College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture

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    Study on the Prevalence of Bovine Cysticercosis in Awassa Municipal Abattoir and Taen Sagnlnain Awassa Tows and its Surroungs, Southern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 200-06) Fufa, Abunna; Tiiahull, Dr. Getachew
    The stud y was made from October 2005 to April 2006 at the Southern Nat ion, ationalities and Peoples Regi on. Awassa town and its su rroundings. It was carried out with the overall objecti ve of providing base line data on the prevalence of C bovis'T saginata. A total of 400 carcasses of randomly selected bovine animals we re used fOT the active abattoir survey. The study comprised of an active abattoir survey data collection at Awassa municipal abattoir. questionnaire sur. cy on \ 'oluntecr respondents and an inventory of phannaceutical drug stores and shops in Awassa town. Of the 400 carcasses examined during the study period. 105 (26.25%) were infected with C. bonos. The distribution of organs tissues infected with C. bO \'is werc. heart (11.25',). diaphragm (1.75',). masseter (8.5',). kidney (0.25',). lung (OJ'·,). shoulder (9°'0) . tongue (3.25° '0). and liver (0.75°0). Analysis of active abattoir survey revealed that there was a significant difference ( P < 0.05. OR = 3.34) between breeds. but there were no significant differences observed in the infection rates between sex (P > 0.05. ;( = 0.02) and origin (P > 0.05. OR = 0.87) of the animals. The viability test on all isolated bladder WOnTIS showed that -l4.2% were viable. The tonf,1Uc. heart. shoulder and masseter muscles had the highest number of viable (11.25°0), (9°0), (8.5°0) cysts respectively. Based on the questionnaire SUI\'cy. T. saginaw taeniasis is a v .. ide spread problem In Awassa town and it s surroundings. 64.1 00 of the respondents had contracted taeniasis due to T. saginala. The potential risk factors of taeniasis namely. age. sex. religion. occupation, educational le\ cis, raw meet consumption. use of spices during meat consumptio n and marital status were considered . The pre\alence of taeniosis was slightly significant by the age of the respondents (P 0.05 and ;! = 0.44). Among ~ luslim and Christian communities. it was found that there was a statistical significant difference in the pre\·alence oftaemosis (P0.05 and OR = 0.7 1). The prevalence of tacniosis was highly signilicant (P
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    EpidemiologeIcal Survey of CBPP in Awi and Western Gojjam Zones of Amihara Region and Comparison of CFT and C-EliSa for the Diagnosis of CBPP
    (AAU, 1998) Takele, Gashaw; Staak, C(Dr
    For assessing the prevalence and distribution of contagiolls bovine pleuropneumonia (C BPP) in North -Western Ethiopia, a cross-sec tional questionnaire s urvey and sero-epidemiological investigation has been conducted in 11 selected districts of AWl and Western Gojjam zones of Amharn regin The questionnaire surwy and se rum sample collecti on was conducted nduc from February to August 1997. The purpose of the questionnaire was to assess the produc ti on system. preva lence a nd economic importance of major cattk diseases. occurrence of bovi ne respiratory diseases and measures wken to deal with it The questionnaire was given to a total of 39 farmers. According tothe questionnaire, the farme rs have described bovine respi ra tory cli s~ast! using various local names: Samba (2 1%), SalIg (5%) and il was ranked as a major veterinary problem. About 41 % or the inntervewed have reported the seasonal occurrence of the respiratory disease problem. Thl' major sou rcl.!S of the disease outbreak were reported as grazing cont act (5 1 %), social facto rs involving cauil' movement (3%). While others (aboul 41 % ) did not specify them. t-. leasures lakL'n in case of outbreaks: Treatment using antibiotics (69%). vaccination (23%) and traditional measures(8 )
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    Epidmiology and Zoonotic Importance of Bovine Tuberculosis in Selected Sites of Eastern shoa Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 1998-01) Kiros, Tade!e
    A. survey was conducted In De bre Zeit and .-\ddis Ababa. from Jo.nu:!ry to October. 1997 in canle and human tuberculosis patients to study thl;! epidemiology or bO\Jne tuberculosis and to assess the role of J! hOlliS in human T8 cases re spectively. The methods applied wefe comparative intradermal tuberculin te st. postmortem diagnosis. cul tural examination. biochemical te:m and questionnaire su rve::v on human TB p:ltients and 'Jlry farm \\"o rkers. A to tal of 788 anim:tls \\ere subjected to the comparatj\e intradermal :uberculin test (C lOT) resulting In 2.3Qo o pOSHl\e and 5.81)'0 doubtful reacWrs. Th ere \\as a slgmricant difference In pre\ alenee between tiums sites ranging fr om -J. .2° 0 to 90.8°0 mcludin.,; the doubtful reactors , I,Z~ test. p
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    The Epidemiology of Bovine Brucellosis in Intra and Peri-Urban Dairy Production Sysems in and Around Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 1998-01) Asfaw, Yilkal; Molla, Baykyegn phD.
    Bovine brucellosis is an infectious disease of economic importance by causing abortions and infertility. Bovint: brucellos is considered a zoonosis. infprmation on the extent of bovine brucellosis. however. is scarce for the expanding intra- and peri- urban dairy enterprise in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of bovine brucellosis and its impact on reproduction in some intra- and peri-urban dairy production systems in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional investigation of bovine brucellosis was carried out from Jun to October 1917 on -42 dairy farms located in Debre Zeit, Kalili, Sebela, and Addis Ababa. The farms represent peri-urban systems. Intra-urban systems in secondary towns and intra-urban production systems. Bulk milk samples were collected from each farm (herd ) in June, August, and October Blood samples from 950 non-vaccinated breeding animals above six months of age were collected once in June. The milk Ring Test (WRT), the Rose Bengal Plate Test (ROPT). and the Complement Fixation Test (CFT) were carried out on milk and serum samples. Farm management parameters and zoonotic aspects were cullected by administering a questionnaire . An overall herd infection rate of 33.3% was determined. With respect to the production systems 100%. 30%, and 12.5% of the farms were infected in peri-u rban. intra.-urbun stecondary town. and intra -urban systems, respectively. The within herd prevalence ranged from 0-16.7%. At least one or two reactors were idemilied in 64.3% of the farrms. An overall prevalence rate of 811% was found on individual animals. A prevalence rate of 9.8 % was observed in the age group 2 to 4 years. A prevalence rale af 9.1 % and 3.3% was identified in fams that keep more than 100 animals, and less than 50 animals, respectively. Significant difference in prevalence rate was observed in animals aged below and above 2 yeas and between no arturition and at least one parturition. A significant difference in prevalence rate was also observed between farms that keep below 50 and above 100 animals. Odds ratios (OR) of 2.1 4 (1.04·483) between age and brucellosis infection and 2.99 ( 1.29· 8.06) between herd size and brucellosis infection were determined. Significant differences in prevalence rates were not observed among the production systems and districts in indvidual animals. Agreement (kappa values) between RBPT +/'CFT+ and MRT tests were 0.31 (first MRT result ), 0.43 (first and second MRT results pooled), and 0.58 (first. second and third MRT results pooled). Moderate agreement (k=0.44) was found between RBPT+ and CFT +and good agreement (k=O.74) was found between RBPT+ and RBPT +ICFT + testing procedure Considering positive results in both RBPT and CFT as gold standnrd the sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of the pooled MRT were 57.1% and 89.3%respectively). Sensitivty and specilicity, of RBPT were 100% and 94.6%. respectively. Associations betweer reproductive and production parameters and brucellosis infection could not be established for individual animals. However. on the basis of questionnaire .answers, previous abortions and use of natural service were associated with Brucellar infection: OR of 15.58 (1.72-79.16) and 0.06(0·0.61) were calculated respectively·. Abortions were recorded in 56.1 % of the farms. Lack of knowledge of brucellosis was recorded in 87.8% of the farms. Cleaning and disinfection was done regularly in 29.3,% removal of infected animals was farm practice in 14.6%provision of maternity pens was found in 4,9% of the farms, and 21.9% of the farms obtained repbcement stock from outside source. Prokmged fever was observed in nine persons interviewed . They were attending cows for at least six months. Absence of vaccination . herd size, cuttle density, lack of knowledge of brucellosis, and poor manogement and husbandry practices are likely factors responsibl to explain the relaively high prevalence rate observed in his study. Due to its impact on production and lfor its 'Zoonotic significance. Awareness of brucellosis in urban farming should be given priority. Conclusions and recommendations in this regard, emphasizing control of brucellosis are given.
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    The Epidemiology of Bovine Brucellosis in Intra-and Peri- urban Daban Dairy Production Systems in and around Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 1998-01) Asfaw, Yilkal; Molla, Dr Bayleyegn
    Bovine brucellosis is an infsease of economic importance by causing abortions and infertility .Bovine brucellosis is considered azoonosis information on the extent of bovine brucellosis . however, is scarce for the expanding intra- and peri- urban dairy enterprise in Ethiopia .the purpose of this study was to investigate the status of bovine brucellosis and its impact on reproduction in some intra and peri – urban dairy production systems in Ethiopia across- sectional investigation of bovine brucellosis was carried out from june to October 1997 on 42 dairy farms located in debre zeit ,kaliti, Sebeta .and Addis Ababa
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    Prevalence of Camel Trypanosomiasis and Factors Associaten with the Disease Occurrence in Leben with the Disease in Leben District Boriea Zone Oromia Region Ethiopa
    (AAU, 1998-01) Demwke, Getahun; Abebe, Getachew(Dr
    A cross-sectional study wns undertaken to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis and to identify factors associated with the disease in the southern nlngdands of Ethiopia. Multistage sampling was employ..:d as sampling method. Wet blood smeJrs, buTy com technique and antibody ELISA were utilized as diagnostic techniques to delennine the prevalence. A herJ health management questionnaire was also used to collect rdevant infor'tion on factors associated with the disease. Furthe rmore, a parallel Slirvey of the helminth status was undertaken in dry season to assess a possible association with low pev readings. A total of 31..J. camels in 81 herds and 285 camds in 74 herds were sampled during wel and dry season, respectively. In rainy season sampJ.es prevaknces of 10.1 % using parasitological methods and of 56.5% using antibody ELISA were found were found whereas parsitological methods revealed an infection 2.8% in dry season Aeg ecological conditionas and season were found to the disease a cumulative incidence of 0.03 and an incidence density of 3 cases per 10.000 animal days points to an extremely low disease dymamic during the dry season Tevansi was most common cause of camel trypanosomiasis ,Tvivax was found in twe camels
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    Epidemiological Survey of CBPP in Awi and Western Gojjam Zones of and Comparison of CFT and C-elisa for the Diagnosis of CBPP
    (AAU, 1998-01) Takle, Gashaw; Staak, C (Dr
    For assessing the prevalence and distribution of contagiolls bovine pleuropneumonia (C BPP) in Norl h-Western Ethiopia, a cross-sec tional questionnaire s urvey and sero-epidemiological investigation has been conducted in 11 selected districts of AWl and Western Gojjam zones of Amharan region. The questionnaire surwy and se rum sample collecti on was co nduc ted from February to August 1997. The purpose of the questionnaire was to assess the produc ti on system. preva lence and economic importance of major cattk diseases. occurrence of bovi ne respiratory diseases and measures wken to deal with it. the questionnaire was given to a total of 39 farmers
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    Field Investigation on the Appearance of Drug-Resistant Populations of Trypainosomes in Metekel District, North-West Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 1998-01) Afewerk, Yohannes phD.; T., Getachew phD.
    The objectives of the present study were (1) to determine the prevalence rate of trypnnosome infections in the village cattle populations of Metekel district, North-west Ethiopia, (2) to assess the prophylactic activity of isometnmidium chloride to natural trypanosome infections and (3) to monitor the trypanocidal activity of diminazene acelurate and isometamidium chloride in mice experimentally infected with trypanosome field isolates. In order to obtain information on the prevaknce rate of trypanosome infections in the area and to identify cattle herds highly suspected to be infected with drug resistant trypanosome populations. questionnaire surveys and cross sectional studies were carried out from March to October 1997 in four villages. The results of these studies showed that trypanosomosis is a major constraint to livestock production in the area with an overall prevalence rate of 17.2% (95% CI: 14,20.8). Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species accounting fo r 47.6% of the overall infections. The overall mean PCV value of the total cattle tested was found to be 4.9 ± 0.20% Parasitaemic cattle had significantly lower mean PCV values(21.6 + 0.47) than aparasitaemic cattle (25.5±0.21 ) (p<0.05) Moreover. there is indiscriminate use of trypanocidal drugs and exposurte of cattle in the area to subcurative doses of trypanocidal drugs and farmers complaine about failure of treatment to cure infections in cattle. Based on the results of the cross sectiona l study and the questionnaire, two villagec were selected for longitudinal field study on the occurrence of drug resistant trypanosome populations. From these villages 50 Zebu cattle naturally infected with trypanosomes. 52.4% of the infections being due to T congolense, were selected and infected with a prophylactic dose (1 mg /kg bw) of isomctamidium chloride (Trypamidium ®. Lot No. U6962 /E. Rhone Merieux). The findings in the field demonslrmed 6 (13% ) relapse/ breakthrough infections. all of them being T. congolensl.within 4 weeks of treatment In the same study 18 (37. 9%) and 25 (50%) relapse/breakthrough infections were recorded within 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, respectively. The result also indicated that 20 cases (80%) of the overall relapse/breakthrough infections were due to T. congolensel. Field isolates were obtained from relapse/ breakthrough infections one. two and three months after treatment and injected in mice. To confirm the field results and to study the therapeutic activity of diminazent.: accturate in experimental animals, three field isolates of T.congole nse were ranuomly selected from the relapse populations. Investigations were conducted on the sensitivity of these isolates to isometamidium chloride Trypamidium ®. Rhone Merieux) and diminazene aceturate ( Bereni l ®, Hoechst). Mice infected and treated with ranges of doses of isomelamidium chloride and diminazene oceturate were followed for relapse injections. isometamidium chloride at doses of 0.5 to -t mg lkg b\\ failed completely 10 cllre T congohmse infections. Similarly, diminazene acelurate at doses of 3.5 to 28 mg /kg bw did not clear the parasites in all or the mice infected. There was a correlation of drug-dosage used and the lime of relapse: mice treated with lower doses showed relapse earlicr than mice treated with higher doses. Based on these studies it is concluded that the duration of prophylactic activity of isometamidium chloride ( 1 mg/kg, bw) to trypanosome populations circulating in the study cattle of Metekel region is less than 1 month. Tryplanosoma cogolense field isolates expressed resistance to both isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate in mice. However, it was not known whether this double resistance was expressed by trypanosome populations or by two different populations each of which expressing resistance to one of the drugs. The results indicated that there is an urgent need to extend and inlensif) field and laboratory works to monitor the development of drug resistance of pathogenic trypanosomes and its impact on livestock productivity in Metekel region in particular and across the tsetse infested zone of Ethiopia in general.
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    Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Prospective Study of Bovine Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis in Peri Urban and Urban Dairy Production Systems in the Addis Ababa Region, Ethiopia
    (AAU, 1998-01) Simukai Bishi, Alee; Zessin (Prof); Zerihun, Ademe (PhD)
    This study was conducted to establish the prevalence and incidence of clinical and subclinical Mastitis in peri-urban and urban dmry production systems in and around Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to gain an insight in to the farming systems in operation, and to study some management and social factors that may have an influence on the occurrence of mastitis. The main aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of intensification (farm size in particular) on the Occurrence o f mastitis.
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    Oral Newcastle Disease Vaccination Trials and Studies of Newcastle disease In Ethiopia
    (AAU, 1998-01) Nasser, Mohammed; Zerihun, Ademe(Phd
    Oral Newcastle Disease Vaccination Trials and Studies of Newcastle disease In Ethiopia ==Three laboratory trials Wert: conducted in commercial broiler chickenst to determine efficacy of the heat-resistant NDV-12 vaccine (similar to V4 vaccine). and to compare the NDV-I~ vaccine with conventional vaccines (HBI and LaSola). Sorghum and barley were tested for their suilabiJity as vaccine carriers for oral administration. Further one eight field isolates of NOV were tested for their pathogenicity and nine ND outbreaks between 1983 and 1995 in state poultry farms in Ethiopia were studied retrospectively. In the vaccination Trials, chickens were vaccinntcd twice or three timcs with NDV-i2 and conventional vaccines via the ocular and/or the drinking water route, and via feed with parboiled and untreated barley and sorghum as carriers. Sera were collected al wekly intervals up 10 the end of the triias and were tested for haenugglutinatioll.inhibition (Hi) activity. The protcection level was assesse'-lebratu d by challenging the chickens intramuscularly by a locatly isolated velogenic strain of NDV
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    A Study of Prevalence Mid EpidemIologIcal Key Factors of Salmonella Species in Selected Poultry Farms in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
    (AAU, 1998-01) A.Molomo, Marosi; Kasbohrer (PhD)
    A cross-sectional and longitudinal study were undenaken for a period of 5 months identify current salmundtallae scrotypcs prevailing in selected poultry farms in Debrc Zeit, Ethiupia. Strotypes of particular interest were S. EnteritiJis and S. Typhimurium which are of public health importance and S. Gallinarum which is of economic significance. In the cross-sectional stud, 8 farms with 20 flocks of chickens were investgated. . The farms were subdivided acco rding to ownership. The large state farms large private farms and small private farms. These farms were labeled from A to H and flocks in farms wert labded accordingly.Histoical data of the last 5 year were obtained and analyzed farm A
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    Epidemiology and Seasonal Dynamics of Gastrointestinal Helminthoses of the Small Ruminants in Eastern and Southern Semi Arlozones of Ethiopia.
    (AAU, 1999) A. Kasambara, Donald; Schuster, . R. (Prof); Makonnen, Yilmn J. (PhD)
    This study Was Conducted to established the Prevalence of the Gastrointestinal Helminths Infecting the Small Ruminants in Eastern and Southern semi arid zones of Ethiopia, to Determine the Seasonal Dynamics and relative Importance of Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection. to Determine the Relationship Between the Faecal Egg Output and Intensity of Infection (Worm Burden) in Infected Subjects A Questionnaire survey Was also Conducted Gain Insight Into the Fanning System in Operation and Study Some Herd Health. Management and Social Factors That May Have Some Influence on the Occurrence of Gastrointestinal. 300 Households Were Randomly Selected and the Heads or The Household S Were Interviewed. Out of 300. 264 Respondent Were Males and 36 Were Females.
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    Epidemiological Study And Zoonotic Importance of Bovine Salmonellosis in Selecteo Sites of Adois Auaua, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 1999-12) Nyeleti, Charles; Sinyangwe, P.G(PhD)
    A cross-sectional study was carried out for the period of 6 months in selected sites of Addis Ababa in order to determine the prevalence and distribution of Salmonel/a in the cattle chain fj'om abattoir to the consumer. The sources analyzed were pooled cattle faeces, pooled mesenteric Iymphnodes, single muscles from the diaphragm as well as \i'om the abdominal region. Additional minced beef from supermarkets destined for human consumption and additinally stool samples from the abattoir personnel were included in the survey. The iso lated Salmonella- strains were serotyped and resistance against antibiotics determined. for the culture method, the technique recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6579, 1998) was chosen. Antimicrobial results were analyzed based on the descrption by A VlD (1987). All the data collected on the pl'evalence and Salmollella distribution Irom the samples were presented in form of tables and figures. The Chi- Square test analyzed stati stically whether there was association between Salmollella prevalence with animal condition or mode of transport conditions, supermarkets or storage conditions in supermarkets. Analyzing prevalence and distribution of Salmonel/a from 235 abattoir cattle randomly selected samples leads to the following results: in 47 pooled samples of faeces (containing five samples) 5 Salmollel/a strains (10.6 %) were isolated, in 47 pooled samples of mesenteric Iymphnodes there were 9 strains (19.6 %). In 235 single samples of the abdominal (oblique and transverse muscle) 23 (9.8 %) and in 235 diaphragmatic muscles 28 Salmonella were found (11.9 %). From 300 stool samples of the abattoir personnel in 18 cases (6.0 %) Salmollella were isolated. Minced beef from the 22 supermarkets with an overall of 330 samples contai ned in 26 of the units (7.9 %) Salmollella cases. In the entire study, 98 surviving Salmollel/a strains were serotyped and identified as 27 S. Anatum, 53 S. Dublin, 5 S. Meleagridis, 1 S. Muenchen, 9 S. Saintpaul alld 3 S. rough form. From the pooled samples of faeces 4 S. Dublin and I S. Muenchen, of the pooled samples of mesenteric Iympllllodes 3 S. Analum and 2 S. Dubl in have been found. In single samples of abdominal muscl es 18 S. Dublin and 3 S Anatum and in diaphragmatic muscle samples 2 1 S. Dublin and 2 S. Anatum occurred. The cattle specific S. Dublin was the most dominant serovar in all the cattle samples. The 18 Salmollel/a iso lates from the abaltoir personnel consisted of 7 S. Aantum, 4 S. Dublin, 5 S. Meleagridis and 2 Salmonella roughforms. In this case S. Allalllll/ was the most predomi nant serovar fo llowed by S. Meleagridis which was never iso lated from the cattle chain. From minced beef 26 Salmol/ella strains were cultivated comprising 12 S. Anatum, 4 S. Dublin, 9 S. Saintpaul and 1 S. rough form. 3 Salmonella serotypes, (2 S. Anatum, I S. Dublin and 6 S. Saintpaul) originated fi'om Kaliti abatloir. In this of Kara abattoir all 3 strains belonged to S. Saintpaul. In llIinced meat originating from Addis Ababa lOS. Anatum, 3 S. Dublin and I S. rough form but no S. Saintpaul were found. In all the samples of Addis Ababa abattoir (faeces, mesenteric I ymphnodes, beef cuts and minced meat) no S. Saintpaul was detected neither. The 98 Salmonella isolates were tested for resistance against the seventeen antibioti cs. This result is an indication of rarely using antimicrobial agents in Ethiopian cattle, hence no drug resistance was observed during the antimicrobial tests. Low prevalence of Salmonella in the li ving cattle, indicated by low isolation rates from faeces and Iymphnodes, at one hand and high Salmonella prevalence in samples of beef cuts (abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles) on the other hand lead to the conclusion that there must have been severe contamination during the skinning process as a resu lt of bad hygiene during subsequent dressing operations. To reduce the Salmonella burden to the public it is therefore essential to improve the hygienic conditions at slaughterhouse and to slaughter only health animals. In future there should be planned a study containing all the meat products with a considered Salmonella contamination risk to quantify the total hazard of Salmonella infection for the consumer.
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    Investigation on Ectoparasites of Small Ruminants in Selected Sites of Amhara Regional State and there Impact on the Tanning Industry
    (AAU, 1999-12) Sertse,Tefera
    The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites on sheep and goats. assess the effect of major ectoparasites on the quality of skin processed in the tanneries and identify the type and magnitude of defects that cause down grading and rejection in pickled sheep and wet blue goat pelts. The study was carried out through questionnaire survey, clinical examination and analysis of pickled and wet blue skin defects in Kombolcha and Dessei tanneries. 0 ut of 7 52 sheep and 752 goals examined 50.5% of s heep and 56.4% of goats were found infested with one or more ectoparasites. The major cctoparasitcs identified on sheep were D ovis (38.5%), A{ 0\,;'1115 (12.5%), tick infestations (3.4%) and Linog"athus spp. (2.4%). The major ectoparasites recorded on goats were Lillogllarlws spp, (28,3%), ticks (22.2%), sarcoplic mange (6.1 %) and Ctenocephalides spp (8.1 %). In sheep, there was significant difference (pO.05) was detected in prevalence of sarcoptic mange and Ctenocephalides spp. In goats, the risk of sarcoptic mange infestation in lowland (Odds ratio (OR) =4.6, p0.05) was recorded in prevalence of all ectoparasites except D. ovis infestation by age. D. ovis was found to affect more significantly (p<0.05) the adults (42.2%) than the young (29.9%) sheep. Analysis of body condition showed no significant varia tion (p>O.05) to ectoparasite infestation in sheep. However, poor body condition goats \'-'ere 4.3 times at risk from sa rcoptic mange (OR=4.3, p
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    Cross Sectional and Longitudinal study of Bovine Mastitis in Urban and Peri-urban Dairy Systems in the Addis Ababa Region, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 1999-12) Hussein, Nesru; Molla, Dr Bayleyegn
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    Distribution Density and Infection Rates of Testse Flies in Selected Sites of Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 1999-12) Msangi, Shandalas; Tilahun, Geetachew PhD.
    A tsetse survey to assess the risk of trypanosomosis to livestock was conducted in the south wesern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The Challenge was estimated at the Product of tsetse relative density. Infection rate and the Proportion of bloodmeal taken by tsetse flies from Livestock. A total of 2900 km2 of the study area was divided into 100 km2 Monitoriag grids and Stratified in three strata according to altitude as lowland (0-1600 m alitiude) mid-altitude (1601-2000 m altitude) and highland (above 2000 m altitude.) The survey was done twice according to this stratification first during the dry spell (April-mid May) and second in late June-July 1999 (wet). Twentyfive NG2U-traps were deployed in each grid. Few biconical traps were deloyed along the rivers to monitor riverine species. Traps were removed after three days.and the flies were counted. Identified and sexed.Relative densiy was calculated as the number of flies caught per trap per day. Tsetse infection rates were determined by dissection method. Aging of flies was done mainly by wingfray method. Bloodmeal identification was based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using host specific antisera. Two tsetse species were detected,Glossina Pallidipes as the Predominant Species which was detected up to 1931 m above sea level and Glossina fussipes. Detected up to 1710 m altitude During the dry spell.the relative density of G pallidipes was 0.6 flies/trap/day and 0.06 flies/trap /day for G fuscipes. During the wet spell.these figures rose to 2.4 and 0.1 for G.Pallidipes and G.fuscipes respectively.The lowland areas recorded the highest density for both species. There were no flies caught in the highland area. About 915 G.pallidipes and 652 G.fuscipes were dissected for infection rate estimation. All flies were from lowland areas. For G.pallidipes. The overall infection rate was found to be 7.9%. There was a significaiontly higher infection rate in females (9.4%) than in males (4.1%) (x2=6.42.P < 0.05).The infection rate was also significantly higher in the wet (9.5%) than it was in the dry months (5.6%).(x2=4.57,P<0.05).All the three important pathogenic trypanosome types were detected.with an infection rate of 5.4%.2.2% and 0.2% for Vivax. Congolense and Brucet types respectively. As regard to G.fuscipes. the overall infecaion rate was found to be 7.6%.only Vivux and Congolense infection types were detecete Females also showed significantly higher infection rates (9.4%) than males (5.8%). (x2=4.68. P<0.05) There was no significant difference in the wet (7.8%) and dry period (7.7%0) (x2=0,p >0.05). The infecaion rate was 7.5% and 0.03% for Vivax and Congolense type infection respectively. During the dry spell.cattle were identified as the main source of bloodmeals for both G.pallidipes (45%) and with G.fuscipes (40%) in the wet spell cattle Providing only 66.7% of the bloodmeals for G. pallidipes while G.fuscipes changed their main host to man (69.2%) with cattle providing only 7.7% of their meals.Implication of this change are discussed. The trypanosomosis risk index (challenge) for individual tsetste species in dry months was estimated to be 152.5 for G.pullidipes and 18.6 for G.fuscipes. While in the wet spell.these index in dry months was 171 and in the wet months it was estimated to be 1527. It is concluded that the risk is higher in the wet than in the drier months of the year this finding corresponded well with tryanosome prevalence in animals According to the strtification of the altitude in this particular study the lowland was categorised as having medium to high tsetse challenge. mid-altitude as having low to medium challenge. while there was no challengi in the highlands. Fuscipes contributed very low to the overall challenge in the study area as compared to G.Pallidipes
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    Epidmological Study and Zoonotic Importance of Bovine Salmonellosis in Selected Sites of Addie Ababa, Ethiopia
    (AAU, 1999-12) Nyeleti, Charles; Hildebrandt, Goetz (Prof)
    A cross-sectional study was carried out Cor the period of 6 months in selected sites of Addis Ababa in order to determine the prevalence and distribution of Samonella in the cattle chain frolll abattoir to the COllsumer. The sources analyzed were pooled cattle faeces, pooled mesenteric Iymphnodes. single muscles from the diaphragm as well as from the abdominal region Additional minced beef from supermarkets destined for human consumption and additinally stool samples from the abattoir personnel were included ill the survey. The isolated Salmollella strains were serotyped and resistance against antibiotics delclIllined For the culture method, the technique recommended by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO 6579. 1998) was choscn Antimicrobial results \\ere analyzed based on the descrption by AVID (1987). All the data collected on the prevalence and Salmonella distribution from the samples were presellled ill form of tables and figures The Chi• Square test analyzed statistically whether there was association between Salmollella plcvalence with animal condition or Illode of transport conditions, supcrmarkets or storage conditions in supermarkets. Analyzing prevalence and di stribution of Salmullella from 235 abattoir cattle randomly selectcd samples leads to the following results: in 47 pooled samples of faeces (containing five samples) 5 Salmullella strai ns (10.6 00) were isolated. in 47 pooled samples of mesenteric Iymphnodes there were 9 strains (196 00). 111 235 single samples of the abdominal (oblique and transverse musclc) 23 (9.8 %) and in 235 diaphragmatic muscles 28 Salmonel/a \,ere found (1\ 9 ~o) From 300 stool samples of the abattoir pcrsunncl ill 18 cases (6.0 %) St.,lmomdlll were isolated. tvlinced beef frolll the 22 supenllarkets \.,,•ilb an uverall of 330 samples cOlllained in 26 of the units (7 9 °0) .''l'tdll1cJllcl/a cases In the entire study. 98 survivi ng Salmullel/a strains were serotypcd and identified as 27 S. Anatulll. 53 S. Dublin. 5 S. leleagridis, I S. ~Iuenchen. 9 S. Sailllpaul alld 3 S rough forlll. From the pooled samples of faeces 4 S. Dublin and 1 S•. Muencl1en. of the pooled samples of IIlcscnteric IYlllphnodes 3 S. AIlt1tUIll and 2 S. Dublin IwYe been found. In single salllpies of abdominal muscles 18 S. Dublin and 3 ') .. Analum and in diaphragmatic muscle samples 21 S. Dublin and 2 S. Anatull1 occurred. The cattle specific S. Dublin \.vas tbe lIlost dominant serovar in all the cattle st1l1lples The 18 Salmol/ella isolates from the abattoir pelsollllcl consisted of 7 S. Aanlulll. 4 5/. Dublin, 5 S. Mcleagridis and 2 Salmollel/a rough \11 forms, In this case S. Anal lim was the most predominant scrovar followed by S. Al eleagridis v.hich \\as never isolated from the callie chain From mi nced beef 26 ~)"alll1()IIC!l/o strains were cultivated comprising 12 S. Anatulll. 4 S. Dublin, 9 S. Saintp3u l and 1 S. rough form 3 Sallllollel/a scrotypcs, (2 S. Anatulll. I S. Dublin and 6 S. Saintpaul) originated from Kal iti abattoir In this of Kara abattoir all 3 strains belonged to S. Saintpaul In minced meat originating from Addis Ababa lOS. Anatulll, 3 S. Dub lin and I S. rough form but no S. Saintpaul were found In all the samples of Addis Ababa aballoir (faeces, mesenteric Iymphllodes. beef cuts and minced Ineat) no S. Saintpaul \\as detected neither. The 98 Salmullel/a isolates v.ere tested for resistance against the seventeen antibiotics This result is an inuication of rare ly using antimicrobial agents in Ethiopian call ie. hence no drug
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    Assessment and Mapping of Contagions of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneu Monia in Kenya and Present
    (AAU, 1999-12) Salome. W Wanyoike; W. Wunyoike, Salome(Dr
    A rctfospcctive study was carried out in Kenya with lhc objective to summarise and map CBrp outbreaks. tu relate th em tll caule movement patterns. to assess vaccination coverage. and to evaluate factors affecting the reporting of CBPr.to passive data were collected for 1989 to 1998 from district reports. slaughterhouse reports and laboratory reports. Active data were collected by questionnaires in 8 districts Tana river where CBPP is believed to be endemic. Data werw collected by questionaiuers in 8 distrcts tana river .where CBPP in belived to be Mwing lMuenig Makuen kiajiado. and Thika which are believed to be Newly infected. and Kiambu and Nairobi districts \'hieh arc regarded as CUPP free. 166 fanner. 14 veterinarian. 12 slaughterhouse and 18 para\ctcrinary persollnel questionnaires were administered primarily to tlctcnnine the factors affecting disease reponmg. and to describe the production systems and also additional infunllation 011 CBP P outbreaks,Vaeeinations and cattle movcment. i\lap Info Profcssional and Arc View 3.0a \\cre used to map CBPP vaccinations and its relation to cattle movcmcnt pauems. Microsoli Excel 97 and tatSgraphics Lpus 2.1 were used to store and analyse respectively the data obtained
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    Serological and Epasitologlcal Survey of Dourilne (Trypallosoma Equiperdum) in Selelected Sites of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 2000-06) Ashenafi, Hagos; Abebe, Professr Getachew
    The present stud} wa~ conducted rrom August 2004 to Apnl 2005 \\ L1h Iht: ObJccll\e~ IIf dctemumng. the prevalence, extent and d istribution 0 dourine III horses and IO\CSlIgaling occurrence of cllmeal cases 3S well 3S carner st:ltes of donkey .. and mules III the Arst- B:llc Illgh la nd s. At the same time a lon g Ltudmal study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the Isomet::mudlUlll chlonde ( IS MM ) Hnd D lITu nazenc acetumte (I)I~ I ) III Iht treatment of ch mcal c ases of dou rine. An IIlvcs ligalion was also conducted encom pa~Slllg cluesttonmure nnd serological survey o n th e presence of dO Urine in adjacent geograph ic"l areas of the Ar<;I- Ha1c highlands and other sclec ted parts o f the country with lugh equlOe population, The stud) methodol ogy was based on quest io nn:lIrc, serological. climeal and pa rasitologica l surve~, The questionnaire survey indi cated th ai do urine, locally known, as " Lappessa" or " D irr C$s a·· is a major health problem of equ ines in th e Arsi-Bale hi g hlands Though, dourine 1<; a common clinical case th rough Qut th e year, it has a seasonal character. \\ hieh most com monly occur" following Ih t' b reeding !;l' aSOIl from Junc to late Septembe r. SOIllC!ltne~ a <;('coml peak IS observcd III Ihe dl) seasons of the ~ car (Marc h to t>. o r any other haemopara~l1c~ could be detected in all cxanll ned Glemsa stained smears (th in blood. gell ital di sc harge and ti~l;uC fluids) as well as In bl ood samples by mil CT. All th e puppIes Inoc ulated \\lth blood samrk~. gellll.tl wa she s and oed cmalOUS nUids remained parasl1ologicall ) Ilegau\e. Diffe rent ch ara ctcri stic clinical signs o f dourinc were observed in clilllcally ~Ic k horses of both sexes . The prominent clinical signs observed as geni tal fo m) o f the di sease mclude vagmal dl:.chargc mallll~ of mucopurulent type "ilh foul odou r. oedema lind presence of deplgmcn ted ..,cars 0\ (' 1' till' o,:)'lerna l genita lia , oc,icmu o f Ihe <;cro ltlm and prepuce aecomp:llllcd by pn:pucl.:t1 ali \\ell .h urethral d Isch arge and ukl'rallon of the gen ita l m ucosae mlllnl~ nf the- pen tie In hoth "'C\l' ~ . lamencs~ in one or both leg ... panml dr;tgg ln g and slIffnc"s of thl' lund Icg~ and Itlcoordtnilth)n \H·r~· lhc dominant sig n .. nbscrv o.!d , I ~ nervous fo rm of lhe dl ~CIl<;C viii Horses with different ehOlc al signs of doun nl! were categonsed Into one of the followi ng fi\e grou[ls based on th e cl llll cal findin gs Apparc llIl y health y (46 81. non -s pccliic s ign s like ema ciat ion ilnd weakne ss (69); ge nital fonn (30); nervou, fonn 01 [15) and bo th gCTll1ul .lnd nervous forms of th e disease (67). Fifty - four horses with hi gh pCrtenl :l ge [lO !.I U\,II)' fOl the md lrec t anllbody ELI SA and mn eleen horses wllh stron g agglullnall un reactlOTlS having end III fe of 1.32 for both CA l-r and LATEX tes ts be longed to th e liw of th ... dlffeT1:nl dUlleal group~ ChI-sq uare analysIs of the di s tributi on of anImals. claSSIfied liS C) tl Wf POS III\ e llr negative 011 Ihe ba sis ofallthi." three teSt s. in th e clull eal grou ps demon st rat ed a s tat l<;tltally slgm fi cn nt d iffe ren ce between gro ups. with s tratum specific prevalence o f po siuvc amma i<; mc rca!'llllg wit h In crc aslIlg severity of clmieal sign .. (p of I SM~1 and Dl:V1 III selected serologically po slI1\·e cli nical cases of Cou nnl.' 111 A<; as<;a dl !'llTh:l of th e Ar !') hlghl.lIlds A lot.11 of 24 adull 10e:11 horses were divided Inl O ~ group, of cq11al number I' CV k\ cl. eos!l1opllll cou nt , body temperature, se rologi cal sWt u". unrf\)\emcni of the C'I'tlllg clinical !'Ilgn~ Jnd bod) w ndition ~Cl)rc \\ en: moni tored tWIce m 10 d):" 1I1Ienal fClr a penod til 40 dll) ~ rhe res ults IIldu:ated th at mean ]l eV, eosinophil counts and t>"dy Icmperaturl' impw\ ed in bo th J S\ I~I and D I ~I treated group during th e 40 day s pO St tr(';ll meni penod A ~ Ia nsth:,ill ~ sig nifi can t Increase in PCV and body temperature was observed ~1.lrIlIIg frOlll th e day 10 ( P kilO .... n ende mi C fOCI of the ArSI-Ualc hIghlands of I:thIOPI:l ,\llhough thcre wa~ no d,rect detection of T C'qU/f)('rdllfll, there IS 'mong eVidence Ihal dounne IS highly pre\:llclll, mo,t Important problem LIl th e Arsi- llaic hIghlands. whe re the Sllua tlon IS gellmg .... orse \\ Llh the preo;cOI spreading trend to areas previously known as free of the disease. neces,"alC~ urgent nall onal control intrevtion
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    Integration of Tsetse Survey Data and Agro-ecological Characteristics from Remotely Sensed and Field Observation a Geographic Information System in the Reft Valley of Ethiopia
    (AAU, 2001) Bancha, Bergenie; Dr. Abebe, Getachew(Dr
    ----- A tsetse fl y survey was carried out in over I00 km ~ of the study site of the Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia Tsetse Eradication Project (SRVETEP) with the objective of imegrating the remotely sensed data. ground verified agro-ecoiogical characteristics and tsetse survey d::na in a geographic infonnation system (GIS). Field data collection on tsetse fly distribution and abundance and ground vegetation type observation was conduc ted in two seasons: the dry season survey (March) and the wet season survey(]une and first week of July), Seventy-eight NGU traps baited with ace tone and three week old cow urine was used for catching tsetse during each season. Traps were deployed in a transect in a selected Ix I Km. UTM (Universal TransverseMlercater) grid square . .a hand held receiver GPS (Garmin -48) was used for geo-referencing and sPO( elevation measurement ot the trappmg Siles. Remotely sensed Landslt TM of the area taken in 1994 was anulysed . The digital image processing employed the supervised classificatio n procedure with the maximum likelihood decision rule, Tsetse survey data. ground observed vegetation type and the procesed remotely sensed datl were integrated into the GIS database Arcvie 3 I Variol enviro nmental features like roads, rivers, senlement, Contours and Lakes In the stedy area were digitised and incorporated into the GIS databse