Social Psychology

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A Comprehensive Exploration of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Services for Internally Displaced Persons in Debre Brhan Idps Camp
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Amen Begidu; Abera Tibebu (PhD)
The multifaceted problems internally displaced persons face have for long been a topic of political, social and academic inters. The main objective of this study is a comprehensive exploration of mental health and psycho social support services for internally displaced persons in Debre Brhan IDPs camp. The research was done through the qualitative approach and 22 individuals participated in it. From 22 participants seven were a professionals who provided mental health and psycho social support services and 15 are from IDPs in the camp. This study used convenience sampling method to select participant. The data was analyzed using a thematic analysis method. Based on the finding the mental health and psycho-social support that is being provided in the Debre Brhan IDPs camp has challenges that need attention. Among these challenges, the imbalance between the number of professionals and displaced persons, security issues, lack of awareness, lack of integration of in-kind and psycho social support, lack of provision of facilities, absence of clear decision on the future status of IDPs, and challenges to update the expert are mentioned. Based on this this study recommends to create awareness about the service, to integrate the service with kind-support, and to update the professionals periodically through training. Keywords: challenges of IDPs, and mental health and psycho social support services,
Abortion Related Stress and Psychological Well-Being of Health Care Professionals In Ethiopia Partner Clinics, Addis Ababa.
(AAU, 2021-09) Samuel, Melesse; Zewdie, Teka(Dr
Abortion related services are highly stigmatized in Ethiopia. stigma, stress and psychological well-being for abortion providers are not much studied in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was intended to describe self-stigma, level of perceived stress and relation of stress and psychological well-being among health care professional who provided abortion service in DKT Ethiopia partner clinics in Addis Ababa. The method of the research design used in the study is descriptive study designs with a quantitative method of data analysis. Data were collected through self administered questionnaire survey. Frequency percentages were used to analyze the collected data. In addition, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and a chi-square test were used to analyze ordinal and categorical variables. Study data conducted with 102 professionals from DKT partner clinics in Addis Ababa. The result of the study revealed that sixty two percent of health care professionals are having self-stigma. Twenty three percent of study participants are having stressful life event and a majority of the study participants experienced a positive mental health. In addition, a significant correlation was found between self-stigma, stress and psychological wellbeing. Further, the study revealed that health care professionals who intention to leave the profession and professionals who doesn’t have intention have a statistically significant different on their perceived stress and psychological well-being. Conclusion: self-stigma, stress and poor psychological well-being are presented among health care professionals who provide abortion service in DKT Ethiopia partner clinics. In addition, it can be concluded that the perceived stress in this participant is associated with stigma, intention to leave the profession and psychological well-being
Acculturation Experiences of Eritrean Immigrants Living in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(AAU, 2021-08) Tenaw, Fasika; Dessie, Yekoyealem(Ph.D
The main objective of this research was to assess the acculturation experiences of Eritrean immigrants who live in Addis Ababa. The researcher used convenience sampling method to select 139 respondents for the study. To answer the major research questions of the study, quantitative method was used. The questionnaire contained points about respondents’ demographic data, acculturation strategy scale, self-evaluated language proficiency scale, stress scale and coping scale. In order to analyze the quantitative data descriptive statistics, one sample t test, independent samples t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and partial correlation were used. The study showed that Eritrean immigrants in Addis Ababa frequently used separation acculturation strategies. In addition, the study revealed that majority of the participants have higher Amharic language ability, they are less vulnerable to acculturative stress, they have good immigration experience and they tend to use positive coping mechanisms to deal with their stress. Finally, it was recommended that establishing and strengthening Eritrean community that help immigrants meet and share their experiences would improve their acculturative experiences.
Acculturation Experiences of Eritrean Immigrants Living in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(AAU, 2021-08) Tenaw, Fasika; Dessie, Yekoyealem(Ph.D
The main objective of this research was to assess the acculturation experiences of Eritrean immigrants who live in Addis Ababa. The researcher used convenience sampling method to select 139 respondents for the study. To answer the major research questions of the study, quantitative method was used. The questionnaire contained points about respondents’ demographic data, acculturation strategy scale, self-evaluated language proficiency scale, stress scale and coping scale. In order to analyze the quantitative data descriptive statistics, one sample t test, independent samples t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and partial correlation were used. The study showed that Eritrean immigrants in Addis Ababa frequently used separation acculturation strategies. In addition, the study revealed that majority of the participants have higher Amharic language ability, they are less vulnerable to acculturative stress, they have good immigration experience and they tend to use positive coping mechanisms to deal with their stress. Finally, it was recommended that establishing and strengthening Eritrean community that help immigrants meet and share their experiences would improve their acculturative experiences
Acculturation Experiences of Wolayita Youths in Addis Ababa: The Case of Nifas Silk Lafto Sub City
(AAU, 2021) Zewdu, Temesgen; Zewdu, Temesgen(Dr
The main objective of this research was to assess the acculturation experiences of Wolayita youths who live in Addis Ababa. The researcher used convenience sampling method to select 95 respondents of the study. To answer the major research questions of the study, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The questionnaire contained points about respondents’ demographic data, acculturation strategy scale, self-evaluated language proficiency scale, stress scale and coping scale. Additionally, interviews were conducted with some Wolayita migrants based on an interview guide to find out the acculturation experiences of the Wolayita youths in the city of Addis Ababa. In order to analyze the quantitative data descriptive statistics, independent T test, mean split, partial correlation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. The qualitative data gathered from the semi-structured interview were analyzed qualitatively by collecting the responses of informants. The major findings of the study showed that Wolayita migrants in Addis Ababa used integration, separation and assimilation acculturation strategies depend on the situation an individual is in, high language ability in speaking and listening, highly vulnerable to acculturative stress and difficulties with their migration experience. Finally, it was recommended that the government should decentralize its development endeavors by expanding industry zones to zonal and woreda level and major towns of the country
Aggression and Empathy among Graduating Class Students of Social Science and Natural Science Colleges
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Hiwot Gebremedhin; Daniel Tefera (PhD)
The goal of the current study was to ascertain how aggression and empathy related among Addis Ababa University's undergraduate graduating class students. 161 students between the ages of 19 and 27 were selected as a sample from AAU departments. The survey included 89 male students (55%) and 72 female students (45%). Students were divided into two groups for the study's purposes: social science college students (N=78) and natural science college students (N=83). The study employed a cross-sectional research design. Data were gathered using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and a new aggression questionnaire prepared specifically for this study. In order to analyze the data, the independent-t test and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient were used. The findings revealed no statistically significant correlation between aggression and empathy. Both males and females showed similar levels of aggression. Students in the Natural Science college showed higher aggression as compared to those in the Social Science college. Students in both Social Science and Natural Science colleges showed similar levels of empathy. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference between females and males in empathy levels. Given the pressing global significance of aggression, further studies are required to enhance our understanding of this phenomenon. Moreover, it is imperative to thoroughly examine the relationship between aggression and empathy, as it holds significant potential for addressing the prevailing levels of violence worldwide. Keywords: Empathy, Aggression
Altruistic Behavior among Religious Believers: Does Religious Orientation Matter
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Zewdie Teferra; Mitiku Hambisa (PhD)
The main purpose of this study was to explore the altruistic behavior among religious believers using a phenomenological qualitative design. Purposive, non-probability sampling was used to recruit participants. Data was collected from MMKC believers through In-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Nine participants were selected for a semi-structured interview, followed by two focus group discussions with six and seven members each. Five major themes emerged from the thematic analysis: views and lived experiences, influence of religious orientations on altruistic behavior, motive to altruistic behavior and challenges of altruistic behavior. The study found that altruistic behavior is influenced by religious orientations, with convertees showing a higher degree of altruistic behavior. The findings from this study could contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the factors that influence altruism in different socio-demographic groups, particularly within religious communities. Key Words: Altruism, Religious orientation, Pro- social, Denomination, Church
The Altruistic Behaviors of Home-Reared, Institutionalized and Street Children
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-06) Biru, Aragaw; Berhane, Habtegiorgis (PhD)
The purpose of this study is to investigate the altruistic motives of homereared, institutionalized and street chi ldren. The variations in altruistic motives because of the differences in sex, age, grade and religiosity are also treated. 216 subjects were randomly selected fTom the three types of residence. Equal numbers of male and female subj ects were taken from each res idence. The age of the subjects range from IO-ISyears and their educational level range from illiterates to 9th grade. Pro-social Motivation Questionnaire and Religiosity Scale were adopted for the purpose of this study. The pro-social Motivation Questionnaire has hedonism, self-orientation, conformity, task-orientation, other-orientation and empathy sub scales, which were applied to measure altruistic behavior. The religiosity scale has belief, ritual and knowledge dimensions, which were used to measure the involvement of an individual in a particular religion. Descriptive statistics, intercorrelation of variables, analys is of variance, stepwise regression and Scheffe's multiple comparison tests were applied to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed that, home-reared children are more altruistic than institutionalized children, which in turn are more altruistic than street children. Females are more altruistic than males. In addition to this, the older and high-grade level children are more altruistic than the younger and low-grade level children. More over, the more religious children are more altruistic than ch ildren with low religiosity. Finally, awareness education to the parents, trainings to the caregivers of children's institutions and reunification of street children by concerned bodies are recommended to improve the altruistic behaviors of children.
An Assessment of the effect of Group Cohesion in Self-Help Groups Functioning: The Case of Self-Help Groups in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Samrawit Afework; Mulat Asnake (PhD)
Self-help groups (SHGs) are small, voluntary associations of poor individuals from the same socioeconomic background. These groups come together to utilize mutual aid and self-help to address their shared difficulties. Studying group cohesion benefits the sustainability of the group and the achievement of their objectives. It is evident that group cohesion plays a crucial role in sustaining volunteers and achieving their goals. The general objective of this study was to assess group cohesion and the factors associated with it in self-help groups in Addis Ababa. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed. A cross-sectional survey was used as the quantitative method, while Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted as the qualitative approach to reinforce the quantitative findings. A single population proportion sample size technique was applied, resulting in a sample size of 96 individuals out of a total of 1,430. The KIIs and FGDs were conducted simultaneously. The results showed that in the Yeka sub-city, 82.3% (n=79) of the self-help group members demonstrated group cohesion, while 17.7% (n=17) indicated weak group cohesion. Overall, 75% of the group members exhibited cohesion among team members. Group members who received family support had a 26% greater likelihood of sustaining their membership. The self-help groups demonstrated strong cohesion due to positive relationships among members, trust, and transparent management. Decisions were made collaboratively within the group. However, the groups lacked a common goal that could be shared among all members. Key Words: Self-help group, group cohesion, and cohesion.
Anxiety, Depression and Coping Mechanisms during covid-19 among Staff of Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital
(AAU, 2022-02) Mekarim, Hayat; Wuhib, Tigist(Dhr
Corona virus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) is truly a public health problem and global pandemic. The diseases affect all segments of the population including healthcare workers in different facilities. There is the lack of research done inside the hospital community especially mental health center staffs so that the aim of the study was to assess anxiety and depression, and coping mechanism during the time of covid-19 pandemic among the staff of Amanuel mental specialized hospital. A cross-sectional study design and qualitative design were used. A total of 423 samples were selected using stratify sampling method. A self reported HADs and brief coping scale were used. A descriptive analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence. Chi-square analysis was used to identify the association and a binary logistic regression was done to identify factors associated with outcome variables. Odds ratio with 95%CI was used to estimate the strength of association and P-value<0.05 and 14 participants participated in in-depth interview using purposive sampling method. The response rate was 94% (n=398). The result shows that the magnitude of anxiety obtained 44.5% and depression 33.4% and in coping mechanism scale depending upon magnitude two best results was selected. The first coping mechanism was the preventive measure including wearing mask, keeping distance, using sanitizer and washing of hands before and after touching the patient or materials and the second mechanism was Religion activities such as attending in religious place, reading regions books and prying during the pandemic. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated being female were statically significant association with anxiety and depression. Other socio-demographic characteristics had no statistically associated with anxiety and depression. In-depth-interview result showed that other psychological problems such as adjustment problem, lack of freedom, limited social life, discomfort, loneliness, sadness, and developing scared surrounding. The magnitude of anxiety and depression was high among staff members of Amanuel mental specialized hospital during COVID-19 pandemic. Adjustment problems, lack of freedom, limited social life, discomfort, loneliness, sadness, and developing scared surrounding were additional reported psychological problems. Preventive and religious coping mechanisms were used by most participants.
Assessing Protection Support and Access to Public Services of the Eritrean Refugees in Alemwach Settlement, Dabat Woreda, Amhara Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2024) Tamirat Mezgebu; Abebaw Minaye (PhD)
The primary aim of this study was to assess the protection support and access to public services for Eritrean refugees in the Alemwach Settlement, situated in the Dabat woreda, Amhara Region. For this study 216 refugee community members were participated and also including refugee committee, different stalk holders from GO and NGO participated for FGD and KII. The participants included Eritrean refugees living in the Alemwach settlement in Dabat, Amhara. The study addressed three main research questions. A mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The qualitative methods included: Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with refugee community members and stakeholders from both government organizations (GOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).34 participants were part of the FGD with different sessions. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with service providers, humanitarian organizations, and government officials based in Dabat. For quantitative method two Standardized questionnaires for social and psychological wellbeing of refugees were employed. The research also used secondary documents. The study examined how Eritrean refugees receive support and protection services from government and nongovernmental organizations in the Alemwach settlement. The findings revealed that access to basic public services for Eritrean refugees is inadequate due to various challenges, including logistical issues and insufficient infrastructure. The study explored the psychological challenges faced by refugees, who were secondarily displaced from former camps in the Tigray region to Alemwach in the Amhara region. Using a standardized psychological and social wellbeing scale, the study found that while most refugees have adjusted to their new environment, some still need additional psychosocial support due to past traumatic experiences. Despite these challenges, both the refugee and host communities generally maintained a positive outlook. The study assessed how refugees access and share public services with the host community, following the UNHCR’s integrated area based approach. The results identified gaps and challenges in accessing shared services, such as healthcare and education. Several unmet needs were highlighted, including camp security, opportunities for social interaction and participation, movement restrictions, and access to education and health services. The study also identified significant unmet psychosocial needs and gaps between the services required by refugees and those provided by agencies and humanitarian organizations, largely due to budget constraints. Key unmet needs include: Security within the camp; Opportunities for social interaction and participation; Freedom of movement.; Access to education and health services; Legal needs, such as documentation for new births and ID cards and Proof of registration for refugees. A simple descriptive analysis was conducted to understand the support provided to the Eritrean refugee community and their access to basic public services in the Alemwach settlement. The findings underscore the need for improved support mechanisms and better service provision to meet the needs of Eritrean refugees in the region. Key words: protection support; Eritrean refugees; access to public services; psychosocial support, unmet needs
Assessment of Adequacy of Youth Psychosocial Support: A Case of 3 Selected Compassion Assisted Projects in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-01) B. Ayano, Etsegenet; Wuhib, Tigist (PhD)
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the psychosocial support given at three compassion assisted projects found in Addis Ababa. There were three main criteria considered during this evaluation; if the PSS contains all the three PSS domains, if service providers meet all PSS principles, if PSS given under these projects meet youth psychosocial needs. Exploratory methodology was used to explore the meaning that the transition from student to professional counselor had for three last semester counseling interns. Content data analysis was used to sort out, categorize and analyze the data gathered from both research participants; youth project beneficiaries and project service providers.
Assessment of Students’ Perception on Addiction, Cognitive Dissonance and Dissonance Behavioral Change to the Exposure of Tiktok Social Media Platform Within Highs Schools In Bole Sub City
(AAU, 2021-10) Berhanu, Eyerusalem; Wondimu, Habtamu(pro
The urban cities of Ethiopia, particularly Addis Ababa youth students in high school often engage themselves with the new viral social media platform named Tik Tok. This frequent interaction with Tik Tok app is perusing a noticeable discrepancy on students’ behavior. This study tried to answer whether there is an addiction among students, a presence of cognitive dissonance and does a noticeable cognitive behavioral change occurs among students due to exposure of Tik Tok. To address this, a priority cross-sectional quantitative study method was used followed by a sequential qualitative study of in-depth interview to explain the data collected on quantitative study. The researcher employed survey designed with an enumerator administered structured questioner to select 135 students through systematic random sampling technique and additional of 12 students for in-depth interview through convenient sampling method. The quantitative data was examined through cross-tabulation Pearson Chi-Square test method to measures and see the associations’ of the independent and dependent variables toward addiction, cognitive dissonance and cognitive behavior change. And the qualitative data was analyzed by observing the common perception, behaviors and patterns. The Pearson Chi-Square findings shows addiction presence on Tik Tok is significant and the presence of cognitive dissonance is visible because students’ reasoning to join Tik Tok as an entertainment is still considered to be aspiring and the perceived fake personalities and is being perused to be replicated in day to day lives. Also dissonance behavioral changes were observed on students’ clothing style, attitudes change towards friends and academic performance decrease. This study shows awareness needs to be created particularly; families and schools need to be aware of the discrepancy that Tik Tok is perusing to VII develop undesirable behavior over time. In addition further empirical studies need to be conducted to measure Tik Tok significant impact on students’ psychological well-being
Assessment of the Perceived Impact of Peer Pressure on Female Secondary School Students in Some Selected Schools in Addis Ababa
(AAU, 2021-12) Mulu, Feven; Minaye, Abebaw(PhD
Currently, peer pressure has become a concern for many secondary and preparatory school students as well as parents in Ethiopia. It is believed to be the biggest factor in determining preparatory school students’ academic performance. The major objectives of the study was to assess the influence of peer pressure on female secondary school students’ academic performance and indicate some coping mechanisms of negative peer pressure on some selected secondary schools in Addis Ababa . Mixed research approach was employed in this study. The study generated the required data from a representative sample of 320 adolescent female students drawn from the study population through random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaire, focus group discussion, and interview. Accordingly the following results are obtained: Negative peer pressure is highly observed on female adolescents of the study area they get fooled by the fun and pleasure found with accompany of their friends and because secondary and preparatory students are between the age of 15_18 and most of the time they are influenced by negative peer pressure. Want to look fun and relaxing and to avoid being treated as “far” are some of the reasons why female students are susceptible to negative peer pressure. There is a statistically significant negative relationship between positive peer influence and negative peer influence. The same is true about the relationship between perceived academic performance and negative peer influence. There is also statistically significant relationship between perceived academic performance and positive peer influence. That means, positive peer influence contribute to female students’ academic achievement. Positive peer pressure has strong association with better academic performance of the secondary and preparatory female students. Positive parents-female adolescent relationship would help to protect female from negative peer pressure. The supervision of school community and parents on controlling the use of mobile phone at school and home would play vital role towards to minimize the negative peer pressure. Open discussion and parental advice and support would help secondary and preparatory female students to cope with negative peer pressure and assisted the students to perform better at school
Attitude of Addis Ababa University Undergraduate Regular Students towards Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Betre, Natnael; Wondimu, Habtamu (PhD)
This study assessed the attitude of Addis Ababa University undergraduate regular students towards ethnic federalism and the design was descriptive survey. Multi stage sampling, simple random sampling technique and proportion for gender, year of study and departments were used to select 285 subjects. Self-administered close-ended questionnaire that contained 23 items was used to collect data. The questionnaire was adapted by the researcher but before collecting data pilot test was conducted and the Cronbach alpha reliability test of the instrument was 0.938 then data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Both inferential and descriptive statistical analysis techniques (frequency, mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, Independent sample t-test, and post hoc) were employed and the result showed that 61.1% of participants have developed negative attitude, 24.3% positive attitude while the rest 14.6% reported neither negative nor positive attitude. statistically no significant difference in attitude was obtained regarding gender and year of study. However, there was significant difference on attitude between regions that students came from, SNNPR, Oromia and Tigray regions mean score was significantly differed from the rest regions. Key words: Attitude, Ethnic-Federalism.
Attitudes of Counselors towards Religion and Spirituality in Counseling Services and their Practices
(AAU, 2020-11) Alebachew, Beimnet; Asnake, Mulat (PhD
The purpose of this study was to examine the attitude of counselors towards the role of religion and spirituality for counseling services and their practice in different counseling centers of Addis Ababa. Mixed methods research design was used to address the objectives of the study. The data were collected from 117 counselors of different counseling institutions using an adopted scale of Duke Religion Index and, the role of religion and spirituality in practice scale (RRSP). In addition, a semi-structured interview was used with five counselors. To analyze the data frequency, percentage, means scores, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman rho statistic were computed. The findings of the study revealed that majority of counselors had positive attitude towards the role of religion and spirituality for counseling services. It also showed that most of counselors practice religion and spiritual issues in their counseling services. Though, the qualitative result presented that counselors didn’t practice religion and spirituality in counseling services. The findings from Mann- Whitney U test indicated that there is no significant difference in attitude towards the role of religion and spirituality in counseling services among counselors of different gender and age. However, significant difference was found in attitude towards the role of religion and spirituality in counseling services among counselors of educational status. Furthermore, a Mann- Whitney U showed that there is no significant difference in practicing religion and spirituality in counseling services among counselors of different gender, age and educational status. Results from Spearman rho Statistic analysis also indicated that counselor’s religiosity was significantly and positively correlated with counselor’s attitude towards the role of religion and spirituality in counseling services and with counselor’s practice of religion and spirituality in counseling services. However, weak positive correlation was found between counselor’s attitude towards the role of religion and spirituality in counseling services and counselor’s practice of religion and spirituality in counseling services. Based on the study findings, the researcher thus recommended for counselors to update themselves with short and long term religious and spiritual related trainings.
Attitudinal Survey on High Risk Sexual Behavior (Intervention Strategy) Relevant to Hiviaids With Respect to Gender, age and Educational Level; the Case of Bahir Dar University Students
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-05) Hailu, Asnake; Yimer, Mekonnen (PhD)
The purpose of this study was to examine the attitude of Bahir Dar University students towards HIV/AIDS intervention strategy, in abstinence, condom use and faithfulness. 450 students constituted the sample from randomly chosen departments. A questionnaire was used to gather data and a univariate analysis of variance was employed. Gender differences are found to be significant in attitude towards abstinence (females score higher than males). But there is no age and educational level differences observed. With regard to condom use first, second, third and fourth year students were found to be different regardless of their age and gender. In this study where faithfulness was treated as a dependant variable, age and educational level differences were found to be statistically significant. Which means faithfulness, as HIV/AIDS intervention strategy seems to be a likely method for young adults and senior students. In addition to these, all-possible first order interactions between age, gender and educational level were found to be significant. Eventually, policy makers and different organizations working on HIV/AIDS need to teach abstinence as a realistic and feasible intervention strategy. In addition, social marketing agencies and concerned line ministries need to clear out all the suspicions individuals have and give the reality of condom use (both the drawback and advantages).
Begging among Physically Healthy Adults in Addis Ababa: Commonness, Quality of Life and Mental Wellbeing
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-04) Abduselam Kemal; Belay Tefera ( Prof.)
Beggary is taking a new dimension recently. It is being considered as a profitable business. Those who are physically fit enough and able to take on formal economic activities are joining the field. This study basically explores the commonness of begging among physically healthy adults, reasons for getting into streets, daily income, challenges faced and coping strategies, quality of life, and mental well being. The mean difference in mental well being between addicted and non-addicted beggars was also tested. Thirty-nine physically healthy beggars, 12 non-beggars, and three key-informants from Labor and Social Affairs Bureau /LSAB/ were selected for qualitative data through purpose, convenience, and availability sampling techniques. Sixty-four beggars were also selected randomly using simple random sampling approach for quantitative data. Qualitative data were collected through open-ended questionnaire, interview, and focus group discussion, whereas quantitative data were collected by the help of adapted Mental Health Continuum Short Form /MHC-SF/ scale. Percentage, mean, and independent samples t-test were used for the analysis of the quantitative data; whereas thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The findings of the study revealed that the number of physically healthy adult beggars is increasing and that begging is becoming a common way of earning a living. Among the reasons accounting for begging, many participants were found begging in streets through invitation by other beggars. The findings also indicated that although beggars earned far better daily income on average than many government employees, the majority of the participants‟ quality of life was found poor. The results of the quantitative data revealed that the mean mental well being score of physically healthy beggars (56.6) was found to be above average (35); indicating that physically healthy beggars were found mentally healthy too. The analysis of the t-test shows that there was significant difference between addicted and non-addicted adult beggars in mental well being; t(df = 36) = 6.8, p < .01), This shows that the mental well being of non-addicted participants was better than the addicted group. Because the country is missing productive age people due to begging, the researcher argues that begging among physically healthy adults need to be controlled. To minimize or ultimately stop the behavior reasons accounting for begging should be improved; alms givers have to discriminate between physically healthy beggars and those who have culturally accepted reasons to beg. Furthermore, law enforcing agencies and all concerned organizations should show combined genuine interest to minimize and ultimately stop begging among physically healthy beggars. Key Words: Begging, Physical Health, Physically Healthy Beggars, Deserving Beggars, Addicted and Non-Addicted Beggars, Quality of Life, Mental Well being
Behavioral Outcomes of Children Left Behind Due to Parental Migration in South Wollo, Ethiopia (Implications for Intervention)
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Getnet Tesfaw; Abebaw Minaye (Ass. Prof.)
This study investigated the behavioral outcomes of LBC as a result of parental migration in Southern Wollo , Ethiopia. Accordingly, a concurrent mixed method was employed to address the objectives of the study. A total of 360 children whose mother, father, and both parents migrants were selected from two woredas in southern Wollo by using a stratified sampling method. 360 children living with both parents were also selected in the same weredas for comparison purposes. For the qualitative data 12 caregivers,18 teachers, and 13 LBC were also selected purposely. Behavioral outcomes of children were assessed by using the strength and difficulty questionnaire (SDQ). Interview and focus group guides were also used to explore the perception of caregivers, teachers, and left-behind children about parental migration and its consequences. The findings demonstrated that a significant mean difference was found between LBC due to parental migration and children living with both parents t (718) =24.64, p <0.01. The mean score of the behavioral outcome of LBC as measured by SDQ was significantly higher than children of non-migrating parents. A statistically significant mean difference was also observed between the migration status of parents (the migration of fathers, mother migrants, and both parent migrants) F= F(2, 357)=19.18, P<.01. The results suggest that a mother migrant and both parents migrant left behind children experienced behavioral outcomes significantly higher than children whose fathers migrated. Children of migrant mothers and both parent migrants showed nearly similar and higher behavioral difficulties as compared to children of father migrants. Furthermore, a significant mean difference was observed among the children left behind and cared for by different caregivers grandparents, mother only, father only, relatives, non-relatives, and children living alone ) F(5,354)=21.64, P<.01. The score of behavioral outcomes of children cared for by mothers and grandparents showed significantly lower than the other groups of caregivers providing care for LBC. Children cared for by mothers and grandparents look more advantaged than the other groups of LBC. The qualitative data from teachers and caregivers showed that LBC experienced isolation, longing, sadness, and lack of motivation in schooling following their parents’ migration. Children also reported that even if they understand the reasons for their parents' migration they faced various behavioral, social, and emotional. To conclude compared to children of the non-migrating parent, children of migrating parents showed behavioral problems. To mitigate the problem, families, governmental and non-governmental organizations that have a stake in children's lives shall play an important role. Intervention strategies should also be designed for children affected by parental migration.
Burnout and its Coping Mechanisms among Health Workers in St. Paul’s Hospital, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01) Zewditu Sisay; Mulat Asnake (PhD)
The purpose of this study was to assess burnout and its coping mechanisms among health workers. The study was conducted in St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, in Gulele sub city Addis Ababa. The study aimed at exploring the prevalence of burnout faced by health workers working in SPHMMC, identify burnout level between departments, identifying coping strategies used by respondents to cope with stressful situations in their day to day life, identify coping strategies based on gender, and provide recommendation. The target populations of this study were professional nurses and midwives employed in SPHMMC. The study involved a quantitative research, and stratified random sampling technique that was used to select the respondents of the study, the 55 departments of the hospital further stratified in to three groups, high flow, mild flow, and low flow on the base of the amount of patients they provide service to. Among the total of 972 nurses and midwives who are active in their work, 312 were selected to be participant of this study and to select the participants Solvin’s formula was used which is a random sampling technique. However, because of non-response from 312 questionnaires distributed 288 were gathered and used for the study. The data was gathered using a questionnaire, by adapting Maslach’s Burnout Inventory and COPE Inventory scales. Then the data was analyzed using a descriptive statistics that consist of frequency, and percentage, as well as computing variables by comparing means using independent sample t-test and one way ANOVA. Finding of the study showed that, there is a medium level of exhaustion (44.1%), and low level of de personalization (58.3%), and a high level of personal achievement in respondents (53.1%), as a result the study concludes that there is no burnout in SPHMMC. The study findings on the level of difference between the strata’s shows that burnout level between the three strata does not have a significant difference (F2, 228 = 2.265, .176, and .816, p > .005), as a result, equal variance was assumed. Further, because the findings indicate that there is no burnout problem, the coping strategy of participants assessed separately to other stressful situations. And the study discovered that health care workers in SPHMMC use more problem focused strategy to cope with burnout in their work with a 2.6498 mean. The study further assess coping strategy based on gender and find that; for problem focused coping, there were significantly no differences between male and female, as such there is equal variance. For emotion focused coping the result indicate that there are significant differences, hence, there is no equal variance between male and female. And f for avoidance coping also the result shows significant differences, therefore, there is no equal variance between male and female respondents in using avoidance coping strategy.

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