Food Security Studies

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Household Resilience to Multidimensional Food Insecurity: The case of weaving-Based Households In Chencha District, South Ethiopia regional
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12) Desta Dereje; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD); Teshome Yirgu (PhD)
Background Food insecurity is a historical global human challenge, but has yet remained a burning development agenda. The capacity to withstand and recover from food insecurity shocks and stresses refereed as resilience, which is determined by a strand of factors. This paper deals with measuring and; identifying major determinants of household resilience to food insecurity among weaving-based livelihood system in Chencha district. Methods Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to generate data from 303 sample house holds through household survey, focus group discussion, and key informant interviews. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, household resilience index, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and econometric model (probit regression). Results The household survey revealed that 59.04% households were non-resilient, 24.42%weremoderately resilient, 10.89% resilient and 4.95% highly resilient. The Chi-square and one-way ANOVA tests have shown a meaningful and statistically significant difference among resilience categories. Finally, probit model analysis indicated that access to credit, average years of family education, crop diversity, income diversity, landholding size, TLU, expected crop harvest, expected cash income from fruit trees, frequency of extension contact, FCS, annual food expenditure, ownerships of Radio, Jewelry, furnished bed, membership in local associations, and distance to local market have positively influenced the likelihood of attaining higher household resilience at CI 95% or P <1%, 5% and 10%. Whereas; lack of access to mobile phone, in ability to read and write, family business, formal employment, and transfers of payment have decreased likelihood of households to achieve higher resilience level. Conclusions Therefore, improving household access to credit, education, income diversification, live stock and land, agricultural extension services, membership to local associations, mobile service, and income diversification would enhance household income and food security, which could in turn improve household resilience to food insecurity.
Analysis of Pastoral Livelihoods Diversification and Food Security in Assaita and Afambo Woredas, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02) Fisseha Abenet; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
Livelihood diversification is a key strategy for enhancing food security in pastoral and agropastoral communities. This study explored the structure of pastoral livelihoods, determinants of diversification, and associated food security outcomes. Mixed methods were employed, including focus groups, key informant interviews, and analytical tools such as Simpson’s Livelihood Diversity Index (SLDI), Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), and Food Consumption Score (FCS). Quantitative analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics: multinomial logistic regression, Firth’s penalized logit, Probit regression, and Weighted Propensity Score Analysis. Primary livelihood activities included livestock production (51%), crop production (6%), labor (4%), small businesses (8%), miscellaneous income (56%), and remittances (34%). Based on income, SLDI was low (76%), moderate (22%), and high (2%); based on expense, it was low (58%), moderate (28%), and high (13%), suggesting expense as a more sensitive proxy for identifying diversification. Probit regression indicated that access to irrigation, goat ownership, and larger farm size increased diversification likelihood by 12%, 13%, and 10.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). A reduced model highlighted irrigation (17%), miscellaneous income (35.5%), and farm size (9.6%) as significant contributors (p < 0.05). Although crop production, small businesses, and miscellaneous income had high marginal effects, they were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Age, gender, and TLU had weak negative effects. The full Probit model explained 96.8% of the variance in diversification, with 90.4% sensitivity and 98.5% specificity. Firth’s penalized logistic regression found significant positive effects from crop farming (16.5), livestock production (7.6), small businesses (7.3), miscellaneous activities (11.0), and PSNP participation (p < 0.05). HFIAS indicated mild (42%) and moderate (11%) food insecurity with no severe cases. FCS showed poor (55%), borderline (39%), and acceptable (6%) consumption. While diversification showed no significant effect on HFIAS (p > 0.05), it significantly improved FCS by 4.8 units (p < 0.05; R² = 0.038). In conclusion, households showed low income and diversification levels with generally poor food security. Diversification did not significantly affect food access (HFIAS) but had a positive impact on dietary quality (FCS). Enhancing off-farm enterprises and optimizing existing livelihood streams, particularly crop and livestock production, can improve diversification, though it alone does not ensure food security across all measures.
Impacts of Disaster Risk Management Practices on Household Food Security Status in Ethiopia: The Case of Tarmaber Woreda, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Mebrat Aynalem; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
Disaster Risk Management (DRM) practices significantly impact household food security status, particularly in Tarmaber Woreda, Ethiopia, within the Amhara Regional State, North Shewa zone. This study aimed to investigate the impact of DRM practices on household food security status, considering prevalent disasters such as floods, conflicts, and pest infestations. A mixed research approach was employed, with data collected from 336 households through survey questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observations. Descriptive and inferential analyses, including binary logistic regression, were conducted. The findings revealed significant impacts of DRM practices on food security outcomes, particularly in mitigating the adverse effects of floods. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that variables such as household planning status before disasters (B = 2.446), participation in social protection programs (B = 2.608), planting drought-resistant crops (B = 1.364), effective use of early warning systems and information (B = 1.366), and early warning and information training (B = 0.626) significantly influenced food security outcomes. Socio-economic factors like marital status, educational status, income levels, and age of household heads were also found to correlate with food security status. The study underscores the importance of proactive DRM practices, such as household planning, participation in social protection programs, and adoption of resilient agricultural practices, in enhancing household resilience and food security in disaster-prone areas like Tarmaber Woreda. Recommendations include strengthening disaster preparedness measures and promoting community resilience-building initiatives.
The Effect of Small-Scale Irrigation on Household Food Security in Ada’a Woreda, Addis Abeba Area, East Shewa Zone of Oromiya
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-09) Melkamset Teka; Desalegn Yayeh (PhD)
This study explores the impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security in the Ada’a area, focusing on the relationship between irrigation use, demographic factors, and constraints to its adoption. The study aimed to assess how small-scale irrigation influences food availability, income, and overall food security, particularly in rural communities. Using a combination of statistical methods, including Chi-square and T-tests, data was collected from 200 households, comparing irrigation users with non-users. A variety of factors, such as access to technology, technical knowledge, and water management practices, were examined to determine their impact on irrigation effectiveness. The findings show that small-scale irrigation significantly enhances food security, with 82% of irrigation users being food secure, compared to 48% of non-users. Furthermore, irrigation users reported higher incomes (12,000 ETB) and crop yields (1,500 kg) compared to their non-irrigating counterparts. Demographic factors, such as education level and family labor, were found to significantly influence food security, while factors like age and gender had less impact. The study highlighted the importance of integrating education, training, and technology access to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of irrigation practices. However, the study also revealed critical constraints to irrigation use, including limited access to modern irrigation technology and inadequate technical knowledge. Poor water management practices did not significantly hinder irrigation use. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions, including providing access to affordable irrigation technologies and capacity-building programs to improve technical knowledge among farmers. The results of this research contribute to the understanding of small-scale irrigation’s role in enhancing food security and suggest targeted policy interventions to address the barriers to its effective use. This study also provides insights into how improving irrigation systems can reduce food insecurity and enhance agricultural productivity in the Ada’a area.
Spatiotemporal Clustering of Child Malnutrition in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02) Mesfin Merkebu; Sitotaw Haile (PhD)
Child malnutrition is a major worldwide concern, accounts for 45% of the deaths of children under five. Significant regional differences in child malnutrition rates exist in Ethiopia, a low-income and heavily populated nation in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the spatiotemporal clustering of malnutrition in children under five across Ethiopia and explores the associated social and environmental factors. 46,172 weighted samples of children were analyzed using data from five Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (2000–2019). Multivariable logistic regression and spatiotemporal clustering analysis techniques (Getis-Ord G*) were employed to identify hotspot clusters of child malnutrition ( stunting, underweight, and wasting) and their associated factors. QGIS3.36.0 was applied for visualization, and STATA version 17 was employed for exploratory analysis. The major findings indicate that areas like Amhara, Oromia, Sidama, and Central Ethiopia consistently have high rates of malnutrition, while Tigray, Afar, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella, Southern SNNP, and Somali regions have emerging clusters. Hotspot clustering has declined country wide over time. Child malnutrition rates were strongly impacted by variables like altitude,marital status, and immunization. The study reveals significant spatiotemporal clustering of child malnutrition in Ethiopia, particularly in areas of the Amhara, Oromia, and Sidama regions, as well as parts of Central Ethiopia. While malnutrition hotspots have declined over time, socioeconomic and health-related disparities persist. Factors like maternal education, wealth index, and immunization correlate strongly with malnutrition rates. Despite progress, child malnutrition remains high. Targeted actions in food security, economic development, maternal education, and healthcare services are essential for rapid reduction.
Prevalence and Determinants of Dietary Practice Among Pregnant Women Governmental Health Centers In Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-09) Rodas Mesfin; Abebe Haile (PhD)
Before months of dietary modifications made during and before pregnancy has the most substantial effects on nutritional status and birth results, despite the important influence of nutritional reserves. Numerous studies have been conducted on dietary practices and their determinants among pregnant women; however, there is a gap in evidence among pregnant women. Therefore, this study sought to close this gap by examining dietary practices and associated factors among pregnant women in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 526 pregnant women between December and June 2024. Stratified multi stage sampling technique was used for selecting pregnant women. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection. The data were entered into the Kobo toolbox and exported to SPSS version 25 software for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of dietary practices. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to identify the factors associated with the outcome variables. A p value ≤ 0.2 indicated statistical significance. The prevalence of inadequate dietary practices among the pregnant from the total respondents, 7.86%, 13.06% and 11.38% of them had high dietary diversity, high food variety score and high consumption of animal source food, respectively. The average score of 3.97 ±0.6714, 0.117 ± 0.373 and 3.165 ± 2.824 were Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), Animal Source Foods (ASFs) and Daily Meal frequency, respectively the magnitude of inadequate dietary practices was high, and it was significantly associated with educational, behavioral, and economic status. Nutritional interventions focused on communicating nutritional behavioral changes and strengthening sustainable income-generating strategies are recommended to improve the dietary practices of pregnant women.
Household Food Security, Dietry Diversity and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Addis Keteam Sub-City, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-03) Selamawit Bekele; Abebe Haile (PhD)
Food insecurity and undernutrition among pregnant women are pressing challenges in Ethiopia today, yet they remain underexplored, especially in urban areas like Addis Ababa, Addis Ketema sub-city. This research assessed the household food security status, dietary diversity, and associated factors among 389 pregnant women attending antenatal care at four purposefully selected public health centers in Addis Ketema sub-city. The geographical location and the case load of the health centers were considered for the selection of the health centers. Household food security was measured using the USAID FANTA’s Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), while dietary diversity was assessed using the FAO’s Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, applying both descriptive and inferential statistics. The ordered logistic regression model assessed factors influencing household food security levels, while binary logistic regression evaluated factors affecting dietary diversity among pregnant women. The results showed that 81.0% of the households were food secure, while 14.1% were food insecure, 4.1% moderately food insecure, and 0.8% severely food insecure. Ordinal logistic regression identified monthly income (p < 0.001), housing type (B = 1.71, p = 0.006), access to credit services (B = 1.154, p = 0.034), and social security (B = 0.368, p = 0.037) as significant predictors of household food security. Regarding dietary diversity, 63.2% of pregnant women consumed a diverse diet, while 36.8% did not. Binary logistic regression indicated that the husband’s education (Exp(B) = 1.522, p = 0.039), the husband’s involvement in private business (Exp(B) = 2.243, p = 0.007), and pregnant women's occupations (Exp(B) = 2.015, p = 0.045) were significant factors influencing dietary diversity. The study revealed a significant association between household food insecurity and lower dietary diversity. Although most households were food secure, the presence of food insecurity in some indicates the need to improve education, employment opportunities, income generation activities, housing, and social security services.
Determinants of Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies of Internally Displaced Persons In Hachalu Resettlement Site, Koye Feche Sub city Sheger City Administration, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-04) Yohannes Sisay; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
As of 2023, there were more than 3.8 million internally displaced people (IDPs) in Ethiopia as a result of armed conflict, climate shocks, and intercommunal violence (IDMC, 2023). The majority of these IDPs reside in the Oromia Regional State, where many of them suffer from acute food insecurity as a result of their livelihoods being upended, and their lack of access to humanitarian aid (WFP, 2023).In Hachalu settlement, food insecurity among internally displaced people (IDPs) is a serious problem that has a big impact on their general wellbeing. A study was carried out to evaluate the coping strategies and food security status of IDPs in the region in order to address this issue and guide future initiatives. In order to investigate the causes of food insecurity and the associated coping strategies among IDPs, the study used a descriptive and explanatory technique, combining quantitative and qualitative data gathering in a mixed-methods approach. A representative target group was created using a stratified random sampling procedure, yielding a sample size of 276 people. Of the IDPs in the survey, 58.3% were men and 41.7% were women, with the majority (71%) being between the ages of 35 and 44. The results showed issues in food insecurity and the socioeconomic difficulties that internally displaced people experience. Notably, 75.4% of IDPs lacked formal education and 56.5% were unemployed, highlighting the necessity of job training and educational programs. An overwhelming 84.1% of IDPs did not have access to enough food, even though the majority made between 2,001 and 3,000 Birr a month, which is slightly above the poverty level. With mean scores of 1.93 for worries about food sufficiency and 2.69 for limited availability of nutrient-dense foods, descriptive analysis revealed substantial levels of food insecurity. Additionally, the study identified strong correlations between food insecurity and factors such as economic status (r = 0.897), access to resources (r = 0.897), health (r = 0.891), coping processes (r = 0.859), and social support networks (r = 0.848). The study highlights how urgently aid is needed to address food insecurity among internally displaced people. It emphasizes the significance of increasing access to markets, clean water, and land to promote food security and asks for job training and educational activities to improve these people's socioeconomic standing. It is also considered crucial to treat health issues that restrict IDPs' ability to earn a living. According to the study, food insecurity is made worse by extended displacement, high food costs, and limited income opportunities, which push households to use unhealthy coping strategies like asset depletion, meal skipping, and child labor (FAO, 2023). In order to improve food security and resilience among displaced populations, the study emphasizes the critical need for focused interventions, such as livelihood support and social protection programs.The study concludes by highlighting the serious problem of food insecurity among Hachalu Resettlement Site 's internally displaced people and promoting all-encompassing solutions that include quick assistance, socioeconomic advancement, and better access to necessities.
Households Food Security and Resilience to Drought and Conflict in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Jemal Hassen; Desalegn Yayeh Ayal (PhD); Temesgen Tilahun Teshome (PhD)
Armed conflicts cause food insecurity and famine by triggering the disruption and destruction of food systems. The conflict that erupted in northern Ethiopia lasted from 2020 to 2022 and affected millions of people. This resulted in severe damage to the food security, livelihoods and social dynamics of communities in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. Besides, due to climate change, drought conditions are increasing from time to time, threatening the food security of communities reliant on rainfed agriculture. Drought has become protracted and has resulted in a widespread food insecurity crisis. South Wollo Zone, already vulnerable to climate shocks, suffered severe destruction and loss of life during the northern Ethiopia conflict. The study analyzed household food security and resilience of conflict and drought-affected households by synthesizing the impact, analyzing drought trends, identifying food security determinant factors, and coping strategies deployed by households during adversities through the use of longitudinal meteorological data from 1981 to 2022, and establishing a pre-post conflict food security and resilience assessment. Descriptive and quasi-experimental designs were employed for pre-post retrospective data gathered from 422 randomly selected households, while literature reviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index helped to analyze the direction and magnitude of drought trends. Besides, Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis, and the Household Food Balance Model were used for the food security and resilience component. A recall bias analysis was conducted for retrospective data using the Flashbulb memory test method as a complementary approach to the study to determine statistical reliability of recall data in food security and resilience study. The study revealed that conflict and drought significantly undermine household food security. Both the short-term and long-term drought conditions have increased between 2000 and 2015. The significant downward trend in SPEI highlights increasing drought xviii severity and frequency. The average per capita calorie availability drops from 1,789 kcal pre-conflict to 1,420 kcal at post-conflict, below the Ministry of Health recommendation of 2,300 kcal. In contrast, the coping strategy index increased for the same period. It was found that livestock ownership, agricultural index, work ratio, and age of the household head were positively associated with food security. In contrast, larger family size, exposure to drought, and exposure to conflict and aid were negatively associated. While the resilience capacity index was reduced from 45.1 to 38.8 after the conflict, assets contributed 60.55% to resilience capacity, but access to basic services was not relevant in determining resilience post-conflict. Households with high conflict exposure experienced a 7.85-point greater decline in resilience capacity compared to a 3.32-point decline for low-exposure at p-value <0.01. Whereas, a statistically significant decline in RCI by approximately 6.43-point for low drought-exposed households but no statistically significant differential impact of drought between groups. The study offers policy recommendations to build productive livelihoods through asset building, livelihood diversification, recovery programs integrating conflict-sensitive and peace-building initiatives to enhance food security and foster self-reliance, acknowledging the compounding nature of conflict and drought. It also recommends the integration of complementary statistical approach such as the Flashbulb memory test to examine recall bias in retrospective food security and resilience study to enhance reliability of data for statistical inference.
The Role of Peri-Urban Agriculture for Household Food Security in Akaki Kality Sub-City, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12) Tizita Girma; Sitotaw Haile (PhD)
This research examines the role of peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in enhancing household food security in Akaki Kality Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The objective of this research is to explore the role of peri urban agriculture in household food security and identify key factors influencing participation in peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in Akaki Kality Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. a total of 420 sample households were selected randomly using a multistage sampling technique, grouped into two strata: urban and peri-urban agriculture participants and non-participants. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were utilized to explore the the difference between participants and non participant households on peri urban agriculture on socioeconomic,demographic factors and institutional factors. Food security was assessed using the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Logistic regression was used to identify factors that affect participation in peri urban agriculture while negative binomial regression and ordered logistic regression models were used to identify factors influencing food security outcomes. The findings revealed that peri-urban agriculture participants exhibited significantly higher food security levels compared to non-participants. Socio-economic factors, such as access to microfinance, education level, agricultural experience, and peri urban agriculture practices, were positively associated with food security. Conversely, limited access to inputs and microfinance services were identified as constraints to broader participation in urban agriculture. Furthermore, peri-urban agriculture participation was found to enhance dietary diversity, contributing to improved food security within households. This study highlights the positive impact of peri urban agriculture on food security and nutrition, particularly in urban settings. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen access to financial services, improve agricultural training programs, and address land tenure challenges to support the growth of urban agriculture. Additionally, policy interventions should focus on enhancing urban food systems to promote sustainable food security.
Assessment of nutritional status under-five children, household level food insecurity and WASH status in IDP camps at Debre Birhan Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10) Eden Birhanu; Mogessie Ashenafi (Professor)
This study examines the critical issues of food insecurity and malnutrition among under-five children in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia, in the context of inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions. Internal displacement due to civil conflict and natural disasters has created significant humanitarian concerns, particularly affecting children's access to safe food and clean water, leading to malnutrition. The study involved a community-based cross-sectional design with a sample of 374 households, revealing that over 90% faced food insecurity, with most households classified as severely food insecure. Common coping strategies included reducing meal frequency and relying on cheaper, less nutritious food. The nutritional assessment showed alarming rates of malnutrition among children, with a notable prevalence of wasting, underweight, and stunting. Despite high knowledge of WASH practices, gaps in attitudes and practices were evident, suggesting that improvements in WASH conditions are necessary. The findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive interventions to address food security and health outcomes in IDP camps, thereby improving the overall well-being of vulnerable populations.
Effectiveness of Watershed Management Approaches and Programs for Food Security in Qarsa Woreda of East Harerghe, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12) Tena Gobena; Amare Bantider (PhD); Messay Mulugeta (PhD); Ermias Teferi (PhD)
This study investigates the perceptions and coordination challenges of stakeholders involved in community-based watershed management in Qarsa Woreda, East Hararghe Zone, and examines its impact on food security. Data were collected from 63 professionals and 337 farmers through surveys and interviews. The findings reveal a significant disparity in perceptions: 64% of professionals view watershed management primarily as natural resource management or soil and water conservation, while only 36% acknowledge its broader rural development and economic benefits. Conversely, farmers recognize improvements in crop yield and income but largely see these practices as environmental conservation efforts, with only 12.6% viewing them as part of a comprehensive rural development strategy. Institutional arrangements, including the roles of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Oromia Bureau of Agriculture, show that weak coordination and accountability mechanisms undermine effectiveness. The lack of specialized structures for managing programs like the Sustainable Land Management Program (SLMP) and the Rural Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) at the woreda level further complicates implementation. To address these challenges, improving coordination platforms, enhancing accountability, increasing local involvement, and establishing specialized units for program management. Further research is needed to identify potential barriers to coordination and collaboration among the stakeholders involved in watershed management
Effect of Postharvest Loss of Fruits and Vegetables on Consumers and Retailers Food Security during Retail at Lafto Fruit and Vegetable Market Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Kalkidan Fekadu; Abebe Haile (PhD)
The study amid to determine effect of postharvest Loss of Fruits and Vegetables during Retail at Lafto Fruit and Vegetable Market Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’. One third of all food produced on the planet and about a half of all fruit and vegetables are lost and not consumed. A crosssectional study was undertaken among 354 retailers and consumers. Simple random sampling technique was employed for selection of consumers attending the market and retailers were selected by systematic sampling, interviewed to obtain quantitative data on demographic and socioeconomic variables, factors associated with post -harvest and food security behaviors. Both descriptive statistics and econometric analysis were applied using SPSS version 20 software. Furthermore, chi-square was done to explore the association between the predictor factors and post -harvest loss of fruit and vegetables. Also ordered logistic regression was used to determine the significance of food security with variables. The study finding showed that 53.2% retailers were food secured which indicate retailers were more food secure than consumers 47.9%. The finding of ordered logistic regression revealed that those who faced the postharvest lost were 12.355 times more likely to be moderately food in secured as compared to being food secured (AOR=12.355; 95%CI = 2.312 - 66.025, Pvalue=0.003). In addition to this, both the retailors and customers who had less amount of household income were found to be 1.0001 times more likely to be moderately food in secured as compared to that of food secured study participants. Based on the finding of this study working on reduction of post -harvest loss of fruit and vegetables were very important to enhance the food security status of both consumers and retailers.
Assessment of Farmers' Access to Flood Forecast Information and its Impact on Household Food Security in Ilu Woreda, Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-09) Mengistu Dargie; Desalegn Yayeh (PhD)
Flooding is a significant natural hazard in Ethiopia, particularly affecting rural agricultural communities. Floods damage crops and infrastructure and worsen food insecurity by disrupting livelihoods. The absence of timely flood forecast information further heightens vulnerability. This study assesses farmers’ access to flood forecast information and its impact on household food security in the flood-prone Ilu Woreda. A mixed-method descriptive research design was employed, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative data were collected from 309 households selected randomly from the Wererso Kelina and Mulo Satay kebeles using structured questionnaires. The sample size was determined using Yamane’s modified formula, yielding a proportional representation of households. Qualitative data were gathered through focus group discussions to gain deeper insights into community perceptions and responses to flood forecast information. Data were analyzed using statistical methods, including descriptive analysis, logistic regression for quantitative data, and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing access to flood forecast information and its impact on food security, with variables such as education, gender, access to media devices, and farm size. The study found that 75.7% of households did not receive any flood forecast information ahead of flooding events, and access to such information was influenced by the level of education, gender, and ownership of media devices. Households led by male heads and those with higher education levels were more likely to have access to forecast information. Despite 42.4% of households possessing at least one media device, only a small proportion utilized these devices to receive flood forecast information. Among households with access to forecast information, 68% reported that it helped them to take flood preparedness measures. Households with access to flood forecast information were found to be 90% less likely to experience food insecurity. The study also revealed high levels of food insecurity, with 78% of households categorized as moderately food insecure. The impact of floods on agricultural output, coupled with limited access to flood forecasts, contributed significantly to the food insecurity levels in the region. Constrained access to flood forecast information recommends that stakeholders involved in disseminating forecast information assess their communication approaches in a manner that messages reach and have an impact on end users in vulnerable areas.
Analysis of the Food System Drivers, Food Security, and Resilience Situations in the Majang Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08) Shibru Zerihun; Messay Mulugeta (PhD); Meskerem Abi (PhD)
Food security has always been a pressing issue, especially in developing nations like Ethiopia. Despite ongoing efforts, Ethiopia continues to face numerous challenges in ensuring food security. The objective of this study was investigating the food system drivers, the status of food security, and the resilience situation of households in the Majang zone of Ethiopia. The study involved 320 randomly chosen households from 10 villages in the two districts. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from the primary and secondary sources. . Analytical measures such as Framework-based assessment, descriptive statistics, binary and ordered logistic regression, principal components, and Chi-square test analytical methods were utilized to generate the results. The framework based assessment results revealed that unproductive agriculture, population increase, natural resource misuse, less productive health and education sectors, ineffective policies, and poor infrastructural and service institutions were the major factors driving impairing productivity of the food system in the area. Additionally, the study found that family size, education, landholding, livestock ownership, income, and possession of beehives positively determined the food security status of households. Conversely, the use of chemical pesticides and the age of the household head had an inverse relationship with food security. Furthermore, the study examined the resilience of households and found that 40% were resilient, while 60% were non-resilient. Regarding food insecurity, 14.76% of household were food secure, while 36.87%, 37.11%, and 11.26% were mildly, moderately, and severely food insecure households, respectively. The coping strategy index revealed that 2.81%, 38.75%, 31.56%, and 26.87% of the households adopted less severe, mildly severe, moderately severe, and highly severe coping strategies, respectively. The finding of the study revealed various drivers and pressures that strain the local food system and security, leading to high level of food insecurity and weak resilience capacity. Consequently, the households forced to adopt diverse coping strategies. The study suggested that it is crucial to implement programs and policies that promote sustainable use and management of natural resources, improve the service sectors, support agriculture with improved technologies and practices, strengthen income diversification to enhance resilience capacity, and reduce severe coping practices.
The Nexus of Food Politics and Food Policy: Implications to Household Food Security in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Yared Ayele; Meskerem Abi (PhD)
Food insecurity is a global issue impacting millions, with sub-Saharan Africa being particularly affected. In Ethiopia, the rapid urbanization exacerbates food insecurity, especially Addis Ababa. This study explores the implication of food politics and policies on household food security in Addis Ababa, focusing on the alignment between these elements to develop effective mechanisms against food insecurity and malnutrition. While general effects have been studied, specific consequences of food policies, politics, and stakeholder dynamics on household food security remain underexplored. This research addresses this gap by examining political influences on policy formulation, assessing the roles of governmental organizations, evaluating policy effectiveness, and identifying policy process gaps and opportunities for change. It provides critical insights in Addis Ababa, promoting inclusive policy-making and addressing food insecurity to enhance social equality and quality of life. The study employs a cross-sectional design with qualitative and quantitative methods, including key informant interviews with government officials, household surveys among Addis Ababa, and analysis of national policy documents and existing literature. Qualitative data were analyzed descriptively and thematically, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, providing insights into food security issues and policy implications in an urban setting. The intricate nexus between food politics, policies, and household food security highlights the importance of governance structures, decision-making processes, and policy application. Effective stakeholder integration and public involvement are crucial for democratic governance and policy efficiency. Addressing food insecurity challenges requires community consultations, enhanced public participation, and robust policy implementation mechanisms at the community level. Decision-makers must close policy gaps and align policies with household needs to develop more inclusive, effective, and transparent food security policies, ultimately improving household and community well-being.
Comparative Analysis of Household’s Food Security Status in Dire Dawa: Rural-Urban Dichotomy
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Yoseph Demelash; Amare Bantider (PhD)
Food security is the ability to access sufficient and nutritious food to live a healthy and active life. The primary goal of this study was to assess the level of food security and its determinants across urban and rural households in Dire Dawa. Both primaryand secondary data have been gathered for the study. Using a multistage sampling technique, primary data were obtained from 356 randomly chosen rural families and 395 randomly selectedurban households, respectively, and secondary data were gathered from various sources. Descriptive statistics, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) and probit logit models were used to examine the data. The survey's findings showed that 35.67% of the selected rural households had access to enough food, while the remaining 64.33% did not. Furthermore, a 65.6% food security rate and a 34.4% food insecurity rate were discovered in the sample of urban households. The results of the Probit regression analysis showed that factors such as the sex of the household head,educational level, household size, donkey ownership (unlike Oxen ownership in the highlands for plough agriculture, and camel and livestock ownership as major income source in the lowlands, donkey in Dire Dawa and its environs is important pack animal and used as source of income in the area by hiring it), cash crop production, off-farm income, income, access to irrigation, and access to better seed all significantly increased the likelihood ofa rural household being able to provide for its members' nutritional needs. Moreover, sex of household head, educational level, household size, remittance, saving, and urban agriculture determines the food security status of urban household at 5% level of significance. Therefore, thestudy advises that in order to improve the status of food security for households in the study area,rural households should be encouraged to promote offfarm income, work on household size through sustainable awareness creation, promote cash crop productivity, access to irrigation, increasing income, owning donkeys, and improve the household heads' educational level.
Effect of Land Use Land Cover Changes on River Water Quality and Household Food Production in Little Akaki River Catchment, Central, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Biruk Wolde; Meskerem Abi (PhD); Samuel Assefa (PhD)
The study area is located where urban and peri-urban agriculture practiced, urbanization expanded and land use changes observed. The overall objective of this research is to investigate the effect of land use land cover changes on river water quality and household food production in Little Akaki river catchment, central Ethiopia. To classify land use classes, supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification were used. Ten water sampling sites were selected using a purposive sampling procedure to assess water quality parameters. Additionally, eight key informants were interviewed for valuable insights. Data were gathered from USGS satellite imagery, field observations, secondary sources, and key informant interviews. Change detection were used to analyze the land use land cover change. Time series plot were used to see the water quality trend. Multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation were used to examine the land use classes that affect river water quality and household food production. Furthermore, paired t-test were used to examine the significance of water quality parameters. The maximum likelihood classification and change detection revealed that seven land use classes for the last three decades were identified using Arc GIS 10.7.1. The overall accuracy was 96% (1994) and 94.56% (2023). The settlement and buildup area faced the most significant change, in 1994-2023 with 27.25% (109.86km2) and 7.43% (29.97km2) during 2019-2023 showing increase of urbanization and industrialization process which has a significant effect. The time series plot revealed that there is significant change in river water quality parameters. The physio-chemicals decreased, Temperature by 0.09550 c, Power of Hydrogen=0.054, Dissolved Oxygen=0.0964, Total Dissolved Solids=163.77, Salinity=537.048, Chromium=0.0569, Cadmium=0.00476, whereas Turbidity=518.6, Lead=0.1671 and Zinc=0.09534 has increased. The multiple linear regression revealed that all land use classes have strong positive significant correlation with water quality indicators, whereas water body has strong negative correlation with dissolved oxygen. Furthermore, results revealed that decrease in crop land affected their household food production and livelihood. The study conclude that land use land cover change has outstanding effect on river water quality and Household food production. Finally, the research recommended enhancing regulation and enforcement, improving public awareness, prioritizing low impact development strategies, promoting agricultural initiatives, implementing water harvesting system and conservation, developing comprehensive land use plan,
Assessment Of Association Between Under 5 Years Childrens’ Acute Malnutrition And Household Access To Water And Sanitation Service And Hygiene Practice: A Case-Control Study In Yeka , Lemi Kura and Kirkos Sub Cities , Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-03) Bisart Molla; Abebe Haile (PhD)
The study aims to examine the association between U-5 years children’s severe acute malnutrition and household access to water and sanitation service and hygiene practice in Kirkos, Yeka, and Lemi Kura Sub-Cities of Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Community based unmatched case-control study design was deployed to assess the relationship of severe acute malnutrition with water, sanitation, hygiene and other associated factors among under five children. Using systematic random sampling technique, a total of 296 under five children were enrolled from July 3 to August 30, 2023. Bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS version 21 to identify water, sanitation and hygiene factors associated with severe acute nutritional. Statistical significance was declared at P-value < 0.05. Water treatment [AOR:1.98,95%CI (1.152-3.413)], child hand washing after defecation [AOR:2.95, 95%CI (1.246-6.973)], marital status of the guardian [AOR: 3.57,95%ci (1.23-10.39)]and adequate breast milk [AOR: 2.05, 95 %CI (1.18-3.56)] were determinant factors significantly associated with child severe acute malnutrition. Thus, water treatment and hand washing after defection were the major water, sanitation, hygiene related factors statically associated with severe acute malnutrition. House hold water handling and treatment, proper child handing and continues behavioral change intervention on hygiene practice are recommended along with nutritional interventions.
Meteorological Hazards: Causes and Impacts on Food Security and Disaster Risk Management Strategy in Borena Pastoralists, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-05) Fikru Tarekegn; Desalegn Yayeh (PhD, Asso. Prof); Amare Bantider (PhD, Asso. Prof); Walter Leal (Professor)
The article identifies climate change adaptation response determinants and examines perceived adaptation successfulness among pastoral households in Borena zone of Southern Ethiopia. In this study a mixed research design was used. Different type of data was collected from 417 sample households selected using multistage sampling methods, key informants and focus group discussion participants. Descriptive statistics (e.g. mean, percentage) and econometrics analysis (e.g. multivariate probit model) were used to analyze quantitative data while content analysis was used for qualitative data. The study reveals that a combination of demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors influence the adoption of these strategies. The analysis identifies variables such as education level, credit association membership, access to extension services, and climate change training as consistently significant factors associated with multiple adaptation strategies. This suggests that knowledge, resource accessibility, and skills development play crucial roles in enabling households to implement effective adaptation measures. Additionally, the results highlight the significance of gender in shaping adaptation strategies. The study also finds notable associations between market distance, life experience in the area, and certain adaptation strategies, suggesting that proximity to markets and local knowledge impact the feasibility and effectiveness of specific adaptation measures. The findings provide valuable insights into the complex factors that shape food insecurity adaptation strategies. This understanding enables policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders to develop targeted interventions, programs, and policies that enhance resilience and reduce food insecurity in vulnerable populations

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