Food Security Studies

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Solid Waste Management through Composting Approach and Its Contribution on Households’ Income and Food Security Situations, - in Bisoftu City, Gara Beru Village
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12) Robel Ayalew; Amare Bantider (PhD)
A developing country like Ethiopia does not begin to see the economic benefits of solid waste yet; they even dump the solid waste in unauthorized sites. Effective management of household solid waste through composting mechanisms can have paramount significance for agricultural crop production. The objective of this research work was to assess the contribution of solid waste management through composting approach to urban households‘income and food security situations in Gara Beru village of BIshoftu City. Data from 102 households that were chosen using the purposive sample method were gathered using a cross-sectional survey design. In order to gather the necessary information for addressing the required research objectives, questionnaires, personal observation, interviews, and focus group discussions were used. Data gathered through surveys, and interviews were examined using IBM SPSS version 20. The research findings showed that households refuse to pay for waste collection services and a lack of services led to rubbish being thrown on streets, in open areas, and near lakes. Some of the actions seen in the community of the research region to reduce solid waste disposed from the households were preparing the compost pit, sorting household solid waste, and putting the waste in the compost pit. Farmers in the hamlet employed compost to grow flowers, fruits, and other garden commodities because composting has a substantial impact on agricultural production. Using descriptive statics, the impact of composting on household income and food security was calculated and its impact on composting as solid waste management approach found to be the most important determinant factor for the production of cereal/crops for ongoing community food security challenges. The findings from the HFAIS model indicate that a majority of the participants who used compost had a higher level of food security (91.1%) compared to those who did not use compost (79.1%). This suggests that utilizing compost in an organic manner is an effective and promising strategy to improve household food security in the study area. At the same time, there is a strong relation evidence that support use of organic compost versus food security, with chi-square result of (87.100a), df=1, p<.005, which is 0.00. Hence, the result can best describe using compost organically was greatly acceptable and is a good start up approach to households‘ food security situations in the study area. A suggested solution is to creating an enabling environment to address constraints hindering increased compost production via integrated MSW management practices in the study area.
Food Security Situation of Urban Expantion Induced Displaced Female Headed Households in Peri-Urban Areas of Legatafo Town, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Naomi Berhanu; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
This study is conducted in Oromia Regional State, Finfinne surrounding a special zone of Legatafo town, to examine the impact of urban expansion on induced displaced female-headed households. A multistage sampling procedure was used to get 162 sample households from Legatafo town of four kebeles. To gather the required information for the study questions, data were collected through both primary and secondary sources and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Further, food security indicators such as Food gap months, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Copying Strategy Index were used to measure the continuum of food insecurity experienced by the sample households. The study employ ordered logit regression model used to determine socio-demographic and economic factors that have significant impact on the food security status of the displaced female-headed households. The descriptive result indicated that in the context of Legatafo town, socio-demographic and economic variables such as the age of the head of the household, the educational level of the head of the household, family size, non-agricultural incomes, and large and small livestock ownership don’t significantly impact the food security of sample households. On the other hand, agricultural land size, annual crop production, food aid, remittances, and the sickness of the head of the household have a significant impact on the food security situation of the household. The results of the ordered logistic regression model showed that out of the thirteen explanatory variables feed into the model; six variables were identified as having a significant impact on the food security of the target female-headed households. Annual crop production, ownership of large livestock, and agricultural land size were found to be positively correlated with the displaced female-headed household’s food security.
Determinants of Technology Adoption in Micro and Small Enterprises and Its Contribution to Food Security the Case of Entoto Cluster Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Yishak Abera; Admasu Shibru (PhD)
The objective of the research is to examine the determinants of technology adoption in micro and small enterprises and its contribution to food security the case of Entoto Cluster Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to draw 256 sample households from two Woreda and four kebeles. The kebeles were selected in random sampling procedure and within the Entoto cluster Colleges. Sample micro and small enterprise heads were grouped in two strata (adopters and non-adopters). To analyze the data both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to characterize and analyze technology adoption and food security status of the households. Household food insecurity access scale was employed to examine the food security status of the sample households. The statistical models namely, binary logistic regression and ordered logistic regression were employed to determine factors affecting the technology adoption, to analyze the impact of technology adoption on household food security respectively. The binary probit result revealed that, Education status of micro small enterprise heads, saving access, total annual income and training access of micro small enterprise heads affects the technology adoption positively; while expenditure of firms affected negatively technology adoption. According to the results of ordered logit, technology transfer and adoption has a positive impact on household food security. In terms of household food insecurity access scale, the impact of technology adoption on micro and small enterprise head food security has an effect on the household food security. The study concludes that technological adoption has a significant impact on household food security. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that micro small enterprise heads awareness and perceptions be improved by training, as well as interventions that address technology transfer and adoption obstacles.
Agricultural Drought and Food Security Status: The Case of Misrak Belesa Woreda, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Fasil Awol; Amare Bantider (PhD)
Agricultural drought reduces soil moisture content and limits crop water availability and impacts agricultural food production, food security and socioeconomic development. The main objectives of this study were to investigate agricultural drought and its effects on household food security, examine perception of households and asses current status of food security and its determinants in Misrak Belesa woreda. Quantitative research approach and cross-sectional study design were used to generate data. Agricultural drought quantification using meteorological data and Standardized Precipitation Index at one- and three-month time scales were computed using Standardized Precipitation Index Generator software. Household Food Balance sheet model was used to investigate food security status. A total of 402 households were surveyed to generate data. Binary logistic regression model was used to examine the relationship between food security status and its determinants. The study found wide spread prevalence (89%) of food insecurity among study households. The result of the binary logistic regression model indicated that seven of the independent variables including credit amount, number of donkeys, number of oxen, agronomic practices, soil conservation practices, farm size, and age of household heads had positive coefficients (B>0) indicating a positive correlation and family size had a negative coefficient (B <0) indicating a negative correlation with food security status. Monthly agricultural drought event for rainy months was observed in 40 months from 1981 to 2018. Seasonal agricultural drought for Belg and Kiremt seasons was observed for 20 and 16 years respectively from 1981 to 2018. Overall, the study found that recurrent agricultural drought is the most prevalent natural hazard that made households vulnerable. Key policy recommendation that need to be addressed by all actors and policy makers is forwarded.
Determinants of Food Security Status of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients: Evidence from Menelik II Hospital, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Fekede Melaku; Solomon Tsehay (PhD)
The fact that food insecurity is a critical problem among individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus initiated us to conduct an investigation on this issue. The objective of the study was to examine food security status and its determinants in individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus and actively attending antiretroviral therapy at Menelik II Hospital, Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 262 adult patients. These respondents were selected from the study population using a systematic random sampling technique. Food security status and its determinants were assessed using two types of food insecurity measures such as Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and using Dietary Diversity Score. The socio-demographic data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire during individual interviews. An ordered logistic regression model was employed to determine the effects of various independent factors over the dependent variable or food security status of respondents. The prevalence of food insecurity was found to be high in the study population. The result revealed that, out of 262 respondents, about 56.8% of them were severely food insecure whereas 13 %, 12.6% and 17.6 were categorized under rarely food insecure, mild food insecure and moderately food insecure respectively. Besides this, the severity of food insecurity was 60.3% in male and 53.6% among female respondents. Regarding to the dietary diversity score, the result revealed that, majority of the respondents (approximately 46%) were scored low levels of dietary diversity in the last 24 hours at the time of the study. The regression analysis result indicated that, all of the independent variables such as sex, age, marital status, family size, education and income level significantly influenced the food security status of the study population at P-value<0.05. The study also highlights the importance of food security and nutrition programming as an integral part of health and socio-economic well-being. Food insecurity is an emerging problem among people living with human immunodeficiency syndrome. This population group should be focused on measures to improve food security intervention program at all level. Moreover, efforts should be made to address the burden of food insecurity taking into account the identified determinants of food security status in the target population.
Livelihoods Coping Mechanisms of Solid Waste Collapse Induced Displaced Households: The Case of Reppie Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Tigist Misganaw; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
In developing countries urban poor are forced to concentrate on physically dangerous sites which are closed to industrial facilities, toxic waste, solid waste dumps, which are susceptible to landslides and flooding. Ethiopia has also encountered collapse of mountain of solid waste in the capital Addis Ababa which claim the life of the many individuals and destruction of the property, and displaced many households from new resettlement areas. Displaced households often lose assets when they are forced to flee their home and land. They may also be unable to pursue their former work, leading to unemployment, underemployment or informal work, and a significant drop in income. Livelihood loss may lead to reduced access to food and an increase in malnutrition. The main aim of this research is to identify livelihood coping mechanisms applied in Reppie solid waste collapse induced displace in Addis Ababa. By taking a systematic randomly selected sample of 223 households from four new resettlement areas. Mixed research approach was employed and triangulation was vital method of converging concurrently collected data through survey, and FGDs. The data were analyzed using frequency tables, percentage, logistic regression and chi-square test. And livelihood coping capacity status was also ranked using Coping Strategy Index weighting calculation developed by World Food Program (WFP). The outcome of the study indicates that 38.1 % of displaced HHs are face food shortage or money to buy food for so that they engaged Livelihood coping strategies (LCS). Based on LCS standard, it is found that HHs using Neutral coping strategies 4.7%, Stress coping strategies is 52.9%, crisis is 12.9% and 29.9% is emergency coping strategies. The four most applied LCS strategies are 54.7% purchased food on credit or borrow food, 48.8% sold household goods or assets, 46.5% spent their saving and 46.5 % also reduce nonfood expenses (health, education, social events). The most severe strategy is begging practiced by 8.8% HHs. In the bi-variate logistic regression, the engagement of Livelihood based coping strategies is associated with age of household ages, education status, access to credit, size of households, income source type and ownership of house. Finally, recommend that an emergency food support should carry out and parallel initiate livelihood developmental interventions so as to avert the consequence of coping strategies. As well as develop resilience capacity at time of shock or stress.
Livelihood Strategies, Food Security Status and Coping Strategies among Internally Displaced Persons Resettled in Gelan Town, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-12) Tofik Abajebal; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
This study was conducted to assess livelihood strategies, food security status and coping strategies among internally displaced persons (IDPs) resettled in Gelan town of Oromia during 2018. House to house survey was conducted for quantitative data collection from randomly selected households. Qualitative data was collected from 10 purposively selected Key Informant Interviews. The data was analyzed using statical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. The result of this study indicated only 14.4% of internally displaced persons resettled in the study area were food secure while 43.1%,12% and 30.6 were mildly, moderately, and severely food insecure respectively. Household dietary diversity score indicated only 2.9% were in low dietary diversity level. From coping strategy index finding 8.6% and 2.9% of this resettled IDPs practiced severe and very severe coping strategies. Binary logistic regression results reviled that income of household, education level, family size, level of dietary diversification, and availability of private tap water at were significantly associated with food security status of resettled IDPs. The findings also indicated as food security measuring methods used in this were significantly correlated with each other. The overall findings indicated more than half of participant households were in food secure and mildly insecure condition. Livelihood strategies mainly relies on daily based jobs. The integration to local community were good status. This study recommends for Gelan town administration to arrange additional job opportunities in sustainable manner and focusing on capacity building for those permanently resettled IDPs for improvement of their livelihood status and ensure their food security.
The Role of Social Protection Program in Improving Household Food Security Status: The Case of UPSNP Beneficiaries in Lideta Sub-City, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-12) Samuel Mesele; Meskerem Abi (PhD)
The Ethiopian government launched the UPSNP since 2016 in order for reduction of poverty and improvement of household livelihood. UPSNP in its first phase targeted to benefit 604,000 poor beneficiaries in 11 major cities of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa took 70% of the highest beneficiaries from the other regional cities of the country. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the role of social protection programs with the case of UPSNP in urban areas in Lideta Sub-city; Addis Ababa. Cross-sectional research design was used with mixed research approach. Both primary and secondary data were collected through surveys with 126 households, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Multistage sampling techniques were used to draw participants of this study. Descriptive statistics and ordered logistic regression model were applied for the analysis. HFIAS and HDDS were used to analyze food security status of households. Results from HFIAS analysis indicated that 27% of beneficiaries and 25.4% nonbeneficiaries were food secured. Thus, UPSNP has a great contribution in the betterment of beneficiary households‟ livelihood. Total annual income of household head is statically significant as the data from ordered logit regression analysis indicates. Other variables are not significant because the data illustrates that the p-values of all variables except total annual income are above 0.05 or below the Z score of 1.96.From the findings of the study the thesis come up with the conclusion of UPSNP as social protection program is contributory instrument of reducing vulnerability to risk and poverty reduction. Stakeholders from Addis Ababa Urban Job Creation and Food Security Agency to the ground selection committee should work cooperatively and give attention for the improvement of the program and follow up beneficial.
Contribution of Livelihood Diversification on Rural Household Food Security: The Case of Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-08) Sosena Mellese; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
Rural livelihood demands a paradigm shift from monotype livelihood to mixed type of livelihood. Livelihood diversification would be one of the focus areas to improve the livelihood and food security status of the rural families. This study analyzed the livelihood diversification impact on rural households’ food security evidence from Adami Tulu Jido Kombolicha woreda, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 360 sample households from one woreda and three kebeles were sampled for the study. They were purposefully selected in consultation with woreda experts basing the food assistance data. The number of sample household determined by probability sampling proportional to size of the respondents and followed by simple random sampling. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics used to analyze the explanatory variables along food security status and livelihood diversification. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was employed to measure the food security status. Ordered logistic regression model was used to analyze determinants of food in/security. Level of livelihood diversification was computed using Simpson Diversity Index (SDI). Correlation of livelihood diversification with food security status and explanatory variables was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Coping strategy in response to food shortage was computed using Coping Strategy Index (CSI.) Household Food Insecurity Access Scale result indicated that 46% of the sample households were food insecure ranges from (32% severely, 5% moderately and 9% mildly food insecure). The result of ordered logistic regression model showed that, educational status of household head, access to credit and household expenditure has significant influence on food security status. The result of Simpson Diversity Index indicated that, 14.17%, 46.3%, 39.4% of the sample households were within the level of high, medium and low livelihood diversification respectively. The result of Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that age of household head; education status of the household head, household size, history of crop failure, access to land, use of modern farm input, access to credit and agriculture extensions service has got correlation with livelihood diversification and in addition those variable also statistically significant to the livelihood diversification. Coping strategy index result indicated that 36.2%, 9.4% and 54.4% of households were practicing high, medium and low coping behavior in response to food shortage respectively. From the households with high coping (83.85% and 11.54%) of the sample households were severely and moderately food insecure. Based on the finding of the result, in order to improve the rural households’ livelihood as well as food security status, it is necessary to mark that promotion of education would be vital. The availing credit access to the rural households with low interest and vast coverage would made them to diverse the livelihood base. Overall various livelihood program packages shall be established in the way that to benefit the rural households as well as PSNP beneficiaries.
Food Security Status of Small-Scale Peri-Urban Farming Households during Covid-19: A Case Study from Bole Bulbula Area, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-08) Tamene Shenkut; Messay Mulugeta (PhD)
In Ethiopia, urban agriculture is ubiquitous as before. In a recent time there has been a sizable expansion of it both in peripheries of the cities and intra-urban and vacant space of urban dwellers. The main - objective of this study - is to - investigate the food security status of smallscale peri-urban farming households during COVID-19. To achieve this objective both quantitative and qualitative approaches were- employed -in order to collect the raw data from the sample respondents through survey based questionnaire, FGDs and KII. The statistical models namely, ordered logit model and multiple ordinals logistic regressions were conducted to analyze the determinants of food security status of the households. Furthermore, HFIAS was applied to measure the food security status of households. The study result indicated that 52.13% of the respondents were food secured, 27.54% of the respondents were mildly food insecure, and 20.33% of the respondents were moderately food insecure. The study conclude that food security status of small-scale peri-urban farming households were not free from partial effect of global COVID-19. Based on the finding of this study, the following points are recommended; Woreda farmer and agricultural development office and extension agents should be provide the appropriate extension service to the households as per the set of standard and create market linkage and adopt labor-intensive technology to the farmers.
Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Street Food Vendors and the Challenge to Food Security: The case of vending sheds around Mexico Square, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-10-25) Tamenu Abera; Mogessie Ashenafi (Professor)
Street foods are common in in Addis Ababa. Although the business is considered as informal and illegal by the city administration, street food operation creates significant self-employment opportunities and contributes to the food security of low-income consumers and vendors. The food security status and food safety knowledge and practice of 160 stationary street food vendors was assessed around Mexico Square, Addis Ababa. A detailed site observation was made around vending sites. Household food insecurity experience and food safety KAP of vending households was assessed using standard questionnaires. Job-specific interviews were made on street food operation with key informants from among woreda officials and consumers. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and opinions of key informants were described. About 72% of the street food vendors were female. Over 90% were adolescents or young adults and 30% had more than three children. About 71% of vendor households were either moderately or severely food insecure. Vendors had good knowledge (81%), moderate attitude (74%) but very poor practice (14%) in food safety. Street food vending was the only source of affordable meals to low income groups in the study area. Meals were served and consumed immediately after cooking minimizing food safety risks. As street food vending creates economic and physical access to the low-paid urban poor and is a livelihood to poor families, it may be useful to recognize its positive role in mitigating food insecurity. Government control on food safety compliance, allocation of vending zones, and giving training to street food vendors could improve safety of street foods.
Contributions of Eucalyptus Plantations in the Highlands of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01-05) Lemessa Negeri; Messay Mulugeta (PhD)
The objective of this study was to come-out with the benefits of eucalyptus plantions to household livelihoods and food security through a comparative analysis of eucalyptus growers and non-growers in Girar Jarso Woreda, highland of Ethiopia. Data for the study was obtained both from primary and secondary sources through document reviews, household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observations. The study utilized HFIAS, MAHFP and CSI as the main food security assessment tools in addition to exploring the economic contribution of eucalyptus plantation to household livelihood and food security through household survey. Data was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively after administering the survey on 165 sampled households. According to this study, 100%, 91% and 69% of the eucalyptus grower households reported they plant eucalyptus trees for the purpose of mainly to generate additional income, meet own in-kind needs (construction, fencing & firewood requirements), and to replace the declining crop yield, respectively. The study revealed that eucalyptus takes only 14% of the total land holding per HH even if it is the second most source of income for the households. Respondent households indicated that income from eucalyptus products contribute to household food security through covering food needs during months of food gap, immediate cash during shocks, purchase of agricultural inputs and in-house food and non-food items for the households. The study using the HFIAS scale indicated that only about 45% and 34% of the respondents fall under food secure households both for eucalyptus growers and non-growers, respectively. Observed through a regression analysis that food insecurity increases with increasing age and family size of the households, whereas household land holding size for non-eucalyptus growers, have significantly shown an inverse relationship with increasing household food insecurity. Income from eucalyptus didn’t show any significant relationship with increasing or decreasing food insecurity. The study from consumption coping strategy showed that about 20% and 14% of the households behave to practice high coping strategy both for eucalyptus growers and non-growers, respectively. The assessment using the MAHFP indicated that compared to non-eucalyptus growers, euclyptus growers have more sustaining household livelihood and better food security status due to the significant contribution of eucalyptus plantation. Eucalayptus plantations in the highlands of Ethiopia needs high government attention due to its dominant plantation and the high dependence of households for their livelihoods and food security.
Determinants of Dietary Diversity Practices among pregnant women Attending Antenatal Clinic at St. Paul Hospital Millennium medical College, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-05) Medhin Belay; Abebe Haile (PhD)
Background: Pregnant women have been deemed vulnerable to malnutrition due to their higher nutrient demands; therefore, dietary diversification has gotten a lot of attention. As a result, a wide variety of foods must be included in their diet to ensure that their nutritional intake is appropriate. There has been no research on dietary variety in the study area. Objective: To identify determinants of dietary diversity practice among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College, Ethiopia Methods: A cross-sectional study will be conducted among 316 pregnant women in Ethiopia's St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College. A systematic sampling method was used. The data was collected using an interviewer-administered, structured, and modified questionnaire. Epi Data version 3.1 was used to enter the data, while SPSS version 21 was used to analyze it. The study subjects' Socio-demographic, obstetric, and nutrition-related variables were described using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. To find related factors, multivariate logistic regression was used. With a 95 percent confidence interval, statistical significance was assessed at P- value of < 0.05. Results: The study revealed that, 68.04% of the study participants had adequate dietary diversity. The result showed that women’s husband attended primary (AOR: 9.8; 95%CI: 6.5, 13.4), secondary (AOR: 10.2; 95% CI: 7.5, 15.2), college and above (AOR: 12.3; 95%CI: 9.4, 16.2) compared to non-educated one results a higher odd of adequate dietary diversity. Women receiving nutritional related health information (AOR: 2.44; 95%CI: 1.31, 4.53), food secure house hold (AOR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.58, 6.28), women having greater or equal to 5 meals per day had a higher odd of adequate dietary diversity. Conclusion and recommendation: According to the findings, total consumption of acceptable dietary diversity is low in the research area. Increased meal frequency, nutritional advice, educated husbands, and secure households all contribute to pregnant women's adequate intake of a diverse diet. Dietary counseling during pregnancy has been highlighted as a way to enhance pregnant women's nutritional practices.
School Feeding Program: Student Nutritional Status, Nutritional Composition of School Meals and Sanitation Facilities And Hygiene of the Compound: The Case of New Era Primary School, Woreda 05, Arada Sub-City, And Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07-05) Mulunesh Abebe; Mogessie Ashenafi (Professor)
School feeding program is a joint program that involves the World Food Program (WFP) and the Federal Ministry of education. The general objective of the study were to assess the nutritional composition of food made available to school children, measure the nutritional status of the school children and evaluate the level of sanitation and hygiene in the school compound of NewEra primary School The questionnaires were designed to obtain information of food composition, sanitation facilities and hygiene in the school, and nutritional status of school children. Qualitative data like such as knowledge, attitude and practices on food handling, personal hygiene and water and sanitation assessment were converted to percentages and used as indicators for knowledge, attitude and practice on safe food handling. The data was analyzed using by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v20) and children weight and height was used to calculate weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age by using Emergency Nutritional Assessment (ENA for SMART 2011) according to WHO guild line. Most (91.3%) of the school children considered in this study were beneficiaries of the School Feeding Program established by the Addis Ababa City Administration. Student anthropometric assessments, according to their age, weight and height, showed varying prevalence of under-weight (47%) and wasting (37.5 %). According to the student anthropometric resulted 46% of the students were under-weight, 48.7% were normal and 5.3% were overweight obese class 1.In this report washing vegetables they use pure water. The majority respondent 254 (78.6%) washed their hands with soap because of Covid-19 precautions. The proportion of respondents who had appropriate practice in cleaning utensils after preparing foods (100%) all of them are used to clean, with detergent and storing perishable fresh foods are kept Covered. According to the personal hygiene the acceptable practice among respondents was about 100%. Generally the result shows participants had good level of practice and good level of knowledge, respectively. The proportion of respondents who had appropriate practice in cleaning utensils after preparing foods (100%) all of them are used to clean, with detergent and storing perishable fresh foods are kept Covered (protected from insects, rodents, pests and dust). Although there were hand washing facilities near to the toilet, 85.1% of respondents said that no soap was available on the facilities.
Determinants of Small Scale Irrigation Participation Decision and Its Impact on Household Food Security in Lume District Oromia Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Nimaje Worku; Admasu Shibru, PhD
Small-scale irrigation is one of the most promising approaches to enhance smallholder farmers’ livelihood enabling to produce twice or more per year. However, there are still farmers who are not participating irrigation, and depend on rain fed agriculture even if there is the access for irrigation in the area. The study area, Lume district, is one of the potential districts for irrigation having more than 4120 hectares of land suitable for irrigation. Despite the potential, farmers in the district are not participating in irrigation to the expected level. This study was intended with the main objectives of assessing factors affecting smallholder farmers’ participation in irrigation, and the impacts of small-scale irrigation on farm households’ food security. Both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data were collected from 112 non participants, and 77 participant households were selected using simple random sampling. Inferential and econometric data analysis methods were employed. Demographic, institutional, and socio-economic factors were summarized using Inferential statistics, and to identify determinants of decision of households to participate in irrigation logistic regression model was used and based on the result, age of the head, family size, livestock holding, crop failure, land rent out, extension contact, and credit access significantly affected household decision to participate in small scale irrigation. From the result of propensity score matching method, family members of participant households have more food consumption score of 3.5 compared to family members of non-participants, and this difference is statistically significant. The sensitivity analysis proved that the estimated average treatment effect on the treated was insensitive to unobserved bias. Therefore, the estimated ATT is the pure impact of participation in irrigation. Based on this result, policy interventions related with improving the hindering factors that affecting irrigation participation decision are recommended which intern improves households’ food security.
The Contribution of Eucalyptus Woodlots to the Livelihoods and Food Security of Rural Households in North Mecha Woreda, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Gebeyaw Tsegaye; Meskerem Abi (PhD)
Eucalyptus woodlot planting and growing has become the most popular and common practice in rural households of Ethiopia. This study was conducted to investigate the contribution of eucalyptus woodlots to the livelihoods and food security of rural households in North Mecha Woreda, Ethiopia. Field observation, household survey and key informant interview were used to generate primary data and secondary data were found from books, academic research apers and Woreda agricultural of ice documents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression and Household Food Balance Model. Eucalyptus was plantedon29%of farm lands and about 95% of households grew eucalyptus on their fertile crop lands. The Multiple linear regression model result indicated that eucalyptus value per labour and land(0.011), household heads participation on of farm activity (p=0.000), farm size (p=0.000), fertilizer cost and access (0.011) and market access (p=0.004) and natural and physical characteristics of eucalyptus were found to be significant to determine rural farmers’ preference to eucalyptus woodlots. Eucalyptus contributed about 40.3% of the total annual financial income to households’ livelihood and it was the primary source of fuel wood and construction material. The Household Food Balance Model showed that, from the total study participants, 84.6%werefood secure. Households with high eucalyptus woodlot land size were more food secure. Generally eucalyptus woodlot farming and its sale enhances households’, food availability and increases food security of rural farmers. Thus, farmers should use their lands in appropriate and sustainable way in order to create multiple advantages in different seasons and years and should allocate eucalyptus woodlots far from crops because its non-compatibility with crops, government and concerned bodies should give extension services and market access to maximize eucalyptus contribution.
Uses of Wastewater for Urban Agriculture and Its Contribution to Household Food Security in Akaki Kality Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-12) Getahun Chala; Meskerem Abi (PhD)
The use of wastewater in urban agriculture (UA) has been a heated topic due to its contribution on food security and extending effect on human health following the presence of microbes and heavy metals. A cross-sectional and experimental-based research design was conducted in the Akaki Kality sub-city of Addis Ababa to investigate the use of wastewater in urban agriculture and its contribution to household food security. Household questionnaire survey data were acquired from 183 individual farmers using a purposive sampling method. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distritribution and measure of central tendency such as mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum to describe the data. Meanwhile, ordinal logistic regression was utilized to determine the explanatory variables that had an effect on household food insecurity status. The descriptive statistic shows that about 40% of the households were categorized as food secure, on the other hand 61.05% of the households had acceptable food consumption score (>35). The results of the ordered logistic model reveal that household head family size, education level, farm size, farming experience, on-farm income, offfarm income, household expenditure, access to extension service and access to fertilizer significantly influenced sample households' food security in the study area. Households had poor practices in food handling, personal hygiene, and water sanitation and this was also reflected during personal observation. The level of total coliform and E. coli was found to high in the analyzed sample, and this makes it unsafe for irrigation. The food safety gap showed in practice makes the farmers more exposable for different types of disease. Meanwhile, the heavy metal concentration in irrigation water did not exceed the recommended limit due to dilution of wastewater, environmental monitoring system, seasonal variation, deposition of metals in soil, etc. Despite the low level of heavy metals in the analyzed sample, continuous use of this water may results in different health related disease for the farmers as well as the consumers. Finally, the study concludes the use of wastewater for urban agriculture is safe. Yet, adequate monitoring and analysis of the metals in irrigation water is required to prevent their accumulation in the food chain.
Nutritional Status of U5 Children and Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Mothers on Food Safety among Outpatient Health Care Service Seekers at Cure Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-10) Hiwot Disassa; Mogessie Ashenafi (Professor)
This study examines the food security status, malnutrition, and food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of mothers having outpatient children in Cure Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study had been carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect the needed data from a total of 210 participants. A SPSS (a software package) was used for interactiv, statistical analysis. The results showed that the prevalence of undernutrition of the children: about 45.1% of them were stunted, 50.3% underweight and 16.2% were found to be wasting. The knowledge of food handling of mothers had been described as satisfactory: separate storage of cooked and raw food (53.74%) while 15.86% lacked awareness of proper food handling. The food safety attitudes level of mothers' food handling was adequate (48%) in terms of risks if eating spoiled food, keeping hot/cold, preventing food contamination, and reheating while ready to serve though 19% lacking. The participants had positive attitudes toward food hygiene, 84% of them employed the use of safe food handling practices such as properly washing using detergents or preserving at the right temperature. The attitude of most mothers (89%) is considered good about the proper washing and preventing of food poisoning and other diseases. Despite 11% of respondents, did not know proper food handling and cleaning procedures. The accessibility of food was assessed and about 35.3% of the investigated households were found to have timely access to adequate quantity of food supply, 46.4% suffer different food insecurity of varying severity levels, and about 18.3% of the investigated respondents reported to be severely food insecure. Overall, the findings estimated that the level of KAP of respondents was at an acceptable level. However, there is a need to increase the food safety knowledge, nutrition, and education among the mothers which may improve the under nutrition of children and food safety.
Food Security Status and Coping Mechanism of Internally Displaced Household in Burayu Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-11) Kiya Merga; Meskerem Abi (PhD)
This study investigated the food security status and coping mechanisms of Internally Displaced People (IDP) in Burayu Town, Ethiopia. To acquire quantitative data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, 179 randomly chosen households were interviewed, including food consumption scores, coping mechanisms, and food security behaviors. Stat version 14 software was used for both descriptive statistics and econometric analysis. Furthermore, chi-square analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the predictor variables and food security status. About 7.2% of IDPs were reported to be food secured, while 29%, 38.5%, and 25.3% were classified as mildly food insecure, moderately food insecure and severely food insecure. The study found that the education level of the household head, family size, dependency and monthly income of the household head has a significant effect on the food security status of the IDP. On the other hand, the Food Consumption Score (FCS) of households reveals that 34.10 % of households consumed poor food types, 52.04% of households consumed borderline foods, and 13.78% consumed acceptable food. However, IDP families adopt diverse strategies to cope with food insecurity. The findings show all households implemented dietary changes as a response to moderate food shortages. In severe conditions of food shortages, borrowing food from neighbors or begging from the community were implemented by households. The survey found that most households predominantly consumed food based on essential grains, while little or no animal products, fruits, or vegetables were consumed. Finally, the study found that most IDP households lacked well-established and consistent income sources. Based on the findings of this study, food aid programs should be in place. The town municipality should provide facilities such as shades, small shops, and market space for IDP households. Generally, Burayu town municipality should be more focused on these IDP households to assist them in building sustainable livelihood income.
Assessment of Households’ Vulnerability to Flood along Ginfle Watershed and Their Risk Management Strategies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-05) Elsabet Gorfu; Temesegen Tilahun (PhD)
The assessment of households’ vulnerability to flood alongside Ginfle watershed and their threat control strategies Arada Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study adopted cross sectional survey research design types, explanatory and descriptive research design was applied and both quantitative and qualitative research types of data were collected from primary and secondary sources. The quantitative data were collected from household through interview schedule while qualitative data were gathered using key informants interview, focus group discussions and observation. To select the study area purposive samplings and 215 participants were selected by applying random sampling technique. In order to attain the proposed objectives the study employed instrument like questionnaire, KII, FGDs, and Personal Observation. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis (such as frequency, percentage, mean and Standard Deviation and vulnerable index. The exposure indices for past flood experience is 0.97 and household location from the river 0.99. The calculated exposure indices were high because more than 0.98 % of the people in this area had previously experienced flooding. Among the 215 respondents 156(72.6%) said that their household are vulnerable to flood the rest 59 (27.4%) did not vulnerable to flood this indicates that serious concern are need for improvement of flood vulnerable area. Based on the finding concluded that flood vulnerability along Ginfle river higher when calculate vulnerability, exposure, sensitivity of the study area need serious concern because vulnerability level in this are 0.98 showed . It is recommended that the Addis Ababa city administration with concerned stakeholder implement better land use planning, adapt early warning, awareness creation, providing weather forecast, public participation and designing sustainable flood manage strategies should be implemented. Lastly, future researches should adopt an inductive and participatory approach to assess vulnerability.

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