Food Security Studies

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Food Security Contributions of Urban Agriculture :The Case among Households in Akaki Kaliti Sub-City Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2011) Lemma, Endale; Toloss, Degefa (ph.D)
Urban agriculture in Addis Ababa city is being implemented by the small holder individual farmers, micro and small enterprises, and the large scale cooperatives for different reasons. Urban agriculture is among those socia economic sectors (hat are interrelated with food security but undermined and misconceived for long. A thorough understanding and analysis of food security contributions of urban agriculture is the central theme of this research. The combination of both qUGnlitafive and qualitative research method was employed in this study where the dala in both types were used as an input for analyzing. III (he courses of quantitative methods of analysis, the slatis/icalwa/s slich as linear coefficient of relation using the Pearson correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination. and the linear regression were used to examine the interrelations between different variables. Urban agriculture does appear to be associated with greater dietary diversity and the increased number of ea/ing occasions that are the measures of an improved diet at household level. The household food supply from the own production can conSiderably satisfY the food demand of urban dwellers. The VA production can also fosters the market availability of agriculture products where 'he urban poor can access VA products in the vicinity. Also, urban agriculture comrihwes to household's access to food by virlUe of increased income of those people engaged in the production, processing and marketing of urban agriculture. It widely utilizes as one of the income generating activities in the city due to that it contributes for employment opportunity and improves the purchasing power of households. Urban agriculture due to its proximity to the huge and potential markets, those nutritionally high food products are easily and timely available for the consumer. Moreover, urban agriculture can be used as an alternative food security through coping mechanism or survival strategy in times offamily and social crisis: can complement lhe low income obtained from the basic livelihood sources; and 10 cope with Ihe soaring prices of food products in the city. De3pite ils role for food security urban agriculture filces the problems such as institutional and polity related, socia-economic. and research and technological constraints thai are exogenous (lhe system
Evaluation of Cassava Cultivars and methods for Roots Processing in Development of Cassava Composite Flours for Production a Household Staple Injera in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-02) Haile, Abebe; Retta, Negussie (Prof.)
Evaluation of Cassava Cultivars and Methods for Roots Processing in Development of Cassava Composite Flours for Production a Household Staple Injera in Ethiopia
The Contribution of Productive Safety Net Program to Rural Household Food Security Enhancement In Kuyu Woreda, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) W/Tsadik, Mesfin; Tilahun, Temesgen (PhD)
The general objective of this study was to assess the contribution of Productive Safety Net Program on household food security. The primary and secondary data sources were the two types of data used during this study. The former was gathered through household interview, KII, and FGD. Binary logistic regression was used in order to analyze the correlation between dependent variable and independent variables. The paper revealed that the program has positive and significant effect on consumption, livestock holdings, and productive assets. Moreover, contribution of the program on total consumption expenditure per adult equivalent was found to be positive and significant. Despite the contribution of PSNP to food security there are still gaps in the course of implementation. Finally, it was recommended that the program should able to include more female-headed households or at least in the same proportion as that of the male-headed households. Moreover, PSNP should expand the opportunity of off-farm and non-farm activities through investment that generate employment and increase the wages to attract rural households in order to diversify their income sources thereby reduce their vulnerability to food insecurity and asset depletion. Keywords: Food Security, Productive Safety Net Program, Household
Agricultural Technology Adoption, Commercialization and Food Security linkage: Micro Evidence from Boricha Wereda, Sidama Zone snnpr Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Alemu, Tagel; Tsehay, Solomon (PhD)
This study was aimed at examining the impact of .agricultural technology adoption on agricultural productivity, level of commercialization and household food security, and also to identify determinants of technology adoption, commercialization, household dietary diversity and level of food insecurity of households in Boricha Wereda, Sidama Zone southern Ethiopia. A total of 334 household heads from the wereda were selected by random sampling method from three kebeles. Descriptive and inferential statistics as well as econometric models were used. In this regard, Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was put in place to examine impact of adoption on productivity, commercialization, and food security status. Logit and Tobit models were used to identify determinants of adoption and commercialization, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression was used to sort out factors that gear households solely to engage in commercialization or solely to adopt agricultural technology and to engage both in commercialization and technology adoption. Eventually, ordered logistic regression was deployed to examine the effects of technology adoption on the food insecurity status of households. The result indicated that adoption showed positive impact on productivity, commercialization and dietary diversity, and negative impact on food insecurity. Farmer’s union memberships, farm size, livestock holding, off farm income were positively urge households to adopt while education status and age negatively related with adoption. Livestock holding, farm size and off farm income were positively related to adoption-commercialization. Adoption, livestock holding, farm size and vehicular road showed positive relation while market distance, market information and productive labor showed negative relation with commercialization. Adoption, livestock holding and marital status were positively related with high dietary diversity. Finally, adoption, productive labor, family size, marital status and maximum education, all except age, were negatively related to food insecurity. It is therefore important to note that the technology adoption should be promoted to combat food insecurity and to enhance commercialization in the study area. Key words: Adoption, commercialization, dietary diversity, food security
Prevalence of Over Nutrition and Associated Factors Among Private Primary School Children in Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Asefa, Brhan; Kebede, Aweke (PhD)
Overweight and obesity are excessive fat accumulation in the body which can entail severe implication on people’s health. Obesity imposes unacceptably high health problem and economic and social costs on countries at all income level. Obesity represent a severe public health problem, mainly due to the global trend towards increased prevalence rates and the impact they cause in society .In Ethiopia, higher prevalence of overweight and obesity were observed in the Addis Ababa. There for the objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of overweight and associated factors among primary school Children School based cross sectional study was conducted among a random sample of 300 first cycle primary school students. Body mass index was used for determining nutritional status. Descriptive statistics, bivariant analysis and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to see factors associated with over nutrition. The study revealed that 39.1% [95%CL= (34.4-44.6) of school age children were overweight. History of parental Obesity, where the families encourage their children to do physical exercise food preference of highly carbohydrate and Time allowed by parents to watch TV /video games were significantly at (P<0.05) associated with over nutrition in first cycle primary school age (6-11) years old students in Bole sub city Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Therefore, interventions need to focus on attitudinal and behavioral change towards child feeding and should target children, families and teachers to overcome the ever increasing problem of overweight in school age children are recommendable. Keywords: Overweight, Associated Factors, Primary School Children, Body Mass Index.
Smallholder Farmers‘ Adoption of Climate Smart Cattle Production Practices: Status and Determinants in Waliso Woreda, Southwest Shoa Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Gelashe, Demissie; Yayeh, Desalegn (PhD)
Cattle production plays an important role in Ethiopian economy and Waliso Woreda is a potential area for dairy and beef cattle farming. But due to human population pressure and menace of climate variability the sector faced many challenges. The adoption of climate smart cattle production practices is considered to be an innovative solution to the challenges. This study is aimed to identify the status of adoption and analyze the determining factors and challenges in adopting Climate Smart cattle production practices in the last ten years in Waliso Woreda, Southwest Shoa of Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Three-staged mixed sampling techniques were used to select the targeted area and sample household respondents. A total of 83 (17 are Female headed) households were selected using systematic simple random sampling method and household survey was conduct with pre-tested structured questionnaire. Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions were also undertaken to complement the survey data. Various descriptive and inferential statistic techniques were applied to analyze the collected survey data. Multinomial logistic (MNL) regression model was used to analyze the determining factors of adoption practices. All respondents adopted at least two Climate Smart cattle production practices. The widely adopted practices are feed conservation (90.4%) and manure management (89.2%) while the least adopted one is bio-gas generation (12%). Most of the respondents (44) are categorized under medium adoption level. Out of thirteen targeted determining factors in the study area three of them (family size, household head age and farmer to farmer extension contact) are statistically significant at 0.05 level, two of them (land access and access to credit services) are significant at 0.1 level and one of them (education) is significant at 0.01 level in relation to adoption of the practices at different categories with different coefficients. It could be concluded that cattle farmers having higher educational level and productive family size, access to credit service, access to landholding, good farmer to farmer extension contact and middle adulthood age are more likely to adopt Climate Smart cattle production practices. Finally, it can be recommended that this socio-economic factors influencing adoption of Climate Smart cattle production practices is better to be taken into consideration while accelerating the face of technology adoption under similar farming system spectrum by all concerned stakeholders in synergy.
Determinants of Underweight among Lactating Mothers: In Anlemo Woreda, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Eramo, Amanuel; Haile, Abebe (PhD)
Under-nutrition is a serious problem in developing countries including Ethiopia, particularly the study area. Determinants of nutritional status of lactating mothers widely vary locally, regionally and nationally. However, there was lack of understanding the factors of nutritional status at community level for adequate intervention. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the determinants of underweight among lactating mothers in Anlemo woreda. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on 266 sample lactating mothers from six kebeles. A household survey was undertaken using structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS.version.22), for descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Binary logistic analysis was used to test association between each independent variable with dependent variable at P < 0.2. Nutritional status of lactating mothers was normal, underweight, overweight and obese was 51.9%, 24.8%, 20.3% and 3% respectively. Findings of this study revealed that the educational status of lactating mothers [AOR = 6.0, 95% CI: 1.09, 35.3], monthly income [AOR = 8.27, 95% CI: 1.2, 56.85], number of meals [AOR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.56] and ANC follow up [AOR = 13, 95% CI: 1.42, 21.3] were found significant determinants with underweight of lactating mothers (P < 0.05). The factors propagate undernutrition which puts substantial burden on lactating mothers in Anlemo woreda. Local government of the Anlemo woreda should give emphasis on lactating mother’s education, income source improvement, health practices and feeding pattern is a vital to reduce undernutrition problem of the community. Keywords: Nutritional Status, Lactating mothers, Determinants, Underweight, Southern Ethiopia
Climate Change and Variability: Farmers’ Perceptions in Sekota Woreda, Northeastern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-10) Behailu, Getamesay; Bantider, Amare (PhD)
Climate change is a global concern as it severely affects the livelihoods of the world community in general and agricultural production and food security of the farming community in particular. This study aimed to understand smallholder farmers’ perceptions of climate change and variability using a survey of 168 households, key informants interviews (n = 6) and a focus group discussion in Sekota woreda of Amhara region. Survey-based data associated with external biophysical-socioeconomic data both from primary and secondary sources. Simple linear regression, nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s methods to determine trends and coefficient of variation to determine variability, were used in rainfall and temperature data. Surveyed results showed that a significant number of farmers perceived that climate is changing, and were particularly concerned about the changes in rainfall and temperature over the past three decades. Specifically, the study suggested that increased annual average minimum temperature and average maximum temperature (0.8°C and 1.4°C per decade respectively) and decreased annual precipitation (40.79 mm per decade, both from gridded station meteorological datasets) were correctly perceived by 82 % and 87 % of the respondents respectively. Climatic trends also show fluctuations in both main rainy season and short rainy season rainfall (43.68 mm and 59.94 mm per decade respectively) and suggest a statistically significant changes over the last 30 years. The study concluded that farmers’ perceptions of climate change and variability reflect meteorological analyses which demonstrate increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall significantly. Keywords: Climate Change, Farmers’ Perceptions, Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s method, Sekota, Ethiopia
Rural Households’ Resilience to Food Insecurity in Lare District, Gambella Region, Southwest Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-11) Bachuch, Yien; Tilahun, Temesgen (PhD)
Food insecurity is one of the critical challenges faced by Ethiopia’s rural poor, and it ultimately affects rural households by depleting its assets which are essential for their food access. The objective of the study is to analyze the rural households’ resilience to food insecurity in Lare district of Gambella region southwest Ethiopia. Two kebele (Mallow and Palbol) were selected purposively due to their susceptibility to food insecurity. The analysis was based on 171 respondent households from Lare District. Out of 171 respondents, 91 were from Malow kebele and 80 were from Palbol kebele, and were interviewed to identify their resilient capacity to food insecurity. The resilience was analyzed as a function of income and food access, assets, access to public services, social safety net, adaptive capacity and stability. The estimation of each bloc was done separately using factor analysis, logit model and ordinary least square model, and statistics package for social scientist version 20 was used for analyzing the data. The results of household food insecurity access scale showed that 12.83 and 87.13% of households were food secure and food insecure respectively. Out of 87.13% food insecure households, 2.34% were mildly food insecure, 1.75% moderately food insecure and 83.04% were severely food insecure. The resilience index results also show that 67% and 33% of households were non-resilient and resilient respectively. Based on the proportion of level of non-resilient households by Kebele, the Malow Kebele (38.5%) had greater non-resilient households than that of the Palbol Kebele (27.5%). This is because of inaccessibility to public services and damage of crops by flood. As indicated by the Beta coefficients, income and food access (B=0.471), access to public services (B=0.67), stability (B=-0.329) and adaptive capacity (B=0.200) were the most important dimensions of household resilience to food insecurity with significance level at (0.000). These are followed by social safety net (B=0.151) and asset (B=0.138) which played an intermediate role and would play important role in long-term in enhancing household’s resilience capacity. Therefore, interventions are needed to target non resilient rural households in study area by addressing resilience dimensions based on importance of each bloc of the resilience. Keywords: Households, Resilience, Food Insecurity, Lare District
Climate Smart Agricultural Practices and Its Implications to Food Security in Siyadebrina Wayu Woreda, North Shewa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Kifle, Tekeste; Yayeh (PhD), Desalegn
Climate change poses a major threat to agricultural production and food security in Ethiopia. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is one of the solutions that simultaneously address the issues of food security, climate change and agricultural productivity. The objective of this study was to examined trends & variability of temperature and rain fall, identify local CSA practices, and adoptions. The study was conducted mixed methods approach, in which 368 randomly selected households were surveyed, 10 key informants were interviewed, and 6 focus group discussions participants were held. The analysis was employed based on survey data and a binary logistic regression model was used. Findings revealed that highly adopted CSA practices were identified in the study area. Those practices were integrated soil fertility management, crop diversification, crop rotation, and intercropping. Factors determining CSA practices were also explored such as farming system, farm size, access to irrigated farm, access to extension service, distance to market, and access to weather information. The study showed that both maximum and minimum temperature has been increasing and rainfall had fluctuating trend during the last three decades. The conclusion is that a large proportion of respondents were aware of most of the practices, but adoption of the CSA practices examined was very low. Therefore, as a recommendation sensitization of farmers on reality of climate change and the need to adopt CSA practices towards reduction of adverse effect of climate change should continue. Policy and support program should focus on dissemination of CSA practices to a larger proportion of smallholder farmers.
Contribution of Rice Techenology Adoption in Ensuring Rural Household Food Security: The Case of Chawaka District, Western Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Girma, Lensa; Shibru , Admasu (PhD)
The objective of this study was to assess the role and contribution of improved rice technologies in ensuring rural households’ food security enhancement in Chewaka district in Oromia regional state. For this study three kebels were randomly selected and 178 respondents were sampled. Both descriptive and econometrics analysis were employed. In order to evaluate household food security, household food balance model were employed, Tobit model was used to assess rate and intensity of adoption and logit model was used for determining factors affecting household food security and adoption of rice technology and also ordered econometric analysis took place to categorize and determine the factors affecting household food security status. Results of descriptive analysis showed that adopters of improved rice varieties as compared with nonadopters are characterized by having better agricultural extension and educational status, younger age , smaller family size than none adopter four variables are found to significantly determine adoption and intensity of improved rice varieties .those are education level, member ship in cooperative ,access to credit affects positively while family size affects negatively. Factors affecting food security of household indeed adoption of improved verity, membership in, cooperative are those which have positive impact and proportion of land for IRV training has negative impact. Finally, household food security classified into four categorized by ordered logistic regression in to food secured, moderately in secured, severely in secured and food in secured. The study concludes that socioeconomic factor had significant effect on adoption of IRV whereas they also influence household food security status. The research Recommended that recommends that rice production programs should be designed to improve the intuitional and socioeconomic characteristics of rice farmers in the area and promotion of Agricultural mechanization and food science research interventions be strengthened more Seed multiplication and dissemination of improved varieties should be given due attention.
An Investigation of Tomato Handling Practices and Its Postharvest Losses along Supply Chain: The Case of Adea Wereda, East Shoa, Ethiopia.
(2019-06) Tesfaye, Bogale; Shibru , Admasu (PhD)
Tomato has significant economic importance in Ethiopia. The study was conducted in 2019 in two kebeles(Godino and Denkaka) located in East Shewa Zone of Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia, located southeast of Addis Ababa. The Objective of the study is to examine the handling practices of tomato along supply chain, to identify the constraints of Postharvest losses of tomatoes along supply chain and to estimate the value of tomato losses at different stage the in the study area. Purposive and Multiple stage sampling technique were employed to sample representative farmers and traders’respondents(N=222).Data was gathered through questionnaire, observations, key informant interview and focus group discussion. Data were analyzed using descriptive and tobit stata. Chi2(0.89) the age, marital status, level of education, washing and cleaning, family size, experience in farming, mode of transportion,sorting and grading, loading and unloading, training, packing by carton and marketing information highly positively significant affect tomato post harvest management practices at farm level at p-vale 0.000 or 99%. The total postharvest loss of tomato was estimated to be about 16.82% at the farm level.It can be concluded that significant amount of tomato loss occurred in the supply chain which is mainly attributed to poor postharvest handling practices. Based on the findings of this study it is hereby recommended that postharvest technology should support tomato farmers as well tomato traders for this reason, both sector agricultural and trade an industry work in collaborate to provide training on post-harvest handling practices in order to increase farmer’ and traders’ incomes and minimize tomatoes wastages in the study area. Keywords: Tomato, Postharvest handling practices, Post-harvest losses, farmers, Traders,
Contribution of Soil and Water Conservation Practices to Household Food Security in Ensaro Woreda, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Alemayehu, Getenesh; Bantider , Amare (PhD)
The aim of this study was to assess contribution of soil and water conservation practices to household food security in Ensaro Woreda, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Household based cross-sectional research design and mixed methods of data collection were employed in the study. Household survey was conducted on 423 sample households those selected from Stratified random sampled kebele. In addition; household food balance model was used to assess household food security status. For analysis descriptive statistics mainly percent, mean, chi-square and cross tabulation were used. Logistic regression analysis was also done to identify determinant factors for adoption of soil and water conservation measures and food security. Among implemented technologies all farmers used crop rotation as conservation measures. Stone bud, compost and stone-faced soil bund were the most implemented technologies on cultivated land which covered 54.0 %, 23.4 % and 20.6% of the technologies respectively. The research findings revealed that 60.8% of the household were non-adopter and 39.2% was adopter of SWC technologies. And also 73.3% household was food secured but the remaining were food in-secured. The distance to market, perception to technology profitability and SWC training were found significant determinant factors for adoption of SWC technologies. Whereas, family size, total land size, distance to market and adoption of SWC technologies were the factors that af ecting household food security status in the study area. As a result, all other factors held were constant, household who adopt SWC technologies on their cultivated land were 14.8 % (0.148*100) higher probability to food secured than SWC technologies non-adopter households. This indicates that there is significant dif erence between SWC technologies adopters and non-adopters food security status. Therefore, governmental and non-governmental organization emphases should be given for SWC technologies adoption that is suitable for their agro-ecologies and provide training. Key- word, Conservation measures, Adoption, Determinant factors, Food security
Adaptation Practices of Smallholder Farmers to Climate Change In Ankober Woreda North Shewa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Berhane, Tewodros; Bantider PhD, Amare
Climate change is rapidly emerging as a global critical development issue affecting many sectors in the world and considered to be one of the most serious threat to sustainable development. Adaptation to climate change involves changes in agricultural management practices in response to changes in climate conditions. This study was done to investigate the contributions of different climate change adaptation strategies to increase food production by evaluating indigenous knowledge and emerging climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in Ankober woreda. Random sampling method was used to select a sample of 150 smallholder farmers. Structured questionnaires and participatory rural appraisal approach were the techniques used to collect data. The method of data analysis was both qualitative and quantitative where descriptive statistics was used to analyses the objectives. The study identified various indigenous knowledge and emerging adaptation strategies and evaluated institutional and socio-economic and factors influencing the choice of these strategies. Terracing and mulching were the most common indigenous and emerging strategies respectively. Farmer’s organization, extension services, and access to information were dynamic in assisting adaptation of reasonable handling strategies which improves small holder’s food production and consequently food security. The common farmer’s adaptation strategies in the study area were growing a variety of crops, feed preservation, time of planting, rearing different breeds of cattle and soil fertility management. Different adaptation strategies have been practiced both at individual and group level. Communities in the study area have developed indigenous knowledge of agricultural adaptation strategies to cope with climate variability and extreme events. Adaptations outside of agriculture are also important for livelihood diversification and increasing resilience to climate variability in study area. Government, research institutions and stakeholder need to provide climate change information to farmers through training and extension services. Research, trainings and extension on climate change issues should be provided by both the public and private sectors as they are crucial in ensuring farmers adapt to climate change. Investments in infrastructure such as roads and irrigation systems, affordable credit schemes, and climate information systems would help create the enabling conditions for adaptation to climate change. Experience with these strategies needs to be shared among communities to assure adaptation practices.
The Role of Crop Diversification to Household Food Security: The Case of Enderta Woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Ejigu, Chanie; Girma DR., Anteneh
Reducing food and nutrition insecurity in the developing countries continues to be a major public policy challenge. Food insecurity has become a global challenge for policy makers particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa where the rate of population growth far exceeds the quantity and quality of food needed to feed the population. Most of poor population in Ethiopia depends on agriculture and especially small-scale farming systems as the primary source of their livelihoods. Agriculture is considered as a strong option and fundamental instrument for prompting growth and sustainable development, poverty reduction, and enhancing food security in developing countries like Ethiopia. Crop diversification has been viewed as one of the solutions which can help small holder farmers to diversify their production and thereby improve food security. This study was designed to assess the role of crop diversification to food security of smallholder farmers in Enderta woreda. Primary data was collected from 203 sample farm households selected randomly from three kebeles of the woreda. Household survey questionnaire, key informants interview and focus group discussion were used to collect the primary data. Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage, t-test were employed to analyze the quantitative data. Ordinary least square (OLS) was used to measure the influence of crop diversification, as measured by crop diversification index, on household food security as measured by household dietary diversity score and household food insecurity access scale. Censored Tobit model was used to analyze the determinants of crop diversification in the study area. The result of the OLS model shows that crop diversification has a strong and positive impact on household food security. The OLS result also indicated that ownership of oxen has a positive impact on household food security whereas family size and distance to the markets negatively influence household food security. The result of the censored Tobit models shows that ownership of oxen, level of education of the household head and number of plots owned were the major factors that positively determine crop diversification. The result of the censored Tobit model indicted that distance to the market negatively influence crop diversification in the study area. From these results, it can be concluded that food security status of farm households can be improved through crop diversification and therefore farmers should be stimulated to more diversify their cropping activities.
Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (Kap) and Nutritional Status of Household Members with Emphasis on Young Children (6-24 Monyhs): In Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo, and Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Endris, Ahmed; Ashenafi, Mogessie Prof.
A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in Tehuledere woreda Kebeles 01 and 026 to assess food safety knowledge attitude and practice (KAP), households food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) and nutritional status of household members with emphasis on young children (6-24 months). A total of 245 mother-child pairs were selected randomly from the two kebeles. Households food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) HFIAS was used to assess food security status of households, household food safety KAP were assessed with regards to food handling, personal hygiene and water & sanitation, nutritional KAP were used to assess child feeding practices. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires and anthropometric indices were used to determine the nutritional status of under-two children. The data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v22) and children Weight and height was used to calculate weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age by using Emergency Nutritional Assessment (ENA for SMART 2011) in the scale of WHO standards 2006. Results were presented using descriptive statistics. Chi-square was used to test differences among categorical variables. Respondents, in general, showed low knowledge and poor practice in food handling, personal hygiene and water sanitation. Study households were either food secure (17.9%), or mildly food insecure (54.4%) or moderately food insecure (27.8%). The findings also showed that 9.1% and 16.1% of under-two children were stunted in Kebeles 01 and 026, respectively, similar levels of wasting were observed in both kebeles (6%). There were more under-weight children in Kebele 01 (6.1%) than in Kebele 026 (2.6%). Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) measurements showed that 20.3% and 15% of the children in Kebele 01 and 026, respectively were chronic energy deficiency. There is a significant association between child dietary diversity and stunting (p<0.01) in both kebeles.Child nutritional status also had significant association with monthly income in Kebele 01(p<0.05) and with number of children per household in Kebele 026 (p<0.05). Mother’s educational status was significantly associated with child nutritional status (p<0.1) in Kebele 01. Generally households showed low level of food safety and nutritional KAP. Key words: KAP, Food Security, Nutritional Status, Child, Food Safety KAP
Prevalence of Undernutrition and Associated Factors among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Abebaw, Melaku; Haile PhD, Abebe
Under nutrition is decreasing during the two-decade but still a major public health problem in the world especially in developing countries including Ethiopia. In Ethiopia child under nutrition is one of the most serious public health problems. Also in Oromia region prevalence of child under nutrition is serious public health problem. As discussed above, Bishoftu town is vulnerable to under nutrition and there is a common case of under-five under nutrition in study area. The study was assess the prevalence of under nutrition and associated factors among children of aged 6-59 months in kebele 01, 03, 05, and 07 Bishoftu Town, Oromia region. Cross-sectional design was employed in the existing randomly selected kebeles. The sample size was determined by using single population proportion formula then adjusted by finite population correction factor to draw the final 410 sample children and then allocated proportionally to each kebeles in the town. Then the households were selected using simple random sampling. If there is more than one child in the selected household only one child was considered randomly. Structured questionnaire was used to gather information on the demographic, socio-economic, and maternal and child caring practice, as well as nutritional practice of family for children’s. While anthropometric measurement was used to collect height, weight and mid-upper arm circumference following the standard measurement tools and procedures. Information was entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and anthropometric measurements were converted into Z scores by WHO Anthro version 3.2.2., 2011 software. Then exported to STATA version 13 and analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The result revealed that the prevalence of overall under nutrition was (34.4%) Specifically, severely stunting was (6.9%), stunting (13.8), underweight (2.2%) and wasting (11.2%). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was employed to analyse prevalence of child under nutrition. The result of multivariate model revealed that family size, birth interval, child age and frequency of breast feeding as significant determinants for wasting. While for stunting, family size, level of mother’s education, birth interval, currently breast feeding, exclusive breast feeding and monthly income were found as statistically significant (p<0.05) determinants of child under nutrition. Additionally, age of child and household who hadn’t got advice and visited by health extension workers were more than five as likely to be underweight compared to those who are not frequently advised or visited were found statistically significant determinants of underweight. Thus, need continues training, awareness creation activities, special attention for family planning, child and maternal healthcare services by Bishoftu town Health Office and other practitioners. Besides, Bishoftu town Finance and Development Office should be made efforts to households engage in different income generating activities to improve child nutrition.
Does Quality Difference in Chickpea Impact on the Value Chain and Food Security Status of Households? Evidence from Becho District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Gebremeskel, Tewodros; Tsehay , Solomon (PhD)
Quality of production has its own impact on Chickpea value chain which ultimately affects the food insecurity status of producers. Such effect has its own impact on the production decision of producers. This study examined the marketing value chain of different quality chickpeas, the production decision and the food insecurity status of producers. The analysis was based on 286 randomly selected households from Becho District in South West Showa Zone of Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia. In addition, 1 rural assemble, 26 wholesalers and 6 local collectors in Tulu Bolo, Qobo, and Awash Bune, and two farmers unions in Tulu Bolo and Asgori, a wholesaler and ECX were interviewed to identify chickpeas value chain actors, their respective roles in the pricing of a chickpea, marketing channels, and marketing structure and to draw up value chain map of the study area. The propensity Score Matching (PSM) along with probit was applied for examining the impact of quality chickpea production on the income obtained from chickpea production. The result shows that quality chickpea production had increased the average household income by about 6,979 birr per year using Kernel Matching with 2.36 % significance level. Household food insecurity access scale and food consumption score analysis using the ordered logit regression and logit regressions were applied to determine the food insecurity status among the households in the study area. The logit regression of food consumption score with a good-of-fit Pseudo R2 of 22.98% of result shows that the major quality chickpea producers (i.e. 57.58%) were found to be food secure while 70.78% of the poor-quality chickpea producers were more food secure at 1% significant level. The logit regression of food consumption score also indicated that the result of food insecurity of household food consumption decreased after matching. The ordered logit regression model with Prob > chi2 at 1% significant level results showed that majority (62.12%) of quality chickpea producers were food secured. Thus, the research implicates that quality chickpea production should be promoted in the area to combat food insecurity and to increase the income of households. The value chain analysis indicated that quality chickpea commodity has a critical role in attracting markets and in boosting the household income of the farming households.
Contribution of Natural Resource Management to Food Security in Leman Watershed, Degem Woreda, Oromia National Regional State.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Mekuria, Zerihun; Tolossa , Degefa (PhD)
The overriding objective of this study is to explore the of participation of households in different soil and water conservation practices in enhancing their production and food security and examine their production efficiency Thus, this study analyzes farmer’s choice of single and combination choice of SWC practices (i.e. stone bund, soil bund, stone bund and soil bund, soil bund with plantation and all conservation practices) and evaluates the impact of these technologies on households food security and also assess their production efficiency and determinants of inefficiency. The necessary data were generated principally from primary and to some extent secondary sources to answer the research question. Thus, household survey involving 290 households was done using questionnaires. Multinomial logit and endogenous switching regression models were employed to achieve the above objectives. In addition, the study employed one stage approach in which both technical efficiency and factors of inefficiency are analyzed simultaneously. The result of endogenous switching model reveals that adoption of SWC practices have a positive and significant impact on household’s food security. Moreover, the result of the study also shows that households adopting all conservation practices are more food secure than other alternative adopters. Failure to adopt SWC practices leads to lower food security status. According to the multinomial logit result, technology adoption is positively related with education/ training, soil fertility, access to extension services, land size and livestock holding. But adoption of agriculture technologies has negative and significant relation with non-marriage status, and distance to the input and out market. On the other hand, study revealed nearly half of households produce with only 50% percent efficiency and there is a room to improve production efficiency. Slope of farmland, livestock possession, agricultural tools ownership and SWC participation are factors that significantly determine efficiency. Increased effort on physical SW conservation activities along with biological, investing more education and training, improving infrastructure/access to services are key recommendation in improving production efficiency and food security are stemmed out of the study.
Climate-Smart Agriculture and Food Security Nexus: Practices, Adoption Strategies and Technologies in Hidhabu Abote Woreda, Oromia Region, Central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Ayele, Nazrawit; Mulugeta , Messay (PhD)
This study was undertaken in 3 randomly selected rural kebeles in Hidabo Abote Woreda of North Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State. The study aimed at assessing the contribution of climate smart agricultural practices for crop productivity, food security, livelihoods enhancement and adaptation to climate change. Retrospective-cross-sectional study design was employed and questionnaire-based primary data was collected from 200 randomly selected sample households. In addition, key informant interview and direct observation were employed to generate qualitative data. In fact, secondary data was obtained from various related organizations such as NMA, CSA and the Woreda Agricultural Office. Latest version of SPSS software was used to explore key descriptive and inferential statistics. Household Food Balance Model (HFBM) and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) were used to investigate the availability, consumption and access components of household food security status. The sustainability component was addressed by analyzing the trends and current circumstances of rainfall and temperature in the area. Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) and Coefficient of Variation (CV) were used to look into the level of concentration of rainfall to certain months of a year and variations in rainfall among series of years (1983-2016). It is found that the rainfall is highly concentrated, the variation among years is noticeable and temperature is slightly increasing in the area. The farmers have already started mulching, inter-cropping, agroforestry, crop rotation, improved seed application and water harvesting to cope with the adverse impacts of climate change. It is also found that most farmers perceive the existence of climate change in the area as a result of which they are trying to design their own adaptation mechanisms. Among other variables, age of the household head, income status, asset position, farmland size, access to extension services, experience in agriculture, distance, fertilizer application, family size, and crop- diversification are found to be important determinant factors for CSA practices in the area. In order to harness the best out of CSA practices as a means to adapt to the changing climatic conditions in the area, compressive planning, well thought-out and genuine strategies, adequate understanding of the implementation practices, efficient and effective utilization of natural resources and competent expertise/leadership are recommended to be vital.

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