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Item Modeling bovine tuberculosis transmission dynamics and disease control interventions in selected dairy farms of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Berhanu Abera; Prof. Gezahagn Mamo; Dr. Rebecca L. Smith; Prof. Balako GumiDeepening poverty; sluggish performance of the agricultural sector in general, livestock development in particular; accelerated resource depletion and emerging zoonotic disease in Ethiopia have always concerned policy makers and researchers and urged them to search for effective research and policy tools. The present PhD research work; therefore, aims to reveal peculiarities of information on bTB transmission dynamics and control, relevant data for the implementation of a model-based disease control system and factors that might hamper the control of the disease in order to optimize resources. The studies included in my PhD thesis are summarized below: 1. In the first study, non-biological factors affecting bovine tuberculosis control and prevention in dairy herds was analyzed. The results indicated that the KAP level among dairy farmers varied depending on herd size, milk-shed, training availed, veterinary consultation and their previous farming experiences. Farmers from medium and large-scale farms knew more about bTB than those from small scale farms, by a factor of 2.8 and 7.7 respectively. Similarly, farmers who had been farming for more than 6 years and farmers from Selale milk-shed had higher odds of being knowledgeable about bTB, by a factor of 5.7 and 10.4 respectively, compared to others. Only 12% of the study participants were aware of test and slaughter method, likewise, 18% of farmers tended to avoid buying cattle from risky sources. The finding revealed a dearth of knowledge on the production loss incurred (12%) and the probability of human infection (1.9%), instead a substantial number of farmers (25%) believed that bTB infection could badly affect the dairy market. These limitations may explain how bTB will continue to be a major threat. All these negatively impact disease surveillance and control intervention programs. 2. The second study assessed the incidence of bTB in a dairy herd with repeated irregular skin test and slaughter programme, and found that these incidences exhibited an oscillating pattern over subsequent time period. The study highlighted the importance of consistent testing and control measures to manage the risk of bTB in dairy herds. Penultimate test result, and herd composition were significantly associated with the odds of them becoming a reactor to the SICCTT at a subsequent test (P<0.05). The study findings indicated that animals undergoing two consecutive repeated skin tests had an approximately 11 times higher risk of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection compared to newly introduced animals. Moreover, animals that had inconclusive results in previous tests were more likely to be bTB reactor, and high probable to have visible lesions at slaughter than those with a negative penultimate SICCTT result, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring and follow-up. It‟s crucial for dairy farms to implement regular and systematic skin testing and slaughter control programs to effectively control the spread of bTB. This not only protects the health of the herd but also ensures the safety of milk products for consumers. 3. In the third study, the impact of repeated test and slaughter for bovine tuberculosis control was examined. The effect of the intervention measures on resultant incidences, and its consequence on herd demographic changes were evaluated. Despite repeated testing and removal measures, the incidence did not exhibit a substantial reduction trend along the successive test and slaughter rounds. The time interval between successive SICCTT tests varied from 0.95 years to 1.84 years, which were excessively prolonged and inconsistent time intervals. Apart from the incompetence on incidence reduction, the study identified a vital knock-on effect on herd demography due to culling of a substantial number of cows (n=342) which played a crucial role in shaping the average herd age, parity and breed composition of the study herd. With an increased culling rate, the average age of the herd and the average number of lactations per cow decreased, which was not favorable for herd demography maintenance. Similarly, animal entries and exits also influenced the breed composition of the herd. The proportion of purebred Boran animals declined to 5%, while high-grade animals (75% Holstein blood) increased almost five-fold between the first and fourth test rounds. It is recommended that culling should be carried out with no or minimal significant impact on herd demography change. Compliance to conventional test and slaughter procedural protocol is supposed to play an important role in succeeding bTB control measures. Therefore, at least a minimum of 2-month a maximum of 6-month testing interval, and two consecutive negative whole herd testing should be carried out in order to declare a herd free of bTB. 4. The fourth study, “Bayesian modeling of bovine tuberculosis prevalence”, estimate the true prevalence and test characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) of SICCTT from the apparent prevalence in semi-intensive dairy farm over time. True disease states are uncertain in practice due to imperfect specificity and sensitivity, and so the true prevalence and characteristics of SICCTT were inferred using Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimation with prior distributions. Median sensitivity estimates using standard and severe interpretations were 68.6% (BPI; 50.3-84.3%) and 78.1% (BPI; 62.5-90.9%), while the specificity median were 96.8% (BPI; 94.3-98.9%) and 94.5% (BPI; 91.5-97.1%), respectively. Furthermore, adjusted true prevalence estimates (median and 95 %; BPI) were produced for each testing round using the Rogan-Gladen estimator (RGE). Bayesian estimation with informative priors exhibited much wider credible intervals and strong coverage compared to uninformative priors and frequentist method (RGE). Classic apparent prevalence estimates are overly precise when uncertainty around test performance is high. These Bayesian approaches provided a more accurate estimate of bTB prevalence in the study herd and provide a baseline data for the future true prevalence estimates using linked combined data. 5. The fifth study estimated the within-herd transmission dynamics of bovine tuberculosis in a commercial dairy herd, and predict the efficiency of the envisaged control interventions. The study developed a stochastic compartmental SORI (Susceptible, Exposed (latent), and Infectious) model to simulate within herd transmission dynamics of M. bovis in intensively managed dairy farm. Several parameters related to bTB spread, in particular the cattle-to-cattle transmission rate (β) and the rate at which infected cattle become infectious (α) was inferred. Data for parameter inference was obtained from farms where there were epidemiological evidences of bTB introduction into the herd through the purchase of infected animals, which allowed us to have data on: a) the date of introduction of infection into the herd, b) initial number of infected animals introduced and c) final number of infected animals (when infection of the herd is detected). A Markov Chain Monte Carlo-Approximate Bayesian Computation (MCMC-ABC) method was used to generate posterior distributions of bTB transmission parameters. The results from the studies-I has been accepted by Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, study II has been published on Asian III, IV and V included in the present PhD Thesis have been published or accepted or submitted for publication in international scientific peer-reviewed journals:Item In vitro and In vivo Efficacy of Anticoccidial Drugs Against Mixed Eimeria Species of Chickens Collected from Poultry Farms in Bishoftu Town(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Yemisrach Eyasu; Getachew TerefeHandling of the highly productive exotic breeds of chicken is seriously constrained by widespread diseases, of which coccidiosis poses a persistent challenge. Management of poultry coccidiosis caused by Eimeria species is heavily dependent on strict biosecurity practices and use of anticoccidial drugs; drug resistance being a limiting factor. This study, therefore aimed at assessing the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs commonly used in commercial poultry farms in and around Bishoftu. The curative drugs, Amprolium (AMPRO), Toltrazuril (TOLTRA) and Koksidex (KOKSI) made the targets of the study. Oocysts of mixed species were isolated from fecal droppings collected from poultry farms, propagated on chicken and purified for in vitro incubation with 28mg/ml AMPROand KOKSI. Sporulation potentials of the oocysts were evaluated against the untreated control. For the in vivo study, a randomized control trial was done on 150, dayold Cobb500 breed of broiler chicken. At the end of the 2nd week of age,chicken were divided into five treatment groups. Each group was penned in triplicates of 10 chickens (30/group). Accordingly, Groups AMPRO, KOKSI and TOLTRA Received 1.5x105 /chicken sporulated oocysts and then started treatment on the 6th day of infection. Group POSC was infected with the same number but left untreated while group NEGC served as a non-infected non-treated control. Clinical observations, body weight measurements, ococyst count, mortality and lesion scores were monitored until day 9 post treatment (PT). Using these parameters efficacy status of the drugs was determined based on four major indices: anticoccidial index (ACI), reduction of oocysts production (ROP), reduction of lesion score (RLS) and percent optimumanticoccidial activity (POAA). The findings revealed: 1) KOKSI had significantly inhibited sporulation of Eimeria oocysts, 2) body weight gain was not different among infected groups irrespective of treatment but significantly lower than that of the NEGC (P,0.05), 3) nine days PT, fecal oocysts count was significantly reduced in KOKSI group compared to other infected groups, 4) on day 9PT, survival rate was better with TOLTRA, 5) nine days PT, lesion scores did not significantly differ between treated and untreated groups, 6) with cut off values of 160 for ACI, 15 for ROP, 50 for RLS and 50 for POAA, strong resistance was detected against AMPRO and TOLTRA. On the other hand, with RLS value of 50 (≥50) and ROP value of 0.3 (<15), but failing in the other two indices, KOKSI developed moderate resistance. In conclusion, anticoccidial drug resistance is evident in poultry farms ofBishoftu. It is recommended to pose the use of Amprolium and Toltrazuril, prudently apply Koksidex and strengthen biosecurity protocols to limit health and production impacts of the diseaseItem A Retrospective Study Of Dogs Rabies, Vaccination Coverage And Challenges In Addis Ababa(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Kirubel Befekadu; Dr. Biruhtesfa Asrade; Dr. Zerihun AssefaA retrospective and cross-sectional study about the incidence of rabies and the coverage and barriers of rabies vaccination was conducted in Addis Ababa city from October 2023 to April 2024. The objective of this study was to assess the general condition of rabies and its vaccination coverage within Addis Ababa. Data was collected through surveys of dog owners and interviews with veterinarians in various sub-cities across Addis Ababa. Additionally, retrospective analysis of dog bite records from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute and canine vaccination data (2020- 2023) from the Farmers and Urban Agriculture Development Commission were employed. Out of the 206 dog owners who participated in the survey, the majority (66.5%) indicated that their dogs were fully vaccinated. Some of the significant barriers for dog vaccination acknowledged by respondents were poor knowledge of rabies, unrestricted dog movement, and lack of mass vaccination campaign. Interviewed veterinary professionals identified lack of equipment, coordination with other agencies and inadequate long-term planning as the major barriers for vaccination coverage. In Addis Ababa, 3,123 individuals were reported to be bitten by a suspected dog from 2019 to 2023 and overall incidence rate was found to be 12.45. In the same period 92.7% of the victims were reported to have received post-exposure prophylaxis. According to records from the Farmers and Urban Agriculture Development Commission, a total of 96,319 dogs received rabies vaccination in Addis Ababa during the period spanning from 2020 to 2023. In the present study, there was a significant increase in the number of human cases of dog bites receiving post-exposure anti-rabies vaccination. Additionally, this research revealed a lack of awareness regarding rabies vaccination, particularly notable in sub-cities like Arada and Lemi Kura. This study recommends for the scaling-up of periodic mass vaccination campaigns for dogs, coupled with one health initiatives and targeted restrictions on canine movement, as a comprehensive strategy for rabies control.Item Assessment of Farm Management Practices, Antimicrobial Usage, Poultry Health and Welfare: Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of E. Coli in Poultry Farms at the Starter Phase In Bishoftu, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Kebene Temesgen; Hika WaktoleIn view of the expanding trend of poultry sector, the starter phase of poultry production requires effective management, health, welfare and judicious antimicrobial usage. Suboptimal practices during the starter phase can result in reduced productivity and increased spread of disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to May 2024 with the targeted objectives of assessing farm management practices, poultry health and welfare, antimicrobial usage and susceptibility profile of E. coli in poultry farms during the starter phase in Bishoftu town. Methodologically, the study employed questionnaire surveys and bacteriological isolation of E. coli. The questionnaire survey revealed that 69%, 50%, 70%, 42% and 65% of respondents had good management practices in terms of housing and brooding, chick quality and procurement, health and biosecurity, welfare and antimicrobial usage, respectively. The study's findings indicated several managemental practices were not properly addressed. The study found that farmers' educational level, experience and role significantly (p<0.05) impact on the management of housing and brooding, as well as maintenance of health and biosecurity and rational use of antimicrobials. Education also significantly influenced (χ2=28.6; p=0.000) the promotion of chicken welfare within the farms. Risk factors like breed also impact chick quality and procurement management and maintenance of health and biosecurity (p<0.05). Differences in farm size also played a significant (p<0.05) influence in maintaining health and biosecurity, promoting animal welfare and ensuring the rational use of antimicrobials. The present study disclosed that 52.7% (116/220) isolation of E. coli from cloacal swabs. Further, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed all isolates showed 100% resistance to oxacillin and penicillin, 88% to vancomycin, 64% to oxytetracycline, 48% to amoxicillin, 32% to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. To promote effective management of poultry farms, particularly during the starter phase targeted interventions are recommended for effective poultry farm management, focusing on promoting poultry health, and welfare and judicious use of antimicrobials for sustainable farming practicesItem Antibiogram study of Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates and assessment of KAP of poultry producers in conventional poultry farms in Hossana town, central Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Habtamu Endale; Debela Abdeta; Mesfin Mathewos; Saliman Aliye; Adane HaileAntimicrobial resistance is a serious health threat to creatures that depend on antimicrobials for the prevention and relief of infections. Foodborne Salmonella and Esherchia coli O157:H7 are critical causes of antimicrobial resistance associated morbidity and mortality. Fast growing poultry production along with antimicrobial misuse is a critical hotspot for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 by disc diffusion method and assessment of KAP of poultry producers was executed in conventional poultry farms in Hossana Town, Central Ethiopia from October 2023 to May 2024. Up on bacteriological, biochemical and serological tests, 27 Salmonella and 20 E. coli were isolated and identified from a total of 228 cloacal swabs and postmortem samples. In disc diffusion test, all Salmonella and E. coli isolates were resistant to tested antimicrobial agents. Salmonella was resistant to ampicillin (100%), sulfamethoxazole and cefoxitin (85.1%), tetracycline (77.8%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (74.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (66.6%), ceftriaxone and streptomycin (55.6%), ciprofloxacin (51.9%), ampicillin/sulbactam (48.1%), trimethoprim (44.4%) and cefotaxime (40.7%). It showed high susceptibility to meropenem (81.48 %), gentamicin (66.67%), chloramphenicol (81.48%) and azithromycin (81.48%). E. coli O157:H7 was resistant to ampicillin (100%), cefotaxime and tetracycline (90.00%), cefoxitin and trimethoprim (70.00%), sulfamethoxazole (65.00%), amoxicillin clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone (55.0%) and ampicillin/sulbactam (50.00%). It was highly susceptible to azithromycin 90.00%, gentamicin (75.00%), chloramphenicol (60.00%), ciprofloxacin (55.00%) and meropenem (50.00%). All Salmonella and 80.00% of E. coli exhibited MDR. A lower portion, 22.20%, 19.44% and 25.00% of the poultry producers have good knowledge, attitude and practice on AMU and AMR, respectively. Poultry farms in the study site were found crucial hotspots for AMR Salmonella and E. coli and the low KAP levels of the poultry producers further exacerbate antimicrobial misuse and AMR spread. Monitoring antimicrobial dispensing, awareness of stakeholders on AMR prevention, and improving poultry producers' KAP on antimicrobial use and resistance are paramount to tackling this global problem.Item Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus from raw cow milk and traditionally processed dairy products in and around Hawassa town, Sidama, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Eskedar Wodaje; Eyob Hirpa; Gizat Almaw; Gezahegn MamoStaphylococcal foodborne poisoning is a well-known global health concern. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and its antimicrobial susceptibility profiles in raw cow milk and traditionally processed dairy products in Hawassa town, Sidama Region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study conducted from December 2023 to May 2024. Totally 386 samples were collected and cultured using standard microbiological techniques and further identification and confirmation of S. aureus was done using MALDITOF method and conventional PCR was used to detect the resistance gene. S. aureus was isolated and identified in 54 (13.99%) of the samples, with the highest prevalence in raw milk (20.7%), followed by bulk tank milk (5.0%) and yoghurt (2.4%). Number of S. aureus was not detected in cheese samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance to Tetracycline (46.3%), Penicillin G (85.2%), Ampicillin (92.6%), and Amoxicillin (100%). Notably, 87.4% of the S. aureus isolates exhibited multiple drug resistance, posing a significant public health concern. PCR-based detection showed that all 25(46.3%) S. aureus isolates were positive for the nuc gene, but none possessed the mecA or blaZ genes. A questioner survey found that 40(40.0%) of the population consumed raw milk, 61(61.0%) had no food safety knowledge, and 77(77.0%) were unaware of Staphylococci foodborne illness. These findings demonstrate the need for improved food safety and hygiene practices, as well as the development of new antimicrobial containment strategies to address the high prevalence of MDR S. aureus in milk and milk products. Further investigation is warranted to understand the mechanisms of S. aureus resistance to methicillin resistance and β-lactam antibiotics.Item Comparative study on the antibody response of infectious bursal disease immune-complex and live vaccines and survey on overall disease status progress and vaccine management in commercial poultry farms in Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Nanoshe Taye; Dr. Debebe Ashenafi; Dr. Bedaso MammoThe poultry production sector is vital for providing sustenance and enhancing food security in developing nations such as Ethiopia. However, this sector faces significant challenges, including infectious bursal disease (IBD). Evaluating the effectiveness of different vaccines for IBD is crucial for improving vaccination protocols and disease management. This study, conducted from November 2023 to May 2024, involved a controlled experimental study on 100 day-old chickens and a questionnaire survey of 93 poultry farms in Bishoftu town. The objectives were to gain insights into disease and vaccine management and to compare the immune response of chickens to various vaccines. The experimental study utilized a stratified randomized controlled trial with four groups of 25 chickens each. Group 1 received the CEVAC® TRANSMUNE vaccine, Group 2 received CEVAC® GUMBO L, Group 3 received IBD VIRUS LC – 75, and Group 4 served as a control. Vaccines were administered according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Blood samples (2 ml per chick) were collected on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-vaccination. Serum samples were analyzed for antibody response using a commercial indirect ELISA kit, and data were processed with STATA software. Survey results indicated that most respondents (64.52%) had 1 to 5 years of experience in the sector, and 50.54% were familiar with IBD and its impact. Key factors in vaccine selection included efficacy (45.16%), availability (19.35%), and cost (18.28%). Antibody titers produced by the vaccines varied: Trans-immune showed mean titers of 1298.814, 183.868, 38.864, 6280.42, 4424.76, and 6129.617 on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, respectively; Gumbo L showed titers of 21.46286, 2581.282, 3363.248, 3156.71, 3400.04, and 5973.526; and IBD LC-75 showed titers of 22.916, 642.136, 5270.4, 5653.071, 5793.221, and 6520.836 on the same days. All vaccines induced protective antibody titers, despite differences in the timing of responses. Continuous and updated surveillance on vaccine types and management practices is essential for effective disease control. Evaluating the immune response to vaccines in the presence of the challenge virus is also criticalItem Trend of Cysticercus bovis Prevalance in Cattle Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise its Public Health Significance(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Yitagesu Belachew; Dr.Biruhtesfa AsradeA cross-sectional investigation conducted during October, 2023 to February, 2024 in order to ascertain the prevalence of C.bovis and the frequency as well as cyst distribution in infected cattle which is supported by a retrospective study for the last ten years in the abattoir. Out of the 602 carcasses that were inspected 5 (0.83%) had Cysticercus bovis infections. Of the 6 cysts, 3(50%) were viable. The cysts were found in different organs and muscles (The triceps muscle, the liver, tongue, and masseter muscle).Triceps muscle was the most affected tissue. According to a questionnaire survey; Taenia .saginata taeniasis is still a human health problem in Addis Ababa city. Of 110 respondents, 47(42.73%) had experienced Taenia saginata a minimum of once in the past. 67% of the respondents were aware that eating raw beef can spread the zoonotic disease Taenia. saginata taeniasis. The prevalence of Taenia saginata taeniasis had a statistically significant correlation between the sex, occupation, source of information, knowledge about transmission and prevention (p<0.05).Theresearch area's yearly taenicidal medicine treatment cost for the year 2022/23 was estimated to be 2,310,965 ETB; it is comparable to 41,597.37 USD. The drug inventory made it very evident how important Taenia saginata is conomically to the Addis Ababa. In line with the study's findings showed that the current methods for inspecting meat were insufficient to stop Taenia saginata cysticerciinfected carcasses from getting into the hands of consumers. It is mportant to focus on improving meat inspection practices and educating the public to reduce the problem.Item Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Bovine and Swine, and its Zoonotic Implication in Central Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Kassa Demissie; Prof. Gezahegne Mamo; Prof. Gobena Ameni; Dr. Takele Abayneh_Tuberculosis is a global priority disease of humans and animals. Bovine tuberculosis has been first reported in Ethiopia in the year 1967. Since then its prevalence has been rising. The nationwide prevalence of bovine tuberculosis has been estimated (5.8%) very recently in Ethiopia and the animal level prevalence ranges from 0.8%-54.6%; the highest prevalence was being reported in intensive dairy farms in and around cities while the lowest prevalence was being recorded in grazing animals in rural areas. However, there are emerging dairy cattle farms in Debre Berhan milkshed where the current epidemiological picture of bovine tuberculosis has not yet been elucidated. Similarly, there is little scientific information on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in swine in the country although swine production has been growing in central Ethiopia since two decades following the privatization policy. Besides affecting animals and reducing their productivity, animal tuberculosis is transmitted to and causes illness in humans. However, there is little information on the magnitude of human tuberculosis of animal origin in Ethiopia that requires additional studies. This study was initiated to investigate the epidemiology of tuberculosis in bovine and swine and its zoonotic implication in central Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 herds consisting of 625 heads of dairy cattle in Debre Berhan milkshed and 11 herds comprising of 329 heads of swine raised in selected sites in central Ethiopia. Skin testing was carried out by making use of single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin test for cattle and single intradermal comparative tuberculin test for swine. Moreover, mycobacterial culturing, gross and microscopic characterization of tuberculosis like lesions and molecular typing of mycobacteria were used. Face-to-face interview using semi-structured and open-ended questionnaire was also presented to 165 respondents (146 farm workers and 19 human health professionals) to assess their knowledge and practices on the zoonotic transmission of tuberculosis from farm animals to humans. The finding showed that the apparent individual animal level prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 17% (106/625; 95% CI: 14.2-20.2) at ≥4mm and 18.4% (115/625; 95% CI: 15.5-21.7) at >2mm cut-off values in 625 heads of dairy cattle tested. Whereas, the herd prevalence was 16.7% (16/96; 95% CI: 10.1-26) at ≥4mm and 22.9% (22/96; 95% CI: 15-33) at >2mm cut-off values in 96 dairy herds tested. Multivariable logistic regression analysis at ≥4mm cut-off value revealed that dairy cattle with poor body condition score (AOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.6-8.4; p = 0.002), in the large herd size (AOR= 29.5; 95% CI: 5.6-154.1; p = 0.000) and of exotic breed (AOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.3-10.7; p = 0.018) had 4, 30 and 4 times the odds of tuberculin positivity with statistical significance, respectively compared to their counterparts. The apparent individual animal level prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in swine was 3% (10/329; 95% CI: 2-6) at > 2mm cut-off value. In the total 9 clusters tested, the herd prevalence was 11% (1/9; 95% CI: 1-49) at >2mm cut-off value. In addition, the abattoir lesion prevalence of tuberculosis in swine was 4.1% (26/640; 95% CI: 2.8-6.0) on the basis of gross tuberculosis like lesions. The awareness level of farm owners/attendants towards the transmission of tuberculosis from farm animals to humans was generally low. Culturing of tuberculosis like tissue lesions from swine and human sputa from suspected active TB patients as well as molecular typing indicated M. tuberculosis as the principal finding. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated the endemic occurrence of animal tuberculosis in the study areas and low level of public awareness towards its zoonotic transmission. Poor body condition, large herd size and exotic breed were important predictors of bovine tuberculin positivity in dairy cattle. M. tuberculosis was the predominant species cycling in the study areas. The findings of the current study compliment research works done so far in Ethiopia and contribute its own share to the control options of bovine tuberculosis. The study forwarded recommendations for intervention and future research.Item Isolation and molecular identification of Newcastle Disease Virus in chickens and evaluating the protective efficacy of Newcastle Disease vaccines in Ada’a district, East Shewa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Bogale Gossaye; Dr. Fufa Dawo; Dr./Fufa DawoNewcastle disease (ND) is the first most economically important endemic viral disease of chickens that has a potential threat to village chickens and commercial poultry farms in Ethiopia. Reports from NVI Sales and Customer service directorate evidenced that customers are complaining against the effectiveness of lentogenic ND vaccines. Therefore, this study was designed to isolate and molecularly identify Newcastle disease virus and to assess the protective efficacy of ND vaccines against the current circulating viruses. The study was carried out from December 2019 to May 2021 in Ada’a district; Bishoftu town and Dhankaka village. A Cross-sectional study method was used to investigate ND in suspected cases and a total of 52 samples were collected for virus isolation and virus gene detection. ND virus was isolated in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs and virulence of the isolates were determined in vitro and in vivo. The current findings confirmed the circulation of virulent strains of ND virus in the study areas. The isolates were further identified by molecular assay, targeting the amplification of avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1). Vaccine protection efficiency was evaluated in chickens hatched from SPF eggs. The chickens were selected randomly and assigned to five experimental groups. Experiment groups were vaccinated by the lentogenic vaccines (HB1, Lasota, and I-2) produced in the National Veterinary Institute (NVI) using 106.5Embryo infective dose (EID)50 per chicken at day zero (age of 7 days), and boosted at days 14 and 35. Group 1 was vaccinated by HB1 on day zero, revaccinated using Lasota on day 14 and boosted by Lasota on day 35 (HB1-Lasota-Lasota). Similarly, groups 2 - 4 were vaccinated, and boosted as (HB1-I2-I2), (I2-Lasota-Lasota), and (HB1- I2-Lasota) vaccines, respectively while group 5 were unvaccinated and threated as a control group. On day 49 all treatment groups were challenged by ‘Dhankaka’ ND virus isolate with 106.5ELD50 per chicken through occulo-nasal route. The result indicated that chickens in group 1 were induced a protective index of 94%, chickens in groups 2, 3, and 4 were revealed 100% survival while chickens in the unvaccinated group were all dead. Hence, the current ND vaccines produced at NVI induced an immune response against the circulating virulent ND virus using vaccination-boost-boost and challenge protocol in experimental SPF chickens challenge.Item Isolation and Identification of Salmonella species from Smallholder Broiler Chicken Farms and Their Antibiograms in Central Ethiopia: Its Implication for Public Health(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Tesfaye Belachew; Dr. Teshale SoriBroiler meat is the second most widely consumed meat and it is one of the sources of zoonotic Salmonella serotypes. The study was assessed the occurrence of Salmonella isolates in smallholder broilers chickens and the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Salmonella isolated from the study farms. From November 2020 to May 2021, a cross-sectional study was undertaken on smallholder broilers farms and slaughter house in Bishoftu and Modjo to assess the occurrences of Salmonella species and to detect their antimicrobial resistance pattern. From selected farms selected (two farms from each) a total of 289 samples (189 cloacal swab samples, 52 feed and 48 water samples) were collected from broilers farms whereas 100 cecal contents were collected from slaughtered chicken at Chico-Meat slaughter house in Bishoftu and 26.46 % of the cloacal samples, 21.00 % of the cecal contents, 30.77 % of the feed samples and 25.00 % of the water samples yielded Salmonella. Total of 389 samples were collected analyzed in the laboratory using standard bacteriological techniques and typical Salmonella colonies were further characterized by biochemical test. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was conducted using standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The results of questionnaire survey showed that all farmers and attendants did not have knowledge about the occurrence of Salmonella in broilers. Overall 99 samples (25.45 %) were positive results for Salmonella. Of the samples collected from Bishoftu 43 of the 200 (21.50 %) were positive whereas 56 of the 189 (29.63 %) samples collected from Modjo were found positive. The effect of potential risk factors such as age ,breed, source of water ,type of house and farm location on the occurrence of Salmonella was assessed using logistic regression with odd ratio and breed was the only significantly (p < 0.05). The results of antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the Salmonella isolates were resistance to Tetracycline (80 isolates, 80.81%), Kanamycin (71 isolates, 71.72%), Chloramphenicol and Amoxicillin (67 isolates, 67.68%) whereas most of the isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin (69 isolates, 69.70%) and Erythromycin (40 isolates, 40.41%). The results of this study showed that Salmonella isolates in broiler and their inputs were resistant to most of antimicrobials used in medical and poultry practices. This has important implication for public health.Item Estimating the Health Burden and Status of Rabies in Animals and Humans From 2014-2019 In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Elsa Zerabiruk; Dr. Fanta Desissa; Dr. Nigatu kebede; Dr. Teshale SoriRabies is a notoriously underreported and neglected disease of low-income countries like Ethiopia where financial resources are limited and numerous interests compete, there is a need for updated quantitative data on the public awareness, health burden and costs of diseases to support prioritization. The aim of this study was to determine the level of community knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) regarding rabies and to estimate the health burden and post-exposure treatment (PET) costs of rabies in Addis Ababa. Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2020 to April 2020 to assess the KAP towards rabies. Two hundred and sixty-seven people who were bitten by rabies suspected animals were purposively interviewed for this study and retrospective study was conducted to assess the burden of rabies over the period of six years (2014 to 2019). Based on the collected data PET costs were evaluated and the health burden was estimated in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). The KAP study showed that 62.8% of the respondents had good level of knowledge and had medium (51.1%) level of attitude and practices towards rabies. In this study the good scores were higher in males (62.87%) than females. There was strong association between knowledge scores and type of employment (P= 0.003), Attitude and Practice scores and gender (P=0.001). There was significant positive correlation between Knowledge and Attitude and practice (P=0.001). The retrospective data indicated that a total of 8613 victims were registered and received post exposure vaccine in Addis Ababa over the period of six years (2014 to 2019). From this most important animal species responsible for PEP was dogs (93.8%). The annual suspected rabid dog exposures were estimated, and higher exposure was recorded in 2019 which was 54.5 per 100,000 populations. An annual estimate of approximately 10 human deaths and 57 disabilities resulting 430-955 DALYS per 100,000 populations per year due to administration of nerves tissue vaccine (NTV). Costs per completed (PET) estimated around 9.2 ±22.8 USD for children and 11.8±27 USD for adults in Addis Ababa.Item Determination of Aflatoxin in Raw and Pasteurized Milk by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in Central Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Sitena Kebede; Prof. Gezahegne Mamo; Dr. Belachew TeferaA cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021 with the aim of detecting and quantifying the amount of aflatoxin M1(AFM1) in raw and pasteurized milk in central Ethiopia by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using C18 column with fluorescence detector. The mobile phase was water-acetonitrile-methanol (60:25:15V/V/V) at flow rate of 1ml/minute. The HPLC instrument was conditioned with working standard solution of different concentration (0.05 to 4μg/l) to get the calibration curve. The obtained linearity(r) of concentration with their peak area was 0.99937 and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.99875. The study was conducted on total of 114 cow milk samples consisting of 60 raw milk and 54 pasteurized milks. From the total 114 tested milk sample AFM1 was detected on 79(69.3%) of them. From those positive samples 25.4% of them contain AFM1 above the maximum limit of EU (0.05 μg/l) and 1.8% of them contain above the maximum limit of FDA (0.5 μg/l). The maximum and mean concentration were 0.893 and 0.0465 respectively. The study result shows significant difference between contamination level of AFM1 in raw milk with considered risk factors (storage time, presence of noug in feed, using grazing or not). Higher contamination of AFM1 was detected in pasteurized milk (96.3%) than raw milk (16.7%). 35.2% of pasteurized milk and 16% of raw milk was contain AFM1 above the maximum limit of 0.05ug/l. There was no significance difference between brands of pasteurized milk which was considered in this study. Which means, pasteurization didn’t remove aflatoxin from milk. Site of sample collection have significant difference. 26.7% of sample from Sebata and 6.7% from sululta contain above the maximum limit (0.05 μg/L). In conclusion, AFM1 concentration level both in raw and pasteurized milk was not safe for human consumption. Due to its heat resistant properties AFM1 found in pasteurized milk which pose great public health risk both for children and adults. Thus, awareness creation on feed management practice of farmers, because animal feed is the main source of aflatoxin and risk mitigation method is very crucial to reduce its public health threat.Item Dog Demography, Rabies Awareness and Dog Bite Cases in Bishoftu, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Hable Worku; Prof. Kebede Amenu; Dr. Balako GumiRabies is a zoonotic viral disease that affects humans and animals. Dogs are the primary source of infection and the majority of human rabies cases result from dog bites. Information on domestic dog populations is vitally important for rabies control but still rare in Africa, mainly in urban areas. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the demography of dogs, the incidence of dog bites, and the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of society concerning rabies in Bishoftu town, a typical urban environ. Cross-sectional household surveys were conducted from April to June 2021 involving a questionnaire survey and collection of retrospective patient records from healthcare facilities. A total of 244 respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire format to determine their KA and Practices.related Data on the incidence of dog bites and suspected cases of rabies from November 2019 to June 2021 were retrieved from the records of four health centers in Bishoftu. From the total respondents, more than half (51.2%) of households owned at least one dog with dog: human ratio of 1:9, and more than 70% of dogs had been vaccinated against rabies. Almost all, 99%of the respondents had heard of rabies and identified the mode of transmission of rabies. However, the majority of the study participants, 61.8%, had a moderate level of knowledge and 59.8% had an intermediate level of attitude, as well as 64.3%, had a satisfactory level of appropriate rabies prevention practices score. There was a statistically significant association between knowledge score and age, occupation, and source of information (P<0.05). However, a statically significant association was observed only with attitude score with age and source of information (P<0.05). In this study, respondents who attend higher education were more likely to have higher practice scores in the prevention of rabies (p <0.05). Also, there were significant correlations among the participants’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (P<0.01). A total of 612 victims were registered and received post-exposure vaccine in Bishoftu over a period of three years (2019 to 2021). In conclusion, we identified critical knowledge gaps related to factors influencing rabies prevention and control. The veterinary and public health sectors should play an important role in educating and raising community awareness.Item Isolation and Identification of Escherichia Coli K99 and Salmonella enterica from Diarrheic Calves in and around Awash Fentale District of Afar Region, Eastern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Habtamu Girma; Dr. Shimels Tesfaye; Dr. Nigatu kebedeThe current cross sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to September 2020 with the aim to isolate and identify E.coli K99 and Salmonella enterica and associated risk factors for occurrence of these two pathogens. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 188 diarrheic calves aged up to 6 months from 150 households in Awash Fentale district Afar region, eastern Ethiopia. These samples were processed during the study period for the isolation and identification of E.coli K99 and Salmonella enterica using culture media, biochemical tests, Pathasure kit and Biolog GEN III microplate. Out of 188 samples, 20.74% and 5.32% were found to be positive for E.coli K99 and Salmonella enterica respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Salmonella enterica were also investigated using 12 commonly used antibiotics. All isolates from calves were susceptible (100%) to amikacin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, cephalothin ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamycin and trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify significant risk factors associated with examined bacteria. Thus study showed that the occurrence of E.coli K99 in male calves was higher (25.27%) than in female calves (16.49%). This might be the reason that more care is given to female calves than male calves. Because female calves are needed by the pastoralist where compared with male calves for milk production. On the other hand age and colostrum feeding within 24 hours were significantly associated with Salmonella enterica shedding. Calf age was significantly associated with Salmonella enterica (P=0.014, OR=13.15, 95% CI=1.677-103.127). The highest occurrence of Salmonella enterica was recorded in the 61-120 days of age (13.79%) than 1-60 days of age (2.86%) and 121-180 days of age (10.53%) diarrheic calves. In conclusion, isolation and identification of bacteria and risk factors associated with the spreading of bacteria causing diarrhea may be helpful for construction of suitable methods for prevention and control.Item Isolation, Phenotypic Characterization and Public Health Implications of Listeria Monocytogenes Circulating in Smallholder Dairy Farms of Kombolcha Town And Kutaber District, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Wubshet Nasr; Dr. Kebede Amenu; Dr. Yitbarek GetachewListeria monocytogenes is a bacterium of veterinary and public health importance, worldwide. Listeriosis in humans is the main food-borne zoonotic illness resulted from consuming dairy and other food products contaminated with mainly Listeria monocytogenes. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to May 2021 to isolate Listeria monocytogenes from raw bovine milk samples, to determine the Antibiogram of isolates and to understand its public health implication in smallholder dairy farms of Kombolcha town and Kutaber district of South Wollo zone, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. A total of 384 samples were collected from dairy producers using a simple random sampling technique. Listeria species isolation was performed, according to standard bacteriological procedures, using Buffered Listeria Enrichment broth (BLEB) and Polymyxin Acriflavine Lithium-chloride Ceftazidime Aesculin Mannitol (PALCAM) agar and for confirmation and species identification: carbohydrates utilization, hemolysis, Christie Atkins Munch Peterson (CAMP) and Listeriolysin 0 latex agglutination tests was carried out. The antimicrobial susceptibility test using 9 commonly used antimicrobial drugs against 15 Listeria monocytogenes isolates, and a questionnaire survey were also conducted. From the total of 384 samples the overall prevalence of Listeria species was 12.8% (49/384) and specifically for Listeria monocytogenes was 4% (15/384). In this study, listeriosis is significantly associated with farm management systems and herd size. Based on the antimicrobial susceptibility test, it was found that Listeria monocytogenes was sensitive to most drugs except Sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic acid which in both showed 100% resistance. 13.3% of L. monocytogenes isolates were also resistant to oxytetracycline, tetracycline, procaine penicillin G and cloxacillin. A structured interview was administered to 70 respondents. Thus, 76.7% of dairy farmers and 20 % of public respondents consume raw milk and 39% of participants were knowledge of zoonotic disease. This presence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and its multi-drug resistance pattern is an indication of a serious public health risk. Therefore, creating awareness on milk safety, implementation of milk and personal hygienic practices, implementation of countrywide surveillance and further research to estimate its prevalence both in animals and humans is strongly recommended.Item Isolation and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from layer poultry farms in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Sena Zinabu; Dr. Bedaso Mammo; Dr. Teshale SoriEscherichia coli O157: H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is a zoonotic pathogen responsible for the majority of severe cases of human enterohemorrhagic E. coli disease. However, the precise attribution of chickens and their food products as the sources of this zoonotic serotype has not yet been thoroughly investigated in Bishoftu town. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to May 2022 on different sizes of layer poultry farms found in Bishoftu town to isolate, characterize, and determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of E. coli O157: H7. For this study, a total of 420 samples were collected from cloacae, eggs shells, the contents of eggs, personnel hands and the chicken environments. E. coli O157: H7 was isolated and confirmed using bacteriological, biochemical, and the latex-agglutination methods. All of the isolates were subjected to molecular characterization and susceptibility testing against twelve selected antimicrobials. Farm level information on the potential risk factors was collected using semistructured questionnaires. Of a total of 420 samples examined, E. coli was detected in 66 (15.71 %; 95 % CI: 12.37, 19.55) whereas E. coli O157:H7 was confirmed in 16 (3.81%; 95 % CI: 2.19, 6.11) of the samples using the latex method. Of the 16 isolates, 9 (56.25 %) were from cloacae samples, 3 (18.75 %) were from litter samples, 1 (6.25 %) was from personnel hands, and 3 (18.75 %) were from egg shell swabs. The study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 among the different farm sizes and between chicken age groups. The odds of isolation of E. coli O157: H7 were 5.5 times greater in smallscale farms than in large-scale poultry farms and 4.1 times higher in adult chickens than in their younger counterparts. PCR amplification of intimin (eae) and shiga toxin (stx1) genes specific for E. coli O157: H7 using specific primers identified eae gene from 7 (43.75%) E. coli O157:H7 isolates, but stx1 was not detected. The results of antimicrobial sensitivity showed that 75% and 62.50% of the isolates had developed resistance against ampicillin and amoxacillin, respectively. On the other hand, 87.50% of the isolates were susceptible to gentamycin. Resistance to three or more drugs was detected in 68.7% of the isolates, which signifies a public health risk. The results of this study revealed the circulation of E. coli O157:H7 in poultry, their products and environ. Therefore, further research is highly encouraged to investigate the distribution of E. coli O157: H7 at human poultry interface and the driving factors of antimicrobial resistance in this setting.Item Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Central Part of Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Mihiret Shimelis; Dr. Shimels TesfayeLumpy skin disease is economically important disease that is currently being reported as an emerging disease in various countries. Since, its inception in Ethiopia, LSD has spread in all the geographic locations affecting the livestock production system. Lumpy skin disease which cause lumpy skin disease is of the capripoxviruses, which is classified under the family poxviridae. Despite, efforts to contain by vaccination there have been several outbreaks of the disease in the country. These elucidate the importance of continual studies emphasizing on the viral genetics and associated factors. Thus, in this study lumpy skin disease virus was studied aimed at the virus isolation and molecular characterization from the outbreak reported areas of central Ethiopia. The study took place between October 2021 and May 2022. Purposive sampling technique was used when collecting Skin nodular samples and whole blood for serological assay. The virus was isolated using lamb kidney cells and molecularly characterized by amplifying the DNA fragment using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis using the complete RPO30 gene 606bp analysis. Multiple Sequence alignment indicated the nucleotide and amino acid variations among the capripoxvirus and to other viral isolates basically with the vaccine isolate. The alignment result indicated the absence of unique variation between the current field isolates and previous isolates. However, a single nucleotide variation was found between the outbreak isolates and the vaccine strain T/C at nucleotide position 292. All in all, the study in line with the veterinary professional’s vaccination practices gave an emphasis that outbreaks of the disease have continued to be a problem in different areas and the need of continual advanced studiesItem Epidemiology and Economic Impact Of Foot and Mouth Disease of Cattle In Selected Districts Of Arsi and Bale Zone, Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Muhabaw Yimana; Asso Prof.Hika WaktoleRaw beef consumption is time immemorial tradition in Ethiopia. However, unhygienic meat processing and distribution practices are risky to public health. A cross sectional study was carried out from December 2021 to May 2022 to investigate the occurrence and evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from slaughterhouses and butcher shops in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia. A total of 352 samples (120 fecal, 92 beef cut, and 140 environmental swab) were collected and processed. The isolation and identification process involved the selective enrichment in modified tryptone soya broth supplemented with Novobiocin, plating on MacConkey, Eosin methylene blue and Cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) agar, biochemical testing (IMViC test), followed by latex agglutination test. The isolates were tested for resistance profile to 13 antimicrobial agents using the standard disk diffusion method. Accordingly, of 352 samples, 14 (3.97%) were found to be positive for E. coli O157:H7 serotype; of which, 28.6% (4/14), 21.4% (3/14), and 50% (7/14) were from fecal, beef and environmental swab samples respectively. A significant difference in the occurrences of the pathogen was observed among the sources of sample (p=0.028). Antimicrobial susceptibility test results indicated that 100%, 92.8%, and 64.3% resistance were developed against tetracycline, erythromycin and ampicillin respectively. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates were found to be susceptible to azithromycin, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol. Of the 14 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, 12 (85.8%) were resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials. Unhygienic processing and poor sanitary practices were also noted by observational checklist among personnel in slaughterhouses and butcher shops. In conclusion, the study indicated that the occurrences of multiple antimicrobial resistant E. coli O157:H7 in the beef is strongly associated with the current beef processing and distribution practices. Therefore, an appropriate slaughter hygiene, more stringent regulation in the use of antimicrobials in human and animals, and risk based control measures, are recommended to afeguard the public health.Item Seroprevalence and public health significance of bovine brucellosis and its associated risk factors in dairy farms of Debrebirhan town and its surrounding, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Gashaw Adane; Prof.Gezahegne Mamo; Dr. Fikru RegassaBovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes serious public health hazard in human and economic crises in dairy cattle production in affected countries. A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2021 to 2022 in Debrebirhan town and it’s surrounding of North Shewa zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, to estimate seroprevalence of brucellosis in dairy cattle, identify associated risk factors and assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dairy cattle owners on zoonotic brucellosis. Blood samples from dairy cattle were collected and performed the serological tests and risk factors associated with Brucella seropositivity as well as knowledge attitude and practice of respondents was collected based on questionnaire format and analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Using purposive sampling method, a total of 426 blood samples were collected from dairy cattle for serological test. The collected serum samples were screened initially with Rose Bengal Plate Test and positive samples for the initial test were confirmed by Complement Fixation Test. The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in the study areas was 1.4% (95% CI: 0.28%-2.53%) and 0.47 % (95% CI: -0.182-1.121) using RBPT and CFT tests respectively at individual animal level and 13% (95%CI: - 0.39% -26.48%) and 4.43% (95%CI: -1.77% - 10.47%) using RBPT and CFT tests respectively at herd level. Statistical analysis of risk factors by using multivariable logistic regression indicates that buying stock replacement (OR=33.83, p=0.0003), last trimister abortion history (OR=5.90, p=0.005) and bull mating service (OR=6.43, p=0.013) were found significantlly associated with the seropositivity of Brucella infection in the dairy cattle. Knowledge, attitude and practice asseesment of respondents revealed that the majority of interviewees have no knowledge about brucellosis and other zoonotic diseases and their way of transmission. Because of this, drinking of milk with out boiling and contact with aborted and parturition materials with barehand are highly practiced in the study areas which clearly shows the presence of high risk for human Brucella infection. The result of this study revealed that the overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was estimated to be very low in the study areas. However, the presence of positive serological reactors with statistical significant association of risk factors indicate previous infection of brucellosis in the cattle population of study areas. More over, the presence of one or more positive reactors in the herd is a predictor for the presence of infection. Hence, culling of Brucella abtibody reactor cows, carried out stock replacemenet through brucella testing before introduction in to the farms, improving of community awarness, further studies on isolation and molecular charcaterization of the caustive agent in livestock and epidemilogical study of human brucellosis and launch national contol and elimination campaign through One Health approach arerecommended.