Food Security Studies

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Adaptation of Pastoral Livetock Production to Climate Change and Variability: A Case of Harshin District, Somali Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-10) Eshetu, Theodros; Yayeh PhD, Desalegn
Climate change and variability poses a major threat to pastoral livestock production in Ethiopia. Thus, pastoral communities positive coping and adaptation strategies need holistic support to safeguard their livestock based primary livelihood option. The purpose of this study was to determine the trends & variability of temperature and rainfall, describe climate change impact on livestock production, explore the adaptation strategies practiced and perceived success of the adaptation strategies, and determine the factors that influence the adaptation strategies. The study was conducted in Harshin Woreda, Fafan Zone, Somali region. In this study a mixed research design was applied. A total of 356 sample households were selected using systematic sampling method. Qualitative data were collected from 10 key informants and 4 focus groups discussions. Descriptive statistics, mann-kendal trend test, standardized precipitation index (SPI), precipitation concentration index (PCI), likert rating scale, and multivariate logistic regression were used to achieve the stated objectives. Pastoralist’s perceptions were examined in correspondence with climate data recorded at meteorological stations in Harshin Woreda. The climate trend and variability analysis findings over the last three decades revealed that generally there is an increasing trend of rainfall and temperature, but the rainfall pattern is irregular even within the same season. This presents difficulty for the pastoral communities to pursue their two main livelihoods; livestock keeping and farming. The prominent impact of climate change and variability in the study area is reduced livestock number and productivity, degraded pasture and browse, depleted watering points, reduced terms of trade, reduced community risk sharing practice and proliferation of livestock diseases. The principal adaptation and coping mechanisms employed to mitigate the impact of climate change are herd management; changing herd composition, increased herd mobility and herd splitting followed by rotational grazing, increased veterinary service use, destocking, feed preservation, and combing livestock production with crop production. The study portrayed the most perceived success of climate change adaptation strategy relates with herd management; changing herd composition, herd splitting, and increase mobility of livestock. The perceived success of rotational grazing, purchase of livestock feed, storage/preservation of livestock feed climate change adaptation strategies are prominent as well. As per the analysis of the socio-economic (non- climatic xii | P a g e factors), climatic factors, and perception of climate change and variability variables against the climate change adaptation strategy revealed that household sex, livestock holding, income level, educational status, access to veterinary service, access to credit, flooding, livestock disease outbreak are statistically significant in two or more climate change adaptation strategies practiced by the pastoral communities in the study area. From the study findings, it is evident that the impact of climate change and variability is massively felt in the pastoral communities of the study area affecting their means of living, social dynamics, environment at large. However, as per the findings of the study showed, the pastoral communities never fail from trying to cope and adapt to the prevailing challenging situation resulted from climate change and variability through herd management, rotational grazing, feed preservation and diversification of livelihood options. Nevertheless, effective livestock adaptation strategies are seriously constrained by lack of institutions that governs climate issue at the grassroots level, poor service and facilities that support the adaptation strategies such veterinary and credit services and lack of basic infrastructure. Therefore, as recommendations sensitization of pastoral communities on reality of climate change and variability and its impact and to strengthen the positive coping and adaptation strategies is paramount. On top of dealing on the immediate climate related problems, it is paramount for government and any development actor to work on factors to address the barriers to climate change adaptation in the study area to deal with the root causes to find lasting solution. Policy and support program should focus on strengthening community based early warning and early action and institutionalization of climate and climate change issues.
Adaptation Practices of Smallholder Farmers to Climate Change In Ankober Woreda North Shewa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Berhane, Tewodros; Bantider PhD, Amare
Climate change is rapidly emerging as a global critical development issue affecting many sectors in the world and considered to be one of the most serious threat to sustainable development. Adaptation to climate change involves changes in agricultural management practices in response to changes in climate conditions. This study was done to investigate the contributions of different climate change adaptation strategies to increase food production by evaluating indigenous knowledge and emerging climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in Ankober woreda. Random sampling method was used to select a sample of 150 smallholder farmers. Structured questionnaires and participatory rural appraisal approach were the techniques used to collect data. The method of data analysis was both qualitative and quantitative where descriptive statistics was used to analyses the objectives. The study identified various indigenous knowledge and emerging adaptation strategies and evaluated institutional and socio-economic and factors influencing the choice of these strategies. Terracing and mulching were the most common indigenous and emerging strategies respectively. Farmer’s organization, extension services, and access to information were dynamic in assisting adaptation of reasonable handling strategies which improves small holder’s food production and consequently food security. The common farmer’s adaptation strategies in the study area were growing a variety of crops, feed preservation, time of planting, rearing different breeds of cattle and soil fertility management. Different adaptation strategies have been practiced both at individual and group level. Communities in the study area have developed indigenous knowledge of agricultural adaptation strategies to cope with climate variability and extreme events. Adaptations outside of agriculture are also important for livelihood diversification and increasing resilience to climate variability in study area. Government, research institutions and stakeholder need to provide climate change information to farmers through training and extension services. Research, trainings and extension on climate change issues should be provided by both the public and private sectors as they are crucial in ensuring farmers adapt to climate change. Investments in infrastructure such as roads and irrigation systems, affordable credit schemes, and climate information systems would help create the enabling conditions for adaptation to climate change. Experience with these strategies needs to be shared among communities to assure adaptation practices.
Agricultural Drought and Food Security Status: The Case of Misrak Belesa Woreda, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Fasil Awol; Amare Bantider (PhD)
Agricultural drought reduces soil moisture content and limits crop water availability and impacts agricultural food production, food security and socioeconomic development. The main objectives of this study were to investigate agricultural drought and its effects on household food security, examine perception of households and asses current status of food security and its determinants in Misrak Belesa woreda. Quantitative research approach and cross-sectional study design were used to generate data. Agricultural drought quantification using meteorological data and Standardized Precipitation Index at one- and three-month time scales were computed using Standardized Precipitation Index Generator software. Household Food Balance sheet model was used to investigate food security status. A total of 402 households were surveyed to generate data. Binary logistic regression model was used to examine the relationship between food security status and its determinants. The study found wide spread prevalence (89%) of food insecurity among study households. The result of the binary logistic regression model indicated that seven of the independent variables including credit amount, number of donkeys, number of oxen, agronomic practices, soil conservation practices, farm size, and age of household heads had positive coefficients (B>0) indicating a positive correlation and family size had a negative coefficient (B <0) indicating a negative correlation with food security status. Monthly agricultural drought event for rainy months was observed in 40 months from 1981 to 2018. Seasonal agricultural drought for Belg and Kiremt seasons was observed for 20 and 16 years respectively from 1981 to 2018. Overall, the study found that recurrent agricultural drought is the most prevalent natural hazard that made households vulnerable. Key policy recommendation that need to be addressed by all actors and policy makers is forwarded.
Agricultural Technology Adoption, Commercialization and Food Security linkage: Micro Evidence from Boricha Wereda, Sidama Zone snnpr Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Alemu, Tagel; Tsehay, Solomon (PhD)
This study was aimed at examining the impact of .agricultural technology adoption on agricultural productivity, level of commercialization and household food security, and also to identify determinants of technology adoption, commercialization, household dietary diversity and level of food insecurity of households in Boricha Wereda, Sidama Zone southern Ethiopia. A total of 334 household heads from the wereda were selected by random sampling method from three kebeles. Descriptive and inferential statistics as well as econometric models were used. In this regard, Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was put in place to examine impact of adoption on productivity, commercialization, and food security status. Logit and Tobit models were used to identify determinants of adoption and commercialization, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression was used to sort out factors that gear households solely to engage in commercialization or solely to adopt agricultural technology and to engage both in commercialization and technology adoption. Eventually, ordered logistic regression was deployed to examine the effects of technology adoption on the food insecurity status of households. The result indicated that adoption showed positive impact on productivity, commercialization and dietary diversity, and negative impact on food insecurity. Farmer’s union memberships, farm size, livestock holding, off farm income were positively urge households to adopt while education status and age negatively related with adoption. Livestock holding, farm size and off farm income were positively related to adoption-commercialization. Adoption, livestock holding, farm size and vehicular road showed positive relation while market distance, market information and productive labor showed negative relation with commercialization. Adoption, livestock holding and marital status were positively related with high dietary diversity. Finally, adoption, productive labor, family size, marital status and maximum education, all except age, were negatively related to food insecurity. It is therefore important to note that the technology adoption should be promoted to combat food insecurity and to enhance commercialization in the study area. Key words: Adoption, commercialization, dietary diversity, food security
Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Nexus in Rural Settings: Case Studies from Northwest Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-20) Fentahun Tesafa; Messay Mulugeta (Ph.D., Asso. Prof.); Solomon Tsehay (Ph.D., Asst. Prof.)
Food insecurity is a critical challenge in developing countries like Ethiopia, where agriculture is the primary livelihood base for majority of people. Market-oriented policies currently promote measures to reduce food insecurity in the country. This seems a paradox that seeks evidence-based research to come up with effective and sustainable solutions. Majority of these vulnerable people being smallholder farmers predominantly managed agriculture ignited the desire to conduct this research with perspective of suggesting viable solutions to mitigate their food insecurity through empirical research to target. Evidence on agriculture-foodnutrition (AFN) nexus is also weak and winding. This thesis aims at investigating how agriculture influences household food security (HFS) and individual nutrition status from pathways perspectives that most studies often confined to determine the size and direction of impacts, rather than channels by which these impacts occur. Cross-sectional data were collected from 545 households, 245 women, 231 men and 80 children under five years randomly selected in northwest Ethiopia for evaluating impacts of key pathways of agriculture (subsistence, income and empowerment) to FS of households, women and children. Findings from bivariate Tobit regression revealed that both crop and livestock commercialization improved HFS, but in quite different ways. The income from crop sales was instrumental in allowing households to buy additional foods while livestock sales fostered crop diversity for self-consumption by allowing them to purchase non-food items. Livestock commercialization was more important than crop commercialization for better HFS due to its strong net positive effect. The dose-response analyses affirmed that diversifying crops in rainy season up to certain level of intensity (0.3) and specialization in dry season increased HFS. This highlighted the relevance of income generated from diverse farming and specialization in the respective season. Additionally, livestock diversity could expand HFS mainly from diverse food groups (0.6), which may suggest livestock husbandry is more nutrition sensitive than cropping. Among 224 dual households with primary female and male adults, 224 women and 75 children in Libokemkem district used for assessing empowerment viii pathways, 33% of households, 44% of women and 28% of children are food insecure while 64% of women are empowered with efficiency in crop farm at 0.652. Crop production can be increased by 35% even with existing inputs as farmers enabled to perform optimally. The generalized structural equation modeling also depicted that empowering women in agriculture improved dietary diversity and ensured food security for women, children and households in Libokemkem. The interaction pathways helped enhance food diversification and better market orientation of farm production encouraged these outcomes to ascend among all aforementioned groups. However, the adverse implication of efficiency interaction proved to be stronger in magnitude than its direct positive effect, the efficiency interaction pathway implied net reduction of these outcomes across all groups. Heavy workload and lack of voice in production decisions are the two major domains contributed to 48 and 22% of women disempowerment respectively. This suggests interventions specifically targeting these dimensions of disempowerment to increase empowerment to affect AFN nexus positively. Some even suggest gender has a disconnecting/adverse effect on such linkages. AFN linkages may not require production systems to be subsistent. Supporting investments in improving road infrastructure to function all weathers, better access to institutional services (credit & off-farm employment) and enhanced awareness of extension towards promoting commercialization and diversified food consumption seem to be more promising. This research concludes commercialization is crucial not just for FS, but also for smallholder agriculture in providing additional nutrition. Also it recommends households focus on cash crops production to increase income during dry season, and promoting diversification up to certain level in rainy season to expand FS through subsistence and income pathways. Women empowerment further heightened the role of these pathways in improving FS. Off-farm employment is also suggested as a means of enhancing household resilience to withstand shocks and improve agricultural productivity.
Analysis of Farmers Resource Use Efficiency on Malt Barley Production and Its Impact on Food Security in Lemuna-Bilbilo Wereda, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Gudeta, Endale; Tsehay Dr., Solomon
The primary objective of this study was to analyse farmers' resource use efficiency of malt barley production and its impact on food security of the households in the study area. Primary data was gathered from field survey through a structured questionnaire. A total of 338 households were considered, of which 169 malt barley and the rest 169 food barley producers. In describing the independent variables t-test and chi square were executed. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), propensity score matching (PSM) technique, logit and tobit regressions were applied for data analysis. Results of stochastic frontier analysis showed that in malt barley production land size, oxen days, and amount of seed used contributed positively at a significance level of one, five, and ten percent respectively. Whereas total labour incurred more cost to the malt barley producing farmers significantly at 5 %, other inputs are homogenous. The t-test comparison on the efficiency result shows that malt barley producing farmers are efficient than food barley producing farmers. Malt barley producing households spend significantly more than food barley producing farmers for their food. All the results found show that malt barley producing farmers in the study area are more efficient in their decision for resource use than the food barley producers. This has positively impacted the food security status of the households. The research recommends that malt barley production should scale up to combat food insecurity and to prevail efficiency among farmers. Key words: Malt Barley, Stochastic Frontier, Efficiency, Impact, Food Security, Lemuna-Bilbilo
Analysis of Urban Apiculture and Its Contributions to Household Food Security: The Case of Kolfe Keranio Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-11-20) Mekonnen Ayele; Admasu Shibru PhD
The objective of this study is to analyze urban apiculture and its contributions to household food security in Kolfe Keranio sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Purposive sampling technique was employed for the study area (sub-city and woredas under sub-city) selection while simple random sampling technique was employed to select the urban beekeeper households. The data were collected through urban beekeeper household survey, key informant interviews, field observations and focal group discussions. Both descriptive and econometric models were used to analyze the data. Multiple regression and ordered logit models were employed to determine factors affecting urban apiculture production and determinants of the urban beekeeper household food security, respectively. The multiple regression analysis result revealed that apiary land area, wax foundation use, number of transitional and improved (modern) hives, frequency of extension contact, price of honey, access of swarm and experience of urban beekeeping positively explain the urban apiculture production. But, age of the household head negatively affects urban apiculture production. The food security status of urban beekeeping households were classified in to four as food secure (9 HHs), mildly food insecure (28), moderately food insecure (38) and severely food insecure (3). The result of ordered logit model confirmed that education status of household head, wax foundation use, credit access, urban beekeeping experience and apiary land contribute significantly and positively relate to urban beekeeper household food security, in contrast family size negatively affects the household food security of urban beekeepers. This research concludes that urban apiculture production has its own contributions on household food security. The study recommended the need to enhance intensive use of improved hive with appropriate skill and different technology; and facilitation of inputs such as credit service, swarm, extension service and the need to formulate applicable policy, strategy and package for urban apiculture development
Analysis of Urban Apiculture and its Contributions to Household Food Security: The Case of Kolfe Keranio Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-11) Ayele, Mekonnen; Shibru, Admasu PhD
The objective of this study is to analyze urban apiculture and its contributions to household food security in Kolfe Keranio sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Purposive sampling technique was employed for the study area (sub-city and woredas under sub-city) selection while simple random sampling technique was employed to select the urban beekeeper households. The data were collected through urban beekeeper household survey, key informant interviews, field observations and focal group discussions. Both descriptive and econometric models were used to analyze the data. Multiple regression and ordered logit models were employed to determine factors affecting urban apiculture production and determinants of the urban beekeeper household food security, respectively. The multiple regression analysis result revealed that apiary land area, wax foundation use, number of transitional and improved (modern) hives, frequency of extension contact, price of honey, access of swarm and experience of urban beekeeping positively explain the urban apiculture production. But, age of the household head negatively affects urban apiculture production. The food security status of urban beekeeping households were classified in to four as food secure (9 HHs), mildly food insecure (28), moderately food insecure (38) and severely food insecure (3). The result of ordered logit model confirmed that education status of household head, wax foundation use, credit access, urban beekeeping experience and apiary land contribute significantly and positively relate to urban beekeeper household food security, in contrast family size negatively affects the household food security of urban beekeepers. This research concludes that urban apiculture production has its own contributions on household food security. The study recommended the need to enhance intensive use of improved hive with appropriate skill and different technology; and facilitation of inputs such as credit service, swarm, extension service and the need to formulate applicable policy, strategy and package for urban apiculture development.
Analyzing Factors Determining the Nutritional Status of Under Five Children in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-11) Asmare, Senait; Haile PhD, Abebe
Among one of the major problems related to public health of various countries globally is prevalence of malnutrition. Worldwide more than 30% of children under five years old are affected by malnutrition. Nutritional status of children is an important element of crucial public. More over the deprived status of children’s nutrition is still unfailing problem of Ethiopia. In this community based cross sectional study the determinants of nutritional status of were analyzed and assessed from four selected woredas of Yeka sub city from which 294 children of age under five were engaged for the study. From the study result the prevalence of stunting was found to be 26.6% and 10.4% children were severely stunted (<‐ 2SD and <‐ 3SD respectively). Under consideration of sex of the children from the study group, the result showed that, prevalence of stunting of male children was found to be 34.7% and for females it was 17.7%. This result prevails that prevalence of stunting was more in male children. This study found that children between 12 to 23 (30.3%) months and with uneducated mothers were more stunted. This study result found that 8.8% of the children were underweight, in addition prevalence of underweight was higher among male children than that of female children, 12.1% male and 5.9% female children under five of age were underweight. Stunting and underweight of children under five was very high in the study area. The determinant factors of stunting in the study area were mother’s education and sex and age of the child, whereas conjecturers of child underweight was sex of the child and father’s occupation. This study found that nutritional status of children were influenced by the educational background of their parents, in which children from literate parents had a better nutritional status than those from illiterate parents. The study has found that the precursor issues for children under the age of five malnutrition are related with maternal, child, socio economic and environmental characteristics. To improve interventions additional detailed studies should also be invigorated till nutritional status of children is insured.
Appraisal of Organic Farming Practice Contribution to Rural Households Food Security in Misraq Meskan Woreda, Gurage Zone, South Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Beza Kifle; Desalegn Yayeh (PhD)
The major purpose of this study is to assess rural households’ organic farming practices' contribution to household food security in Misraq Meskan woreda. The research design is descriptive research design. To determine a representative sample size from the Misreq Mesqan woreda, the researcher uses a sample size determination formula given by Yamane (1967, 886) as cited in Glein D. (2013) n = N / (1 +𝑁𝑒 2), n=390 The validity was confirmed by the experts and reliability checked on 50 respondent’s answers before the questioner was disseminated in full scale by 0.820 cornbach alpha value. The research tool used are questionnaires, interview, focus group discussion and related literatures and available website used. For qualitative data analysis the data sources were from key informant interview, questionnaires’, focus group discussions, for quantitative data, the data sources are from mesqan woreda administration, selected kebeles adminstration in misraq mesqan woreda, and related literatures used. Qualitative data are analyzed by SPSS, and regression analysis applied. To summarize the sample and to reach to conclusion Descriptive and inferential statistical methods applied. Organic farming practice has a positive contribution to household food security, investing in organic farming practice training, among other strategies, is an important long-term strategy to fight food insecurity and also agriculture extension workers to train the farmers on how to prepare and apply the organic products make a big difference on farmers production system and also capacity-building programs about organic farming practice help the farmers to develop their indigenous knowledge.
Assesments of the Contributions and Challenges of School Feeding Nutrition Program in the Government Primary School; the Case of Mekane Hiwot Primary School Yeka Subcity of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07) Berhanu Getahun; Abebe Haile (PhD)
Before the first official school feeding was started by Yeenat Weg, there was a fragmented school feeding by individuals, teachers, organizations and non-governmental communities with reduced coverage. The aim of the study was to assess the contributions and challenges of school nutritional content to children's academic performance and the educational focus in school. This study was conducted in the Yeka sub-city of Addis Ababa, which is the Mekane Hiwot elementary school. To conduct this study, an interview with key informants, FGD, was conducted and a questionnaire was distributed to collect the data. Many challenges emerged from the results, such as lack of awareness, especially on the part of the private sector, financial constraints, allocating money to feed a child does not take into account the current market situation, physical capital; unavailability of feed materials, feeding room, power outages, lack of access to water, policy challenges; no clear policy on tax administration and payments for poor cooks, stakeholder participation is insignificant compared to the needs of needy students. In particular, government sponsored SF started spontaneously without adequate planning and preparation. Although there are many threats to stop school feeding, the students are very happy they do not hesitate to stop school feeding.
Assessement of Urban Poor Food Security and their Copings in Woreda Seven, Addis Ketema Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-10) Wasihun, Bezuayehu; Yayeh, Dr. Desalegn
Good reduction strategies and policies should rely on better understanding of the status and their coping response of households. The general aim of the study was asses on the realities of urban poor food security and their coping. To achieve this objective; cross-sectional and mixed research design was applied. On condition that in urban areas poverty is more elaborated in inner-city especially in Addis ketma sub city woreda seven selected as the study woreda which found is near to the bus station and most of urban poor household live therefore a total of 189 households selected by using stratified random sampling according to UPSNP beneficiary and not beneficiary households and questioner, structured interview, focus group participants, key informants , observation and intensive review literature were data sources and HFIAS,CSI and FCS used as a tool.Data was collected through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.Descriptive statics used for analyzing the data.The major finding for the food security of urban poor household in woreda seven the majority respondents in woreda seven replied family size, marital status ,monthly income, living condition, educational level ,age, gender and housing condition are urban house hold food insecurity driving factors. In general, the food security status of urban poor UPSNP beneficiaries are moderately food insecure whereas UPSNP not beneficiaries households are severely food insecure all this triangulated with focus group discussion, observation and key informant interview due to this fact I recommend for the government and NGOs to intervene in supporting households by compensating the gaps in income and food especially for UPSNP not benficiary, set to adjust cash transfers for UPSNP beneficiaries, create more jobs by fixing minimum wages and the pension rate for the retired people need to be reconsidered as their coping mechanism are clear indications as how interventions work along those lines.
Assessing the Impact and Effect of Watershed Management to Rural Household Food Security: A Case of Rebu Watershed, Waliso Woreda Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Getenet, Rozina; Yayeh PhD, Desalegn
The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of watershed management practices to household food security in Waliso Woreda, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Household based cross-sectional mixed research design was employed in the study. Household survey was conducted on 341 sample households those selected using stratified random sampled method. Land use land cover change of the watershed were analyzed at the entire Rebu watershed and at 5 micro watersheds in which watershed management intervention was carried out using the GIS environment from 2000-2019.Household dietary diversity score model was used to assess household food security status. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage was used to analyze quantitative data. The qualitative data obtained from interviews and FGD was analyzed by describing and interpreting deeply the situation of watershed management practices on rural household food security conditions and physical changes on the environments. The finding of the study indicated that land use/land cover change both for the entire Rebu watershed and for the five micro-watersheds in which Land use/land management projects were experienced changes in the last 7 years. The Land use Land cover dynamics over the entire Rebu watershed for the last two decades has revealed that cropland, settlement, and grassland (38 % to 45 %, 1 % to 2 % and 22 % to29 % has generally increased. Whereas wood land and bare land decreases 32 % to 18 % and 7 % to 7%.At micro watershed while Forest and vegetation has shown increasing trends 12 % to15 %, 28 %to 33 %, 25 % to 30 %, 19% to 28 %, and 21 % to 40 %in D/werebu, Werebu, Misochisa. Kakee and Gurasenbete and bare land and cropland has been decrease17% to 10 %,7 % to 5 % and 7 % to 3 %in Misochisa. Kakee and Gurasenbete. From sample, HHs 79% household was food secured but the remaining were food in secured. The soil fertility and Education were found significant determinant factors for food security. The watershed management intervention made at micro watershed to the major watershed level is required to sustain the harmonized livelihood of the community and the management of SLM
Assessment of Awash River Flood and its Impact on Pastoralist's Food Security in Amibara Woreda, Zone 03, Afar Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-12) Aragaw, Zekarias; Yayeh PhD, Desalegn
Sub-Sahara continent countries as well as African country area measure severely food insecure rely upon rain-fed agriculture for economic system and food security. Global climate change extraordinarily affects farmers’ crop and livestock production, significantly within the arid semi-arid areas. Flood has the end result of global climate change it's exposures to several individuals internal displacement, disease, destroyed infrastructure, food security issue, and psychological impact everywhere the world in Ethiopia country in line with the state disaster risk management report September 2020 G.C 1,017,854 individuals area people affected 292,863 individuals area people displaced across the country. The methodology of this study used a mixed approach descriptive and explanatory analysis style through victimization acceptable activity tools. Complete of 333 households were designated for the study from the overall range of households or respondents, 333 questionnaires (sample size) area household distributed to the beneficiary however 310 questionnaires were collected or came back to the researchers and therefore the remaining was uncollectable in different reasons. The data was collected using questionnaires and interviews as well as secondary data. The data was collected using questionnaires and interviews as well as secondary data. This study assessed the inundated watercourse flood and its impact on pastoralist food security in Amibara woreda, Zone 03, Afar Region, Ethiopia. Ethiopian pastoralist’s area component mainly poor and lack financial gain the most reason there's no various financial gain solely depends on livestock living inside food insecurity out of the population. Ethiopian pastoralists estimate 14-18 % (12 million to fifteen million) indicates current literature. The studies reveal the intensity and impact of flood hazard within the study area and therefore the influence of pastoralist’s household food security standing high 85 % of the participated result have food insecure the remaining 15 % household food secure, food consumption score outcomes 29% there have been poor consumption, 50.50% were borderline consumption whereas the remaining who has 20.50% was acceptable consumption severally the study area unit has low food consumption score this outcome illustrates the pastoralist has lower financial gain exposed to food insecurity they can’t win WFP goal, coping strategy represents very sever 5.1%, less severe 27.3%, sever 56.3% and 11.3% of the household have Quite sever most of the respondents household severely affected by food shortage they can’t simply recover from natural hazard, and downfall knowledge analysis fall and stream flow rate trend occur summer season (June, July, and August) higher as compared to a different season. The outcomes of the analysis area unit the stakeholders as well as government and non-governmental organizations would like careful work collaboratively to boost pastoralist food security and minimize experiences of the flood.
Assessment of Flash Flood Induced Disaster Risk and Coping Strategies on Rural House Hold Livelihood of People: In the Case of Shashogo Woreda, Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-08) Alemu, Yishak; Tilahun, Temesgen PhD
The purpose of this study was to assess the flash flood induced disaster risk and coping strategies on rural household livelihoods of people in Shashogo woreda, Hadiya zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. the study desired to examine the impact of flood induced disaster risk on rural household livelihoods, identify the factor, and determine the flood impact and to assess the coping strategies used by rural households due to flood induced disaster risk. For this study, data from 255 sample households were collected from three rural kebeles namely: Golicho Boyo, Suta and Urbech Antata. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 25 In addition, three FGD each composed of 6-12 individuals from different socio-economic status and age groups were selected and used as primary sources of information. Key informant interview was conducted with experts from SWARDO and DAs. The finding of the study reveals that some elements of flood effects) show inter seasonal flood variability with slightly increasing trend. And the main source of income in the study area is rain fed agriculture (92%) which is being adversely affected by unpredictable flood induced disaster risk , and high food shortages etc. This study also identified women, children and elderly; were most vulnerable to flood induced disaster risk. Therefore, depending on the finding of the study, the following policy recommendations are forwarded are: increasing farmers’ awareness on how to use agricultural technologies, Structural mitigation, restoring the degraded environment, facilitating access to credit services, diversifying source of income, building the capacity of farmers and encouraging CBA strategies as the main poverty reduction approach.
Assessment of Food Security and Coping Strategies among Women Refugees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-07) Hassen, Jemal; Mulugeta PhD, Messay
This study assessed the food security status and coping strategies among women refugees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data was collected through a review of related literature, questionnaire-based survey, and key informant interviews. Questionnaire-based survey was administered based on stratified random sampling to ensure proper representation of different refugee nationalities. About 79% of women refugees found to be severely food insecure while 8%, 6% and 7% were moderately food insecure, mildly food insecure and food secure, respectively. This was related with the limited diversification of income sources, lack of access to basic services, high cost of living that compromised consumption, and unreliable nature of remittances and aid. Refugees had limited market opportunities because of lack of work permit and business capital as well as strict government control and childcare responsibilities. Rationing strategy was found to be the most important strategy that involves altering meal size and frequency while sending children to beg, child laboring, live in poor accommodation and commercial sex were identified among the negative coping mechanisms. Food insecurity of urban refugees can be tackled through integration of refugees to the national system pertaining housing and food security programs to ease the burden of the high cost of living. Inclusion of vulnerable urban refugees to existing social security initiatives and designing of urban refugee housing program can improve well-being and tackle the oversighted urban refugee food insecurity. Advocacy and promotion of decent work environment with extended access to right to work, introduction of women-centered programs that focus on building self-reliance are the key recommendations of the study.
Assessment of Households’ Vulnerability to Flood along Ginfle Watershed and Their Risk Management Strategies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-05) Elsabet Gorfu; Temesegen Tilahun (PhD)
The assessment of households’ vulnerability to flood alongside Ginfle watershed and their threat control strategies Arada Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study adopted cross sectional survey research design types, explanatory and descriptive research design was applied and both quantitative and qualitative research types of data were collected from primary and secondary sources. The quantitative data were collected from household through interview schedule while qualitative data were gathered using key informants interview, focus group discussions and observation. To select the study area purposive samplings and 215 participants were selected by applying random sampling technique. In order to attain the proposed objectives the study employed instrument like questionnaire, KII, FGDs, and Personal Observation. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis (such as frequency, percentage, mean and Standard Deviation and vulnerable index. The exposure indices for past flood experience is 0.97 and household location from the river 0.99. The calculated exposure indices were high because more than 0.98 % of the people in this area had previously experienced flooding. Among the 215 respondents 156(72.6%) said that their household are vulnerable to flood the rest 59 (27.4%) did not vulnerable to flood this indicates that serious concern are need for improvement of flood vulnerable area. Based on the finding concluded that flood vulnerability along Ginfle river higher when calculate vulnerability, exposure, sensitivity of the study area need serious concern because vulnerability level in this are 0.98 showed . It is recommended that the Addis Ababa city administration with concerned stakeholder implement better land use planning, adapt early warning, awareness creation, providing weather forecast, public participation and designing sustainable flood manage strategies should be implemented. Lastly, future researches should adopt an inductive and participatory approach to assess vulnerability.
Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge Contribuation to Soil Fertility Management to Ensure Household Food Security in Hetosa Woreda, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-10) Alemu, Gemeda; Bantidar PhD, Amare
The study entitled by “Assessment of Indigenous knowledge contribution to soil fertility management to ensure household food security” was conducted in Hetosa Woreda. Rural communities in Ethiopian developed several Indigenous soil fertility management strategies that have enabled them to maintain soil fertility for sustainable food production. In fact Indigenous knowledge was a common practice of farmer’s household heads in soil fertility management in the study area. The main assumption of this study was that farmers in the study area engaged in agriculture for a long period of time and they have developed and adopt unique knowledge and skills in soil fertility management. These studies were therefore aimed at identifying of Indigenous knowledge contribution to soil fertility management to ensure household food security ensuring agricultural productivity and food security. Four Kebeles in Hetosa Woreda were selected purposively on their bases of population and productivity capacity. Depending upon the application of Indigenous knowledge of four Kebeles one village in which modern means of soil fertility management were predominated to compare with those village apply commonly Indigenous knowledge of soil fertility management. Household respondents were selected by using random sampling techniques from proportional sample size represent each village. In order to know the relationships between the outcome variable Yield and independent variables, a multiple linear regression model was implemented. In addition to this, a logistic regression model also conducted to demonstrate the effect of using Indigenous knowledge on food self-sufficient. The finding of this research explain that, farmer’s applying Indigenous knowledge have better food security. This is because they are with better soil fertility management. Therefore, Indigenous knowledge ensure food security. This is through sustained soil productivity. A researcher suggest that, Woreda administrators and Rural agriculture office should, equip farmers on soil management practices how they use both Indigenous and modern knowledge system in their farm. Such activities should aim at empowering Indigenous communities to utilize exchange, develop and protect Indigenous knowledge and to promote it.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Disaster Preparedness among Health Professionals Working in Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Biruk Tugo; DesalegnYayeh (PhD)
Background: The issue of disasters is so critical that merit intellectual attention & resources. However, very little has so far been done in the area of disaster preparedness in Ethiopia. It is with this in mind, that the research will be interested to explore mainly knowledge, attitude and practice health care workers on disaster preparedness. Moreover, the research will be intended to find out what arrangements were in place should disaster occur at hospital.This study was intended to assess knowledge, attitude, practice on disaster preparedness measures among healthcare workers in St Paul Hospital millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022. A descriptive cross-sectional study was employed among 384 health workers at St Paul Hospital millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022. A structured questionnaire which asses the objective of the study was administered for the study participants. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, pie chart and bar graph were used for data presentation. A total of 384 study subjects were included and gave a response rate of 100%. In this study, the overall good knowledge on disaster preparedness among the study participants were 53.39% (95% CI: 48.41% -58.37%). The general attitude of respondents towards disaster preparedness was largely positive as 63.54% (95% CI: 58.73% - 68.35%) respondents had favorable attitude. Furthermore, the magnitude of good practice on disaster preparedness in the study area was 57.03% (95% CI: 52.08% - 61.98%). The study revealed that had good knowledge and their attitude was acceptable, their practices in terms of the frequency of ongoing and the frequency of regularly updating the plans were probably inadequate. Gaps need to be filled in terms of updating staff regarding regular drills, ongoing training on a regular bases with inclusion of all key people in the hospital.
Assessment of Nutritional Status of under Five Children in Burayu Town, Oromia Special Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-09) Tesfaye, Alemu; Haile, Abebe PhD
Background: Under nutrition is decreased subsequently in these two decays but still the major community health problem in the world especially in developing nations like Ethiopia. In Ethiopia child under nutrition is the common most concern of community health problems. In Oromia region malnutrition is serious public health issues as we told above Burayu town is vulnerable to malnutrition there is common cause of under nutrition in the study area. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the assessment of nutritional status of underfive children in Burayu town to assess the malnutrition problems. Materials and methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was employed to collect data from 202 households in six Kebeles using structured questionnaires. Different characteristics of the households were investigated along with and household food insecurity access scale. The data was entered into Epi info and exported to SPSS.v.25, for descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression and multivariate regression analysis. Anthropometric measurement of children was conducted using WHO anthro v.3.2.2 software to generate Z-scores. Result: The result of multivariate analyses revealed that maternal educational status, father education, monthly income, type of latrine and household food insecurity assessment scale are significant for stunting, Monthly income and private well significantly associated with malnutrition wasting and they‟re not get association with underweight. The findings of this study revealed that the prevalence of stunting of children is 13.86%, wasting 8.91% and underweight 4.95% respectively. Conclusion and recommendation: The Prevalence of stunting and wasting among children aged 6-59 months is relatively lower than national and regional but underweight is lower than national and regional prevalence. Malnutrition puts important burden on under five children in Burayu town. Oromia regional government, Burayu town administration and Burayu Health Institution and local nongovernmental organization should design effective nutritional and household food address on household child with stunting; wasting and underweight is a vital task for the community to reduce malnutrition.

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