College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture

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A Retrospective Study Of Dogs Rabies, Vaccination Coverage And Challenges In Addis Ababa
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Kirubel Befekadu; Dr. Biruhtesfa Asrade; Dr. Zerihun Assefa
A retrospective and cross-sectional study about the incidence of rabies and the coverage and barriers of rabies vaccination was conducted in Addis Ababa city from October 2023 to April 2024. The objective of this study was to assess the general condition of rabies and its vaccination coverage within Addis Ababa. Data was collected through surveys of dog owners and interviews with veterinarians in various sub-cities across Addis Ababa. Additionally, retrospective analysis of dog bite records from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute and canine vaccination data (2020- 2023) from the Farmers and Urban Agriculture Development Commission were employed. Out of the 206 dog owners who participated in the survey, the majority (66.5%) indicated that their dogs were fully vaccinated. Some of the significant barriers for dog vaccination acknowledged by respondents were poor knowledge of rabies, unrestricted dog movement, and lack of mass vaccination campaign. Interviewed veterinary professionals identified lack of equipment, coordination with other agencies and inadequate long-term planning as the major barriers for vaccination coverage. In Addis Ababa, 3,123 individuals were reported to be bitten by a suspected dog from 2019 to 2023 and overall incidence rate was found to be 12.45. In the same period 92.7% of the victims were reported to have received post-exposure prophylaxis. According to records from the Farmers and Urban Agriculture Development Commission, a total of 96,319 dogs received rabies vaccination in Addis Ababa during the period spanning from 2020 to 2023. In the present study, there was a significant increase in the number of human cases of dog bites receiving post-exposure anti-rabies vaccination. Additionally, this research revealed a lack of awareness regarding rabies vaccination, particularly notable in sub-cities like Arada and Lemi Kura. This study recommends for the scaling-up of periodic mass vaccination campaigns for dogs, coupled with one health initiatives and targeted restrictions on canine movement, as a comprehensive strategy for rabies control.
Across- Sectional Study of Bovine Mastitis in and around Bahirdar and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Major Pathogens
(Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 2004-06) Gizat, Almaw; Zerihun, Dr. Ademe
Three hun dred fi ft y o ne (J 95 loca l zebu and 156 Ho lste in x Loca l Zebu) la ctating cows o f sma ll holde r p ri va te fa rm s in Ba hir Dar milk shed were examined fro m Septe mber, 2003 to Ma rch, 2004 ( 0 de te rm ine mastiti s prevale nce, isolate pa thogens in vo lved, eva lua te the ant ibiotic susceptib ili ty pro fi les a nd [ 0 eval ua te soma ti c cell count in identify in g intrama mmary in fec ti o ns. Clinical preva lence was deteml in ed th rough examinati o n of abno mla lities of m ilk , udde r or cow. Cal ifornia mastitis tes t (C MT) and c ulture were used for subclinical mastiti s de te rm ination. Aga r disc di ffusion was used fo r antibiotic suscept ibi lity test. Somati c cell count was condu cted foll owing standard procedures desc ri bed In Inte rn ati o nal Dairy Federdt io n for e num eratio n of ce ll s wi th direc t Mi croscopic me thod. Clinical prevalence at cow level was 3.9% in crossbreds and no nc in local zebu breeds. Subclinical mastit is a t cow level based o n C MT was high (34.4%) in crossbreds compared to indigenous zebu (17.9%) (p < 0.05). Quarter subclinical prevale nce based on eMT was 17 .90% and 4.95% for c rossbreds and local zebu. respectively. Amo ng potential risk fac tors considered, stage of lactation, parity and breed were found 10 afTecI the occurrence of mastitis significantly (p < 0.05). The pathogens isola ted from ma stitic milk were coagulase negalive staphylococci (eNS), s. aureus. Srr. agalacliae. Sir dysgalactiae. Sr r. uberis. Micrococcus species, C. bovls. A. pyogefls, B. cereus, and S. illtermedius. Among these, the most frequent isolates we re eNS (49 .6% of the 10la l isolates). S. alirellS (17.9%), Srr. agalacliae (8.2%) and SIr dysgalacliae (6:7%). Seven antibiotics including sul fi soxazole. tetracycline, erythromycin. oxacil lin, chloramphenicol, cJindamycin, and streptomycin were tested o n 81 isola tes. Except fo r streptomycin, all isolates \\ere sensitive to all antibiotics. All isolates were most se nsi tive 10 sulfisoxazo le. Staphylococcw; allreus was susceptible to all drugs except streptomycin. SllIphylococcus Ollreus was 91.7% susceptib le to oxacillin, however, CNS were less susceptible (68.2%) ill vilro. To evaluate somatic cell count (SeC) in ide nt ify ing imramamary infect ion fo r crossbreds. 10 cutoff poims between 100000 cellsl ml and 300000 celJSJml were evaluated for the ir sensllivity and speci-ficity in comparison with cu ltural results. Sim ilarly, cutoff points between 80000 cell ml and "250000 cell ml were take n fo r loca l zebu breeds. The sensitivity for VI\ crossbreds range from 79.16 % (al 300000 ce ll slml cutoff point) 10 95.80 % (al 100000 cells! ml) and similarly specificity from 80.28% to 45.52%. Fo r local zebu breeds in the same order, sensitivity range from 58.82% to 88.23% and specificity from 45.82% to 85.15%. To establish threshold level this study was a first anempl in Ethiopia and to usc SCC as a diagnostic tool on a national sqle further study need to be conducted with improved cultural technique and automatic cell counters. Cross breed cows had high see compa red to local zebu cows. The sec was significantly (p
Adaptation Newcastle Disease Virusvaccinal Strainin Vero Cell Line and Evaluation of Vaccine Safety Immunogenecity in Chicken under Laboratory Condition
(2018-06) Leta, Abera; Dr. Fufa Dawo, Dr. Tefere Degefa
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly infectious disease causing considerable economic losses to poultry industry worldwide. Traditionally, substrates for production of ND vaccines have been embryonated eggs, a method which has the disadvantages of being labor-intensive, time consuming and requires large area for the incubation of eggs. The present study was conducted to develop Vero cell-adapted, NDV I-2 vaccine and evaluate its safety and immunogenicity in chicken under laboratory condition. For this study, healthy and confluent monolayer of vero cell were further sub-cultured to prepare semi confluent monolayers then infected with 0.25 ml of Newcastle disease virus I-2 vaccine strain. The passage 1(P1) virus was harvested and used for the next passage in this way virus was given 12 serial passages on Vero cell line, where characteristic cytopathic effects (CPEs) were observed starting from fourth passages. Typical syncytium (irregularly shaped cells), gaint cells, clustering of infected cells, death of cells (plaque) were noticed on passage 4 from 72hourspost-infection. The positive hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition test confirmed that all vero cell adapted NDVI-2 adapted virus was Newcastle disease virus.The infectivity titer of adapted virus increased from log10 3.2 to log107.2 tissue culture infected dose/ ml.From the vaccine strain NDVI-2, Vero cell adapted live vaccine was produced. The antibody titer of experimental vero cell adapted live vaccine was determined in chicken by comparing with conventional live commercial vaccine (NDV I-2). Before experimental vaccination of the chicks, the level of antibody titre was very low (1.8±0.6). Following experimental vaccination, antibodies production were gradually increase after day 7 of post vaccination and the mean antibodies of the two vaccines (groups) were increased across each week of the followed up. The peak antibody titer was observed in the both groups at day 21 of post vaccination. After vaccination the two group chickens had antibody titres of >4 log2 starting from day and remain within protective range at day 35 final sera collection.The vaccine stain of NDV was well adapted to Vero cell line after successive passages and appeared equally immunogenic.
Adaptation of Inactivated Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Vaccine in Ethiopia
(2020-06) ASHETU, NEGEWO; Dr. Fufa Dawo, Dr. Takele Abayneh
However Mycoplasmosis is economically very important disease in poultry farm, but still the disease is undermined in Ethiopia. There was no more study and adapted vaccine on this infectious disease. This experimental study was taken from December 2018 up to May 2020 at National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to adapt inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine from National veterinary gene bank, to determine appropriate media which already used by national veterinary institute for production of mycoplasma vaccine of both contagious bovine pleuropnemonia and contagious caprine pleuropnemonia, for growth of Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria and to evaluate the adapted inactivated vaccine, safety by follow up of vaccinated chicken for seven days for any clinical sign and death. The media selection was by important three experiments which were optical density, power of hydrogen meter reading and titration. Identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain was conducted by conventional polymerase chain reaction using species specific primers targeting Mgc2 gene of Mycoplasma gallisepticum at 185bp before using for vaccine production. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed strain was used for the production of oil based formaldehyde inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine. In this study each activity was done according to national veterinary institute standard operation procedure. A total of 60 chickens were used for this experimental study. Chickens were grouped into three groups. All purchased chickens were screened by indirect Enzyme link immune sorbent assay test against mycoplasma gallisepticum anti body. The identity test of mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain was positive at 185bp. The experiment indicates that contagious caprine pleuropnemonia growth media was proper media for growth of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine. All chickens were free from mycoplasma gallisepticum anti body. The vaccine was considered to safe against Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine if the number of surviving vaccinated chickens that show no clinical sign and death at the end of the experiment.
AEROBIC BACTERIAL ISOLATES, INCIDENCE RATE AND THE ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF HEIFER MASTITIS IN AND AROUND DEBRE-LIBANOS WOREDA, NORTH SHOWA, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA
(2014-06) DANIEL, FISSEHA; Dr. Biruk Tesfaye, Dr. Tesfaye Sisay
Mastitis is a major disease in dairy cattle of Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to identify aerobic bacterial pathogens, estimate the incidence of mastitis, identify the associated risk factors and assess drug resistance patterns of bacterial isolates in heifers mastitis. The study was conducted for eight months and a total of 124 quarters were examined to detect clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis by udder physical examinations and the California mastitis test (CMT) respectively. California mastitis test positive milk samples were used to isolate and identify bacteria. The study revealed that the incidence rate of mastitis per gland month at risk was 39.45%. The incidence of mastitis was found to be affected by management system, udder hygiene, dry cow therapy and lactation stage (p < 0.05). The percentage of CMT positive glands that remained positive after a month and the percentage of CMT negative glands that remained negative after a month were 57.14% and 79.91% respectively. Staphylococcus aureus (25.11%), Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) [14.70%] and Streptococcus species (14.70%) were the predominant bacteria. In the present study, out of eight in vitro antimicrobials used; gentamycine (0%), kenamycin (0%), ampicillin (62%), penicillin G (89%), chloramphinicol (8%), Cefoxitin (16%), tetracycline (84%) and trimethoprim (8%), showed resistance to heifer mastitis pathogens. Gentamycine and chloramphinicol were the most effective antibiotics among all the tested ones. Finally due to the high resistance level detected in the study, it was believed that it is necessary to set up antimicrobial resistance surveillance programmes in the country. It was also concluded that the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus warrants serious attention, the application of antibacterial agents earlier before calving may help to reduce the incidence of mastitis during the early lactation period.
Aflatoxin Levels and Nutrient Content of Commercial Feeds in selected Areas of Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Alemayehu Belete; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu_
Contamination of feed with aflatoxin (AF) is a major barrier to long-term food safety and security. Ninety-nine commercial feed samples including poultry and dairy compound feed, and "noug cake" were purposively sampled and analyzed using HPLC and NIR, respectively, to determine the AF levels and the nutrient content. The study areas were selected purposively and clustered into three study locations. AF was discovered in more than a quarter (25%) of the feed sample in each of the study locations. Over all the samples, the contamination of AF levels in Addis Ababa and surroundings was alarming, with high positive samples (>80%), prevalence (>60%), and highest individual AF levels reported; the highest levels of TAF (549 µg/kg) and AFB1 (375 µg/kg) found in "noug cake" with all detected samples prevalent are also alarming. AFB1 was found to be prevalent in compound feed intended for layers in Addis Ababa and surroundings, East Shoa, and Southern Ethiopia at 80, 50, and 16.7%; layer growers at 57, 40 and 20%; lactating dairy cows at 57, 33.3, and 37.5%; broiler finishers at 80 and 50%; broiler starters at 100 and 20%; and for “noug cake” at 37.5, 50, and 33.3%, respectively. On the other hand, in Addis Ababa and surroundings or Southern Ethiopia more than a fifth (>20%) of the samples, as well as more than a quarter (25%) of the samples in each of the three study locations, were unfit for the DM and CP standards, respectively. Except for dairy cow compound feed, the mean DM & CP content in feeds fit the Ethiopian standard in each of the study location. No significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean nutrient content, mean AF level and prevalence of AF in feeds was observed among the study locations, except for the mean CF, mean AFB1 and TAF level and prevalence of AFB1 in broiler starter feed; mean TAF level and mean fiber content in layer grower and mean TAF level in layer feed. These variations may be linked to the type, and proportion of ingredients used in feed formulation. Whereas the highest AF level in oilcake may be associated with limited awareness of AF and proper storage. The highest AF level, prevalence, and positive samples in feeds investigated in this study are animal and public health concerns. It could be decided to implement a feed quality and safety control system in the manufacturing plant, proper regulation, training, and more research on AF in feed ingredients are recommended.
African Horse Sickness Study on Seroprevalence and Identifications in Equidae at Selected Sites in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 2006-06) Demissie, Kassa; Asfaw, Dr Yilkal
ABSTRACT A study was undenaken to determine the seroprevalence o f Afri can horse sick ness viru s antibod ies, isolate and characterize th e vi ru s re sponsible as well as identi fy potenti al risk facto rs in t he equi ne po pulation of sel ected study areas in Ethio pia In total 1265 seru m samples origina t ing from 824 donkeys, 383 horses and 58 mules were coll ected from September 2005 to mid of April 2006. Comp eti tive Enzy me Linked Immu nosorbent Assay (C-ELISA) configu rati o n was employed to dete rmine the presence of AHSV antibodies The apparent prevalence of AHSV was found to be 297% (95% C I ~ 26.8-33 .0) in donkeys, 104% (95% C I ~ 78- 14 .0) in ho rses and 103% (95% C I ~4 . 8 -22 I) in mules The overall apparent sera prevalence of AJ-I SV was found to be 23% (95% C I~20 8-25 4) There is sig nificant variat ion amongst the types of equidae in seropositivity (P
AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS: STUDY ON SEROPREVALENCE AND DENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS IN EQUIDAE AT SELECTED SITES IN ETHIOPIA
(2006-06) KASSA, DEMISSIE; Dr. Yilkal Asfaw
A study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of African horse sickness virus antibodies, isolate and characterize the virus responsible as well as identify potential risk factors in the equine population of selected study areas in Ethiopia. In total 1265 serum samples originating from 824 donkeys, 383 horses and 58 mules were collected from September 2005 to mid of April 2006. Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA) configuration was employed to determine the presence of AHSV antibodies. The apparent prevalence of AHSV was found to be 29.7% (95% CI = 26.8-33.0) in donkeys, 10.4% (95% CI = 7.8-14.0) in horses and 10.3% (95% CI =4.8-22.1) in mules. The overall apparent seroprevalence of AHSV was found to be 23% (95% CI=20.8-25.4). There is significant variation amongst the types of equidae in seropositivity (P<0.05). Statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in seroprevalence was observed in the different study areas, confirming the existence of agro-ecology based variation in the occurrence of African horse sickness. The highest seroprevalence of AHSV was documented in the lowlands followed by midland and highland areas. This has direct correlation with the ecological distribution of the Culicoides vectors. As for age dependent variation in seroprevalence no statistical significant difference was found. All age groups as well as male and female populations were equally affected. The risk of acquiring AHS is more than two fold (OR = 2.1) with respect to the types of equidae affected. Moreover, agro-ecology contributes nearly two fold (OR =1.5) for the occurrence of African horse sickness. There is strong association among C-ELISA result of AHSV antibodies, types of equidae and agro-ecology, but age is not part of the interaction. However, sex has weak effect to precipitate the occurrence of African horse sickness. Active disease search was conducted with the aim of virus isolation and identification. After three blind passages were carried out on vero cell lines the sample was subjected to I-ELISA configuration. However, the result was negative. In the presence of the disease in the field with classical pathognomonic signs and postmortem lesions the negative result is probably due to the improper handling of the tissues processed. The indigenous knowledge base of equine owners about African horse sickness in the study areas was assessed through a structured questionnaire format. The survey result indicated that, the indigenous knowledge of owners was found to be unsatisfactory.
Agronomic and Nutritional Evaluation of Selected Forage Legumes and Locally Available Feedstuff, and Characterization of Forage and Dairy Innovation Systems in Bako and Nekemte Peri-Urban Areas, Oromia, Ethiopia
(2014-06) Diriba, Geleti; Dr. Mekonnen Hailemariam, Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu,; Prof. Adugna Tolera
The role of forage legumes in enhancing the quality of fibrous feeds has been widely advocated. Their selection and integration into ruminant feeding systems is thus vital. Yield and quality of five accessions each of alfalfa, cowpea and Centrosema were evaluated; the former under Debre Zeit, and the latter two species under Bako conditions. Quality of leguminous forages adapted to Bako was assessed concomitantly with locally used roughages. Systemic problems hindering forage adoption were also pinpointed using value chain and innovation system frameworks in Bako and Nekemte peri-urban areas. In the alfalfa experiment, dry matter yield (DMY) was higher (P<0.05) for FG9-09(F) than in Magna 801-FG(F) whereas the other cultivars (FG10-09(F), Magna-788 and Hairy Peruvian)) had intermediate values between the two. The crude protein (CP) content was higher for Magna-788 (P<0.05) than Hairy Peruvian, while FG10-09(F), FG9-09(F) and Magna801-FG (F) had intermediate values between the two. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) did not vary between the accessions (P>0.05). Accordingly, Magna-788, FG9-09(F) and Magna801-FG(F) were suggested for promotion to varietal verification stages. In cowpea, DMY was least for ILRI-11976 (P<0.01) and highest for ILRI-9325. The mean CP was 17%, values ranging from 16% (WWT) to 18% (ILRI-9325), while IVOMD ranged between 64% (ILRI-6783) and 69% (WWT). Overall, WWT, ILRI-9325 and ILRI-11976 were top performers in DMY, CP content and IVOMD. In centrosema, DMY was highest for C. plumeri ILRI-191 and lowest for C. pubescens ILRI-233. The CP content ranged from 18.9% (C. pubescens ILRI-243) to 22.4% (C. virginianum ILRI-14541). The IVOMD ranged from 38.6% (C. pubescens ILRI-233) to 50.7% (C. plumeri ILRI-191). Generally, C. Plumieri ILRI-191, C. Virginianum ILRI-14541 and C. pubescens ILRI-12297 outperformed others in DMY, CP content and IVOMD. In fourth experiment, CP content was highest for “noug” cake xxv (32%), followed by herbaceous (24%) and browse (23%) legumes and least for cereal straws (3%). The IVOMD values were highest for browses (68%) followed by herbaceous legumes (67%) and least for straws (45%). The value chain analysis revealed that the role of improved forages in dairy feeding was not remarkable, with farmers widely depending on purchased feed ingredients. “Noug” cake (92%), pulse grain hulls and mill house scraps (58%) and cereal straws (50%) were indicated to be widely purchased in Nekemte area, while “noug” cake, (88%) and sugar cane tops (75%) were commonly purchased in Bako. The innovation system diagnosis revealed that diverse actors exist but they are poorly interacting. The key problems indicated to hinder forage/feed technology adoption were: informal institutional problems, formal institutional problems, actors’ capability problems and poor interaction problems affecting 81%, 45%, 63% and 45% of the system actors, respectively. Crafting appropriate regulations for enabling feed and peri-urban dairying system were recommended. Promoting dialogue platforms and participatory and collaborative working cultures were also indicated to reinforce inter-actor interactions. Increased public investment to stimulate effective functioning of basic physical infrastructures (electricity, roads and water supply) was also indicated to be pivotal.
An In-Depth Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Transmission of Zoonoses, Food Safety, Antimicrobial Resistance and the Detection of E. coli O 157:H7 along the Meat Value Chain in Ethiopia: One Health approach
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Fufa Abunna; Prof. Bekele Megersa
Food-borne diseases associated with zoonotic pathogens can be transmitted to humans primarily, but not exclusively through animal source foods. Antimicrobial resistance in the food chain is also currently a subject of a major concern globally. The excessive use or rather misuse of antimicrobials coupled with a poor hygiene in the food production chain has led to a rise of drug resistant bacteria, commonly transmitted through food chain. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken by using a structured pretested questionnaire to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude and practices towards the transmission of Zoonoses among farmers in Ada‘a district, food safety among meat handlers of Bishoftu city and antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among 10 public University students in Ethiopia. Another study was also carried out to detect E. coli O157: H7 along the meat value chain in abattoirs and retail meat shops and of Bishoftu city and to assess the susceptibility profile of the isolates against 13 antibiotics using a standard disk diffusion method. Logistic regression was used to assess the associations between socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Accordingly, farmers with secondary school or above education background (OR= 6.8, CI=2.4 - 18.0, p <0.05), aged between 41 and 50 years (OR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.2–7.2, p<0.05), and good knowledge (OR=2.1, CI=1.3 - 3.5, p <0.05), and positive attitude (OR=7.8, CI=4.7 - 12.9, p <0.01) had better practices that reduce the risk of exposure to zoonotic infections than their counterparts. Most meat handlers had a good knowledge level, a positive attitude and poor food safety practices. In multivariable models, good knowledge was significantly (p<0.05) associated with older age; positive attitudes were associated with lower educational attainment and good knowledge; and good practices were associated with working experience in an abattoir and having received training on food safety. Students' birthplace was found to be significantly (p <0.01) associated with knowledge of students on AMU and AMR. Students with good knowledge had 3.9 times more positive attitudes than those with poor knowledge (OR = 3.9, CI = 3.0 -5.2, p < 0.01). Students from Veterinary medicine had 1.6 times better attitude than students from Helath Science and Non-Helath Science (OR = 1.6, CI=1.2- 2.1, p < 0.05). The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was found to be 3.6%. There was a significant difference in the occurrences of the pathogen among the sources of samples (p<0.05). The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that the isolates were found to be resistant to three commonly used drugs, tetracycline (100%), erythromycin (92.8%), and ampicillin (64.3%). However, all isolates were susceptible to azithromycin, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol. However, 85.8% of the isolates were found to be resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials. In conclusion, this study revealed knowledge gaps, a low level of the desired attitude, and high-risk behavioral practices among farmers about the transmsioon of Zoonoses. The study revealed that there is an inadequate food safety practice among meat handlers; and E. coli O157:H7 was detected in abattoirs and butcher shops. Furtheromeore, there were critical gaps of knowledge, attitudes and practices among University students about antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the need for awareness creation about zoonotic disease transmission among farmers, regular hands-on training and enforcement of general and personal hygiene among meat handlers is recommended. Moreover, interventions to raise awareness about AMU and AMR should also target students majoring in fields other than health sciences.
Analyses of Impact of Improved Dairy Technology Adoption on Smallholder Household Livelihoods and Milk Value Chain in Selected Zones of Oromia and Amhara National Regional States, Ethiopia
(2014-06) Dehininet, Gezie; Dr. Mekonene Hailemariam, Dr. Ashenafi Mengestu; Dr. Kidoido Michael, Dr. Emmanuelle GuerneBleich
This study was carried out in Amhara and Oromia National Regional States of Ethiopia with the study objectives to describe the milk production and milk utilization patterns of the smallholder farmers, to analyze the raw milk value chain and milk marketing systems, to identify the determinants of raw milk quality at farm level, to identify the determinants of dairy technology adoption and analyze its impact on household livelihoods of smallholder farmers. Totally, 384 randomly selected smallholder farmers from six study sites were included in the study. Data were collected by questionnaire survey, farm observations, group discussions and milk samples were also collected for both microbial and phyico-chemical analysis. Both Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 17.00) and STATA, version 11 software were used for analyses. Pearson correlation, multiple regression, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and econometric models such that Heckman two-stage model and propensity score matching (PSM) were also used. About 28% of the interviewed farmers were females that produced a significantly (P<0.05) greater average daily milk yield per cow(4.39 liters) than the male headed ones (3.37 liters). In the milk value chain analysis seven main stages (input supply, production, collection, wholesaling, processing, retailing and consumption) were identified. Low milk production (28.4%), need of processing at home (4.9%), unable to pay membership fee (2.3%), lack of awareness (2.1%), loss of trust on cooperatives (1.6%), distance from cooperative center (0.3%) were identified as constraints for smallholder farmers not to be a dairy cooperative members. 74 % of the total milk produced per day was obtained from cooperative members of which 5.2% was utilized directly at farm level and the remains (69.4%) of milk product was transferred indirectly to consumers through the value chain. Milk quality deterioration started at household level and, the microbial load increased through the value chain until it reaches to consumers. There was also a significant difference (P<0.01) in all physico-chemical milk quality parameters between the study areas. Dairy technology up-take constraints were financial problem, feed cost and xviii semen problem for artificial insemination (AI) in Amhara National Regional State and scarcity of crossbred heifers, land shortage and milk market for Oromia National Regional State. Family size, farming experience, availability of extension services, availability of crossbred cows, income from milk and milk products and availability of training in livestock production had positive association with dairy technology adoption and its level of use whereas age of household head and off-farm activity participation had negative association. Introducing and disseminating crossbred cows to smallholder farmers with a continuous follow up used to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and narrow the milk demand – supply gap. Hence, dairy technology input and/or service providers should undertake follow ups to identify possible problems and/or evaluate the use and benefits of the interventions and the concerned public institutions should institute milk quality control and quality based payment to insure milk and milk products quality in the course of production, transportation, processing, marketing and consumption were some of the recommendations forwarded.
ANALYSIS OF ENSET (Ensete ventricosum) BASED CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEM; AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF COMMON FEED RESOURCES IN GURAGE ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(2019-08) Dirsha, Demam; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu , Dr. Gebeyehu Goshu
The study was conducted in four districts of Gurage zone, Sothern Nations Nationalities and People’s Region to identify the major constraints of dairy cattle production, to determine the quantity and quality of available feed resources, to determine the livestock feed balance, to identify the interdependence between that exists between cattle and enset and to assess the role of cattle in enset based agriculture in relation to food security status of farming families. Households of 360 were selected using proportional sample size determination (Cochran, 1909; Thrustfield, 2013) and individually interviewed with personal observation and focus group discussion. The overall average family size of 7.71±.18 persons, herd size of 4.87±0.12 heads of cattle (3.35 TLU) and land holding of 1.75±0.05 hectare per household were obtained in this study. Around 88.05% of the farmers in the study areas were keeping cattle primarily for the production of milk and manure while 11.95% held cattle mainly for milk production and traction. Mating systems used by households predominately (83.6%) covered by the natural mating. Some (15.3%) of households reported to use AI and natural mating. About 95.55% of cattle were local breed. The overall average lactation yield of indigenous dairy cows was 1.53kg with lactation length of 7.23 months. The overall average age at first service and age at first calving for local heifers, respectively, was 53.44 and 62.44 months. The overall average days open of 211.44 and calving interval of 481.44 days was reported for local dairy cows. Farmers of 82.78% were relied on river water source for their cattle. Extensive-dairying is the dominant system where farmers majorly depend on enset leaf and leaf midribs (51.05% DM) to feed their cattle. Feeding systems of Grazing & cut and carry; Tethering, grazing and cut & carry as well as Tethering & cut and carry were practiced by farmers of 34.7%, 31.4% and 33.9%, respectively. Households of 77.5% gave feeding priority to the lactating cows and calves. The prevalent diseases of the study areas include: Anthrax, Blackleg, FMD, Bovine Pasteurollosis, LSD, Mastitis, Pneumonia, Metritis and parasites and their infestation depends majorly on seasons of the year. The DM produced from leaf and leaf midribs of enset, crop residues and natural grasses in tons, respectively, were 506.4; 312.33 and 141.62 in dega whereas it was 662.96; 472.83 and 207.33 in weinadega. The DCP produced from enset leaf and leaf midribs, crop residues and natural pasture, respectively, were 51,819.91 kg; 8,401.16 kg and 10,335.43 kg in dega while it was 55,217.94 kg; 13,799.32 kg and 11,490.23 kg in weinadega. The ME produced in dega was 4,420,872; 2,296,269.8 and 1,188,191.8 MJ whereas it was 6,013,047.2; 3,430,459.7 and 1,689,739.5 MJ in weinadega from enset parts, crop residues and natural pasture, respectively. The amount of DM, DCP and ME produced by individual household per year in weinadega agroecology were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the amount produced in dega agroecology. The annual feed supply in the study areas met only 76.81% DM and 69.9% DCP of the maintenance requirement of livestock in TLU but the available ME was 1.67% surplus. Conversely, the annual feed supply met only 64.98% DM, 66.24% DCP and 85.66% ME of the maintenance requirement of livestock in dega agroecology, whereas in weinadega, agroecology about 88.31% DM and 73.46% DCP of the maintenance requirement were met but the estimate of ME was 17.22% above the requirement. Livestock in the study areas of Gurage zone are in serious feed deficit which needs a special attention. There is a strong linkage between enset and cattle production in enset-cattle based mixed production system of Gurage zone through generations which has a strong bond in determining the livelihoods and food security of the rural farming families. Similarly, in the existing situation of fragmented land holding which doesn’t give opportunity of producing feed enough for cattle, it is paramount important to practice enset cultivation without which sustainability in cattle feeding cannot be obtained. Leaf and leaf midribs of enset represented the greatest share of 50.77% TDM, 70.86% TDCP and 54.81% of TME available for cattle feeding and it is imperative in safeguarding the life of animals especially during drought and unusual periods of the year. On the other hand, cattle manure is the only source of organic matter and nutrient input and is crucial for improvement in quantity and quality of enset products. The sampled manure had a total nitrogen of 2.68% and C: N ratio of 11:1 in dega and 2.24% with C: N ratio of 12:1 in weinadega. The organic matter obtained from manure sample in dega and weinadega, respectively, was 51.89% and 44.82%. The gm of N, P and K kg-1DM of manure, respectively, were 26.8, 16.5 and 1.6 for dega and 22.4, 12.6 and1.2 for weinadega. Feed shortage, low performance of indigenous cattle, inefficient AI service, water scarcity and animal diseases were the major challenges of dairy production. To achieve better result from dairying in particular and from livestock in general, efficient storage and utilization of crop residues, improved forage development, upgrading technical and managerial efficiencies of crossbreeding, supplementing livestock with concentrates of protein sources for both agroecologies and energy for dega agroecology, provision of animal health extension services focusing on preventive measures and developing different water harvesting structures based on agroecologies must be implemented. In food security realization programs, everyone should take his/her own accountability and responsibility through provision of strong and continuous extension services and area specific research works. The development planners including political leaders should pay attention on bringing improvement in production and productivity, understand the life securing abilities and do not undermine the economic and famine buffering potentials of these two resources. By considering multi-socio-economic use of enset crop, on the other hand, special attention should also be given to hasten the production of enset throughout Ethiopia.
ANALYSIS OF INTENSIFICATION OF DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, BOVINE MILK QUALITY AND CONSUMPTION IN THE SMALLHOLDER DAIRYING OF ADA’A DISTRICT OF ETHIOPIA
(2018-06) Habtamu, Lemma; Dr. Ashenafi Mengistu, Dr. Tadesse Kuma; Dr. Berhanu Kuma
This study was carried out in Ada’a district of Oromia Regional States of Ethiopia with the objectives to identify factors determining intensification of dairy production systems to shed light on the present status of market-oriented smallholder dairy operation; to analyze gender aspects of labor distribution in dairy activities in the intensifying smallholder dairying; to explore milk production, major challenges facing dairy producers and dairy opportunities; and to investigate household consumption habits of bovine milk and to assess the quality and safety of raw milk sampled during delivery at collection center. Data were collected from household-level survey of 200 dairy farmers, milk sampling, key informant interviews and direct observation. Descriptive statistics, General Linear Model (GLM), and binary logistic regression methods were employed as analytical tools. The results revealed that 77 % of respondents/dairy producers kept crossbred dairy cows only, 53.5 % acquired good manure management and crossbreeding practices, and 44 % of the sampled rural households involved in crossbreeding and cultivating improved forage crops. The binary logistic regression model results showed that herd size, farmland size, dairy training and cooperative membership had significant effects on cultivating improved forages. Dairy production system, dairying experience and herd size were significantly associated with rearing only crossbred dairy cows. Farmland size, dairy system and awareness of manure handling were significantly associated with good manure management. Further analysis of the extent of intensification indicated that mean daily milk yield per cow and household milk market share were significantly related to crossbreeding and manure management practices in combination. Most family labor input for the dairy activities was contributed by women, which increased their workload though they involved well in decisions on dairy production and had market access for fresh milk. These differed significantly among farm- households across dairy production systems and source of major income. The major challenges faced by dairy farmers were: shortage of concentrate feed and water, lack of sustainable/guaranteed improved breeding and milk marketing, dairy stock health and manure disposal, in descending order. The total bacterial count in fluid milk was slightly higher than Ethiopian minimum standard. The coliform count was in the range of the standard. Somatic cell count was higher than US standard, but it was in the range of the EU standard. The overall mean value of the milk fat (3.82%) was slightly higher than the Ethiopian Standard (ES) value (3.50%). The mean value of protein and SNF percentages were 3.25±0.32 and 7.73 ±0.86, respectively. The overall mean value of protein was similar with the Ethiopian standard value (3.20%). The dairy potentials observed included some improved herd holdings, optimal daily milk yield, dairy experience, education and use of dairying as a major income source. The majority consumed (66.5 %) and traded (94.2 %) milk at the same time. The amount of self-consumed fresh milk per farm and day by producer families varied from 0.5 to 5 liters. Eighty four percent of the dairy producers boiled milk prior to consumption. The practice of treating milk before consumption differed significantly across production systems. 8.5 % of the dairy households did not consume fresh but rather fermented/sour milk (ergo) as most of them had symptoms of lactose intolerance. In household consumption, there was a lack of 1.40-2.85 liters of milk, which is insufficient to satisfy the nutrition requirement from dairy foods. However, there are ample experiences of dairy farming, local availability, milk production, and culture of milk consumption. In conclusion, production systems-based dairy-stock breeding, manure management practices, and related input supply and alternative formal marketing options are key attributes of the intensification and improved productivity of smallholder dairying. The capacity of smallholder dairy producers need to be built through gender-sensitive dairy extension including introducing cost-effective /labor saving-dairy technology, awareness creation in family to share women workload and enable them to participate in cooperative management positions. The dairy potentials could also help as spring board to enhance the market-oriented smallholder dairy farming provided that the above-mentioned challenges are dealt and tackled. To this end, a coordinated action involving all dairy stakeholders is needed in supporting/ building capacity of smallholder dairy producers to overcome the challenges for sustainable dairy production. There is scope to improve nutrition through consuming sufficient quantities of milk by the dairy farm families and balancing the staple foods (teff and wheat) in the area. Improving milk productivity will increase the levels of milk consumption, which in turn would have great potential as a cost-effective and sustainable household food production strategy for food/nutrition security besides market orientation.
Anthelmintic utilization practices in Ada’a district and in vitro anthelmintics efficacy study against Haemonchus.contortus and Trichostrongylus.columbriformis in Oromia, Ethiopia
(2020-06) GEBEYEHU, ALKADIR; Dr. Getachew Terefe, Dr. Bersissa Kumsa
The present study was conducted to assess anthelmintic (AH) utilization practices in Ada’a District of East Showa zone and evaluate the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintic classes of different brands collected from local markets A structured questionnaire survey was undertaken with 100 respondents farmers owning sheep and/or goats. For the Ah efficacy study, four drugs of different brands (Albendazole (ABZ) for egg hatch test, levamisole (LEV) and ivermectin (IVM) for larval motility test, and tetramisole (TMZ) for adult motility test) were investigated against local isolate of Haemonchus.contortus and Trichostrongylus columbriformis. ABZ and LEV brands originated from China (CN), East Africa (EA) and India (IN), Ivermectin from CN, IN and Uruguay (UG), whereas Tetramisole was from CN and IN. Serial dilutions of the drugs were made to achieve concentrations of 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.0625μg/ml. g/ml. To undertake egg hatch test 100 eggs/well of H. contortus or T. colubriformis were incubated with the drugs at 270C for 48 hours. Larval motility test was done with 50L3 of H. contortus or T. colubriformis mixed with the drug of choice and incubated at 25 0C for 24hrs after which motile and nonmotile worms were counted. Similarly, the adult motility test was done with 15 adult H. contortus/well mixed with the test AH and incubated at 370c for 10 hours. All tests were done in triplicates and the median values were taken. Control wells contained eggs, L3 or adult worms with distilled water. The findings show that: a) the questionnaire survey indicated ivermectin was the most commonly used drug (39 %) followed by albendazole (36 %), tetramisole (17 %) and levamisole (8%), b) in the in vitro assays, all tested anthelmintics brands showed concentrationdependent responses on eggs, larvae and adult parasites; c) in egg hatch test on T.colubriformis eggs, CN and IN brands of albendazole performed >50% egg hatch inhibition at all drug concentrations; d) the EC50 for inhibition of T.colubriformis egg hatching was 2.375μg, 0.087μg and 1.199μg respectively for EA, CN and IN brands. The EC50 against H.contortus eggs was 0.504μg, 0.017μg and 1.886μg respectively for EA, CN and IN brands; e) East Africa brand of levamisole was more effective at reducing H.contortus larval motility than Indian brand (92% and 76% respectively) at 0.5μg while it is better at 0.5μg, 0.25μg and 0.125μg against T. colubriformis (P<0.05). The EC50 for inhibition of motility of T.colubriformis L3 by levamisole was 0.057μg and 4.028μg respectively for EA and IN brands suggesting a much better performance of EA brand over the Indian brand. The EC50 of levamisole against H.contortus L3 XIII was 0.058μg and 0.048μg respectively for EA and IN brands; f) the three brands of ivermectin at all concentrations tested had similar efficacy against motility of H. contortus L3. The linear regression for concentration-response curve indicates that the EC50 for inhibition of motility of T.colubriformis L3 by ivermectin was 0.073μg, 0.178μg and 0.040μg respectively for CN, UG and IN brands suggesting a lower performance of the Uruguay brand compared to the others. Similarly, the EC50 of ivermectin against H.contortus L3 was 0.025μg, 5.040μg and 3.061μg respectively for China, Uruguay India brands; g) in the adult motility test, both China and India brands of tetramisole have performed similarly against H. contortus. However, the EC50 was 0.134μg and 5.576μg respectively for CN and IN brands suggesting a marginal performance of the former and a much lower efficacy of the latter brand. In conclusion, excepting for few cases, ABZ, IVM and TMZ brands from china origin are more effective against eggs, L3 and adults of the parasites concerned. On the other hand, LEV from East Africa Company is proven effective against L3 of both parasites whereas LEV and IVM from Indian origin are effective only against L3 of one species at acceptable concentration. Therefore, while recommending anthelmintics of choice such variations must be taken in to account.
Anthelmintic utilization practices in Ada’a district and in vitro anthelmintics efficacy study against Haemonchus.contortus and Trichostrongylus.columbriformis in Oromia, Ethiopia
(2020-06) Gebeyehu Alkadir; Dr. Fufa Dawo
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and it remains an economically important disease globally. It has become the number one livestock disease problem in Ethiopia causing cattle and cattle products export restriction. Antigen and gene detections of FMDV from outbreak cases in Borena zone of Oromia region were conducted using a cross-sectional study design. Purposive sampling was used in three kebeles: Arbore, Buyo and Dasogore, of Gomole district of the zone where outbreak had occurred. Clinical examination was performed on FMD suspected cattle and epithelial and swab sample was collected from representative animals. A total of 29 samples were collected and tested by real time RT-PCR for gene detection and sandwich ELISA for antigen typing. The rRT-PCR test result showed that 41.38% (12/29) sample were positive for FMDV. 10 rRT-PCR positive samples were subjected to antigen detection ELISA for serotyping and four serotypes of FMDV were detected; 3(60%) were serotype O, 1(20%) was mixed infection (serotype A and O) and 1(20%) was also mixed infection (SAT1 and SAT2). In addition, all the collected samples were subjected to virus isolation using baby hamster kidney day 21 (BHK-21) cells and 24.14% (7/29) showed cytopathic effect. Based on the evidence from antigen and molecular detections, four serotypes (A, O, SAT1, and SAT2) of FMD virus were circulating in the area causing production losses and mortality. Therefore, regular monitoring of the circulating virus and serotyping should be implemented as a base for selection of matching vaccine to institute effective control strategy in the area.
Antibiogram study of Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates and assessment of KAP of poultry producers in conventional poultry farms in Hossana town, central Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Habtamu Endale; Debela Abdeta; Mesfin Mathewos; Saliman Aliye; Adane Haile
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious health threat to creatures that depend on antimicrobials for the prevention and relief of infections. Foodborne Salmonella and Esherchia coli O157:H7 are critical causes of antimicrobial resistance associated morbidity and mortality. Fast growing poultry production along with antimicrobial misuse is a critical hotspot for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 by disc diffusion method and assessment of KAP of poultry producers was executed in conventional poultry farms in Hossana Town, Central Ethiopia from October 2023 to May 2024. Up on bacteriological, biochemical and serological tests, 27 Salmonella and 20 E. coli were isolated and identified from a total of 228 cloacal swabs and postmortem samples. In disc diffusion test, all Salmonella and E. coli isolates were resistant to tested antimicrobial agents. Salmonella was resistant to ampicillin (100%), sulfamethoxazole and cefoxitin (85.1%), tetracycline (77.8%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (74.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (66.6%), ceftriaxone and streptomycin (55.6%), ciprofloxacin (51.9%), ampicillin/sulbactam (48.1%), trimethoprim (44.4%) and cefotaxime (40.7%). It showed high susceptibility to meropenem (81.48 %), gentamicin (66.67%), chloramphenicol (81.48%) and azithromycin (81.48%). E. coli O157:H7 was resistant to ampicillin (100%), cefotaxime and tetracycline (90.00%), cefoxitin and trimethoprim (70.00%), sulfamethoxazole (65.00%), amoxicillin clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone (55.0%) and ampicillin/sulbactam (50.00%). It was highly susceptible to azithromycin 90.00%, gentamicin (75.00%), chloramphenicol (60.00%), ciprofloxacin (55.00%) and meropenem (50.00%). All Salmonella and 80.00% of E. coli exhibited MDR. A lower portion, 22.20%, 19.44% and 25.00% of the poultry producers have good knowledge, attitude and practice on AMU and AMR, respectively. Poultry farms in the study site were found crucial hotspots for AMR Salmonella and E. coli and the low KAP levels of the poultry producers further exacerbate antimicrobial misuse and AMR spread. Monitoring antimicrobial dispensing, awareness of stakeholders on AMR prevention, and improving poultry producers' KAP on antimicrobial use and resistance are paramount to tackling this global problem.
Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Species in Different Poultry Farms in Selected Districts of East Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Central Ethiopia
(2021-06) Mezene, Woyessa; Prof. Gezahegn Mamo, Dr Balako Gumi
Antibiotics are limited resources. The more antibiotics are used today, the lesser it is likely they will still be effective in the future. Antibiotic resistance is considered one of the major threats to the world’s health as antibiotic resistant infections are increasing in humans, animals and the environment from time to time. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics is a primary contributor for the development of antibiotic resistance. The World Health Organization estimates that in the past decade the number of deaths attributed to antibiotic resistant bacteria exceeded the combined number of deaths due to influenza, human immunodeficiency virus and traffic accidents. Salmonella is the major cause of foodborne zoonotic bacterial infections worldwide and poultry is a major source of this zoonotic infection. Drug resistant Salmonella, such as quinolone and the higher generation cephalosporin resistant strains are regarded by World Health Organization as a critically important highest priority pathogen. Hence, a cross sectional study was conducted from September, 2017 to January, 2021 to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella species isolated from poultry and to evaluate a prudent use of antibiotics in intensive and semi-intensive commercial and backyard poultry farms in a selected districts (Ada’a, Lome, Akaki and Adama) of East Shewa zone of Oromia regional state, central Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select districts, peasant association and poultry farms. A total of 780 samples (500 chicken fecal, 153 egg, 100 chicken meat and 27 hand swab from poultry farm workers) were collected for Salmonella isolation and identification. Three hundred eighty eight individuals (n=388) were included in the study for the assessment of prudent use of antibiotics using structured questionnaire surveys. Based on microbial isolation and identification, the prevalence of Salmonella was 18.4% (95% CI=14.6-21.3) in the fecal samples, 14.8% (95% CI=1.5-28.5) in the hand swabs of poultry farm workers, 4.5% (95% CI=1.2-7.7) of eggs and 6% (95% CI=1.3-10.7) of meat samples with the overall prevalence of 13.97% (95% CI=11.6-16.4). xiv The highest prevalence of salmonella infection was observed in intensive production system (16.9%) and the lowest was found in backyard scavenging system (7.4%). One of the serious zoonotic strains (S. typhmurium) was recorded as a dominant serovar (69.7%) followed by S. Saintpaul (18.2%), S. Kentucky (6%), S. Newport (3%) and S. Anatum (3%) during this study. Risk factors such as poultry production system (P=0.006), production type (P=0.001), breed of chicken (P=0.005) and sample type (P=0.001) were significantly associated with Salmonella prevalence. A total of 37 Salmonella isolates were tested for their resistance against 15 antibiotics using disc diffusion method. Majority of the isolates (64.86%) were resistant or intermediately resistant to at least one antibiotic. The prevalence of resistance was high to chloramphenicol (62.2%), tetracycline (59.5%), ampicillin (54.1%) and streptomycin (51.4%). More than half of the isolates (56.8%) were multidrug resistant. The widespread occurrence of drug resistant Salmonella in poultry farms clearly demonstrated that, there is lack of awareness about prudent use of antibiotics, which highly contributed to the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. All farms used one or more antibiotics and administered them mainly through feed/water. Tetracycline (100%) and sulfadiazine + trimethoprim (94.1%), fluroquinolones (41.5%) and cloxacillin + ampicillin (29.1%) were the most frequently used antibiotics. Antibiotics were used for disease treatment (100%), for disease prevention (56%) and /or for growth promotion (32.2%). Veterinary pharmacies (100%), veterinary clinic (51.0%), human pharmacies (26.8%) and illegal open market (16.2%) were the sources of antibiotics for the poultry producers. Sixty two percent of the farms obtained antibiotics through prescription from veterinarian and the rest were as self-prescription (32.2%) or as recommended by friends with prior experience (11.9%). Only 37.9% of the prescribed antibiotics administered by veterinary professional while majority of the farms administered antibiotics by themselves, based on the drug labels or as directed by a prescriber or pharmacist. Antibiotic stewardship programs such as removing the use of antibiotics for growth promotion, controlling illegal open market access as well as increasing veterinary and diagnostic services will help to mitigate antibiotic resistance. Measures to control of Salmonella infections in poultry are needed to reduce foodborne infections in humans.
Antigen and Molecular Detection of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus From Disease Outbreak Cases in Sheep and Goats in Asossa Zone, Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Ethiopia
(2020-06) Tolessa, Ebissa; Dr. Fufa Dawo
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) disease is a severe, highly contagious and fatal viral disease of small ruminants causing a lot of production loss and mortality in Ethiopia. Limited serological and molecular reports indicated that the disease was highly prevalent in the study area and recently the data from the regional livestock agency indicated there was an improvement in vaccination coverage. Despite this, there was continuous occurrence of disease outbreak in the region. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate and genetically identify recently circulating PPR virus (PPRV) by molecular tools from outbreak cases in small ruminants in the Asossa zone, Benishangul-gumuz regional state. Cross sectional study design were applied from November 2019 to April 2020 for investigation of the disease in outbreak areas. A total of 27 swab samples (22 nasal and 5 rectal swab) were purposively collected from clinically suspected animals and examined for the presence of PPRV by Immune capture Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Ic ELISA) and a one-step Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (conventional and real time RT-PCR) assay. Of the clinical samples examined, 45.4% and 36.4% of the samples were positive for PPRV using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Immune capture Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Ic ELISA) respectively. Two out of twenty two PPRV XIII suspected sample was successfully isolated on Vero dog SLAM (VDS) cell line with the dog signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor expressed on the cell surface and confirmed with Ic ELISA and RT-PCR. As evidenced from clinical finding, virus isolation and molecular detection indicated PPRV was circulating in the area where all of the cases were associated with unvaccinated and newly introduced small ruminants from the neighboring region indicating the possibility of the virus spread to different districts in the region. Therefore, vaccination strategies and vaccine coverage should be improved and implemented especially in newly introduced sheep and goat. Further investigation should be done regarding the molecular epidemiology and genetic analysis of the virus circulating in the region.
ANTIGEN DETECTION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS FROM OUTBREAK CASES IN ETHIOPIA
(2019-06) Shimels, Tikuye; Dr. Fufa Dawo , Dr. Daniel Gizaw
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hooved animals with significant economic impact. Outbreak investigation was conducted in Tigray, Oromia and SNNPs regional states of Ethiopia from September 2018 to May 2019. Purposive sampling was conducted in the respective districts and kebeles where the outbreaks occurred. A total of 215 animals were examined for the presence of typical clinical signs, 55 animals (25.58%) showed clinical signs and lesions suggestive of FMD. Totally 55 epithelial tissues and 8 oral swab samples were collected from suspected cases and submitted to the NAHDIC, Sebeta, Ethiopia for virus isolation, serotype identification and molecular characterization. Culture positive FMDV isolates were sent to WRLFMD, Pirbright, UK for sequencing. Of the 63 collected samples, 53 samples (84.13%) were positive for the FMDV genome by rRT-PCR with Ct values ranging from 15.06 to 31.19. Out of 34 cultured samples, 76.47% (n = 26) exhibited cytopathic effect in BHK-21 cell and the viruses were isolated. In the current study, serotypes of O (53.85%) and A (46.15%) were identified by antigen detection ELISA. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 sequences from these viruses were used to determine the relationships from Ethiopia and other viruses retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 nucleotide sequences showed that the type O viruses belonged to the EA-3 and EA-4 topotypes. Serotype A isolates belonged to genotype IV of African topotype. Amino acid substitutions were observed at critical residues of antigenic sites of serotype O at position 45 and 48 of VP1. Amino acid variations also identified in the main antigenic sites between the vaccine strain and field isolates of FMDV serotype A at positions 45, 140, 141, 143, 149 and 157. Similarly a total of 12.68% and 15.96% amino acid variations were observed in serotype O and A, respectively, in different sites of the VP1 gene with reference to the vaccine strain of the country. Therefore, regular investigation of FMD outbreaks to have more detailed information about the serotypes and topotypes circulating in Ethiopia is important for development of effective vaccine for the controlling of the disease.
ANTIMICROBIAL AND BACTERIA CULTIVATIVE VALUE OF MORINGA OLIFERA LEAF EXTRACT IN SELECTED ANIMAL PATHOGENS
(2014-06) ADDISU, DEMEKE; Dr. Biruk Tesfaye, Dr. Tesfaye Sisay; Dr.BedasoMamo
The research was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial effect of various forms of the leaf extracts (Moringa oleifera) on the growth of four selected gram-positive and negative bacteria and to evaluate the bacterial cultivated value of the extract.The antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam., was determined in vitro, using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined against selected animal pathogenic bacteria. M. oleiferaleave extract has been found to possess antimicrobial properties. In this work, four extraction solvents were used, i.e. aqueous extraction, fresh leave juice, ethanol and methanol. The methanol extract method of fresh and dried leaves displayed potential broad spectrum activity against all the tested organisms whereas the fresh leave juice extract which didn’t have any inhibitory effect were evaluated for its bacterial cultivated value and it was obtained that the power form of this extract was optimal environment for the growth of both gram positive and gram negative selected bacteria. The antimicrobial assay showed that the zones of inhibition produced using disc diffusion method ranged 3mm to 22mm for the four extraction methods with the highest value of 22mm obtained with ethanol extraction. The zones of inhibition for fresh ethanol extract was 4 to 22 mm, methanol extract from fresh leaf was 8 to 20 mm, and hot and cold water extract of fresh and dried leaves was 8 to 9,8 to 10,3 to 4 and 3 to 5 mm respectively. The MIC values were conducted for the different form of extracts against the tested bacterial pathogens and the highest concentration was recorded 25mg/ml for S.auerus while it was 30 mg/ml for S.fecalis. The bacterial cultivated value of M.oleifera powder extract of fresh leaf juice was determined by cultivating the four tested pathogens on the culture medium which was prepared from the plant extract with the proper concentration of agar powder in sterile distilled water and it was revealed that all the pathogens were successfully grown on it. The consequences of this investigation suggest that the extracts and juice of M.oleifera Lam. can be used to discover antibacterial agent for developing new pharmaceuticals to control animal pathogenic bacteria responsible for severe illness.

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