Sociology

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    Distribution of Common Grazing Land and Conflict among Diverse Claimant Groups: The Case of Arbawash-Dingira Kebele, Jabitehinan Woreda, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2-03) Molla, Asabneh; Teshome, Woldeab (PhD)
    This study was conducted with the general purpose of describing and explaining the disagreements and conflicts associated with the distribution of common grazing land in Arbawash Dingira Kebele. It particularly focused on finding out the purpose and criteria of distributing the common grazing land; the claimant groups, their bases of claim, resources and mechanisms of interest realization; the livelihood effect of, and the preference and attitude to the distributed common grazing land; and the various measures taken and their consequences in mediating the different interest groups. In order to answer all the specific objectives, research designs which have both qualitative and quantitative nature were used. Hence, particular methods of research, i.e. focus group discussion, key informant and in-depth interview, documentary research and survey were used in the study so as to meet the specific objectives. In implementing the survey method, a questionnaire was developed and administered to a total sample of 121 household heads who were selected from the two Gotts, Kattal and Seblan, which are respectively found in Arbawash Mariam and Arbawash Michael Nius- Kebeles. As the findings indicate, from the early (6 hectares of land was distributed in 1999/2000 E.C.) and late (21 hectares of land was distributed in 2003E.C1.) phases of distribution of the disputed common grazing land it was found that defending some groups and individuals who were plowing the common grazing land and getting benefit for rural households in the name of the church and for youth were the major purposes or reasons for distribution with various criteria. Though there was a situation where access was allowed for all, regardless of any criteria before, during and after the first time of distribution, later criteria became more formalized. In the early phase of the distribution, the claimant groups were the rural households of the three Nius-Kebeles. Later, however, the claimant groups were polarized into the rural households of the two Nius-Kebeles, Arbawash Mariam and Arbawash Michael with a various but contradictory bases of claim, mechanism and interest realization. The income obtained from the land, livelihood ratings, the preferences and attitudes of respondents to the distributed grazing land all indicate that most of the rural households in the two Nius-kebels seemed unsatisfied on the livelihood effect made by the distributed grazing land for which they have been in conflict. In solving the disagreements and conflicts on the different phases of the distribution, both legal and traditional mechanisms of conflict management had been implemented. However, the traditional mechanism of conflict management was more successful
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    The Predicaments of Ethiopian Forced Return Migrants from Saudi Arabia
    (AAU, 2004-11) Tafesse, Medareshaw; Tadele, Getnet. PhD
    The large –scale return of Ethiopian migrants from Saudi Arabia is an example of a group of forced return migrants that were less prepared for their return.Most of the returnees had shown no desire to return to Ethiopia until the Saudi security forces began the crackdown
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    Community’s Perceptions of Malaria and the Underlying Interventions for its Management and Control In Jimma Town, Oromiya National Regional State
    (2008-07) Godesso, Ameyu; Teshome, Woldeab (PhD)
    Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Oromiya National Regional state. Its management and control depends on many factors, some of which have not been studied at the level of urban community. The objective of this study is to identify what households in Jimma Town community perceive to be the cause and symptoms of malaria and their treatment and control perceptions for malaria. A crosssectional study design was utilized employing both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A simple random cluster sampling procedure was used to select the ganda, after which the sample households were proportionally allocated to each ganda. Finally, interviews were conducted with 422 heads or representative of households. The study was conducted between March and April 2008. The study findings indicate that the community has multiple aetiologies for malaria. Of the 422 heads of households interviewed, 374 (88.6 percent) indicated mosquito as the cause of the disease. Other aetiological beliefs included: 269(70.4 percent) exposure to unhygienic conditions and 129(30.4 percent) cold weather as causes of malaria. And only about 3.8 percent indicated witchcraft. Many of the respondents (91.5 percent) could identify malaria by several correct symptoms. In the treatment of malaria, various health resources such as public health facilities, over-the counter medications, private clinics and herbal medicines are used. For first choice of care, many households used private health facilities. However, for poor households the other forms of treatment especially Jimma malaria control center and Jimma University Hospital seem to have been preferred. A recent strategy of malaria treatment, Home Management of Malaria, has lacked community support for its full implementation. For most 330(88 percent) of households the use of insecticide treated bed net was mentioned as the most widely practiced preventive method for malaria. Among these only 71.1 percent the households own the net currently. Weak intersectoral linkage, poverty, population movement and poor environmental management appear to be factors worsening malaria management and control in the Town. Thus, understanding community perceptions of aetiology, symptom identification and treatment and control of malaria is an important step towards the control of the disease
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    Participation Of Farmers' In Farmer Research Groups: The Case Of Adama Woreda
    (AAU, 2009-06) Bekele, Dereje; Nigussie, Taye(Dr
    The aim of this study was to identify the determinants and patterns of farmers' participation in Farmer Research Groups in Adama Woreda. Statistically significant association between socio-economic characteristics and farnlers' participation in Farlner Research Groups were tested. The specific objectives were to: (1) determine the relationship of the socio-demographic and economic factors with farmers' participation; (2) describe the patterns of participation in Farmer Research Groups by farmers and researchers and (3) identify constraints to farmers' participation in Fam1er Research Groups. The respondents were selected through a combination of probability proportionate to size and systematic sampling, and 120 farmers (60 participants and 60 non-participants in Farmer Research Groups) and 20 researchers were included. The respondents were selected from 'Awash', 'Batu Degago', 'Ulaga Melka Oba' and 'Wake Miya' peasant administration. Focus group discussions, in-depth interviews with key informants, and case studies were also employed to collect qualitative primary data. Quantitative primary data, on the other hand, were collected through questionnaire administered by enumerators. Secondary sources were also adequately referred from recorded archives to support primary data. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics like mean, frequency, percentage, chi-square, phi-coefficient and point-biserial correlation. The findings of this study showed that socio-economic and cultural factors such as age, household size, educational attainment, size of farm land, and gender are significantly related to farmers' participation in Farmer Research Groups in Adama Woreda. Based on this finding, it can be concluded that younger farmers relatively participated more in Farmer Research Groups. Besides, those farmers who had larger households, large size of farm land and exposition to formal education tend to be more involved in the Farmer Research Groups. In addition, the study indicated that the majority of Farmer Research Group members in Adama Woreda have been involved in consultative and collaborative type of participation. There are constraints to farmers and researchers in participation in the Farmer Research Groups in Adama woreda. Expectations for subsidized inputs, farmers' reluctance to work with researchers on the site due to the underestimation of their indigenous knowledge in the research process and inadequate motivation of researchers to use participatory approach have been the most commonly manifested problems among the participants in Farmer Research Groups.
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    Current Attempts At Eradicating Begging From Public Places In Ethiopia: The Case Of Arada Ghiorghis Neighborhood
    (AAU, 2010-07) Belay, Demelash; Admassie, Yeraswork (PhD
    Begging is not a recent phenomenon in Ethiopia. The problem has been present in the country for more than a century. Despair and agony which are commonly associated with begging have been the constant companions of beggars in Ethiopia in general and its capital in particular. More specifically, the large number of beggars we see on the streets of Addis Ababa and the various places of worship in the city can be regarded as one of the most telling examples for describing the central characteristics of begging and what could be associated with it when it is seen in terms of its harshest manifestations. This study was conducted with the aim of aiding the effectiveness of current proposed and implemented attempts at eradicating begging from Ethiopia. By selecting the Arada Ghiorghis neighborhood as its area of particular reference, the study has tried to assess the attempts as well as the beggar and non-beggar attitudes towards them. The data needed for the study were collected from forty beggar and the same number of non-beggar respondents mainly using the cross-sectional survey design. However, when analyzed the data gathered using the survey method were triangulated with data obtained from in-depth interviews with beggars and responsible individuals in both governmental and non-governmental organizations, a Focus Group Discussion among beggars, information from the researcher's personal observation of the situations of beggars in the study area as well as secondary data from various sources. Accordingly, the findings of the study indicate that current implemented attempts to eradicate begging from Ethiopia, although they should be accorded recognition for .their concern for the improvement of the lives of beggars in the country, are characterized by a number of weaknesses ranging from inadequate effort and little willingness to work cooperatively with other parties working in the area of begging up to the employment of unsustainable (ineffective) strategies. However, the Social Development Fund of Ethiopia, which was analyzed by the study as a current proposed attempt to eradicate begging from the country, was found to be by far well designed and very likely to be more effective if it is made to include some of the recommendations suggested on the basis of responses from respondents of the study. Furthermore, findings from the inquires on the attitudes of both beggar and non-beggar members of the public in the study area towards attempts at eradicating begging from Ethiopia show that most of the respondents from both groups have positive attitudes towards the attempts.
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    Poverty As Cause of Limited Adoption of Crops Extension Package: A Farmers' Perspective the Case of Tarmaber Woreda, Amhara Region (Ethiopia)
    (AAU, 2010-07) Yekoyesew, Dawit; Berhanu, Abeje(PhD
    New agricultural technologies are important in improving the. well-being of rural households in Ethiopia. However, there are many factors affecting adoption of these technologies in the country. Researches dealing with adoption of agricultural technologies focus on the effect of demographic, socio-economic, agro-ecological and institutional factors which limit many farm households from taking advantage of crops technology package in Ethiopia. However, inadequate attention is given to geographical and social contexts in which poverty occurs to identify factors in a give society that influences farmers' decisions to adopt. In this study poverty was conceptualized in Tarmab er Woreda of North Shoa following Robert Chambers' theory of deprivation with the objective to explore factors responsible for farmers' use and non-use of improved seeds and chemical fertilizers. Here, the subjective judgments of farmers about what constitutes well-being in their own communities were given due attention to classify households into worse-off/poor, medium and better-off/rich. The study was undertaken in three purposefully selected rural Kebeles of the district namely Koso-ber, Yitam-na-kosta and Yizaba-na-woyin. Knowledgeable individuals from 35 gott of these Kebeles were selected. A total of 35 key informants 'Were included to assign farm households in the respective Kebeles into worse-off/poor, medium and better off/rich based on such indicators as land size, livestock holdings (mainly oxen for ploughing), the number of times that a family fe eds its members per day, housing conditions, land renting and/or sharecropping arrangement, household labour force availability, loan status, membership of cooperatives and ability to send children to school. Out of 2120 farm households, worse-off/poor, medium and better-off/rich households constitute 41.5%. 52.2% and 6.7% respectively. Income loss, vulnerability to crop failure and asset depletion, physical weakness, social isolation and powerlessness are locally believed causes of poverty. After well-being ranking was completed, a cross-section sample of 125 farm households were selected from worse-off/poor, medium and better-off/rich households based on a two-stage stratified random sampling using Proportional Probability to Size (PPS) method. The survey result shows that educational status, size of land holding, membership of cooperatives, ownership of radio, how often farmers attend agricultural related programs, reading pamphlet and perceived distance of the market were found to be significant positive correlates of adoption of chemical fertilizers and improved seeds. The findings of this study call for the need of policy interventions. The policy that aims at achieving poverty reduction should consider local-level situation of poverty across sub social groups (i.e. male and female). The extension services should reinforce how farmers diversify their income beyond convincing them to use agricultural technologies. The family package program should be strengthened to tackle pressure of population on land. The public services should reach poor households in remote area. This finding also suggests areas of interest like panel study of adoption decision of farmers, the relationship between big population size and poverty, market failure and adoption of extension inputs and comparing rural households near to town with the one in remote Kebeles for future study in the study area.
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    Situational Analysis of Orphans and Their Vulnerability: the Case of Woldiya Town, Northern Wollo
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Tirfie, Ashenafi; Berhan, Abeje
    This study attempts to explore the cause for the presence orphans, the problems of orphans and the efforts made by caregivers, government, non-governmental as well as community based organization in Woldiya woreda of North Wollo. it also assesses orphans' relation to caregivers and their experience in attempt to cope with/survive the problems. Integrated model of resilience was employed as a conceptual fram ework to address the research problems.
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    Living in a Serodiscordant Relationship: Knowledge, Challenges, and Coping Strategies among HIV Discordant Couples in Addis Ababa
    (AAU, 2011-05) Tadesse, Daniel; Tadele, Getnet. PhD
    Background: HIV discordant couples, where the male and female have different HIV test results, are the largest at-risk group for transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Research in 12 countries in eastern and southern Africa shows that prevalence of discordant couples is high. ranging bel1Veen 36% and 85% (UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic: 2010).So far. most studies on discordant couples emphasized on the bio-medical aspect of the couples 'with onlyfew oj'them concerned with hovlI the couples managed the discordance. The present study shaded light on the pS,vcho-social aspect qfliving in discordant relationshljJ. Aims: The major aim of this study was to explore the experiences of HIV discordant couples in a steady relationship. Methods: A qualitative approach was utitized to achieve the o~iective of this study. Twenty two in-depth interviews were conducted with discordant couples and with an intention to elaborate in more detail the experiences of discordant couples; two oral histOlY case studies were conducted. These two cases were selectedfrom the in-depth interviews as they were found to be exemplary cases reflecting the communalities among discordant couples. Further, ten in-depth interviews were carried with key informants in order to assess health professionals' and counselors' explanation for HIV discordance and their experience with discordant couples. The samples were drawn using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using the successive approximat ion approach. Findings: The study revealed that there were widespread misconceptions about J-/IV discordance among both HIV discordant couples and key informants (health care providers and counselors). These misconceptions in turn made HIV discordant couples to engage in risky sexual behaviors. HIV discordant couples experienced varieties of psycho-social problems such as fear of infecting and being infected, blame, neglect, guilt, and uncertainty. The couples also faced challenges regarding their sexual life like exhaustion with condom use, reduction in sexual desire and pleasure, reduction infrequency of sex and alteration in reproductive plan. Safer sex, coitus interrupts, non-penetrative sex, abstinence, communication, disclosure, silence, secrecy, cooperation, and religion were found to be the coping strategies of the couples. Finally, it was found that for some couples the presence of HIV did not bring any change in their relationship. Conclusion: Commonly, it might be assumed that at least the negative partner in HIV discordant re lationship makes every effort to avoid infection. But, the .findings oj' the present study confirmed that this is a mere speculation that significant number of informants failed to employ any preventive strategies and if any some of them were found to be ineffective like, coitus interrupts. Several factors which operate at different levels may contribute to such risk taking behavior indicating the utility of an integrated model to understand individuals ' health behavior. The extensive misconceptions about HIV discordance and ineffective coping strategies utilized by the informants suggesT the needfor micro, mezzo, and macro level interventions
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    Personal and Structural Factors Influencing Peoples' Attitudes toward Interethnic Marriages: A Study in Nekemte Town, Eastern Wollega Zone
    (AAU, 2011-05) Tola, Ameyu; Murugan, Paula(Dr
    Thi - du.dy was intended to explore and examine the personal and structural facwi s that influence peoples' attitudes toward ethnic intermarriage. To this em:, ,·elevant literature has been reviewed to shade light on the issue under stud.,;. Intermarriage is said to have a significant lessening of 'social distance' betv. , 'en groups and enabling unions between them. This study primarily em})! .ys a quantitative research method, particularly survey questionnaire, in oreie ,' to obtain the data needed for the study. Samples of 500 people are s eleC1ed using a simple random sampling technique for this study. In addition to tl :e . survey research, qualitative method (Case Study) has also been emp l:'yed to substantiate the data obtained by quantitative method. Both p ersl;.-wl and s tructural level factors have been examined in order to see their impc(t on p eoples' attitudes toward interethnic marriage. Different statistical mClr,·(Jds such as one-way ANOVA, t-test, correlation and regression have been used to test the effects of the independent variables (the factors) on the de 1)('.1' dent variable (attitude towards interethnic marriage). At personal level, var iC' )les such as age, gender, educational level, religiosity and sameness of pOleids' e thnicity have been tested. While individuals' age, level of religiosity, educ:tional level and sameness of parents' ethnicity have significantly in/ lu, :l1ced their attitudes toward ethnic intermarriage, there is no significant gen de r diffe rence on attitudes toward ethnic intermarriage. Moreover, s tn LC 1 'lm l level factors like heterogeneity/ homogeneity of the social en v i /(} f'1 rnent, ethnic identity salience and an individual's social networks have significantly influenced attitudes toward ethnic intermarriage. Finally, the Case St, Lel !, cnalysis revealed that inter-ethnically married couples did not view their man ; lye as something different from intra-ethnic marriages. Moreover, aW L(' I ~ gh they face challenges from relatives and neighbors they indicated that theLj iLcve resources to cope with the challenges.
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    The Buda:Belief System, Marginalization,and Traditional Healing Practices in Central Tigray
    (AAU, 2012-11) Birhane, Mulugeta; Murugan, P. PhD
    Research studies have shown that many traditional beliefs have faded out in the face of modernity and science. Yet. Africa is still home of many strange beliefs. There are a lot of traditional beliefs like witcheraft. Sorcery that seem to have stood the test of modernity. The belief in the evil eye is one of those beliefs. This study is about evil eye. Locally called Buda or Tebib.belief among people of central Tigray. Ethiopia.
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    Socio-cultural Context of Youth Sexuality and Related Health Issues among College Students in Nekemte Town
    (AAU, 2013-03) Gemeda, Tolessa; Teshome, Woldeab(PHD
    Youth sexual behavior was not given enough emphasis until recently. As a result, this segment of the population has been at the centre of the HW pandemic around the world. The current study sought to explore the sexual experiences, sexual behavior and safer/unsafe sex practices of male and female college youths in the context of the HW/ AIDs pandemic in the country by placing it within the existing socio-cultural context. To that end, the study investigated: college students' narrated sexual experiences, their perceived sexual relations, the degree of students' engagement in negotiated safer sex practices, and factors facilitating / constraining students' initiation of sexual relationship and safer sex practices. Data gathered from survey questionnaire administered among randomly chosen college students (N=200) in Nekemete town revealed that 34% of the students were sexually engaged. Empirical materials obtained largely from focus group discussions with 35 college students (18 male and 1 7 female) revealed that college youths were sexually engaged with one another and non- college people as well. Students' sexual engagement with people outside colleges included female students' sexual relations with "sugar daddies" and male students' sexual experience with high school students and less commonly with commercial sex workers. Female and male students had generally positive perceptions towards the sexual relations existing amongst themselves. They were, however, critical of relations female students had with "sugar daddies", and sexual affairs between male students and commercial sex workers. The significant number of college students' youth, as revealed by empirical material, are in such sexual affair. The qualitative data further revealed that college female students rarely negotiated their sexual motives. Female students were presented as people who passively or sub - consciously surrender into young men's trickeries in to sex after momentary resistance. Notwithstanding some positive signs of safer sex practices, students' overall sexual practices were characterized by unsafe sex (procrastinating HW testing, promiscuity, non/ inconsistent condom use, and absence of meaningful communications on sexual matters), risky behaviors including alcohol and/ or chat use were reported to have led the college youth to risk sexual behaviors, including sex with having commercial sex workers without condoms. Qualitative data showed students' high level of knowledge about contraceptive methods and condom use, but students' failure to translate it into protective behaviors implies the need for interventions beyond provision of knowledge. Among other things, the study underlined the need to raise students; positive attitudes towards safer sex practices and developing students' skills and abilities in using condoms and other contraceptives through peer- led education and training of life skills.
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    Traditional Beliefs and Practices towards Infant Care and Asociated Health Impacts: A study in Finoteselam, west Gojjam
    (Addis Ababa University, 2013-06) Alifnur, Mebratu
    Maintaining sound health and weI/being is the prime concern ojparenting el'erYlI'here. Bllt the 1'(>01 health situation of inionts in Finoteselam is one among the worst in the COlll7tl")'. Morbidity and injury remain high in this age group due to the inappropriate and less qualitv care prol'/ded to in/(lI1t.s', This stU(~V was designed to understand iJ?iunt care beliejs' and practices that have an /1I/jJact on health il1 Finoteselam. Cultural heliej\' and practices associated to feeding, health lIf(magelllent, p,sychosocial care, and hygiene care have an extensive impact on this regard The studl employed qualitative method. It was conducled using an interview data (l.JO lactating mol hers (whose surviving baby aged belween .J I day and 12 month) and 6 volunlary health workers il1 addition 10 focus group results with heterogeneous group of participants (elderly WOlllen, TBAs, herbalists and faith healers) frol11 both urban and rural kebeles of Finoteseloll/. The collected data through interviews and FGDsji'om February 08 to March22 lVas thell/ot/coll}' (//wlv::ed fhe result cl analysis showed Ihat a number of infallt care related beliefs' and practices ajfect injl.lI/t heallh in Finoteselam both in urban and rural kebeles. While SOl1le of them have no known destructive elfect, others are found to be dangerous to health. Ifealth damaging beliejv alld practices include those which restrict exclusive breastfeeding (beliejs' such as breast milk II1suflicienC\', fear ofabdol71inal pain and thirst on babies in feeding sole breastmilk) , behaviors ofleedillg illfants wilh less nutritious food items, beliefs which delay or hasten the timing in the introduction of complementary foods, behaviors that endanger personal, domestic and environmental hvgiene (such as open defecation and urination, absence of water treatmel7l at hOllie, lack o/.fi'equent hand washing and bathing) , customs which result in misconstruction of the caules of infant health prohlems (beliej\' on supernatural and spiritual/orees) and diseases ,specific belief.\· that initiate unfilling or delayed care seeking
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    Impacts of Rural Physical Infrastructural Expansion on the Livelihood Situation of Rural People: The Case of Machakel Woreda, East Gojjam Zone
    (Addis Ababa University, 2013-11) Kassie, Aschale; Birhanu (Phd), Abeje
    The aim of this study ;s to analyze (he im/xICb' of physical rural ilifrastructural expansion on the livelihood contexts of rllral people wilh por/ieu/ar reference 10 rural people of Mac/Ulkel Woreda, ElIsl Gojjam zone of AmhoT(l regional stale. The study employed bOlh ql/ll/illltive and quantilalive research approaches. Different loa's of daw col/eelion were lri(mgu/ated. Results of the sllldy lIrc there/ore: based on in-deplh household and key informant interviews, focus group disclissions. field ohservalions lind household survey. So as 10 broadly analyze lhe issue under study, related literatures have been critically reviewed and !)lIS[(linable rura/livelihoods approach as an analylicallool has been lIsed The study show~' thai fhe government expansion of physical infrastructures in to rural area.~ has enabled rural people diversffy their income sources through engagement in variety of livelihood activities. People have created new livelihood activities helped by newly expanded physical infrllstructures. Rural peoples' access to livelihood assets in the study area was found to have been improved (md people acquired several kinds of assets Fam the time of physical infrastrucl/lral eXlxmsion onwards. 711e slUdy also found Ihat physical infrastructural expansion contributed a lot in the redllclion of poverty in rural areas in a number of ways. I) Rural people are able to widen Iheir income sources thereby gelling betler income. As people engaged in new income generating activities, they could eam good incomes which enabled Ihem satisfy Iheir basic needs. save cash money and reserve in kind, pursue further livelihood aclivities. cover cosls of services (such as hea1lh expemes), and so on. 2) Physical infrastruclllres also contributed 10 the health status of rural people. Pure drink water and rural roads as pre· requisites for health posts are essential for healthy and productive rllral man power. 3) Physical infrastructures are also imporlOnt jor raised awareness and good educational profile ofrllral people in the study area. The study idenlified both negative and positive impacts of physical infrastrllclural expansion on the social life of the people in the rural area. These impacls were on social networks and institutions, on the relationship among rllral people themselves and on the relationship between rural people and surrounding urban residents. For instance, the unbalanced distrib ution of physical inFaslructure across rural localities created inter and intra.kebele di~placemenls, that in tlll"/1 affe,:ts peoples 'involvement in the social organizations of idir, iquib and mahiber. Rural people created and slrengthen their ties, though some others' relationship was disrupted during and after the expansion of infrastructure. The social relationship between rllral people of the study area and sUl'I'olllu/ing lIrban dwellers was also found to be facilitated.
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    The Impacts of Development-Induced Displacement and Relocation on the Livelihoods of Households in Dukem Area
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Ayele, Bikila; Nigussie, Taye (PhD)
    This study has examined the impacts of development projects on the livelihoods of displaced households in urban vicinity of Dukem area. It emphasized on assessing of compensation and rehabilitation strategies, the impacts of displacement on the household livelihoods, differential impact of displacement on affected households and the coping strategies adopted by displaced households. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. In-depth interviews, FGDs, observation and survey method were used as tools of data collection. In addition, secondary data were also collected from different sources. To analyze the impact of displacement on the livelihoods of displaced people the study used Cernea‟s impoverishment risks and reconstruction model IRRM as theoretical and analytical framework. The study uncovered that the existing compensation scheme is monetary based, inadequate, delayed, and lack special consideration for highly vulnerable groups. Moreover, the proclamation and legal frameworks of compensation have no clear provision of livelihood rehabilitation schemes which resulted in failures of households to rebuild their livelihoods. The study also found that the majority of the displaced households experienced deterioration of their economic bases; landlessness, cattlelessness and joblessness which is resulted in lack of capacity to construct house, decline in productivity and food insecurity, socio-economic marginalization weakening of social networks and deterioration of access to community services after displacement. The study also revealed that poor farm households, elderly, households with large dependent members and lower level of education severely affected by the displacement. It was also depicted that diversification of income sources, rent of productive live stocks , sell of basic assets and educating children were the different coping strategies adopted at the local level. To solve such a problems the study suggested measures to be taken by different stakeholders such as government duty to devise and implement comprehensive compensation and rehabilitation policy, the importance of empowering and participating the community in decision making process, facilitating job creation and training, building social and human capitals of displacees
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    The Impact of Urban Development on Gelan Town
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Mengistu, Henok; Yntiso, Gebre (PhD)
    This research explores the impact of development on the inhabitants of Gelan town which is located 25 Km southeastern of Addis Ababa. Social, cultural and economic impacts which are brought about by „industrial‟ development and additional public development projects of the area are explored. In Addition the study also explores how the local residences adapt and resist the current change. Data were collected through interviews with local residents and observation around the study setting. Gelan is undergoing a major transformation in social, cultural and economic changes due to the development dynamics which include industrialization, highway road construction, hotels, residential development and other formal and informal businesses undertakings. Consequently, the local inhabitant‟s social relations and networks, cultural practices and economic lives are affected directly and indirectly. This paper, based on a 2 month fieldwork, describes the positive and negative impacts of development on the inhabitants of Gelan Town
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    The Impacts of Development-Induced Displacement and Relocation on the Livelihoods of Households in Dukem Area
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Ayele, Bikila; Nigussie, Taye (PhD)
    This study has examined the impacts of development projects on the livelihoods of displaced households in urban vicinity of Dukem area. It emphasized on assessing of compensation and rehabilitation strategies, the impacts of displacement on the household livelihoods, differential impact of displacement on affected households and the coping strategies adopted by displaced households. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. In-depth interviews, FGDs, observation and survey method were used as tools of data collection. In addition, secondary data were also collected from different sources. To analyze the impact of displacement on the livelihoods of displaced people the study used Cernea‟s impoverishment risks and reconstruction model IRRM as theoretical and analytical framework. The study uncovered that the existing compensation scheme is monetary based, inadequate, delayed, and lack special consideration for highly vulnerable groups. Moreover, the proclamation and legal frameworks of compensation have no clear provision of livelihood rehabilitation schemes which resulted in failures of households to rebuild their livelihoods. The study also found that the majority of the displaced households experienced deterioration of their economic bases; landlessness, cattlelessness and joblessness which is resulted in lack of capacity to construct house, decline in productivity and food insecurity, socio-economic marginalization weakening of social networks and deterioration of access to community services after displacement. The study also revealed that poor farm households, elderly, households with large dependent members and lower level of education severely affected by the displacement. It was also depicted that diversification of income sources, rent of productive live stocks , sell of basic assets and educating children were the different coping strategies adopted at the local level. To solve such a problems the study suggested measures to be taken by different stakeholders such as government duty to devise and implement comprehensive compensation and rehabilitation policy, the importance of empowering and participating the community in decision making process, facilitating job creation and training, building social and human capitals of displacees
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    Impact of Productive Safety Net Program (Psnp) on Food Security in Ethiopian Somali Region: The Case of Keberibeyah Woreda
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-11) Fikadu, Yitagesu; Birhanu, Abeje (PhD)
    The study has examined the impact of productive safety net program (PSNP) on food security in Ethiopian Somali region, specifically Keberibeyah Woreda. It emphasized on assessing the identification process of food insecure beneficiary households and experienced challenges during the process, impacts of the program on beneficiaries food consumption, creation and protection of household and community assets and finally perception of beneficiaries’ towards the program. The study used both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Key informant interviews, focus group discussion, observation and survey questionnaire were used as instruments of data collection. Moreover, secondary materials were also used from different sources. The study found that the identification process was undertaken through combined efforts of community and administrative bodies however it was not free from some partiality tendency on behalf of responsible bodies and misunderstanding of program’s objectives on behalf of the community. The program slightly touches food consumption status of beneficiary households. Nevertheless, water and soil development project have been undertaking through public work project but not satisfactory in terms of their quantity as well as quality. The program has been bringing improvements on assets building particularly on livestock, production and consumer durable assets since joining the program. PSNP has been effective in terms of bringing positive impact on working behavior of the community through its public work project and it is considered as developmental intervention by the government in order to address food insecurity rather than charity services. After examining the general situations, some recommendations were suggested by the researcher. Majorly focused on timing of food distribution, quantity of food aid with respect to household size and issue of varieties of cereals rather depend on the same type all the time being, intervention on social services, implementation of other food security program in the area like that of other region especially credit service and household package program, disciplines while targeting and finally attentions for the quality and quantity of community assets which are generating through public work
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    Aspirations of Rural Youth Towards Agriculture: The Case of Hulet Eju Enese woreda, East Gojjam zone
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-11) Sergo, Aragaw; Tadele, Getnet (PhD)
    Beyond the contribution of agricultural sector as alternative source of employment to the growing youth populations, the youth are the key to the future of agriculture. But, how the young people respond to small-scale farming and can the sector meet the aspirations of youth will be critical in terms of both future employment and food security. Thus, an understanding of the aspirations of rural youth towards agriculture and the factors contributing to their opinion formation is important for the development of the sector and youth employment in agriculture. The data presented in this thesis is drawn from in-school and out of school rural youth that have been categorized in to four different age groups to understand how and why aspiration and hopes change in the life course of young people. In the study, qualitative methods (in-depth interview, focus group discussion and key informant interview) and survey were used in Hulet Eju Enese woreda, East Gojjam zone. One high school was purposively selected and two kebeles having upper level primary schools were randomly selected for the study. Accordingly, in the selected schools and kebeles, in-depth interviews were conducted with eighteen people and three key informants. Four FGD sessions, two with each kebele, were also held with young farmers. Quantitative data was obtained from a survey of 188 randomly selected in school youth, 121 from high school and 67 with upper primary students. The study revealed that most of the rural boys and girls aspire to non-agricultural occupations. The absence of access to different kinds of services and infrastructures at a desired level to youth in rural areas compared to the urban make agriculture and rural life unattractive to youth. The general characteristics of agricultural and/or rural life (for instance backbreaking nature of the sector) have also contributed for youth to aspire non- agricultural career. Moreover, the social environments close to rural youth (e.g. family and media) have influenced youth to aspire beyond agriculture. But a significant number of rural youth show a desire to engage in agriculture if favorable things are there in the sector at least as transition to ‗best‘ means of livelihood. Thus, modernization of the sector and improvement of agricultural productivity, have influenced youth likelihood to engage in the sector. Nevertheless structural problems; land shortage, asset problems (like shortage of money), the problem of agricultural input, attitudinal problem, and backwardness of agricultural tools are among the constraints the youth face to start and/or do farming as their means of livelihood. I argue, therefore, improving the condition of rural life by increasing access to basic services, modernizing the practice of agriculture and changing the attitudes of the community is necessary to encourage youth involvement in the sector. Moreover, due attention should be given to structural problems like scarcity of farm land and accessibility of farming inputs to improve agricultural productivity and youth employment in the sector
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    Urbanism and living conditions in Debre Markos town
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-11) Desyalew, Kasahun; Admassie Ph d, Yeraswork
    Urbanization has become a major global phenomenon and rhe de~'liny of our planet. This process is highly facilitated by population growlh. technological and injrastrucillral progress. I, has a strong potential to bring profound changes in the entire living condition of residents both posillvely and negatively although the former by far Ollt ways the later. This paper analyzes 'he stale of urbanism and living condition of residents in Dcbre Markos /oll'n; the capillJ/ of Eastern Cojjom Zone of Amhara regional sla/e. The general objective of fhis study is /0 assess fhe socio economic and housing siluOlion of residents oj Debre Markos tOWI1. A cross-sectiollal srudy design was used. 71lc stlldy employed both quantitative and quolillllive research methods, flamely household survey, in-depth interviews, key informant interview and observation. A 10tal of 38./ sample household heads were se/ected through systematic random sampling for Ihe sun'ey. On lOp of this in deplh inlerview was employed with 8 resideflls and one key informam from town adminislratiOlf office. The findings revealed thai in Ihe past few years the town has wilnessed a tremendous spalial expansion as a result of the hOI/sing demand created by the growing populalion. 11 has also shown a significant improvement in terms of infrastructure and small and micro enterprise developments. Service providers are mushrooming and the cons/ruction seClOr is in progress. The town is characterized by significant homogeneity in terms of language and religion indicating the fact that it isfarfrom being a cosmopolitan center. Local social organizations are negatively influenced by the urbanization process. Regarding 011111101 income 11I0S/ of the respondents are found 10 be 101l'-income urban households. 11 also revealed that the mojorily of households had access to an improved source of drinking water. /n terms of quality, the large majority of houses are of substandard class thai is mainly buill out of wood and mud maleria/s. Unemployment, absence of publiC places and inappropriale sonitalion and waste mwwgemenl are identified as challenges for the de\'elopmenl of the town as a growing urban cemer. The silldy recommended the need to imprm'e the environmemo! and physical conditions of the area through public participation and further strengthening of Ihe role of micro sand small scale enterprises to create employment opportunities.