School of Medicine

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    30 Day Perioperative Outcome and Associated Factors For Morbidity and Mortality of Patients that Undergo Elective Surgical Intervention for Colonic Cancer in Tikur Anbesa and Zewditu Memorial Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Prospective Study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-12-10) Adamzer Mulugeta; Abel Shiferaw
    Colorectal cancer remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in Ethiopia, where the incidence is rising. With this rise has come the increment of surgeries being done with curative intent with subsequent implications on morbidity and mortality of patients.
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    30 day’ Post-operative complicationsof Intracranial Meningioma Surgery
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-01) Sileshi, Dagmawi; Kasahun, Azarias( MD, FCS (ECSA), Assistant professor)
    Background: Meningioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor. Even though different management options exist in modern medicine, surgery is still the only cure for this benign tumor. Surgical options are not without risk. Identifying and predicting the short-term complications in an Ethiopian setup might be useful in the decision-making process before surgery for our patients. This study uses a prospective design that aims to assess 30 days of posoperative complications of intracranial meningioma. Methods: Aprospective study that was conducted at TASH, ZMH & MCM hospital between November 1, 2019, and September 1, 2020. Assessment of postoperative complications was determined in-person using a standard questionnaire in both inpatient & outpatient setup. For the investigation, pathology & Intraoperative findings data were collected from medical charts, radiology, and pathology archives.Data were checked for completeness and quality control aftewhich, it was entered on SPSS version 21 for analysis using logistic regression. Results:A total of 77 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the patients was 40.94 years. 71 (92%) patients presented with headache and 62 (80.5%) patients had one or more focal neurologic deficits. Tumor was classified based on location and size. 47 (61%) of the tumors were skull base tumors.The surgical mortality rate which was defined as death within one month was 9.1%. Among all patients, 37 (48.1%)had one or more postoperative complications of which new-onset or worsened focal deficit was the commonest. A significant association was seen between skull base tumors and postoperative complications in both bivariate and multivariate analyses witha p-value of 0.01 (OR=5.79, 95% CI: 2.061-16.312. Conclusion: Even though the complications and mortality rates were high, surgery led to symptom improvement in a large proportion of patients. Skull base meningioma, anesthesia time more than 5 hours, and blood loss more than 1000ml hada significant association with postoperative complications.
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    A 2 Years Retrospective, Observational Cohort Study on use of Drains and Post-Operative Complications in Complicated Acute Appendicitis at ZMH and MH
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-10-01) Dereje Atnaw; Abebe Alemayehu
    Background: Complicated acute appendicitis is a significant surgical challenge, usually managed with prophylactic drains to reduce post -operative complications. However, the benefit of drain usage remains controversial. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the role of drains in managing complicated acute appendicitis by analyzing their impact on post – operative complications, recovery, and hospitalization time. Methods: A two-year retrospective observational cohort study was conducted on 209 patients with complicated acute appendicitis at MH and ZMH. We categorized patients into two groups: patients with drains (n=104) and patients without drains (n=105). Then we analyzed Data’ son hospitalization time, post – operative fever, surgical site infection (SSI), residual collections, and reoperation rates. Results: Patients in drain group had longer hospitalization times (mean of 6.44 days) compared to those in no drain group (mean of 4.31 days). Post -operative fever (56.8% vs. 44.8%), SSI (39 .4% vs. 30 .5%), residual collections (6.7% vs. 3.8%), and reoperation rates (5.8% vs. 2.9%) were all higher in the drain group. Despite these differences in drain vs no drain group, all patients were discharged improved. Conclusion: Routine use of drains does not consistently reduce post-operative complications; in contrary it may increase certain complications. A case-based drain placement, guided by intraoperative findings, is advised to optimize patient outcomes. And further research is needed to develop a clinical guideline.
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    A 2 years retrospective, observational cohort study on Use of Drains and Post-Operative Complications in Complicated Acute Appendicitis at ZMH and MH
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-10-01) Dereje Atnaw; Abebe Alemayehu
    Background: Complicated acute appendicitis is a significant surgical challenge, usually managed with prophylactic drains to reduce post -operative complications. However, the benefit of drain usage remains controversial. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the role of drains in managing complicated acute appendicitis by analyzing their impact on post – operative complications, recovery, and hospitalization time. Methods: A two-year retrospective observational cohort study was conducted on 209 patients with complicated acute appendicitis at MH and ZMH. We categorized patients into two groups: patients with drains (n=104) and patients without drains (n=105). Then we analyzed Data on hospitalization time, post – operative fever, surgical site infection (SSI), residual collections, and reoperation rates. Results: Patients in drain group had longer hospitalization times (mean of 6.44 days) compared to those in no drain group (mean of 4.31 days). Post -operative fever (56.8% vs. 44.8%), SSI (39 .4% vs. 30 .5%), residual collections (6.7% vs. 3.8%), and reoperation rates (5.8% vs. 2.9%) were all higher in the drain group. Despite these differences in drain vs no drain group, all patients were discharged improved. Conclusion: Routine use of drains does not consistently reduce post-operative complications; in contrary it may increase certain complications. A case-based drain placement, guided by intraoperative findings, is advised to optimize patient outcomes. And further research is needed to develop a clinical guideline.
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    A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Ondansetron Versus Pethidine for Prevention of Post-Operative Shivering in Parturients Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia in Selected Governmental Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Prospective Cohort Study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-05) Kassahun Yimer; Adugna Aregawi
    Postoperative shivering is a common adverse of spinal anesthesia after a cesarean delivery, causing serious complications such as increased oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and increased risk of myocardial ischemia. Pethidine is widely used for shivering prevention and treatment, but it has serious side effects. Ondansetron has been suggested in several studies to prevent shivering with minimal side effects, although there are limited studies and its effectiveness compared to pethidine remains controversial, particularly in cesarean section cases.
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    A cross sectional descriptive study on oral cancer awareness among patients that visited department of dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery unit at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital , Addis Ababa University
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-07) Abera,Feven; Garoma,Gelana(Ass.Prof. ,OMFS); Dejene,Demerew (Ass.Prof. ,OMFS)
    Background: Oral cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in a part of the mouth. It may be on the surface of the tongue, the inside of the cheeks, the roof of the mouth (palate), floor of mouth, the lips or gums. It is a preventable disease. Its occurrence is mostly due to lifestyle. Knowledge of the signs and symptoms of oral cancer may well aid in early diagnosis and treatment. This is bound to increase in survival rate. Objectives: To assess the awareness of Oral cancer among patients that visited department of Dentistry and maxillofacial surgery at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study; interviewer-administered questionnaire was conducted amongst 221 adult patients attending the Tikur Anbesa Hospital during June, 2023. A 29-item questioner which has 3 sections: demographics, knowledge of risk factors and knowledge of sign & symptoms of oral cancer were used during data collection. Time frame: The study was conducted from June 1 up to June 30, 2023 Result: A total of 221 patients visited the department during the study period. The female to male ratio was 1.51:1 & the mean age of patients was 37.09 years with standard deviation ±13.77. Majority of the participants (86.4%, N=191) were urban & 57.9% (N=128) of the participants were employed. About 52.0% (N=115) of the participants had a basic education or have accomplished primary & secondary level of school. The majority of the participants 65.2% (N=144) didn‟t have any habit of substance use & 75.1% (N=166) of the participants did not hear of oral cancer prior to this research. A total of 45.2% (N=100) of the participants demonstrated good knowledge of signs & symptoms of oral cancer whereas a total of 44.3% (N=98) of the participants demonstrated good knowledge of risk factors of oral cancer. Conclusion: This research demonstrated a lack of public awareness & knowledge about oral cancer. Different measures should be taken to improve public awareness of oral cancer. Dentists and health workers should do more in educating the public.
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    A cross-sectional descriptive study on knowledge, attitude and perception of oral and maxillofacial surgery specialty among healthcare professionals in Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Tibebu, Hiwot Demisachew; Negussie,Samson (PhD); Adula, Surafel (PhD)
    Background: Oral and maxillofacial surgery evolves around the head and neck region, and acts as a connecting bridge between medical and dental specialties. In many health services communities, the scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) as a discipline is frequently not probably understood. Good awareness of OMFS among different branches of health service providers is essential for better referral strategies and will be for the benefit of the patient. Objective: The main objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and perception of oral and maxillofacial surgery specialty among healthcare professionals at TikurAnbessa Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study design and a convenient sampling method isused. Self-administered questionnaires were prepared and filled out by the healthcare professionals. Descriptive statistics such as demographic data, knowledge, attitude and perception of study participants from their responses of the questionnaire were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Time frame: The study was conducted from December, 2022 to July, 2023. Result: A total of 125 healthcare professionals were participated in this study. Out of which, 75 were males and 50 were females. Most of participants were in the age range between 20 and 30 years. And, most of them have been in clinical practice in a range of 2 to 5 years. Regarding knowledge and attitude of healthcare professionals, the result of this study showed that 76 (60.8%) have poor knowledge and 49 (39.2) have good knowledge. Similarly, most participants have poor attitude towards oral and maxillofacial surgery specialty which accounts for about 79 (63.2%) of participants and 46 (36.8) of them have good attitude. On the contrary, the perception of healthcare professionals towards the level of oral and maxillofacial surgery service given in TikurAnbessa specialized hospital is good in majority of them (76, 60.8%) and the rest 49 (39.2%) participants have poor perception. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is poor knowledge and attitude of oral andmaxillofacial surgery specialty among study participants.
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    A Cross-Sectional Study on Factors Associated with Delayed Hospital Arrival of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-10-10) Aklilu Belay; Aklilu Azazh
    Acute coronary syndrome remains one of the most significant health burdens of society with significant mortality and morbidity. Lack of awareness about the symptoms and non-availability of infrastructure are associated with a delayed presentation to hospital from the the onset of symptoms in different research.
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    A Cross-Sectional Study on The Accuracy of Focused Cardiac Ultrasound (Focus) Perspective Amongst Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Residents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-01-05) Mesfin Nahom; Temesgen Beyene
    Background: The employment by non-cardiologists of Focused Cardiac Ultrasound (FoCUS) to promptly identify the organizational framework of the heart in critically sick patients attracted the first significant amount of public interest in early 90s. It was demonstrated that individuals with potentially life-threatening medical or surgical disorders might benefit from a quick FoCUS conducted by Emergency Physicians (EPs). Objectives: To assess emergency medicine residents’ accuracy of FoCUS interpretation in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) and Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC). Methods: A cross-sectional investigation among TASH and SPHMMC attending Emergency and Critical Care Medicine (ECCM) residents. 80 senior residents partook in the study. Data was obtained utilizing Google Forms and cleaned and analyzed using the 27th version of SPSS. Descriptive statistics were used to study the population's sociodemographic and background characteristics. The study lasted for 5 months from August to December 2023 G.C. by using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression. Results: This study was able to discover that 38 (47.7%) among the respondents were able to accurately identify FoCUS videos provided to them with an average score of 11 and SD of 2.267. Of the 80 senior residents, 73 (91.3%) were able to properly identify collapsing Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and 72 (90%) of them identified cardiac standstill which were the most correctly identified pathologies and Regional Wall Motion Abnormality (RWMA) was the least correctly identified by 37 (46.3%). Binary logistic regression was performed for the independent factors over the dependent factor, and third-year residents were 12.434-fold likely to accurately identify FoCUS videos compared to second-year residents. [AOR = 12.434, 95% CI (1.189,129.990)]. Conclusion: This study worked on investigating the accuracy of FoCUS among ECCM residents of AAU and SPHMMC. 38 (47.7%) among the respondents were able to accurately identify FoCUS videos. The commonest identified pathologies were collapsing IVC and cardiac standstill and the least identified was RWMA. The independent factor with the most significant effect on the accuracy of the residents was the year of residency.
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    A Cross-Sectional Study on The Accuracy of Focused Cardiac Ultrasound (Focus) Perspective Amongst Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Residents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-01-05) Nahom Mesfin; Temesgen Beyene
    The employment by non-cardiologists of Focused Cardiac Ultrasound (FoCUS) to promptly identify the organizational framework of the heart in critically sick patients attracted the first significant amount of public interest in early 90s. It was demonstrated that individuals with potentially life-threatening medical or surgical disorders might benefit from a quick FoCUS conducted by Emergency Physicians (EPs).
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    A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence of Burnout and Associated Factor Among Radiologists in Ethiopia June 2025
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Benyam Goa; Assefa Getachew; Tequam Debebe
    Background: Burnout is a syndrome among health professionals, especially physicians who experience intense occupational stress. It is characterized by emotional exhaustion, a feeling of depersonalization, and a sense of ineffective/low personal accomplishment. Higher rates of burnout are often seen across all medical specialties globally negatively influences clinical outcomes. The issue of burnout do not spare the radiology department. Although burnout among radiologists has received growing attention globally, there is a lack of data specifically addressing among Ethiopian Radiologist, the purpose of this study is to evaluate burnout among radiologists in Ethiopia. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of burnout among Ethiopian Radiologist working in Ethiopia, 2025. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January27, 2025 to May27, 2025. Anonymized Google form based 47-item questionnaire including included the standard Maslach burnout inventor-Health Sciences survey (MBI-HSS) was disseminated to radiologists through Telegram group of Radiology society of Ethiopia (RSE). R software 4.5.1 was used for data analysis., Bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression as well as descriptive statistics were analyzed. Result: Among 410 radiologists, 204 completed the survey and were enrolled in the study. The majority of the respondents (79.4%) were males. The age range was 30 to 65 years old, with a mean of 35.5 years and a standard deviation of 7.1. The overall prevalence meeting all three MBI criteria was 26 % (n=53). However, 76.96% (n=157) reported high emotional exhaustion, and 58% (n=119) of respondents reported moderate to high depersonalization, while 52.9% (n=108) maintained a high sense of personal accomplishment. Female radiologist were much more likely of experiencing burnout than males (AOR = 0.31; p = 0.038); a daily caseload of >50 cases greatly increased odds compared to 10-20 cases (AOR = 0.03; p = 0.009); engagement in other income generating activities had 89% reduced odd of burnout (AOR = 0.11; p = 0.001), and each additional year of practice lowered odds by 30% (AOR = 0.70; p = 0.005). Recommended preventive strategies by radiologists included improving working environment, increase income and hiring additional radiologists to reduce workload and stress. Conclusion: In this baseline study assessing burnout among Ethiopian radiologist, 26% met full MBI criteria (elevated EE, increased DP and diminished PA). However, individual subscales revealed alarmingly high rates of EE and DP. High daily caseloads and female gender emerged as significant V risk factors, whereas engagement in other income generating activities and greater year of practice were protective against burnout.
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    A Prospective Cross Sectional Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Acute Transfusion Reaction and its Associated Risk Factors in Ateritiary Care Center in Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-02) Assefa Temesgen; Tadesse Fissehatsion
    Background: Transfusion reactions are adverse events associated with the transfusion of whole blood or one of its components. There is no institutional or national data in Ethiopia regarding the incidence of ATR & their risk factors. The aim of this study is to measure the incidence of ATRs, frequency& time of occurrence of each ATR & evaluate their association with risk factors there by contributing to the institutional & national hem vigilance system. Objective: The main objective of the study is to measure the incidence of ATR & determine their association with different clinical variables. Methods: Prospective cross sectional study design is used to study in patient & outpatient adult transfusion recipients at the department of internal medicine, data was collected with a structured check list, analyzed with IBM SPSS version 24 software. Result: A total of 210 study participants with the age of 13 & above were included in the study from September 1, 2022 – November 30 2022. 50.5 % of study participants are male & 49.5% are females ,the most common age group are between the age of 18 -40,the commonest blood group was O positive. Acute myelogenous leukemia is the commonest underlying diagnosis of the study participants; PRBC is transfused for the majority of patients given for 74.8% of cases. ATR incidence is found to be 10%,ATR was reported in 19.6%of platelet transfused patients as compared to 7% of PRBC, and none of FFP transfused patients develop ATR. FNHTR & urticaria are the commonest ATR observed. Significant association is seen between ATR & female gender, autoimmune disease & ABO incompatible platelet transfusion. Conclusion: The incidence of ATR is higher than reported from previous studies indicating the need to improve institutional transfusion services particularly in high risk patients.
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    A prospective, Randomized, Single Blind Study on the Efficacy of Varying Doses of Dexamethasone in Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Adult Elective Surgery Patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (2024-2025)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-10) Naba Amanuel; Alfered Fetiya
    Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common and distressing complication following surgery. Dexamethasone is widely used as a prophylactic antiemetic, though the optimal dose remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of two doses of dexamethasone (4 mg vs. 8 mg) in preventing PONV among adult elective surgical patients
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    A Quality Improvement Project to Improve the Knowledge of Nurses Working at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU): A Pre - and Post - Test Studyl
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-10-19) Firehiwot Markos; Asrat Demtse
    Background: The first 28 days of life – the neonatal period – is the most vulnerable time for a child’s survival. Globally 2.3 million children died in the first 28 days of life in 2022. Children who die within the first 28 days of birth suffer from conditions and diseases associated with lack of quality care at birth or skilled care and treatment immediately after birth and in the first days of life. The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is the home to a fragile patient population consisting of babies born prematurely or with congenital anomalies and newborns requiring surgical intervention. These patients need special medical attention and support. The medical staff must provide quality care and implement evidence-based nursing practices to improve outcomes for the neonatal population. Objective of the study: The aim of this study is to improve the knowledge of NICU nurses by training on common neonatal problems. Method and Materials: A Quasi Experimental Pre- and Post- Test study design was used to assess knowledge of NICU nurses in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital(TASH). A structured knowledge questionnaire in the form of Multiple Choice Questions(MCQs) was administered to obtain data regarding the knowledge of NICU nurses on common neonatal problems. Statistical analysis included differences in the knowledge scores before, immediately after the training and after 1 year of the training sessions and between the three periods. Result: A total of 35 NICU nurses were trained on common newborn problems with a majority of female participants(82.9%). Seventeen(48.0%) of the nurses have Bachelor's degree in nursing and 14(40%) have Masters in Neonatal Nursing.The majority of them 14 (40.0%) had over 10 years of nursing experience. The participants' mean knowledge score during pre-test was 6.97 ±1.85 which increased to 9.23 ±1.09 immediately after the training and dropped to 6.94 ±1.51. This increase in mean scores indicates the effectiveness of the training in enhancing participants' performance in the short term. Conclusion: The training programs are effective and significantly improve knowledge of nurses on common neonatal problems. Key words: Neonatal Resuscitation, Hypothermia, Training, Pre-test, Post-test
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    A Research Thesis on Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Radiation Safety among nuclear medicine staff members in Service de medicine nuclear-CHU de Bab El Oued, Algiers, Algeria
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-04-14) Gizachew Hiruy; Yohannes Jorge; Desalegn Abeje; Bouyoucef Salaheddine
    Background: Nuclear medicine staff members who involved in this study typically include a variety of professionals who work together to perform diagnostic imaging and therapeutic procedures using radiopharmaceuticals. Radiation safety is a critical aspect of the nuclear medicine practice. It encompasses practices and protocols designed to protect patients, healthcare workers, and the general public from the harmful effects of radiation exposure. Objective: To Assess Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on radiation safety among nuclear medicine staff members in Service de medicine nuclear-CHU de Bab El Oued Algiers, Algeria,2024. Methods and Materials: The survey was conducted as institution based cross sectional study, using a structured questionnaire on nuclear medicine staff members in Service de medicine nuclear-CHU de-Bab El Oued Algiers, Algeria. The study was conducted from August 2024 – February 2025. Result: In this study, a total of 48 participants were included in the analysis, resulting in a response rate of 96%. While staff members generally possess a solid understanding and knowledge of fundamental radiation safety principles but certain concerning findings emerged regarding their attitudes and practices. Specifically, it was found that staff members with less than one year of experience demonstrated a lower attitude score towards radiation safety with the level of significance 0.010 (p<0.05). Additionally, study participants holding doctorate degrees shows admirable knowledge levels and a positive attitude towards radiation safety; but, their practical application was inadequate p-value of 0.016 (p<0.05). Recommendations and Conclusion: This study discloses certain concerning trends regarding their attitudes and practices. To address these, it’s recommended that nuclear medicine centers implement ongoing professional training programs, particularly targeting newer staff members. These short-term training sessions should deliver basic knowledges with emphasize on building good attitude and believes on the importance of radiation safety. Interventions are also needed to bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and practical implementation.
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    A Retrospective Analysis of Newly Diagnosed ITP Patients to Analyze Response to First and Further Line Treatments.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-03) Maasho Biniam; Gebrmedhin Amha
    Background:Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a relativelyuncommon hematologic disorder with an estimatedincidence of 3 to 6 patients /100,000 per year in the West. Initial response rates to corticosteroids average at 70%.In our country data on patient characteristics and outcome of therapy are scarce. ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study is to determine the rate of initial response to corticosteroids in newlydiagnosed IT patients.Secondary objectives include duration ofresponse ,association between independent/patient variables and response, duration of PDN therapy and outcomes with further line treatments. Method: This is a retrospective, single-center study conducted at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, a tertiary care hospitallocated in Addis Ababa.All newly diagnosed ITP patients for whom adequate information regarding their outcome after 1st line therapy was availablewere included in this study. Data obtained thru a standardized questioner was analyzed by IBM-IPSS version 20 statisticalsoftware. Result: A total of 48 study participants with the age of 18 & above were included in the study. Females constitute 85% of theparticipants. 63% of the patients are less than 35 years old. The mean and range of age are 34 Yrs and 17 Yrs – 52 Yrs.62 % had an initial response to steroids (52% complete response). The rate of SR at 6 months was 68%, a statisticallysignificant difference from previous reports (P-value < 0.0001< , with a 95% C.I. = 0.4544 - 0.7856).Rituximab and prednisolone were the most frequently used 2nd line drugs. 6 patients were splenectomized. Patients with aresponse to 1st line prednisolone had a marginally significant better outcome with 2nd /3rd line rituximab Conclusion: Initial response rate to steroids was in line with previous studies done elsewhere. The SR rate was 68% that issignificantly more than that reported in previous studies of 1st line prednisolone therapy in newly diagnosed ITP patients.
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    A Single Center Retrospective Cohort Study on Clinical Profile and Short Term Out Come of Rheumatic Heart Disease Patients Presenting with Acute Heart Failure at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-12-07) Amarech Dage; Merahi Kefiyale; Ayenew Amare
    Background: The Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) In Low- And Middle-Income Countries, Including Ethiopia, Remains Significant. Despite This, There Are Limited Retrospective Data on the Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients with RHD Presenting with AHF In Ethiopia, Particularly at Tertiary Centers Such as Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). Objectives: To Assess the Clinical Profile and Short-Term Outcomes of RHD Patients Presenting with AHF At TASH. Methods: This Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study Was Conducted At TASH, Addis Ababa. Patients Diagnosed with RHD and After between October 1, 2024 to September 30, 2025 Were Randomly Selected for Enrollment. Data Collection Included Demographic Characteristics, Clinical Features at Admission, Laboratory and Echocardiographic Findings, Treatment, And Outcomes (E.G., Length of Stay, In-Hospital Mortality, And 30-Day Readmission or Death). The New York Heart Association Classification Was Used to Categorize the Functional Status of the Patients. Results: The Median Age of the Cohorts Was 31 Years (IQR 20-39), 57%Were Female, and 50.4% Were Married. 83.7% Of Patients Covered Their Healthcare Costs Out of Pocket. The Median Duration of Symptoms Before Hospital Presentation Was 7days (IQR 5-14). Dyspnea Was the Most Common Presenting Symptom; 47.4% Of Patients Presented in NYHA Class IV And the Most Common Precipitating Factor Identified Was Pneumonia (27.1%); Mitral Valve Involvement Was 97%, Nearly All Patients (99.3%) Received Diuretics. In-Hospital Complications Occurred In 52.8% Of Patients, With Electrolyte Abnormalities Being the Most Common Complication, The Median Length of Stay Was 21 Days (IQR 11-31), 76.3% Of Patients Were Discharged, and 23.7% Died. Conclusion: This Study Shows That RHD Remains a Major Cause of AHF In Young Adults, Often Presenting Late and Experiencing High Complication Rates and Mortality.
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    A Single Centered Cross Sectional Study on Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude of Emergency Department Staff Towards Future Infectious Disease Outbreak Preparedness: A Study at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-12-01) Ekram Getahun; Merahi Kefyalew; Tigist Worku
    Background: Infectious Disease Outbreaks Pose Ongoing Challenges to Global Public Health, Particularly in Low- And Middle-Income Countries with Limited Resources. Emergency Departments (Eds) Are Critical Frontline Units for Early Detection and Management of Outbreaks. The Knowledge and Attitudes of ED Staff Are Essential for Effective Preparedness. At Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) In Addis Ababa, The Recently Restructured ED Has Not Yet Been Evaluated for Outbreak Readiness. Objective: This Study Assessed the Knowledge and Attitudes of ED Staff at TASH Regarding Preparedness for Future Infectious Disease Outbreaks. Methods: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Was Conducted from July to September 2025 Among Clinical Staff. Stratified Random Sampling Was Used to Include All Staff Categories. Data Were Collected Using a Structured, Self-Administered Questionnaire Adapted from WHO And CDC Guidelines and Analyzed Using Descriptive Statistics In SPSS. Result: Out Of 100 Participants, only 44 Of Them (44%) Demonstrated Good Knowledge (≥80%). 56 Participants Out Of 100 (56%) Scored Below 80%. This Indicates Poor Knowledge. High Knowledge Was Observed in Isolation Practices (93%), Outbreak Leadership (86%), And Infection Prevention (87%). While Gaps Were Identified in Recognition of Airborne Transmission (54%), Correct Use of Personal Protective Equipment (57–77%), Triage Prioritization (64%), Team Coordination, And Certain Isolation Practices (43–72%). Attitudes Toward Outbreak Preparedness Were Generally Positive, with (73%–78%) Expressing Confidence in Managing Infectious Diseases and Supporting Preventive Strategies. However, Notable Concerns Were Reported Regarding PPE Feasibility (24%), Institutional Support (64%), Triage and Isolation Readiness (47%), And Team Coordination (36%). Conclusion: Although ED Staffs at TASH Have Positive Attitudes and Good Knowledge in Some Areas, There Are Critical Gaps in Outbreak Management Skills. Focused Training and Stronger Institutional Support Are Recommended to Improve Preparedness and Ensure Effective Responses to Future Infectious Disease Outbreaks.
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    A Survey on the Indications, Diagnostic Efficacy and Safety of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital: Retrospective study from Dec, 2021 to Nov, 2023
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-03) Ahmed Seid; Yusuf Hanan; Kebede Dawit ; Worku Aschalew
    Background:In the field of respiratory medicine, Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) is a crucial diagnostic tool for both infectious respiratory diseases including Tuberculosis and non-infectious conditions, including lung cancer since it allows for direct visualization and sampling of the airways. Given the fact that both are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia and worldwide, a comprehensive retrospective analysis of its usage, safety and diagnostic yield is beneficial to optimize its integration into the hospital's diagnostic protocols. Objective:This study aims to assess the indications, diagnostic efficacy and safety of FOB in the context of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) over a two-year period from December 2021 to November 2023. Methods:This study systematically analyses electronic medical records, bronchoscopy procedural reports and pathology and microbiology reports from TASH over a two-year period spanning from December 2021 to November 2023. Data extraction focuses on patient demographics,smoking history, platelet count and coagulation profile, indications for the procedure,bronchoscopic procedures and finally the safety and diagnostic outcomes of all patients whoundergo bronchoscopy over the specified period of time. A waiver was taken from the IRB forthe Ethical aspect of the study and patients’ information is anonymised. Collected data isevaluated for consistency and completeness by the investigator. Following collection, data iscleaned, coded, and analysed by SPSS version 26 software. Results:From a total of 227 bronchoscopies, records were available for 205 procedures, with a meanpatient age of 43.63 years. The majority were male (52.2%), and 83.9% fell within the agerange of 18-65 years. From the cases with HIV testing result, 11/108 (10.2%) were positive.Common indications for bronchoscopy include suspected mass or malignancy (45.85%),tuberculosis (28.29%), and airway inspection (13.66%). Comorbiditiessuch ashypertension(14.15%) and bronchiectasis (11.71%) were identified. Samples collected during bronchoscopyinclude bronchoalveolar lavage (78.54%), transbronchial biopsy (25.85%), and endobronchialbiopsy (10.24%). The overall diagnostic yield for FOB was 75.6%, with specific diagnosticyields for TB, sarcoidosis, and lung cancer at 41.38%, 45.45%, and 51.06%, respectively. Lungcancer was diagnosed in 23.41% of all cases, with adenocarcinoma (43.3%) being the mostprevalent subtype. Tuberculosis and sarcoidosis were diagnosed in 14.63% and 5.36% of cases,respectively. Most cases (93.17%) were complication-free, with minor bleeding, hypertension,hypoxemia, and pneumothorax (on 2 patients) observed in a small percentage. Conclusion:Our study shows that the commonest indication for FOB is workup of suspected mass. FOB inTASH has a better yield compared to most other reports from Africa. The highest yield asexpected was when there was a visible mass and coupled with endobronchial sampling.Cytology from fluid analysis has the lowest yield for malignancy. The practice of FOB inTASH is a safe procedure and even though rare, blind transbronchial biopsy has a risk ofpneumothorax. The commonest histologic type of lung cancer identified is Adenocarcinomabut it was squamous cell carcinoma among smokers.
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    ABO and Rh Blood Groups Association with Preeclampsia Risk: Maternal Factors, Adverse Outcomes, and Hematological Profiles at Nekemte Hospital, Nekemte Town, Western Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-04) Debissa Kefiyalew; Abebaye Aragaw
    Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex, multisystem disorder that causes significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies suggest an association between ABO/Rh blood groups and preeclampsia, but studies that examined these associations in Ethiopia remain shortcoming. Objective: To investigate the association between ABO/Rh blood groups and preeclampsia risk, by assessing maternal factors, adverse outcomes, and hematological profiles among pregnant women at Nekemte Hospitals that is located in Wallaga, Western Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based comparative prospective study was conducted in Nekemte town that included 208 pregnant women (104 with PE and 104 normotensives), chosen using a convenience sampling technique. Data were entered in Epi Info (version 3.1) and analyzed using SPSS® (version 27). Chi-square tests and logistic regression (p< 0.05), Higher RDW (32.942.17 vs. 24.831.50%, p< 0.05), and elevated neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts among PE women compared to normotensive controls (p < 0.05). Regarding maternal outcomes, PE was linked to higher cesarean section (71.4%), and pregnancy termination rates (94.7%) (p < 0.05). Neonates of PE women had lower mean birth weights (2608.1754.54 gm. vs. 3281.25 46.01 gm. p< 0.05), reduced APGAR scores, higher preterm birth (83.3%), IUFD, and early neonatal death (p < 0.05). Most of PE cases (70.2%) occurred after 34 weeks of gestation. However, adverse neonatal outcomes such as low birth weight and reduced APGAR scores were significantly more common in pregnancies between 20-34 weeks (p < 0.05). Conclusion: No association was found between PE and ABO/Rh blood group and BMI. PE was linked to poor ANC follow-up, proteinuria, altered hematological parameters, and adverse neonatal outcomes. This effect suggests the necessity for a better follow-up of pregnant women visiting Nekemte Hospital.