Food Security Studies
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Item Contributions of Eucalyptus Plantations in the Highlands of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01-05) Lemessa Negeri; Messay Mulugeta (PhD)The objective of this study was to come-out with the benefits of eucalyptus plantions to household livelihoods and food security through a comparative analysis of eucalyptus growers and non-growers in Girar Jarso Woreda, highland of Ethiopia. Data for the study was obtained both from primary and secondary sources through document reviews, household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observations. The study utilized HFIAS, MAHFP and CSI as the main food security assessment tools in addition to exploring the economic contribution of eucalyptus plantation to household livelihood and food security through household survey. Data was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively after administering the survey on 165 sampled households. According to this study, 100%, 91% and 69% of the eucalyptus grower households reported they plant eucalyptus trees for the purpose of mainly to generate additional income, meet own in-kind needs (construction, fencing & firewood requirements), and to replace the declining crop yield, respectively. The study revealed that eucalyptus takes only 14% of the total land holding per HH even if it is the second most source of income for the households. Respondent households indicated that income from eucalyptus products contribute to household food security through covering food needs during months of food gap, immediate cash during shocks, purchase of agricultural inputs and in-house food and non-food items for the households. The study using the HFIAS scale indicated that only about 45% and 34% of the respondents fall under food secure households both for eucalyptus growers and non-growers, respectively. Observed through a regression analysis that food insecurity increases with increasing age and family size of the households, whereas household land holding size for non-eucalyptus growers, have significantly shown an inverse relationship with increasing household food insecurity. Income from eucalyptus didn’t show any significant relationship with increasing or decreasing food insecurity. The study from consumption coping strategy showed that about 20% and 14% of the households behave to practice high coping strategy both for eucalyptus growers and non-growers, respectively. The assessment using the MAHFP indicated that compared to non-eucalyptus growers, euclyptus growers have more sustaining household livelihood and better food security status due to the significant contribution of eucalyptus plantation. Eucalayptus plantations in the highlands of Ethiopia needs high government attention due to its dominant plantation and the high dependence of households for their livelihoods and food security.Item Determinants of Dietary Diversity Practices among pregnant women Attending Antenatal Clinic at St. Paul Hospital Millennium medical College, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-05) Medhin Belay; Abebe Haile (PhD)Background: Pregnant women have been deemed vulnerable to malnutrition due to their higher nutrient demands; therefore, dietary diversification has gotten a lot of attention. As a result, a wide variety of foods must be included in their diet to ensure that their nutritional intake is appropriate. There has been no research on dietary variety in the study area. Objective: To identify determinants of dietary diversity practice among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College, Ethiopia Methods: A cross-sectional study will be conducted among 316 pregnant women in Ethiopia's St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College. A systematic sampling method was used. The data was collected using an interviewer-administered, structured, and modified questionnaire. Epi Data version 3.1 was used to enter the data, while SPSS version 21 was used to analyze it. The study subjects' Socio-demographic, obstetric, and nutrition-related variables were described using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. To find related factors, multivariate logistic regression was used. With a 95 percent confidence interval, statistical significance was assessed at P- value of < 0.05. Results: The study revealed that, 68.04% of the study participants had adequate dietary diversity. The result showed that women’s husband attended primary (AOR: 9.8; 95%CI: 6.5, 13.4), secondary (AOR: 10.2; 95% CI: 7.5, 15.2), college and above (AOR: 12.3; 95%CI: 9.4, 16.2) compared to non-educated one results a higher odd of adequate dietary diversity. Women receiving nutritional related health information (AOR: 2.44; 95%CI: 1.31, 4.53), food secure house hold (AOR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.58, 6.28), women having greater or equal to 5 meals per day had a higher odd of adequate dietary diversity. Conclusion and recommendation: According to the findings, total consumption of acceptable dietary diversity is low in the research area. Increased meal frequency, nutritional advice, educated husbands, and secure households all contribute to pregnant women's adequate intake of a diverse diet. Dietary counseling during pregnancy has been highlighted as a way to enhance pregnant women's nutritional practices.Item School Feeding Program: Student Nutritional Status, Nutritional Composition of School Meals and Sanitation Facilities And Hygiene of the Compound: The Case of New Era Primary School, Woreda 05, Arada Sub-City, And Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07-05) Mulunesh Abebe; Mogessie Ashenafi (Professor)School feeding program is a joint program that involves the World Food Program (WFP) and the Federal Ministry of education. The general objective of the study were to assess the nutritional composition of food made available to school children, measure the nutritional status of the school children and evaluate the level of sanitation and hygiene in the school compound of NewEra primary School The questionnaires were designed to obtain information of food composition, sanitation facilities and hygiene in the school, and nutritional status of school children. Qualitative data like such as knowledge, attitude and practices on food handling, personal hygiene and water and sanitation assessment were converted to percentages and used as indicators for knowledge, attitude and practice on safe food handling. The data was analyzed using by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v20) and children weight and height was used to calculate weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age by using Emergency Nutritional Assessment (ENA for SMART 2011) according to WHO guild line. Most (91.3%) of the school children considered in this study were beneficiaries of the School Feeding Program established by the Addis Ababa City Administration. Student anthropometric assessments, according to their age, weight and height, showed varying prevalence of under-weight (47%) and wasting (37.5 %). According to the student anthropometric resulted 46% of the students were under-weight, 48.7% were normal and 5.3% were overweight obese class 1.In this report washing vegetables they use pure water. The majority respondent 254 (78.6%) washed their hands with soap because of Covid-19 precautions. The proportion of respondents who had appropriate practice in cleaning utensils after preparing foods (100%) all of them are used to clean, with detergent and storing perishable fresh foods are kept Covered. According to the personal hygiene the acceptable practice among respondents was about 100%. Generally the result shows participants had good level of practice and good level of knowledge, respectively. The proportion of respondents who had appropriate practice in cleaning utensils after preparing foods (100%) all of them are used to clean, with detergent and storing perishable fresh foods are kept Covered (protected from insects, rodents, pests and dust). Although there were hand washing facilities near to the toilet, 85.1% of respondents said that no soap was available on the facilities.Item Determinants of Small Scale Irrigation Participation Decision and Its Impact on Household Food Security in Lume District Oromia Region(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Nimaje Worku; Admasu Shibru, PhDSmall-scale irrigation is one of the most promising approaches to enhance smallholder farmers’ livelihood enabling to produce twice or more per year. However, there are still farmers who are not participating irrigation, and depend on rain fed agriculture even if there is the access for irrigation in the area. The study area, Lume district, is one of the potential districts for irrigation having more than 4120 hectares of land suitable for irrigation. Despite the potential, farmers in the district are not participating in irrigation to the expected level. This study was intended with the main objectives of assessing factors affecting smallholder farmers’ participation in irrigation, and the impacts of small-scale irrigation on farm households’ food security. Both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data were collected from 112 non participants, and 77 participant households were selected using simple random sampling. Inferential and econometric data analysis methods were employed. Demographic, institutional, and socio-economic factors were summarized using Inferential statistics, and to identify determinants of decision of households to participate in irrigation logistic regression model was used and based on the result, age of the head, family size, livestock holding, crop failure, land rent out, extension contact, and credit access significantly affected household decision to participate in small scale irrigation. From the result of propensity score matching method, family members of participant households have more food consumption score of 3.5 compared to family members of non-participants, and this difference is statistically significant. The sensitivity analysis proved that the estimated average treatment effect on the treated was insensitive to unobserved bias. Therefore, the estimated ATT is the pure impact of participation in irrigation. Based on this result, policy interventions related with improving the hindering factors that affecting irrigation participation decision are recommended which intern improves households’ food security.Item The Contribution of Eucalyptus Woodlots to the Livelihoods and Food Security of Rural Households in North Mecha Woreda, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Gebeyaw Tsegaye; Meskerem Abi (PhD)Eucalyptus woodlot planting and growing has become the most popular and common practice in rural households of Ethiopia. This study was conducted to investigate the contribution of eucalyptus woodlots to the livelihoods and food security of rural households in North Mecha Woreda, Ethiopia. Field observation, household survey and key informant interview were used to generate primary data and secondary data were found from books, academic research apers and Woreda agricultural of ice documents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression and Household Food Balance Model. Eucalyptus was plantedon29%of farm lands and about 95% of households grew eucalyptus on their fertile crop lands. The Multiple linear regression model result indicated that eucalyptus value per labour and land(0.011), household heads participation on of farm activity (p=0.000), farm size (p=0.000), fertilizer cost and access (0.011) and market access (p=0.004) and natural and physical characteristics of eucalyptus were found to be significant to determine rural farmers’ preference to eucalyptus woodlots. Eucalyptus contributed about 40.3% of the total annual financial income to households’ livelihood and it was the primary source of fuel wood and construction material. The Household Food Balance Model showed that, from the total study participants, 84.6%werefood secure. Households with high eucalyptus woodlot land size were more food secure. Generally eucalyptus woodlot farming and its sale enhances households’, food availability and increases food security of rural farmers. Thus, farmers should use their lands in appropriate and sustainable way in order to create multiple advantages in different seasons and years and should allocate eucalyptus woodlots far from crops because its non-compatibility with crops, government and concerned bodies should give extension services and market access to maximize eucalyptus contribution.Item Uses of Wastewater for Urban Agriculture and Its Contribution to Household Food Security in Akaki Kality Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-12) Getahun Chala; Meskerem Abi (PhD)The use of wastewater in urban agriculture (UA) has been a heated topic due to its contribution on food security and extending effect on human health following the presence of microbes and heavy metals. A cross-sectional and experimental-based research design was conducted in the Akaki Kality sub-city of Addis Ababa to investigate the use of wastewater in urban agriculture and its contribution to household food security. Household questionnaire survey data were acquired from 183 individual farmers using a purposive sampling method. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distritribution and measure of central tendency such as mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum to describe the data. Meanwhile, ordinal logistic regression was utilized to determine the explanatory variables that had an effect on household food insecurity status. The descriptive statistic shows that about 40% of the households were categorized as food secure, on the other hand 61.05% of the households had acceptable food consumption score (>35). The results of the ordered logistic model reveal that household head family size, education level, farm size, farming experience, on-farm income, offfarm income, household expenditure, access to extension service and access to fertilizer significantly influenced sample households' food security in the study area. Households had poor practices in food handling, personal hygiene, and water sanitation and this was also reflected during personal observation. The level of total coliform and E. coli was found to high in the analyzed sample, and this makes it unsafe for irrigation. The food safety gap showed in practice makes the farmers more exposable for different types of disease. Meanwhile, the heavy metal concentration in irrigation water did not exceed the recommended limit due to dilution of wastewater, environmental monitoring system, seasonal variation, deposition of metals in soil, etc. Despite the low level of heavy metals in the analyzed sample, continuous use of this water may results in different health related disease for the farmers as well as the consumers. Finally, the study concludes the use of wastewater for urban agriculture is safe. Yet, adequate monitoring and analysis of the metals in irrigation water is required to prevent their accumulation in the food chain.Item Nutritional Status of U5 Children and Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Mothers on Food Safety among Outpatient Health Care Service Seekers at Cure Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-10) Hiwot Disassa; Mogessie Ashenafi (Professor)This study examines the food security status, malnutrition, and food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of mothers having outpatient children in Cure Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study had been carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect the needed data from a total of 210 participants. A SPSS (a software package) was used for interactiv, statistical analysis. The results showed that the prevalence of undernutrition of the children: about 45.1% of them were stunted, 50.3% underweight and 16.2% were found to be wasting. The knowledge of food handling of mothers had been described as satisfactory: separate storage of cooked and raw food (53.74%) while 15.86% lacked awareness of proper food handling. The food safety attitudes level of mothers' food handling was adequate (48%) in terms of risks if eating spoiled food, keeping hot/cold, preventing food contamination, and reheating while ready to serve though 19% lacking. The participants had positive attitudes toward food hygiene, 84% of them employed the use of safe food handling practices such as properly washing using detergents or preserving at the right temperature. The attitude of most mothers (89%) is considered good about the proper washing and preventing of food poisoning and other diseases. Despite 11% of respondents, did not know proper food handling and cleaning procedures. The accessibility of food was assessed and about 35.3% of the investigated households were found to have timely access to adequate quantity of food supply, 46.4% suffer different food insecurity of varying severity levels, and about 18.3% of the investigated respondents reported to be severely food insecure. Overall, the findings estimated that the level of KAP of respondents was at an acceptable level. However, there is a need to increase the food safety knowledge, nutrition, and education among the mothers which may improve the under nutrition of children and food safety.Item Food Security Status and Coping Mechanism of Internally Displaced Household in Burayu Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Kiya Merga; Meskerem Abi (PhD)This study investigated the food security status and coping mechanisms of Internally Displaced People (IDP) in Burayu Town, Ethiopia. To acquire quantitative data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, 179 randomly chosen households were interviewed, including food consumption scores, coping mechanisms, and food security behaviors. Stat version 14 software was used for both descriptive statistics and econometric analysis. Furthermore, chi-square analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the predictor variables and food security status. About 7.2% of IDPs were reported to be food secured, while 29%, 38.5%, and 25.3% were classified as mildly food insecure, moderately food insecure and severely food insecure. The study found that the education level of the household head, family size, dependency and monthly income of the household head has a significant effect on the food security status of the IDP. On the other hand, the Food Consumption Score (FCS) of households reveals that 34.10 % of households consumed poor food types, 52.04% of households consumed borderline foods, and 13.78% consumed acceptable food. However, IDP families adopt diverse strategies to cope with food insecurity. The findings show all households implemented dietary changes as a response to moderate food shortages. In severe conditions of food shortages, borrowing food from neighbors or begging from the community were implemented by households. The survey found that most households predominantly consumed food based on essential grains, while little or no animal products, fruits, or vegetables were consumed. Finally, the study found that most IDP households lacked well-established and consistent income sources. Based on the findings of this study, food aid programs should be in place. The town municipality should provide facilities such as shades, small shops, and market space for IDP households. Generally, Burayu town municipality should be more focused on these IDP households to assist them in building sustainable livelihood income.Item Assessment of Households’ Vulnerability to Flood along Ginfle Watershed and Their Risk Management Strategies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-05) Elsabet Gorfu; Temesegen Tilahun (PhD)The assessment of households’ vulnerability to flood alongside Ginfle watershed and their threat control strategies Arada Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study adopted cross sectional survey research design types, explanatory and descriptive research design was applied and both quantitative and qualitative research types of data were collected from primary and secondary sources. The quantitative data were collected from household through interview schedule while qualitative data were gathered using key informants interview, focus group discussions and observation. To select the study area purposive samplings and 215 participants were selected by applying random sampling technique. In order to attain the proposed objectives the study employed instrument like questionnaire, KII, FGDs, and Personal Observation. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis (such as frequency, percentage, mean and Standard Deviation and vulnerable index. The exposure indices for past flood experience is 0.97 and household location from the river 0.99. The calculated exposure indices were high because more than 0.98 % of the people in this area had previously experienced flooding. Among the 215 respondents 156(72.6%) said that their household are vulnerable to flood the rest 59 (27.4%) did not vulnerable to flood this indicates that serious concern are need for improvement of flood vulnerable area. Based on the finding concluded that flood vulnerability along Ginfle river higher when calculate vulnerability, exposure, sensitivity of the study area need serious concern because vulnerability level in this are 0.98 showed . It is recommended that the Addis Ababa city administration with concerned stakeholder implement better land use planning, adapt early warning, awareness creation, providing weather forecast, public participation and designing sustainable flood manage strategies should be implemented. Lastly, future researches should adopt an inductive and participatory approach to assess vulnerability.Item Determinants of Adoption of Improved Soyabean Varieties and Its Contribution to Food Security in Anno Area of Oromia Region(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Diriba Bekele; Admasu Keraga (PhD)Food insecurity is one of the biggest issues affecting emerging nations like Ethiopia right now. Improved soybeans in particular, as well as other pulse crops generally, play a significant role in enhancing food security for households and boosting the income of smallholder farmers. Despite the crop's significant economic value and great production potential, a number of problems prevent better soy bean varieties from being widely adopted and spread. To that end, the Anno region of the Oromia Region, Ethiopia, was the focus of this study, which sought to determine the variables influencing the adoption of improved soya bean varieties and examine the impact of the adoption of improved soya bean varieties on food security. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 196 sample soybean producing farmers from primary data collected. Regression analysis and correlation analyses were employed to reveal the direction and strength of the relationship among the variables, particularly between households‘ status of adoption of improved varieties of soya beans and their food security status. Household food security has been positively influenced by the education level of the household head, the value of livestock owned, farm size, access to extension services, access to credit services, adoption of improved technologies, and so on. The study's overall finding is that raising smallholder farmers' knowledge of improved varieties, providing credit services for seed purchases based on need, and boosting farmers' trust in extension agents' expertise and practical skills all increase the likelihood and intensity of adoption of improved varieties, which ultimately improve household food security.Item Food Security Status of Urban Smallholder Livestock Producers in Addis Ababa: The Case of Akaki Kality Sub City(Addis Ababa University, 2021-09) Tesfaye Bejiga; Meskerem Abi (PhD)The overall objective of this study was to assess the food security status of smallholder livestock producers in Akaki Kality sub city. Cross sectional study design was conducted and both primary and secondary data were used to collect relevant information. Primary data was collected through survey with 383 sample households and key informant interviews. Description statistical analysis and bivariate analysis was used to analyze the collected data. Moreover, HFIAS was used to measure the food security status of urban livestock producers. Demographic findings in this study showed that about 80 (20.9%) female and 303 (79.1%) male and their education status revealed that about 30 (7.83%), 104(27.15%) and 249(65.01%) were illiterate, read and write and Literate respectively. About 123(32.1%) livestock producers were only involved in livestock production and the remaining respondents participated in additional occupation. Among studied households about 213 (55.6%), 145 (37.9%), 94 (24.5%), 88 (23%), 41(10.7%) and 1(0.3%) of livestock producer households had poultry, dairy, sheep and goat, beef, bee and pig types of animals were kept in their houses respectively. The HFIAS result showed that about 29.77 %, 33.68 %, 23.76 % and 12.79 % were food secure, mildly food insecure, moderately food insecure and severely food insecure respectively. Ordered logit regression analysis was performed to identify determinants on food security of household. The finding revealed that variables Age, education, total livestock income, and TLU were negatively statistically significant to food insecure whereas variables household size, improved breed, veterinary service and access to credit were found positively statistical significant to be food insecure. In Conclusion urban livestock keeping ensure households food security, income generation and way out of urban poor households; following this urban livestock development intervention schemes, strategies, policy issues and research gap have been recommended.Item Determinants of Food Security and Coping Mechanisms in Agropastoral Househoulds: A Case of Itang Woreda, Gambella Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-12) Wiyual Chuol; Temesgen Tilahu (PhD)An understanding of the major factors of food security is an important for interventions aiming at reducing those factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the food security status of agro-pastoral households. The objectives of the study are to determining the food security status of agro-pastoral household, describing the coping mechanisms of used by household during food shortage. In order to achieve these objectives, cross-sectional data on demographic and socio-economic characteristics aspects were collected from 113 randomly selected household in two kebeles based on the probability sampling through semi-structure interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, like mean, standard deviation and percentage distribution were used. Binary regressions were used to achieve the stated objectives. The result of the HFIAS show that out of the total surveyed households, 23% were food secure and 77% were food insecure. The binary log it regression result show that among the fourteen variables, six were statistically significant determinants of household food security. The variables such as family size and dependency ratio were negatively related with food security. The remaining significant variables such as age of the household, livestock ownership, cultivating of your own land and distant to the nearest market center were positively related with household food security status. Furthermore, households used different coping mechanisms against food insecurity and these include: borrowing from friends and relatives sale of livestock, sale of firewood relaying on fishing, sale milk and milk product and eat fewer meals per day/ reducing quantity of food per day. . A set of recommendation: family size is one of the major problems in the studies areas since household who was economically inactive members are greater than economically active members, so awareness creation should be the first task to tackle this problem. Improving the quality of the land through improved soil and nutrient management by promoting agricultural technologies such as the use of fertilizer, improved seed, irrigation, and post-harvest management should be made by regional government.Item Effects of Industrial Parks on Food Security: Evidence from Hawassa Industrial Park, Hawassa, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Addishiwot Arkiso; Solomon Tsehay (PhD)Industrial parks development has contributed to employment opportunity creation for the everincreasing youth population in the country. In spite of a huge surge of employment opportunities, emerging evidences have revealed that the wage of the textile sector is so low that it cannot ensure a decent living to its employees. Thus, this study aims at examining the effects of industrial parks on food security by assessing operators’ food security status, identifying determinants of food security and by assessing existing coping mechanism to food insecurity in Hawassa industrial park, Hawassa city, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia. A total of 268 sample operators were taken from 6 different foreign firms in the industrial park through multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive and inferential statistics notably, f-test and chi-square test as well as econometric model namely ordered logistic regression was used. Household food insecurity access scale and food consumption score were employed to examine the food security status of the sample operators while coping strategy index was applied to examine their coping mechanisms to food shortages or food insecurity. Findings of household food insecurity access scale indicated that 49 (18.28 %) of the respondents were food secure while 206 (76.87%) and 13 (4.85 %) of respondents were mildly and moderately food insecure respectively. The food consumption score results demonstrate that from a total of 268 respondents 14.9 of them have acceptable food consumption score while 85.1% of them have borderline food consumption score. The identified determinants of food security using ordered logistics regression are salary, provision of breakfast, provision of lunch, transportation services as well as receiving subsidy from family showing positive influence on food security while subsidizing one’s family and origin showed a negative effect on food security. On the other hand, salary, lunch provision by factory, receiving subsidy from family and medical expenses have a positive influence while transportation cost and previous occupation have a negative influence on the dietary diversity of the operators. The study participants also reported that they were regulating their consumption patterns as a coping strategy. Among the coping strategies, the most common ones were, limiting portion size at meal times (88.8%), pursuing on less preferred foods or less expensive foods (79.1%) and reducing number of meals eaten in a day (66.8) while skipping meal the entire day and begging were not adopted at all. The study concludes that salary level significantly determines food security. In addition different benefit packages provided by factories such as breakfast, lunch and transportation service, significantly improve the food security status operators. Moreover, the most adopted coping mechanism by the operators limiting portion size. The study concludes that salary increase, provision of breakfast, lunch and transportation should be implemented by all factories and it has to be part of the policy. In addition to this, most workers spend a significant portion of their salary on rent and struggle to get by so integrating the work place with housing will improve their condition.Item Determinants of Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies of Internally Displaced Households Residing in Gelan Town, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-11) Solomon Bogale; Messay Mulugeta (PhD)This study was undertaken in Gelan town of Oromia Region with the objectives to investigate the food insecurity status of the displaced households, to identify the determinants of food insecurity, and to identify the mechanisms used by these households to cope up with food insecurity in the study area. A total of 142 randomly selected households were interviewed to collect quantitative data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, household dietary diversity, coping mechanisms, and food access behaviors. Besides, focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews were undertaken to collect qualitative data. Both descriptive statistics and econometric analysis were employed using SPSS version 20 software. Furthermore, ch-square and independent t-tests were conducted to investigate the relationship between the predictor variables and food security status. The descriptive analysis showed that about 18 percent of the study participants were food secure while 82 percent of them were food insecure households, indicating that the community under study was predominantly food insecure. The age and educational level of the household had a significant (P <0.05) influence on the food security status. Similarly, the study found out that household size, monthly household income, employment status, access to credit, and remittance had a significant influence on the food security status of the internally displaced people (IDP). However, the results of the binary logistic regression model indicated that three of the eight explanatory variables, namely dependency ratio, education level, and monthly households’ income were statistically significant (P <0.05) as determinants of household food security. The mean coping strategy index (CSI) score was 54.26 for the IDP households during the assessment period. During the study period, almost all the households practiced dietary change as a response to mild food shortages. At sever condition of food shortages, either borrowing food from neighbors and local shops or begging from the local community were implemented by the households. Moreover, the study confirmed that 28.2 percent of the households have practiced skipping out the whole days without eating at least for a day in a week during the study period. On the other hand, the mean dietary diversity score (HDDS) was 4.94 for the IDP households with a minimum of 2 and maximum of 8 HDDS. The study confirmed that dietary diversity was lacking with a severe problem among the 47 percent of the respondents since their diets are predominantly based on starchy staples such as cereals while little or no animal products, fruits and vegetables were consumed. Finally, the study concluded that majority of the IDP households did not have well established and sustainable livelihood sources. Therefore, more attention should be given to these IDP households to assist them able to establish sustainable household income and livelihood sources.Item Assesments of the Contributions and Challenges of School Feeding Nutrition Program in the Government Primary School; the Case of Mekane Hiwot Primary School Yeka Subcity of Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07) Berhanu Getahun; Abebe Haile (PhD)Before the first official school feeding was started by Yeenat Weg, there was a fragmented school feeding by individuals, teachers, organizations and non-governmental communities with reduced coverage. The aim of the study was to assess the contributions and challenges of school nutritional content to children's academic performance and the educational focus in school. This study was conducted in the Yeka sub-city of Addis Ababa, which is the Mekane Hiwot elementary school. To conduct this study, an interview with key informants, FGD, was conducted and a questionnaire was distributed to collect the data. Many challenges emerged from the results, such as lack of awareness, especially on the part of the private sector, financial constraints, allocating money to feed a child does not take into account the current market situation, physical capital; unavailability of feed materials, feeding room, power outages, lack of access to water, policy challenges; no clear policy on tax administration and payments for poor cooks, stakeholder participation is insignificant compared to the needs of needy students. In particular, government sponsored SF started spontaneously without adequate planning and preparation. Although there are many threats to stop school feeding, the students are very happy they do not hesitate to stop school feeding.Item Analysis of Urban Apiculture and Its Contributions to Household Food Security: The Case of Kolfe Keranio Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-11-20) Mekonnen Ayele; Admasu Shibru PhDThe objective of this study is to analyze urban apiculture and its contributions to household food security in Kolfe Keranio sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Purposive sampling technique was employed for the study area (sub-city and woredas under sub-city) selection while simple random sampling technique was employed to select the urban beekeeper households. The data were collected through urban beekeeper household survey, key informant interviews, field observations and focal group discussions. Both descriptive and econometric models were used to analyze the data. Multiple regression and ordered logit models were employed to determine factors affecting urban apiculture production and determinants of the urban beekeeper household food security, respectively. The multiple regression analysis result revealed that apiary land area, wax foundation use, number of transitional and improved (modern) hives, frequency of extension contact, price of honey, access of swarm and experience of urban beekeeping positively explain the urban apiculture production. But, age of the household head negatively affects urban apiculture production. The food security status of urban beekeeping households were classified in to four as food secure (9 HHs), mildly food insecure (28), moderately food insecure (38) and severely food insecure (3). The result of ordered logit model confirmed that education status of household head, wax foundation use, credit access, urban beekeeping experience and apiary land contribute significantly and positively relate to urban beekeeper household food security, in contrast family size negatively affects the household food security of urban beekeepers. This research concludes that urban apiculture production has its own contributions on household food security. The study recommended the need to enhance intensive use of improved hive with appropriate skill and different technology; and facilitation of inputs such as credit service, swarm, extension service and the need to formulate applicable policy, strategy and package for urban apiculture developmentItem Assessment of the Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Small & Medium Scale Edible Oil Processors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-11) Masresha Yimer; Abebe Haile (PhD)This study was carried out with the objective to review the current policies, regulations and practices, current status in the small and medium enterprises (SME) edible oil sub sector, and identify the challenges as well as opportunities for the SME edible oil processing sub sector in Addis Ababa (A. A.), based on a descriptive research design, & using quantitative and qualitative data, from the SME edible oil processors, key informants, pertinent governmental regulatory and support institutions, & Advocacy groups/Associations, by applying the (input-market) value chain approach. The findings of the study indicated that the demand for edible oils was met predominantly through imported palm and non-palm edible oils and insignificant domestic edible oil supply, and distributed through shemachoch retail outlets and private retail shops, and characterized by serious availability and accessibility challenges for consumers in A. A. The major current policies, regulations & practices, challenges and opportunities across the input-market chain of the SME edible oil sub sector in A. A. were assessed & analyzed. The identified major challenges facing the SME edible oil processors in Addis Ababa included: the significantly weakened current status of the SME edible oil processors; edible oil related policies, regulations and practices biases & resulting market distortions, such as import duty and VAT exempted huge import and distribution of palm edible oil, focus of support towards large scale processing; application of VAT tax system on domestic edible oil supply; limitations of palm edible oil in proper household targeting and existence of distribution malpractices, high export orientation of oilseed crops; regulatory requirement for refining of edible oils; the raw material supply (shortages, quality related problems and rising oilseed crops prices), significantly low capacity utilization, much lower than 50%; significant lack of SME edible oil-dedicated technical training, capacity building and related supports and incentives, as well as processing technology & access to financing & infrastructural challenges, …, resulting in the SME edible oil processors’ marginalization and becoming the ‘missing middle’. The identified opportunities included: increasing population, huge domestic consumer demand, economic growth, well-developed experience in A. A. in SME edible oil processing, marketing and consumption in A. A.; Ethiopia as a major grower, and origin, of some of the oilseed crops & its conducive agro ecological condition for oilseed crops production, and overall government policy and commitment for agriculture and agro processing investments. Finally, the study identified recommendations and strategies for action, including implementing institutions, in order to address the pressing lack of SME edible oil dedicated policy support & incentives, edible oil processing, and food safety and quality management capacity building supports, and a conducive overall business enabling environment to enable SMEs in A. A. to survive and grow, and contribute to sustainably increase edible oil availability in A. A., to ensure accessibility at the household level, and to attain adequate food utilization in edible oils at the individual level in A. A., thereby also contributing to the import substitution effort in the country.Item Assessment of Nutritional Status of Under Five Children in Burayu Town, Oromia Special Zone, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-09-20) Alemu Tesfaye; Abebe Haile (PhD)Background: Under nutrition is decreased subsequently in these two decays but still the major community health problem in the world especially in developing nations like Ethiopia. In Ethiopia child under nutrition is the common most concern of community health problems. In Oromia region malnutrition is serious public health issues as we told above Burayu town is vulnerable to malnutrition there is common cause of under nutrition in the study area. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the assessment of nutritional status of underfive children in Burayu town to assess the malnutrition problems. Materials and methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was employed to collect data from 202 households in six Kebeles using structured questionnaires. Different characteristics of the households were investigated along with and household food insecurity access scale. The data was entered into Epi info and exported to SPSS.v.25, for descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression and multivariate regression analysis. Anthropometric measurement of children was conducted using WHO anthro v.3.2.2 software to generate Z-scores. Result: The result of multivariate analyses revealed that maternal educational status, father education, monthly income, type of latrine and household food insecurity assessment scale are significant for stunting, Monthly income and private well significantly associated with malnutrition wasting and they‟re not get association with underweight. The findings of this study revealed that the prevalence of stunting of children is 13.86%, wasting 8.91% and underweight 4.95% respectively. Conclusion and recommendation: The Prevalence of stunting and wasting among children aged 6-59 months is relatively lower than national and regional but underweight is lower than national and regional prevalence. Malnutrition puts important burden on under five children in Burayu town. Oromia regional government, Burayu town administration and Burayu Health Institution and local nongovernmental organization should design effective nutritional and household food address on household child with stunting; wasting and underweight is a vital task for the community to reduce malnutrition.Item Undernutrition and Intestinal Helminth and Protozoan Parasites among Primary School in Lideta Sub City, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2021-11) Eyuel Bekele; Abebe Haile (PhD)Undernutrition and Intestinal helminthes and protozoan parasitic infection have been reported to affect the physical growth, cognitive development, and the general health status of schoolchildren. Nevertheless, data are scarce regarding their effect on the overall Intestinal parasitic status and nutrition of schoolchildren Ethiopia. To assess these effects, a school based cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 schoolchildren; seven primary school in lideta sub city. The data were conducted between March one to April 25 202, data were gathered on the socio-demographic, environmental and sanitation, Anthropometry and laboratory findings this conditions of the selected primary school of the study participants through standardized structured questionnaire by interview. Fresh stool samples were collected and processed by formalin 10ml in 10%, Normal saline and used Olympus biological microscopic to examine Intestinal parasitic infection. Anthropometric measurements: weight, height and body mass index were analyzed using WHO (2007) anthro plus software. SPSS statistical software version 24 was used for data analysis and P-value 5 members (AOR=2.25, 95% CI: 1.12-4.5) The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was 19.7% (95% CI: 15.7-24.3), The risk of parasitic infection was significantly increased among students with age group 6-11 (AOR=0.27; 95% CI: 0.09-0.81), student parents with income less than 3000(AOR=10.5; 95% CI: 3.96-12.23), water drinking from splash( filtered) (AOR=0.13 95% CI: 0.04-0.39), washing their hands regularly after vesting latrine(AOR=5 95% CI: 2.37- 13.06), untrimmed fingernails (AOR=4.37; 95% CI: 1.89-10.11), eating regularly uncooked and unwashed fruit and vegetables (AOR=3.92; 95% CI:1.48-10.33) and (AOR=3.7; 95% CI:1.47- 9.44. While, the prevalence of undernutrition and intestinal parasitic infection was higher among school-age children and revealed that undernutrition and intestinal parasitic infection were significantly associated in lideta sub city. The results need integrated and strengthening strategies to preventive and curative undernutrition and intestinal parasites.Item The Effect of Papaya Post-Harvest Losses on Food Security of Producing Households: The Case of Dugda Wereda, East Shoa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Asfaw Fita; Admasu Shibiru (PhD)Papaya has been produced in all regional states of Ethiopia and consumed as fresh fruit in most parts of the country. About 15, 572,313 Ethiopian small-holder farmers were involved in papaya production. Post-harvest loss of papaya was loss in quality and quantity; it appeared because of inappropriate handling practices, weak storage facilities, and poor transport logistics. The degree of post-harvest loss of papaya was increased 30%- 40% in developing countries and influenced the food security of households (Temesgen and Taye 2018). So, in the absence of a reliable and objective evaluation of the effect of papaya post-harvest losses on the food security of papaya producing households; the ways to minimize food insecurity of households of the study area are difficult. Yet, this study was intended to the effect of papaya post-harvest losses on food security of producing households in Dugada woreda. A cross-sectional design was used. Descriptive statistics is used to determine the farmers’ practices by using percentage, mean, standard deviation, range, frequencies, and in addition inferential statistics to assess the factors affecting post-harvest losses at the household level. The ordinal logit method was used to analyze the relationships between post-harvest loss and the food security status of the papaya producing households. Focus Group Discussions were made and questionnaires based interviews were conducted to collect qualitative and quantitative data. This survey was conducted on a total of 212 sample households consisting of papaya producers where 90% of them were male respondents. All papaya producing respondents had monthly income ranging from ETB 3000.00 to 7500.00. Concerning the practice of technologies in papaya production (100%) of producers only practices grading papaya. Of the respondents, only 7.5% tried to prolong the shelf-life of papayas to minimize post-harvest loss and use modified technology like time for harvest and occasion to harvest papayas. Most respondents (i.e., 92.5%) produce papaya for market purposes. The amount of papaya lost was 8.87% of the total production and 9.5% of total papaya sale revenues. Concerning food security status of papaya producing households, 59.5 % of the households were food secure and about 9% of households were moderately food insecure, 23%, of households were mildly food insecure. Similarly, 8.5% of households were severely food insecure. The study results suggest that Training and technical support are needed for papaya producers, and the market value chain government and structure must be strengthened to reduce the post-harvest loss.