Many upper managers believe that departing employees are going to a better place, and not leaving an undesirable one-sometimes because that is what they want to believe. A high level of Labor Turnover could be caused by many factors such as inadequate wage levels leading employees to move to competitors; poor morale and low level of motivation within the workforce; recruiting and seeking the wrong employees in the first place; a buoyant local labor market offering more attractive opportunities to employees and miss-match between employee's personal values, career, goals and plans with the larger corporate culture. High labor turnover has become a problem for government institutions. Well experienced and qualified professionals leave position they held in government offices. Ethiopia Roads Authority is one of the victims of this high labor turnover. Currently the Ethiopian Roads Authority is facing a frequent turnover of staff, and as such the high turnover is costing the authority in terms of productivity, money and time.
The Effect of Corporate Governance on the Performance of Private Commercial Banks in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-05) Getahun, Tadele; Kassie, Abebaw (PhD)
The paper looked at the effects of corporate governance on the financial performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia. This explanatory study sought to analyze the effect of different corporate governance mechanisms, particularly board size, variety number of internal board sub-committee and meeting frequency on the financial performance of 7 privately owned commercial banks of Ethiopia. The financial performance measure was Return on Asset (ROA). In order to achieve this objective, the study used quantitative research approach that is by adopting quantitative method research approach by documentary analysis of secondary data which was collected from the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE). And capturing and administrating primary data using unstructured questionnaire which were completed by board secretary and delegated staffs as he/she is in a better position to comment on corporate governance affairs. Panel data covering 13year period from 2004-2016 was analyzed and regression result with recommendation are displayed for the selected 7 private commercial banks. The cross section fixed effect technique has been applied to find out the most significant variables from considered corporate governance variables. The findings indicated that Board size and variety, number of internal board sub-committee had statistically significant negative effect on private commercial bank financial performance and board meeting frequency is negatively insignificant on banks performance. When number of board members and variety number of internal board sub-committee increase, ROA will decrease and there should be optimal number of both. Meeting frequency of board members is insignificant to ROA. Future researchers need to focus on these significant variables and additional corporate governance mechanisms. Keywords: Banking Sector, Private Commercial Bank, Financial Performance, Corporate Governance.
The Impact of Post Merger Satisfaction of Former Construction and Business Bank Employees on Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention: The Case of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-05) Demsachew, Tewodros; Legesse, Ethiopia (PhD)
This study examines the impact that employee’s post-merger satisfaction has on employee organizational commitment and turnover intentions. The survey conducted on the employees of former construction and business bank (CBB) employees after 10 months since the merger took place with Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE). This study was conducted based on the data gathered from former Construction and Business Bank (CBB) employees. To conduct the survey questionnaire was used that have been distributed to 215 former Construction and Business Bank (CBB) employees. The analysis of the data was done with the help of the SPSS and AMOS. Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach to structural equation modeling (SEM) (e.g., Wold, 1982) provided evidence for the relationship between satisfaction with a merger and the affective and normative components of organizational commitment. The research results foundemployee satisfaction with a merger had a significant positive impact on affective and normative commitments, and that normative commitment has significant negative impacts on turnover intentions. The study recommended providing its new former employees of Construction and Business Bank (CBB) the opportunity to undertake important and challenging work, to learn new skills, to develop as a person, and to meet and interact with people could lead to the development of commitment. Keywords: post-merger satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE), Construction and Business Bank (CBB) , Partial Least Square (PLS), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
Staff Turnover in International Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): A Case Study of International Rescue Committee (IRC)
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Debebe, Yared; Murthy, Kirshina (Prof)
This project paper aims to analyze the staff turnover of international non governmental organizations (NGO) and particularly the case of the International Rescue Committee (IRC). Non government non profit organizations are one type of the institutions that provide employment opportunities in addition to the private sectors and government institutions. The success of NGOs is determined by the availability and commitment of efficient and effective human resources. However, currently most of the NGOs are highly affected by staff turnover and therefore the quality of the service they provide to the beneficiaries is affected and the financial and non-financial cost of replacing vacant posts is significantly increased. In order to identify the causes and impact of the staff turnover in IRC, the project has used both primary and secondary data. With regard to primary data, first hand data have been collected through questionnaire filled by twelve terminated, thirty one existing non-management and seven management staffs of the organization selected based purposive sampling. Moreover data about the trend of both existing and terminated staff were collected from the organization. IRC (An American NGO) was founded at the suggestion of Albert Einstein in 1933 with the objective to assist Germans suffering under Hitler. Currently it works in twenty five countries and fifteen are found in Africa. IRC Ethiopia program has started in 2000 in response to the severe drought in Somali Region. With 209 permanent employees IRC Ethiopia participate in education and Community service, Environmental Health (Water and Sanitation), Health, and other sectors in the four refugee camps and local communities. Since from the period 2004/2005 to 2006/2007 the total number of staffs terminated from the IRC is counted to 89. However, though the organization does not keep detailed record for each resigned/terminated staffs, the total number of terminated staffs since from establishment is around 174. This indicates that the organization has lost almost 45% (174 out of 383) of its employees due to different reasons. The analysis of the three year period figures portray that most of the employees are terminated /resigned from the IRC during the first months of their employment period. Of the total terminated 89 employees, the highest share of terminated staff based on position is counted for the Officer and Assistant positions. Regarding termination based on filed office Assosa and department Education and Community service takes the lion shares.The findings of the study also revealed that the causes of staff turnover are a combination of factors. Family problems, poor leadership, dissatisfaction with the job, better opportunity in other organizations, dissatisfaction with the area, and educational opportunity are some of the causes. Based on the findings recommendations are suggested.
Evaluation of Purchasing Practice at Addis Ababa University College of Commerce
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Mesfin, Tewodros; Murthy, G.K. (Prof)
The objective of this research is to critically evaluate the purchasing practice at AAUCC. It was conducted in a bid to find viable solution for the prevailing inefficient and delayed purchasing practices. To this end, the researcher have gathered data from primary sources using questionnaire, interview and personal observations; and referred secondary sources including purchasing manuals and various documents related to purchasing in AAUCC. SPSS soft ware was applied to present and analyze the data gathered from 40 respondents. The major findings of the study indicate that the purchasing function is inefficient and is not given proper attention by the management. Based on the findings the researcher recommended the purchasing function should be improved utilizing systematic ways of handling purchases and providing managerial proper attention and follow up for the unit.
The Impact of Financial Liberalization on the Ownership Market Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Banking Industry
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Boru, Tesfaye; Dash, C.D. (Professor)
Ensuring the efficiency and stability of the banking system can play a vita l role for the successful implementation of the monetary and eco no mi c policies of a country. Yet, to ac hi eve such objective it would be essential to place financial reform measures that enhance the contribution of the banking system to wards economic development. An emblematic reform measure undertaken by the Ethiopian government commencing the year 1992 was "liberalizing " the financial sector. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of financial liberalization on the ownership structure, market concentration and profitability performance of the Ethiopian banking industry. The stud y found out that the reform ha s brought a lot of remarkable changes on the structure and performance of the banking sector as compared with the situations prevalent before the reform period. However, the reform ha s restricted the advantages that could be obtained from a diversified ownership structure via prohibiting operation of foreign banks and participation of the private sector to the ownership of government banks. Furthermore ,as tested by both two firm concentration ratio and HHI us in g total deposit s, loan s, ca pit a l and assets, the banking industry in Ethiopia can still be distinguished by it s mark et concentrate on toward s the big government owned commercial bank s and by a market characterized by little and insufficient competition. The profitability of the industry ha s also shown a tremendous improvement after the reform measure has bee n taken. However . the existing government bank s are enjoying having the higher share o f' relist from the industry and still the pattern of the industry profit is following the profitability structure of the giant bank, CBE. The study identified and recommended areas that need further liberalization measures so as to enhance the performance of the industry. Yet, it should be sec n as a first step , not the last word in this direction.
Market Information System and the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Zegeye, Mesay; Belwal, Rakesh (Assistant Professor)
The majority of Ethiopian population lives in the countryside and makes a living by producing agricultural products. Farmers in the rural areas sell their agricultural products to merchants from the cities at very low prices. This is because farmers do not have the option of getting market information of agricultural products in the major market places other than their localities. Due to this fact, the livelihood of farmers is deteriorating day by day. This has a direct impact on the Ethiopian economy since the economy strongly depends on agriculture. To improve the livelihood of farmers, it is important that they get market information to enable them sell what they have at reasonable and fair prices. Hence, efficient and practical way of providing up-to-date market information to farmers is highly needed. The Ethiopia Commodity Exchange is established to create a better market environment for farmers as well as consumers. ICT is one of the three pillars of Ethiopia Commodity Exchange. Using tools of ICT, one can provide accurate market information to farmers and traders in rural areas. The majority of the population in the rural areas is not educated enough to use computers. In addition, implementation of computer based Market Information System may require installing computers and computer network in the villages of rural Ethiopia. This kind of venture can be very expensive. Furthermore, the necessary infrastructure, such as electricity, for setting up computer networks is not available in most rural parts of Ethiopia. Hence, a solution which is not too costly to implement and at the same time easy to use is needed.In this work, Ethiopia Commodity Exchange's existing market information requirements were collected and studied. Relevant country wide information was explored. In addition, experiences of other commodity exchanges were investigated. During the system study process, nine Market information System solutions were identified. In order to select a feasible Market Information System solution, eight reasonable evaluation criteria were developed. The evaluation criteria developed took into consideration the educational situation of the country, technological trend, the existing infrastructure of the country, and the requirements of Ethiopia Commodity Exchange. By applying the evaluation criteria, out of the short listed solutions one is selected. Finally, a high level system design of the selected Market Information System is developed and proposed. The proposed Market Information System employs Interactive Voice Response based technology. This technology combines the simplicity and accessibility of telephones with the intelligence and sophistication of computers. The proposed Market Information System is accessible via the public telephone network. A farmer who knows how to make use of a telephone can use IVR based systems to retrieve market information. Farmers and traders can interface with the system through the telephone keypad by sending telephone digits. The system has prerecorded messages. Based on the input from the end user, the system plays back the appropriate prerecorded market information. Furthermore, the system has a capability of building new messages from the existing once; hence dynamic market information can be played back to the end user.
Cause and Effects of Delay on Road Construction Projects in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Zegeye, Biruk; Mekonnen, Mehari (PhD)
Delays of a construction project can be defined as the late completion of works as compared to the planned schedule or contract schedule. Delays on the construction projects are the most common and frequent problem of the industry. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the major causes of delays and the frequency of occurrence of effects of delays. This study was carried out based on literature review, questionnaire survey and document review of projects. A stratified sampling technique was used to select sample projects. Analysis techniques like relative importance index, Spearman correlation and ‘T-test’ were used to analyze the data collected so as to rank the factors causing delays, identify frequency of effects of delay and to show the degree of agreement between the different parties (clients, consultants and contractors).The results of the analysis show that the main cause for delay of road construction projects in the Addis are consultants, external or environmental related factors and clients. The spearman correlation test results show that there is no as such a strong agreement between any two parties of the industry towards identifying the cause and of delay on the projects. And the most frequent occurring types of effect of delay were found to be time and cost overrun. This result have been found the same for all groups of respondents, which confirms that all parties have the same view towards the effects of delay. Finally the study has made a recommendation to the players of the industry to work hand in hand to achieve a common goal which is completing projects on time and budget.
Evaluation of the Design and Implementation of Decentralized Billing System Project and its Impact on Change Management Process. A Case Study of EEPCO.
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Teklehaimanot, Solomon; Teklu, Tilahun (Dr)
The intention of any change is to move an organization from its current state to a more desirable state. However, pursuing change and transforming organizations is hard work. Many change initiatives fail because either culture do not ready to accept change or the change process was not administrated properly. Some successful Corporations like EEPCO, may fail in some aspect of their change management process. Change can be emanated due to external environment pressure, Regulatory environment, business objective (goals, strategies, requirements), result of audit or risk assessment, operational problem or change in performance or capacity requirements. The main issue is the change must be addressed and managed effectively. This paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the design and implementation of EEPCO's billing system. The study focuses on the effort made to identify the problem and design an effective billing system and the implementation of the designed system to change the old IBM based As/400 system. The problems associated with this change process and the reaction from responsible bodies was assessed. This study identifies that; there were problems in the change management of the case under consideration. It was suggested that to tackle the identified problems and to purse additional changes management should take corrective action promptly. This may enable change to be understood as a discontinuous phenomenon. I believe that, the paper was not adequately addressed all the problems of the change process of the billing project. However, the paper will trigger the sluggish management to reconsider the problems and to put some influences to create sense of urgency to act as energetic leader to overcome the problems.
Performance Impact of Mission Statements in Ethiopian Business Enterprises: An Empirical Evaluation
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Degefu, Getachew; Ayenew, Meheret (PhD)
Many Ethiopian business firms are nowadays observed adorning their entrance lobbies, annual reports and promotional materials with their ‘vision’ and ‘mission’ statements. ‘Do such statements of strategic intent, business purpose and values have any meaningful impact on organizational performance?’ is the central question of this research project. The research has compiled and analyzed the mission statements and performance records of some ten Ethiopian business firms in the financial service sector. Various statistical inference techniques have been used to estimate whether there are any significant differences in performance among groups of firms with and without articulated mission statements, as well as among those with mission statements of different strategic orientations. The study has shown that there are no significant differences in performance between the sample enterprises with mission statements and those without as well as among those with mission statements of different strategic orientations. The reason is probably due to the low strategic values of the articulated mission statements that are not well supported by strategic management processes with in the organizations.
Auditors Professional Responsibilities and Legal Liability with Regard to Private Auditors in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Beyene, Muluneh; Kinfu, Johannes (Prof)
This study was conducted on the Ethiopian private auditor’s professional responsibilities and legal liability, in comparison with those developed countries auditing principles and standards. The paper tested the responsibilities of the management and the auditors with regard to preparation of the financial statements and subsequent discovery to misstatements to the audited financial statements in Ethiopia. The paper qualitatively estimated to what extent private auditors exercise their professional and legal responsibilities. The paper also tested the legal consequences on auditors as a result of those violated professional and legal responsibilities. Besides it tested that to which auditors are liable for the violation of contractual and statutory responsibilities. Further the study tried to explore the constraints related to private auditors in exercising their responsibilities. Finally, not the least the paper explored some cases related to Ethiopia private auditors' practices
The Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors of Motivation towards Organizational Commitment in Private Colleges - A Case Study of Two Selected Private Colleges in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Ayenew, Berhan; Krishna, Murthy G. (PhD)
Private higher education is a rapidly expanding part of Ethiopia’s higher education system. Investment in private higher institutions by Ethiopian entrepreneurs is continued to grow, but little is known about their organization and management in general, or the nature of work factors and employees commitment in particular. This study examines the impact of intrinsic, extrinsic, and equity factors of work on employee’s organizational commitment in two selected private colleges in Addis Ababa. The finding shows that instructors in private colleges were satisfied with intrinsic factors of work such as opportunity for achievement, challenging work, responsibility, and opportunity for growth and development. On the other hand, instructors were generally dissatisfied with extrinsic content of work such as salary, fringe benefits, incentives, job security, opportunity for training, and post employment security. Moreover, there was also structural inequity which is a perception of employees that they are required to do too much work for small pay. Consequently, employees were not committed to their organization which implies the availability of high turnover and lower performance. To build a viable work force for the success of the colleges and industrial peace, the colleges should invest in the long term goal of their employees and learn to balance their interest to earn a higher profit with those of their employees.
Evaluation of the Design and Implementation of Decentralized Billing System Project and its Impact on Change Management Process. A Case Study of Eepco.
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Teklehaimanot, Solomon; Teklu, Tilahun (PhD)
The intention of any change is to move an organization from its current state to a more desirable state. However, pursuing change and transforming organizations is hard work. Many change initiatives fail because either culture does not ready to accept change or the change process was not administrated properly. Some successful Corporations like EEPCO, may fail in some aspect of their change management process. Change can be emanated due to external environment pressure, Regulatory environment, business objective (goals, strategies, and requirements), result of audit or risk assessment, operational problem or change in performance or capacity requirements. The main issue is the change must be addressed and managed effectively. This paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the design and implementation of EEPCO’s billing system. The study focuses on the effort made to identify the problem and design an effective billing system and the implementation of the designed system to change the old IBM based AS/400 system. The problems associated with this change process and the reaction from responsible bodies was assessed. This study identifies that; there were problems in the change management of the case under consideration. It was suggested that to tackle the identified problems and to purse additional changes management should take corrective action promptly. This may enable change to be understood as a continuous phenomenon. I believe that, the paper will not adequately address all the problems of the change process of the billing project. However, the paper will trigger the sluggish management to reconsider the problems and to put some influences to create sense of urgency to act as energetic leader to overcome the problems.
An Assessment of Employees’ Performance Appraisal, the case of Bank of Abyssinia
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Dargie, Eniye; Yigzaw, Mulugeta (PhD)
Human resources are among the fundamental resources available to any organization. Performance appraisal is part of human resource management which a formal system of periodic review and evaluation of an individual’s (employees) job performance. Performance Appraisal (PA) helps in measuring and evaluating performance of the employees in an organization. PA serves a two-fold objective. On one hand, it helps in identifying skill gaps present in the employees. On the other hand, it recognizes meritorious employees on the basis of their work and helps to design an effective reward system for organizations. The paper examines methods, process and the responsibilities of PA and explores the relationship between PA and its purpose in the organization. The writer uses questionnaire and interview to collect the necessary data. The data gathered has been analyzed using the various statistical methods like tables, graphs, percentages. Employees are evaluated by themselves, their immediate supervisor, next in-line supervisor, review committee and finally it is approved by senior managers. The company’s major problems identified from the data collected are on frequency and timing of evaluation, lack of knowledge about the purpose and objective of evaluation and absence of training and discussion about the evaluation method are the major problems identified. Based on the problems recommendations are suggested.
Impact of the New Marketing Landscape on Ethiopian Firms
(A.A.U, 2007-07) Issa, Kalid; Shibrie, Zewdie (Dr)
This study basically deals with the impact of the new marketing Landscape on local firms. The new marketing arketing landscape comprises: the new digital age, rapid globalization, the call for more ethics and social responspon sibililty, and the growth in not- for profit marketing. The researcher is mainly initiated towards this topic, because he has witnessed most of the local firms being affected by the new developments in the global and local market places. The research is conducted by using the descriptive method of research. Both primary and secondary data are used in gathering information for The study. The primary data is mainly collected from the managers of selected firm s and sample customers. The secondary data is collected from the documents and publications o f various governmental and non governmental agencies . The data were analyzed by the use of some statistical tools. From the data analysis and interpretation it was extracted t h at the impact of there a paid g globalization o n local firms is high; on the other hand the local firms are not responding well to pressure coming from the new digital age. On the other hand the impact of the call for more ethics and social responsibility is limited. Based on the above findings the researcher has forwarded some useful recommendations .

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