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Item Evaluation of Fodder Yield, Chemical Composition and Feeding Value of Urochloa mutica (DZF-483) Subjected to Different Fertilizer Regimes, Plant Spacing and Harvesting Age(Addis Abeba University, 2026) Gelane Kumssa; Ashenafi MengistuWith significant biomass yields and nutritional value, Urochloa mutica showed promise in addressing the current feed scarcity and livestock productivity However, while using Urochloa for the best feeding results, it is crucial to take into account the significant agronomic aspects, particularly the type of fertilizer with the optimum rate, the stage of maturity, and the spacing between plants. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fertilizer type, plant spacing, and harvesting age on Urochloa mutica growth, yield, and nutritional composition, specifically with regard to dairy cow feed. It contained three experiments: the first examined different fertilizer treatments (sole vermicompost, sole NPS, combined vermicompost and NPS, and no fertilizer), while the second explored various intra-row plant spacings (20 cm, 35 cm, and 50 cm) and harvesting ages or clearing date (60, 90, and 120 days). Both experiments were arranged as randomized complete block designs with three replications on a plot size of 12 m². Key information collected were plot cover, plant height, number of tillers and leaves, root characteristics, leaf-to-stem ratio, dry matter yield, and forage chemical composition. The third experiment focused on the effects of Urochloa mutica hay supplemented with varying levels of concentrate on feed intake, milk yield, and composition of high-grade dairy cows, employed a crossover design with four treatment groups. Results indicated that the blended NPS and varying combinations of vermicompost and NPS fertilizers did not prominently differ in terms of agronomic and nutritional parameters, with the best runner-up treatment a mixture of 75% NPS and 25% vermicompost. Morphologically, late maturity plants displayed superior growth, while wider plant spacings were beneficial, except for root numbers, and the dry matter yield (DMY) improved with narrower spacing and later harvests. In the animal feeding experiment, higher dry matter (12.8 kg/day) and crude protein (1.85) intakes observed in cows on treatments T1 (Urochloa mutica + 0.5 kg concentrate per 1 kg milk yield. In treatment T2 relatively better dry matter (12.7 kg per day) and crude protein (1.67) intake and, optimal milk production (10.9L) with significant protein content (4.5%) were observed, while economically, it provided the highest net benefit. Thus, the study concludes that, T4 (75% NPS + 25% vermicompost) fertilizer can substitute NPS fertilizer with better yield and quality. Besides narrow plant spacing (20 cm), and a later harvesting age for better yield are recommended. Additionally, to maximize milk output, a diet of Urochloa mutica supplemented with 0.4 kg of concentrate per 1 kg of milk yield for better return with high MRR is advocated for lactating high grade dairy cows in the study area and similar agroecological zonesItem Phenotypic and Molecular Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Bacteria from Wastewaters and Inanimate Surfaces of Tertiary Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2026) Misganu Yadesa; Tesfaye AdmassuAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health threat driven by inappropriate antimicrobial use and the emergence of resistant organisms. In Ethiopia, AMR-associated deaths are estimated to reach 89,200 by 2030. Therefore, to assess the presence of resistant bacteria and their associated genes in hospital environments, a cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2023 and October 2025 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 38 samples were collected from wastewaters (WW) and inanimate surfaces (IS) of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) and Zewuditu Memorial Hospital (ZMH). Samples were processed using culture-based methods, biochemical testing, and MALDI-TOF MS (EXS3000) for bacterial identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, while antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 92 bacterial isolates were identified, comprising 63 (68.5%) from IS and 29 (31.5%) from WW samples. Among Gram-negative bacteria, 100% of K. pneumoniae isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype, while 89% of S. aureus were MDR from Gram-positive. The PCR revealed high frequencies of both chromosomal and plasmid-mediated ARGs. The most frequent chromosomal genes detected were blaTEM (94%), sul1 (53%), blaCITM (38.5%) and blaCTXM (37.5%), while high frequent plasmid-mediated ARGs were blaTEM (92%), tetA (65.6%), sul1 (56%), blaCTXM (50%), blaNDM (43.8%) and less frequent genes included blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaFOXM, blaEBCM, blaMOXM, blaDHAM and ermB. Data analysis (SPSS v.26) indicated significant association (p < 0.05) between phenotypic resistance and the presence of specific carbapenamase genes. The findings indicate a high burden of AMR in hospital environments and highlight the importance of implementing on-site hospital WW treatment and strengthening surface disinfection practices to reduce the spread of AMR.Item Seroprev Alence and Risk Factors of Small Ruminant Brucellosis in Selected Districts of Arsis and East Shoazones, Oro Mia Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Abiot Deddefo; Tesfaye Sisay; Getachew TuliA cross-sectional study was conducted between October, 20 II and March, 2012 in Arsi (Tiyo and Dodota Sire districts) and East Shoa (Adami Tulu-lido Kombolcha district) zones of Oromia region to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants and to assess possible risk factors associated with the disease. Two stage cluster sampling was employed by which 9 peasant associations were identified as primary sampling units and 131 herd s/flocks as secondary units. A total of 840 blood samples (409 sheep and 43 l goats) were collected from small ruminants of the three districts. All the sera samples were initially screened by modified Rose Bengal Test (mRBT) and all mRBT positive reactors were further tested by Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) test for confirmation. All the 39(4.6%) sera samples that were positive by mRBT also tested positive for iELISA test. The individual animal and herd level seroprevalence of brucellosis in the study area were 4.6% and 26% respectivel y. There is a statistically significant difference in seropositivity to the disease between different age groups (P<0.05), pregnancy status (P<0.05) and parity number (P<0.05) in univariable logistic regression. Parity and pregnancy status showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) upon further analysis with multivariable logistic regress ion. The difference in seroprevalence between male (6.7%) and female (4.4%) sheep and goats was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Ri sk of seropositivity was also independent of herd/flock size (P>0.05) and occurrence of abortion (P>0.05). In addition, a total of 80 owners of small ruminants were selected randomly and interviewed using structured questionnaire. Analysis of the questionnaire survey suggested that small ruminant owners in the study area practiced improper handling and di sposal of aborted material. Moreover, they lack awareness about the disease and some of them consume raw milk. These practices might greatly contribute to further spread of the disease in their livestock and expose the community to a public health hazard. From management ri sk factors, seasonal migration of herds was found to be significantly associated (P<0.05) with the prevalence of the disease. The results of this study demonstrated that small ruminant brucellosis is widely prevalent in the study areas. Hence, the study suggests the need for implementing control measures and raising public awareness on prevention methods of brucellosis. Keywords: Brucellosis, Small Ruminant, Zoonosis, Risk Factors, Arsi Zone, East Shoa zoneItem Study on the Prevalence and Public Health Importance of Salmonella From Chicken Table Eggs(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Minte Assefa; Girrna ZewdeA study was conducted on 400 chicken table eggs from Kombolcha Poultry Multiplication and Breeding Center and market at Kombolcha, Ethiopia from October 2009 to April 2010. The objectives were to determine prevalence and public health importance of salmonella from chicken table eggs. A total of 400 samples of egg shell and egg content were collected. The samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella following standard technique and procedures outlined by the International Organization for standardization. Out of the 400 eggs examined for Salmonella, 46 (11.5%) were positive of which 25 (6.3%) were from egg shcll and 27 (6.8%) were from egg content. The prevalence of salmonella on egg shell before fumigation was 14% and was negative after fumigation with aldehyde. A questionnaire based survey was carried out on egg storage, preparation and egg consumption in households of Kombolcha town during October/2009-April/2010. For this purpose, 130 consumers were randomly selected for interview. According to the result shown, 6.2% of egg consumers liked to eat raw eggs and out of 8 consumers (that ate raw eggs) 6 (4.6%) faced a problem after eating raw eggs and they showed symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting. Based on the result the majority of the respondents used to store eggs in open containers, while 10% and 23% used refrigerators and cool places, respectively. Boiling was the major egg cooking methods employed. In conclusion the current study has shown that Salmonella are present in table eggs, both on eggs shell and egg content. The prevalence of salmonella in egg shell and egg content between poultry farm and kombolcha market shows variation. Fumigation of eggs with formalin drastically reduced the rate of contamination of salmonella in egg shell and consumers must be aware of not to consume raw eggs to prevent human infection with Salmonella.Item Epidemiology and Public Health Implication of Bovine Tuberculosis in and Around Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Fikre Zeru; Tesfaye SisayreBovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a well-known zoonotic and economically important disease which affects cattle world-wide. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1248 cattle and 120 cattle owners in Mekelle City and its surroundings from September 2010 to May 2011 to assess the epidemiology and public health implication of BTB using comparative interadermal tuberculin test (CIDT), postmortem and bacteriological examinations, molecular typing and questionnaire. Accordingly, 120 herds comprising 480 cattle were subjected to CIDT, and the herd and individual animal prevalence were 20% (24/120) and 11 .25% (54/480), respectively. The herd level prevalence varied significantly among different type of farming (x2=4 .37; P=0.036), herd size (x2=19.47; P<0.001) and management (x2=25.04 ; P<0.001). Cattle herd in intensive type of production (OR=3.67) and under poor management conditions (OR=4.28) had a higher odds for tuberculin reactivity compared to those cattle herd managed under extensive production type and good management conditions, respectively. Cattle kept in herds which had >10 cattle (OR=13.53) and cattle kept under intensive farming system (OR=4.79) had a higher odds for tuberculin reactivity compared to those cattle kept with herds had less than five cattle and cattle managed under extensive type of production, respectively. of the animal characteristics, sex (x2=8.1; P=0.004), breed (x2=15.03 ; P=0.001) and body condition (x2=6 .65; P=0.036) were significantly associated with the prevalence of BTB. Female (OR=4.81), poor body condition (OR=2.65), exotic (OR=6.13) and cross (OR=6.61) had a higher odds for tuberculin reactivity compared to male, good body condition, and Zebu, respectively. of the 54 CIDT positive cows, four were slaughtered and TB lesion was detected in all the four cattle and 57 % of the lesions were found in the thoracic cavity. In addition, of the total 768 cattle subjected to postmortem examination, 49 (6.39%) were found to be positive for gross tuberculous lesions. Larger proportion (62.3%) of TB lesion was recorded in thoracic cavity followed by retropharyngeal lymph nodes (22.95%). Culture positivity in primary culture media was confirmed in 44.2% (27/61) in tissue sample and 12.9% (4/31) in milk sample. Mycobacterium genus typing of the 29 culture isolates using multiplex PCR analysis indicated that only four isolates positive for the genus Mycobacterium of which two were members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Awareness of cattle owners about BTB was generally poor and thus cattle owners were found to consume raw milk, soured milk product (yoghurt) and shared the same shelter with their cattle. A total of 1272 TB patients received short course therapy in Mekelle hospital within live years, of which 62.03% (789/1 ,272) were pulmonary TB and 37.97% (483/1 ,272) were extra-pulmonary TB patients. In conclusion, this study revealed the importance of BTB in the study area in particular and the region in general. Thus, detection of BTB both in live and slaughtered animals, lower awareness of cattle owners about the disease and the prevailing habit of consumption of animal products and isolation of M. tuberculosis complex from animal tissue and milk would suggest the potential role of BTB as a zoonosis. Therefore, practical and sound control methods such as strict meat inspection, boiling of milk and cooking of meat, and public education to raise the awareness on the transmission of the disease are recommendedItem Risk Assessments of Prioritized Transboundary Diseases in Borena Bulls Market Chain and its Implication for International Trade(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Gezahegn Alemayehu; Girma ZewdeRisks of introduction of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) such as foot and mouth disease (FMD)•lumpy skin disease (LSD) and contagious bovine pleuropnumonia (CBPP) through traded Borena bulls to markst chain and its consequences were assessed . The assessment used the framework that has been recommended by the World Animal Health Organization (OlE) for risk analysis. Likelihoods for release and exposure were estimated by a qualitative scale ranging from negligible to very high . Whereas, the consequences resulted from diseases occurrences were assessed quantitatively. Fattened bulls intended to exportoriginated mainly from Borena pastoial system where these transboundary animal diseases were endemically established. The likclihood of the introduction of TADs to the market chain through traded Borena bulls in found be high for FMD and LSD and medium for CBPP. The probability of bulls in the feedlots becoming exposed to FMD virus and Mycoplasma mycoides small-colony type (MmmSC) bacteria is also high and very high for LSD virus. Biological consequence such as prevalence and incidence and economic loss were assessed . From the total of 11189 bulls observed during outbreak investigation of LSD in six sites of feedlot operation in and around Adama, 681 (6 .1 %) and 204( 1.8%) bulls were found affected and dead with LSD, respectively. From the total of 38187 bulls examined for FMD and CBPP antibodies, 5536( 14.5%) and 150(0.4%) were found positive and subsequently rejected from international market in 2011 , respectively. The total annual (2011) economic loss due to prioritized TADs was estimated to be 4,081 ,972.2 USD which is equivalent to 69,230,245 .12 ETB (1USD= 16.96 ETB). The analysis of matrix scoring showed strong agreement (W=0.837 to 0.989; P=0.000) among the 10 informant groups for the disease indicators. The introduction of those diseases to the market chain of Borena bull for export is discussed in terms of international markets and trade disruptions. The risk estimates for all prioritized transboundary diseases are greater than negligible, therefore, transboundary diseases prevention strategy along the chain should be carefully considered by the Ethiopian veterinary servicesItem Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Small Ruminants and Humans in Amigna District Selected Peasant Association, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Getachew Yohannes; Tesfaye SisayA cross sectional study was undertaken in selected five peasant associations found in South East Ethiopia. Amigna district, Arssi Zone, from October 2010 to March 2011 to determine the seroprevalence of Brucellosis in small ruminants and human risk groups (farmers). Sera samples were collected from 100 households and 700 small ruminants (350 goats, 350 sheep). The sampling include small ruminants above 6 month of age and human risk group who had close contact with small ruminants, visited the district's Health Center and had suspected on brucellosis. The sera samples were screened using modified Rose Bengal test (MBRPT), and there was no detection of anti brucella antibodies in 700 animal and 100 human blood samples. During the questionnaire survey, it was found that 28% replace the stock with own stock, 22% from village stock, 50% from both stock. Among the total households 73 owners (73%) used unsafe methods to disposal fetal membrane, whereas 27 (27%) applied safe disposal of fetal membrane. Although antibodies were not detected in sera of animals and humans in the area, there is a human practice favorable for the transmission of the disease from animals to humans. In line with these results, there should be strict regulation in preventing introduction of brucellosis to the area; and humans should avoid practicing risky activities so that transmission of the disease to humans will be preventedItem Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella at Human Animal Environment Interface in Household Setting Bishoftu, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2026) Fozia Hussien; Bekele Megersa; Fanta DesisaSalmonella enterica is a leading cause of zoonotic illness, posing a significant public health concern in household settings, particularly where humans and animals share space and access to clean water, hygiene, and sanitation facilities is limited. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance complicates control efforts. From December 2025 to April 2026, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella at the human animal environment interface in household settings in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. A total of 266 households were included, and 1463 samples were collected from infant stool, soil, water, hand rinse, food, and animal feces. A household survey was conducted on hygiene, sanitation practices, and animal waste management, and antimicrobial use. Salmonella was confirmed using Matrix- Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization time- of- flight (MALDI- TOF) mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion method for nine antibiotics. Critical sanitation gaps included infrequent water treatment (93.98%) and (73.68%) shared latrines, most without handwashing facility (78.5%). The animal waste management system was poor; 73.7% of households either disposed of waste in a waste bin or rubbish pile or did nothing at all, indicating that nearly three-quarters of households lacked proper waste management practices. 80.1% caregivers were unaware of AMR transmission between animals and humans. Over all Salmonella prevalence was 2.12% and the highest prevalence was recorded in animal feces (6.8%). Of 31 82.8% were susceptible, 5.4% showed intermediate resistance, and 11.8% of them exhibit resistance and the highest resistance was tetracycline (32.26%). MDR occurred in 6.5% isolates and all recorded from soil. In conclusion, the study demonstrates critical gaps in sanitation and animal waste management. These finding confirms that poor household practice and animal waste contribute to Salmonella transmission and antimicrobial resistance, underscoring the urgent need for integrated one health interventions.Item Study on Prevalence of Mastitis and Associated Risk Factors With Isolation and Anitimicrobial Susceptffiility of Major Pathogs in Alage State Dairy Farm, Etidopia(Addis ababa Universty, 2012-04-10) Melesse Etifu; Mekonnen H/MariamCross-sectional study design was implemented in Alage dairy farm from September 2011 to April 2012 to determine the overall prevalence of mastitis, isolation of mastitis pathogens with their anti-biogram susceptibility patterns and risk factors to mastitis werepathogens with their anti-Different bio- chemical tests were used to identify bacteria and the highest prevalent bacteria was found to be Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (37.7%) followed bybiogram susceptibility patterns and risk factors to mastitis were also investigated. 444 quarter of 111 exotic dairy cows were examined. Overallalso investigated. 444 quarter of 111 exotic dairy cows were examined. Overall prevalence of mastitis at cow and quarter level was found to be 73% and 37%prevalence of mastitis at cow and quarter level was found to be 73% and 37% respectively. Among 444 quarters examined 23(5.2%) were blind leaving 421 quartersrespectively. Among lactation, milk yield, hygiene and feet problems and udder conformation were found to be risk factors to mastitis with significant difference P<0.05. However, parity, blind teat and body condition score showed non-significant difference (P>0.05). The high prevalence444 quarters examined 23(5.2%) were blind leaving 421 quarters functional. Sub clinical mastitis was diagnosed by using California Mastitis Test reagent Different bio- chemical tests were used (5 .8%), and Enterobacter aerogens (4.3%). Among seven anti-biotics tested in vitro most isolates were sensitive to Norfloxacin but showed resistance to Ampicillin. Age, stage ofto identify bacteria and the highest prevalentfunctional. Sub clinical mastitis was diagnosed by using California Mastitis Test reagentbacteria was found to be Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (37.7%) followed by bacteria was found to be Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolates were sensitive to Norfloxacin but showed resistance to Ampicillin. Age, stage of lactation, milk yield, hygiene and feet problems and udder conformation were found to be (37.7%) followed by(9.4%), Bacillus species (8%), Streptococcus species (5 .8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5 .8%), and Enterobacter aerogens (4.3%). Among seven anti-biotics tested in vitro most bacteria was found to be Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (37.7%) followed by Staphylococclls aureus (19.6 %), Escherichia coli (9.4%), Staphylococcus intermidilis (9.4%), rate of mastitis in this study implied that, it is the trickiest health problem of dairy cows of the study area. Isolation of both environmental and contagious bacteria revealedBacillus species (8%), Streptococcus species (5 .8%), Klebsiella pneumoniaeStaphylococclls aureus (19.6 %), Escherichia coli (9.4%), Staphylococcus intermidilisbody condition score showed non-significant difference (P>0.05). The high prevalence rate of mastitis in this study implied that, it is the trickiest health problem of dairy cowsof the study area. Isolation of both environmental and contagious bacteria revealed unhygienic milking procedure. Therefore, milkers should be trained on proper hygienicunhygienic milking procedure. Therefore, milkers should be trained on proper hygienic milking methods, regular investigation of mastitis especially sub clinical form should bemilking methods, regular investigation of mastitis especially sub clinical form should be practiced, mastitis treatments should be preceded with identification of the causative agent and susceptibility test profile of pathogens and culling of old aged and repeatedlyagent and infected cows should be done on regular planned basisItem Assessment of Cattle Husbandry and Marketing Practices in Burji Woreda, Segen Zuria Zone of Snnprs, Ethiopia(Addis ababa Universty, 2012-04-30) Seid Guyo; Berhan TamirThis study was conducted to assess cattle husbandry and marketing practices in the crop-livestock production system areas of the highland and mid-altitude and pastoralists in the lowlands of Burji Woreda of Segen Zurea zone of southern Ethiopia. The cattle husbandry and focus group discussions in highland, mid-altitude and lowland altitude area. A total of 100 farmers were selected randomly from 10 Kebeles, which are selected based on proportion of kebebes exist in altitude zones for the study. The survey showed that the majorities 81 % of household heads under investigation were males and the rest 19% were female. The average family size in the highlands, mid-altitudes and pastoral areas were 9.0±0.5, 9A±0.3 and 11.1±0.5 respectively. The survey showed that cattle were the most important species in the study area. Average livestock holding per household varied across the altitude zones, especially cattle and oxen holding per household in highland, midland and lowland altitude zones were, 13 .7±2 cattle and 4.1±OA oxen, 11.6±1 cattle and 3.98±0.3 oxen and 29.3±2.5 cattle and 6.2±OA oxen respectively. Natural pasture is the major feed resource of the woreda, but communal grazing land in their area is dwindling at an alarming rate. Crop residues provided the second major feed resources for livestock, particularly during the dry season when biomass of natural grazing lands is very low. The constraints to cattle production system were feed shortage, drought, and diseases and parasites particularly Trypanosomiasis, shortage of grazing land, veterinary services, extension services, marketing and other infrastructures. Hence, more emphasis should be given to improving livestock productivity through strong extension services in proper management of the rangelands, feed conservation, crop residues treatment, healthcare, marketing and provision of credit facility.Item Study on the Prevalence and Public Health Importance of Salmonella From Chicken Table Eggs(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Minte Assefa; Girrna ZewdeA study was conducted on 400 chicken table eggs from Kombolcha Poultry Multiplication and Breeding Center and market at Kombolcha, Ethiopia from October 2009 to April 2010. The objectives were to determine prevalence and public health importance of salmonella from chicken table eggs. A total of 400 samples of egg shell and egg content were collected. The samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella following standard technique and procedures outlined by the International Organization for standardization. Out of the 400 eggs examined for Salmonella, 46 (11.5%) were positive of which 25 (6.3%) were from egg shcll and 27 (6.8%) were from egg content. The prevalence of salmonella on egg shell before fumigation was 14% and was negative after fumigation with aldehyde. A questionnaire based survey was carried out on egg storage, preparation and egg consumption in households of Kombolcha town during October/2009-April/2010. For this purpose, 130 consumers were randomly selected for interview. According to the result shown, 6.2% of egg consumers liked to eat raw eggs and out of 8 consumers (that ate raw eggs) 6 (4.6%) faced a problem after eating raw eggs and they showed symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting. Based on the result the majority of the respondents used to store eggs in open containers, while 10% and 23% used refrigerators and cool places, respectively. Boiling was the major egg cooking methods employed. In conclusion the current study has shown that Salmonella are present in table eggs, both on eggs shell and egg content. The prevalence of salmonella in egg shell and egg content between poultry farm and kombolcha market shows variation. Fumigation of eggs with formalin drastically reduced the rate of contamination of salmonella in egg shell and consumers must be aware of not to consume raw eggs to prevent human infection with Salmonella.Item Quantitative Risk Assessment of Consuming Milk Contaminated with Staphylococcus Aureus in Debre-Zeit(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Fanta Desissa; Girma ZewdeA cross- sectional Study was conducted from October 2009 to March 2010 with the main objcctive to assess quantitatively the risk of consuming informally marketed milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus in Debre-zeit. The study employed a participatory risk assessment following the method recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.Rapid rural appraisal and key informants interview with pre tested questionnaire were used to generate data on milk handling, quantity of milk produced and consumed and the habits of milk consumption.A deterministic model was developed to assess quantity of milk contaminated with S. aureus using data on prevalence of S. aureus in farm bulk milk and collection centers bulk milk, raw milk consumption habit, milk handling practices and quantity of milk at the point of exposures along the dairy value chain as risk inputs. Monte Carlo Simulation was used to simulate the quantity and proportion of milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus entero-toxin (SEs). Two hindered fifteen milk samples and two hundred eighteen participants were included in the study. The milk samples comprised raw farm bulk milk (170), milk collection centers bulk milk (25) and pastcurized milk (20). The participants included 170 dairy farmers, 14 milk collectors, 25 consumers, l production manager at processing plant and 8 hotel managers. The result showed 44%;72 % and 0% prevalence of S. aureus in farm bulk milk, milk. collection centers bulk tank milk.and pasteurized milk respectively. Comparison of the contamination rate of farm bulk milk with S.aureus among different collection centers showed statistically a significant differences (x2 =31.784,df=13, p=0.003). The milk produced and collected in peri-urban areas was significantly more contaminated with S. aureus (25/39, 64.1%) than milk produced and collected in urban areas (50/131, 38.2%) (x2=7.18, df= l, p=0.007). About 24,000 L of milk was estimated to be produced per day in and around DZ of which around 23% (5,500 L) milk was collected by Ada dairy cooperative society from the cooperative members. The survey result showed that 32% of the dairy producers and 36% of the consumers had the habit of consuming raw milk. The behavior of raw milk consumption was most common in illiterate group (62.9%) and the proportion was significantly higher than the other education level groups (p=0.0145). Risk factors for consumption or raw milk among dairy producers such as income, education level, location of farm and knowledge staphylococcal poisoning were considered. Among these, only residing in peri-urban areas was a risk factor for consuming raw milk (p<0.001). The study showed that 166.7 L (90%CI:125.2-213.6), which is 0.7% (90% CI: 0.5-0.8) of the lotal daily production and everyday, 333 (90% CI: 250-427) people could acquire Staphylococcal poisoning in the urban areas of Debre Zeit Despite the limitations and the data gap, we demonstrated the benefit of participatory risk assessment not only as a risk evaluation tool but also as a helping device in the decision-making and the risk managementItem Study on Contamination of Bovine Raw Milk with Staphylococcal Species in Urban Dairy Farms of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Mezgebu Merid; Girma ZewdeA cross-sectional study was undertaken from October 2009 to April 2010 to establish the prevalence of staphylococcus species in bovine udder milk, on teat and udder skin of lactating cows, milkers' hands and milking and milk collecting equipments and to assess the farm hygiene and pre-milking practices experienced in 25 randomly selected urban dairy farms of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 604 samples comprising 270 bovine udder milk and 270 lactating cow skin swab samples (135 lactating cow teats and 135 udders) were collected by using cluster sampling technique. Swab samples from 19 milkers' hands, 22 milking buckets and 23 milk collecting containers were also collected from the selected farms . All the samples were examined for the presence of staphylococcus species by using standard bacteriological techniques. The prevalence of staphylococcus species were: coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (53%), S. aureus (8.5%), S. intermedius (0.7%) and S. hyicus (0.7%) in the udder milk; CNS (38.5%), S. aureus (5.9%) and S. hyicus (0.7%) from udder skin and CNS (32.6%), S. aureus (4.4%), S. intermedius (1.5%) and S. hyicus (0 .7%) from lactating cow teat skin swab samples. Only CNS species were isolated from milkers ' hands, milking buckets and milk collecting containers with the respective prevalence of 42.1 %, 13.6% and 8.7%. The hygienic status of the bams of most of the visited farms was poor and poor milking hygiene was practiced. The presence of staphylococci species on teat and udder skin of lactating cows, milkers' hands and milking and milk collecting equipments indicates the high chance of staphylococci species to contaminate milk leaving the udder of cow during milking. The high prevalence of staphylococci in the udder milk demonstrates its role in reducing milk quality and its potential risk for human consumption. This high contamination rate could be due to increased occurrence of intramammary infection and very poor hygienic conditions during milking. Educating or training of milking personnel and other non-milking dairy farm employees concerning the imporance of good quality milk and the risk arising from contaminated milk; control of mastitis and interamanmary infection; application of good farm hygiene and following standard milking procedures are important for minimizing contaminationItem Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Brucellosis and its Zoonotic Significance in Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Yohannes Tsegaye; Moses N. KyuleThe seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis were investigated in cattle kept in intensive and extensive production system, and in human subjects who are occupationally at risk and the general population in Arsi zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia between October 2009 and March 2010. In order to achieve this; on the bases of a one stage cluster sampling technique, sera from a total of 74 clusters consisting of 756 heads of cattle from both system [5 herds consisting 274 animals from intensive system and 69 herds consisting 482 heads of cattle from extensive system (mixed crop-livestock production)] were collected. And on the bases of convenience sampling technique, sera from a total of 183 human subjects (35 from individuals working in government dairy farm/vet lab and the rest 148 from general population or out-patients who came to health centers within the zone) were collected. All cattle and human sera were screened serologically by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and sera found positive on RBPT were retested by Complement Fixation Test (CFT). Thus, from RBPT and CFT results, herd and animal level seroprevalence were 9.5% (95% CI: 2.8 - 16.2) and 2.6% (95% CI: 1.5 - 3.7) respectively without considering systems. Herd level seroprevalences were 40% (95% C1: 0.0 - 80.0) in intensive system and 7.3% (95% CI: 1.1 - 13.3) in extensive system . The animal level seroprevalence and within-herd range of brucellosis in cattle in intensive system were 4.4% (95% C1: 2.0 - 6.8) and 0.0 - 7.5%, while for those in extensive system were 1.7% (95% C1: 0.5 - 2.9) and 0.0 - 30%, respectively. According to univatiate logistic regression analysis both herd and animal level seroprevalence were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the intensive system than in the extensive system. Univariate analysis revealed that, the odds of brucellosis in larger herd size was eleven times (Odds ratio = 11.8) higher than the smaller herds and it was found also to be statistically (p < 0.05) significant. The odds of brucellosis among older cattle (> 3 years) was also five times (OR = 5.00) higher than cattle aged under 3 years for within intensive system and was also statistically (P < 0.05) significant; but not significant (p < 0.05) for within extensive system. Brucellosis seropositivity was observed in 42.9% of the herds with histOlY of previous abortion (n = 7) and in 6.0% of the herds without previous abortion (n = 67) with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) irrespective of the system of production. In general, the multivariable logistic regression model revealed herd size to be the major risk factor with significant level (p = 0.01) followed by positive influence of production system, sex and age for seropositivity to Brucella antigens; while breed had no influence to seropositivity An overall human brucellosis seroprevalence of 2.2% (95% C1: 1.6 - 2.8) was estimated in this study. Higher seroprevalence-II.4% (95% C1: 0.9 - 21.9) with significant level (p < 0.05) was recorded among occupationally exposed group (among dairy farm/vet lab workers) than among the general population owing to their definite contact with the infected cattle herd confirmed by this study. Specific duties of the seroreactor individuals were two milkers, a barn cleaner and an animal health professional. Seroprevalence in males was higher than females due to their occupation differences that males are employed in such institutions than females. Therefore, the findings of the present study reveal that human brucellosis in Arsi zone is an occupational disease with high impact on persons who, due to their profession, are in direct contact with cattle, animal products and their environments particularly those working under intensive farm. Owing to the statistically significant difference observed in the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis between intensive and extensive systems; and the seroprevalence of human brucellosis linked to occupational exposure to intensive farms implied some sort of different control strategies need to be addressed in Arsi zone. Thus, implementing a culling practice in the extensive system to eliminate the existing low risk of brucellosis and targeting calves in the intensive systems for vaccination in addition to culling reactors could minimize the economic loss and reduce occupational exposure in particular and the public health in general through production and distTibution of safe agricultmal productItem Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis and Molecular Characterization of Isolates in Barka Breed Cattle in Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Gebremedhin Romha; Tesfaye SisayBovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a chronic infectious disease of animals and humans characterized by the formation of granulomas in tissues and organs, principally caused by Mycobacterium Bovis (M bovis). A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2010 to May 20 11 with the objectives to determine the prevalence of BTB, to characterize the isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and to assess zoonotic importance of BTB based on questionnaire survey in Setit and Kafta Humera districts, Western Zone of Tigray Region. Thirty one herds comprising 484 cattle were subjected to CIDT test. Accordingly, the individual animal prevalences were 6.6% (95% CI 4.4-8.8) and 8.7% (95% CI, 6.2- 11.2) at cut-offs greater than 4 mm and 2 mm, respectively while the herd prevalences were 61.3 % (95% CI, 43 .1-79.5) at cut-off >4 mm and 77.4% (95% CI, 61.8-93 .0) at cut-off >2 mm. One of the 7 milk samples collected from tuberculin-positive milking cows was culture positive. Bovine tuberculin positivity was significantly associated with body condition score(x2=13.4, P=0.001 at cut-off >4 mm; x2=6.8 P=0.033 at cut-off >2 mm), while the other assessed potential risk factors were not statistically significant. Thus, animals with medium body condition score (OR=5.5 [95% cr, 1.9-15.9] at cut-off >4 mm; OR=2.7 [95% CI, 1.2-5 .8] at cut-off >2 mm) had a higher odds for tuberculin reactivity. On abattoir survey, a total of 582 cattle were subjected to postmortem examination, of which 5.8% were found to be positive for gross tuberculous lesions Larger proportion (61. 8%) of TB suggestive lesion was recorded in the respiratory pathway followed by digestive system and prescapular lymph nodes with 23 .5% for each. Among the risk factors assessed in abattoir survey, age (x2=6.8, P=0.009) and body condition (X2=74.5, P=0.000) were significanly associated with the presence of TB suggestive lesion. Thus, animals older than 6 years (OR=3.7 [95% CI, 1.3-10.7]) and with poor body condition score (OR=53.4 [95% CI, 7.1-402.4]) had a higher odds for tuberculin reactivity. Of 34 tissue specimens collected from the gross lesions 35.3% (12/34) were positive on primary culture, of which four showed a positive signal for the genus Mycobacterium using multiplex PCR and none of them were in Mycobacterium luberculusis complex. The result suggests the importance of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria in cattle of the study area and recommended further study to reveal the specific species of mycobacteria and their public health significance in humanItem Alongitudinal Study on Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and its Drug Resistance Pattern in Raw Bovine Milk Originated From Alage TVET College Dairy Farm, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Elias Gezahegn; Tesfaye SisayA longitudinal study was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 to investigate the contamination rate of Staphylococcus aureus in raw and processed bovine milk in Algae ATVET College. The rate of raw milk contamination along lactation length, the role of some potential risk factors, and degree of antibiotic resistance to the study organism was also addressed. A total of 316 (265 udder and 51 raw processed) milk samples were analyzed and 20.3% (64/316) were found contaminated with S. aureus. The rate of contamination in udder milk and raw processed milk was 20.8% (55/265) and 17.6% (9/51), respectively. The longitudinal study done indicated that the rate of contamination at early, mid and late stage of lactation was, 40.5% (30174), 11.2% (10/89) and 14.7% (15/ 102) respectively. There was statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in rate of contamination between early and late lactation stages. The calculated odd ratio for early and late lactation stage was 3.955 (CI= 1.929, 8.101 ). Udder milk from cows with two or more parity number and high milk yielders also revealed significant (P<0.05) contamination rate with S. aureus when compared with cows having less than two parity number (OR= 5.81, CI= 2.898, 11.765) and low milk yielders (OR= 4.83 , CI= 1.88, 12.35), respectively. From the raw processed milk samples, the higher percentage of occurrence was at milk destination sites 'B' and 'C', 33.3% each. The antibiotic susceptibility test indicated the study microorganism was highly susceptible to chloramphenicol (76.9%) followed by erythromycin (71.8%) and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (64. 1%). However, these isolates were equally resistant to doxycycline and nalidixic acid (36.1 %) following ampicillin for which they were highly resistant (94.9%). From the 39 pure isolates, 82.1 % were resistant for two or more drugs. The multidrug resistance pattern done for isolates from different parity group was statistically insignificant (P>0.05) In conclusion, this study indicated the importance of S. aureus in milk contamination in the study area. It also indicated lactation stage, milk yield and parity number of lactating cows were the potential risk factors for the contamination of udder milk. Measure should be taken to address the antibiotic resistance in the study farm . Keywords: Occurrence, Raw processed milk, Staphylococcus aureus, Udder milk.Item Study on Contamination of Bovine Raw Milk with Staphylococcos Pecie in Urban and Periurban Dairy Farms of Dire Dawa, Ethiopia(Addis ababa Universty, 2011-04-20) Daniel Shiferaw; Tesfaye SisayA cross- setional study was undertaken from October 2010 to April 20 11 in urban and periurban dairy farms in Dire Dawa areas to isolate Staphylococcus spp. from raw milk at potential points of contamination with the organism. In the precent study. survey using interview methods using structured questionnaire was made. In addition. bacteriological investigation of Staphylococcus species and determination of their prevalence and distribution was carried out. In th is study. it was ob erved that 20(83.3%) of the farms ha good h)gienic status of bedding area. In 95.8% of all the farm the udder and teat of lactating cows was washed before milking: 33.3% of dairy establishment use separate towel, while 8.3 % use common towel for washing more than one or all of thc lactating cows in thc farm . in addition 87.5% cleaned their hand before milking, however, on ly 58.3% conducted cleaning between milking; 79.1% of the dairy farms washed milking utensils. In 45.83% of the farm detergent or soap were routinely practiced; dipping was practiced in 20.8% dairy farms: 45.8% were not aware of milk contamination and food-borne disease. A total of 827 samples were cultured for isolation and idc elllification of Staphylococcus species and know possible route of contamination. About 384 raw milk samples from bovine udder milk. Bovine raw milk revealed 184 (47.91%) isolates of Staphylococcus species. There were grouped into 109(28.4%) i olates of CN . 42( I 0.93%) isolates of S. aureus. 18(4.7%) isolates of S. intermedius and 15(3.9%) isolates of S. hyicl/s. A total of 384 lactating cow skin swabs (192 udder swab samples and 192 teat swab samples were collected from selccted farms. Result showed that 85(44 .3%) on pooled teat swab sample and 72(37.5%) from udder swab positiveisolates of Staphylococcus species. They were grouped in S aureus with 26( 13.5%) isolate .S. intermedius with 6(3 .1 %) isolates. S. hyiclIs with I (0.52%) isolates and 52(27.1 %) isolatesyielded C . udder swab samplcs yielded. S. aureus with 13(6.8%) isolates. S. intermedlllolwith 7(3 .6%); S. hyicl/s with 2( 1.04 %) isolates and CNS with 50(26.04%) were identified. inaddition. Staphylococcus species were detected at rate of 15% CNS and 10% S aureus onthe milking buckets, and 20% CNS specie and 15% S. aureus. on bulk milk collectingcontainers. Five (26 .3%) milkers ' hands skin swabs were carriers of ceoaglate negativeStaphylococci. In conclusion. proper hygienic measures should be practiced to control staphylococcal contamination of raw milk and the Subsequent public health hazard.Item Study on Camel and Human Brucellosis in Fentale District, East Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Kebede Mekonnen; Gimla Zewde; Moses KyuleA cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the serape valence of camel and human brucellosis and to assess the association between risk factors and serape prevalence in Fen tale Districts of East SllOa Zone of Oromia Regional State from September 2009 to April 2010. Multistage sampling procedure was used. In the study 768 camel and 2S0 human sera were screened for Briella antibodies using rose Bengal plate test (RBPT). RBPT positive sera were further tested using complement fixation test (CFT) as per OlE recommendation. Moreover, information on individual animal and herd-level risk factors was gathered using pre tested questionnaires. Based on CFT results, the overall individual animal sera-prevalence was 98.6% (among RBPT positives, 70171). The herd-level sero-prevalence was 36.S% (701\92) and the within -herd Seropositive varied from negative animals to at least one positive reactor. The results of binary logistic regression analysis revealed that seropositivity was higher in Dhebiti followed by Kenifa, llaala and Saraweba; and sex ways males were more infected than females. However, no statistically significant difference was observed (p=0.872) between sex. The res ultsal so indicated that Seropositive and Seropositive increase with increment of age and herd size, respectively. In addition herding experience did al so affect the status of Seropositive among the respective categories (pO.OS). History of abort ion, fetal membrane retention and stillbirth was found to be significantly (p=O.OOO, p=0.004 and p=O.OOO) associated with brucellosis. Watering points except wet season/ and culling methods of camel management and husbandry related factors were not significantly associated with Seropositive to brucellosis s. Out of 2S0 persons (male and female) tested IS were RBPT positives and the R.BPT positives were tested using CFT accordingly all of them were seropositive, the positive reactor being herdsmen. There was a high risk of acquiring the infection during removal of retained fetal membranes (p=0.000) and in those who were both in contact with animals and drank raw milk (p=O.OOI). In conclusion the study showed that camel and human brucellosis was prevalent in the study area and appropriate control measures need to be introduced to alleviate the disease problem in the area. Key words : Brucellosis, CFT, Dromedary Camel, Ethiopia, Fen tale, Human, Prevalence, Risk factors, RBPTItem Assesement of Veterinary Services: A Case Study in Ada'a District of Oromia Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Kidane Girmay; Ashenafi Mengistu; Tariku JibalThis study was conducted to identify: the actors, their roles, competences and main constraints of veterinary service delivery system in Ada' a district of the Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. The kebele administrations were selected representing urban, peri-urban and rural areas of the district based on the presence and absence of veterinary clinics and drug shops. Questionnaire, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and desk review were conducted to gather important primary and secondary data. For the questionnaire survey 100 household heads from the rural, peri-urban and urban were selected purposively. This assessment revealed that the district obtains veterinary services mainly from three sectors: public, private and third sectors. The public serves 62%, 56% and 45% of clinical treatment, vaccination and drug sales respectively. "Open-air clinic" (SVM) 38% clinical cases and 37% drugs sales. Private 40%, 5% and 43% of clinical treatments, Vaccination and veterinary drug sales respectively. Veterinary pharmacies cover 82% of drug sales and 44% of clinical cases. Part time veterinarians 11 % of clinical cases, 2% vaccination and 9% of drug sales. From the respondents 53% were illegal drug user. Ada'a dairy cooperative provides 12.5%, 7.5% and 10% of clinical cases, vaccination, and drug sale respectively mainly to its members. Donkey sanctuary provides 16.675 and 6.67% of clinical cases in the peri-urban and rural respectively. SP ANA provides clinical cases of 7.5 and 7.5% vaccination in the urban. Inadequate budget, logistic problems, shortage of manpower and working days were found to be the main causes for the very weakness of government veterinary services, and black-market drug dealers were found to be challengers of private practitioner. But significant population of dairy cattle and poultry farms with good access to market, there appears to be opportunities to profitability support the private veterinary sector in the study area. Keywords: Ada 'a district, Drug, Private, Public, Vaccine, Veterinary serviceItem Epidemiological Study of Foot ond Mouth Disease in Cattle and Small Ruminants In Selected Districts of Gambella Regional State, South-West Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2010-04-30) Belachew Tefera; Yilkal AsfawA cross sectional study based on serological and questionnaire survey was conducted in 4 selected Districts of Gambella Regional State from September 2009 to April 20 I 0 to determine the sero-prevalence of FMD, the involvement of small ruminants in the epidemiology of FMD, identify and characterize the serotypes of FMD virus circulating in the study area and assess epidemiological risk factors associated with FMD in cattle. A multistage random sampling was implemented to select the required sample size. Field observation, clinical examination, specimen collection and laboratory diagnosis, interviewing farmers, and reviewing secondary data source were methods followed to generate information. Sera were tested by 3ABC-ELISA at NAHDIC, Sebeta and FMD virus identification and characterization was canied out at Pirbright, UK. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and logistic regress ion. The overall seroprevalence of FMD was 12% (N = 1,152) for cattle and 1.43% (N = 768) for small ruminants. Cattle was 9.37 times more FMD seropositive than small ruminants. Seroprevalences of 17.74%, 11.86%, 9.42% and 8.97% were recorded in Hang, Gambella, Abobo and Lare Districts, respectively. The difference among which was statistically significant (p<0.05). From the different risk factors analysed; herd size, age, contact with wildlife and cattle-small ruminant combination were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p<0.05). From the total of 338 cattle and 69 small ruminants clinically examined during an outbreak episode 124 (36.69%) of cattle showed signs and lesions suggestive of FMD but observable symptoms were not detected in small ruminants. FMD virus SAT-2 serotype was responsible for the OCCllnence of the investigated outbreak in the study area. The field isolates shared greater than 80% genetic similarity with the Benshangul-Gumuz and Sudan SAT-2 isolates. The present SAT-2 isolate had also showed antigenic relationship with the vaccine strains of Eritrea SA T2IERI and Zimbabwe SAT2/ZIM Crl-values > 0.3 and 0.4 for VNT and LPB-ELISA), respectively. Questionnaire survey feedback generated from a total of 120 respondents indicated that FMD was prevalent and frequently affect the cattle population of the study area. Herd congregation sites, free animal movement, seasonal recurrence of flood and infected animal inlToduction into herd were complained as possible source of FMD infection and dissemination. This work generates preliminary baseline information on ClIITent status of FMD along with associated risk factors in the study area in particular and can also add information nationally on existing knowledge in general. Therefore, the identified FMD virus SAT-2 serotype should be considered in vaccine formulation, cattle and small ruminants must be surveyed regularly, domestic animals should be protected from wildlife park entry and realizing regional approach of FMD control program with the neighboring regional states and the Sudan republic across the border is recommended.