African Studies

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Africa and the International Criminal Court: Challenges and the way Forward
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Belay, Eshetu; Hassen, Mohammed (Phd)
This research reflects the areas of jurisdictional power of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the challenges it has been facing in the last 12 years of its life while it is trying to end impunity in Africa. The assessment is based on the main objective of establishing Rome Statue in July 2002 which thrives that all member states of UN have to have the same standard in their respective territories. A lot of controversies and misconceptions are being witnessed on the understandings and implementation of international laws in Africa between ICC and African leaders. It seems such controversies and misconceptions emanate from different prevailing thoughts. African states accuse ICC as a neo colonialist institution targeting African leaders in addition to alleging ICC as playing double standard role in African and the rest of the world for instance ICC investigation and prosecution till now only in Africa despite Israel-Palestine, Iraq , Columbia and Afghanistan where western countries have major interest from the conflict .The study used method of both Primary data, key informant interview and secondary data, cases from ICC investigation and situation under which it described the challenges and perspective of the international criminal court in fighting impunity in Africa .The study used cases which do have direct link with ICC like the current cases on Uganda, DRC, Cote d’Ivoire CAR, Kenya, Sudan Mali and Libya as an input in its arguments and discussions. And the study proved that the non-targeting of African states by ICC and there is no evidence showing ICC is playing double standard role in Africa and the rest of the world rather the UNSC, the political body, playing double standard in its referral and other duties .Thus AU, UNSC, state parties and all African states should cooperate with this independent institution to end major Human Right violation throughout the globe
Africa in Search of “True Federalism”: A Comparative Assessment of the Norm and Practice of Federalism in Ethiopia and Nigeria
(Addis ababa university, 2021-08) Teressa, Yohannes; Abebe (PhD), Dechassa
Federalism as a normative concept has two important aspects: self-rule for certain purposes and shared-rule for others with a view of accommodating and promoting distinct identities within a larger political union. The quest for self-rule and shared-rule gives rise to centripetal and centrifugal forces. The delicate balancing of these opposing forces is the real challenge of a truly federal exercise.Given the wide ethno-cultural diversities in African countries, it is surprising that only a few countries on the continent have so far opted for federalism. Among these few countries are found the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Federal Republic of Nigeria. In this thesis, the federal exercise in these two countries have been comparatively examined with a view of finding out the convergences and divergences exhibited in their federal exercisesin light of classical theories of federalism. Towards the attainment of this objective, the thesis seeks to answer wheatear and if the federal exercises in the two countries are in par with the tenets of federalism, how their exercises in federalism have impacted the socio-economic developments of the countries and what corrective measures, if any, should they take to fine-tune their ventures in federalism. The methodological approach of this study is qualitative. The main objective of the study being achieving an in-depth understanding of the federal exercises in the two countries by reviewing pertinent literature, this approach is followed.The study has established that, finding the right balance between the centripetal and centrifugal forces and forging a sustainable federal system has been a real challenge in both countries. In spite of their circumstances of extreme diversities, bothcountries haveaccumulated political powers and financial resources at the center at the expense of the regional governments. These facts have not only impeded their attainment of tangible socio-economic development but also forced many to question whether and if the countries can truly be considered federal at all. Having considered the problems in the federal exercises of the two countries this thesis recommended that if the countries are to materialize any meaningful socio-economic development and ensure sustainable peace and security for their people, then, they should realign their modus operandi (norm and practice) in line with the classical theories of federalism by truly decentralizing political power and fiscal resources in a way that empowersthe regional governments. Key Words: Federalism, Centralization, Development, Security, Self-Rule, Shared-Rule.
The African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance (2007) and Democratization in Ethiopia: Prospects and Challenges
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-12) Hailemichael, Eyasu; Mohammed, Yasin (Dr)
Political leadership in Africa after the colonial era has been followed by factors like single Parties, personal-coercive military, coup d’états which do not allow sustainable electoral democracies or sustained governance. After AU replaced OAU it has opted to put various mechanisms to bring democratic transition and consolidation by producing various mechanisms likewise Democracy Charter to assist member states. Even though, the member states are hybrid regimes or electoral authoritarians most of the member states have made commitment to form democratic leadership. One of the member states Ethiopia has signed ratified and deposited to be governed or ruled by the charter since 2007. After the down fall of Dergue the state has hold five elections since 1991, and subsequently signed the charter as well as had held two more elections under the protocol. Besides signing the agreement taking lesson from the most competitive election and post electoral violence of 2005 the government had enacted laws that curtailed the political culture and that has developed the tendency towards authoritarianism. The study has two distinct objectives but interrelated objectives. On the one hand it examines the structural and institutional challenges in governing the democratization process and on the other hand it examines implementation of AU’s principles in practice and AU’s activity in governing the democratic election. The research study uses both primary and secondary data. In corroborating the analysis theories of democratization like transition theory and exogenous influence and integration alliance theories were employed. In conclusion the study found out the Ethiopian government had achieved success in the women representation, formation of political systems and democracy institutions and has slightly and systematically violated the agreements with regard to violation of some of the agreements in the past elections however the actor or elite exchange has delivered opportunities towards democratic transition. The research also reveals the gaps, weakness, strength of the Ruling party, weakness of oppositions, CSOs, and presents possible opportunities towards democratization in Ethiopia in compliance with ACDEG. Keywords: Political leadership, Democratic Charter, Authoritarianism, Hybrid Regime, coup d’états
The African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance (2007) and Democratization in Ethiopia: Prospects and Challenges
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-12) Hailemichael, Eyasu; Mohammed, . Yasin (Dr)
Political leadership in Africa after the colonial era has been followed by factors like single Parties, personal-coercive military, coup d’états which do not allow sustainable electoral democracies or sustained governance. After AU replaced OAU it has opted to put various mechanisms to bring democratic transition and consolidation by producing various mechanisms likewise Democracy Charter to assist member states. Even though, the member states are hybrid regimes or electoral authoritarians most of the member states have made commitment to form democratic leadership. One of the member states Ethiopia has signed ratified and deposited to be governed or ruled by the charter since 2007. After the down fall of Dergue the state has hold five elections since 1991, and subsequently signed the charter as well as had held two more elections under the protocol. Besides signing the agreement taking lesson from the most competitive election and post electoral violence of 2005 the government had enacted laws that curtailed the political culture and that has developed the tendency towards authoritarianism. The study has two distinct objectives but interrelated objectives. On the one hand it examines the structural and institutional challenges in governing the democratization process and on the other hand it examines implementation of AU’s principles in practice and AU’s activity in governing the democratic election. The research study uses both primary and secondary data. In corroborating the analysis theories of democratization like transition theory and exogenous influence and integration alliance theories were employed. In conclusion the study found out the Ethiopian government had achieved success in the women representation, formation of political systems and democracy institutions and has slightly and systematically violated the agreements with regard to violation of some of the agreements in the past elections however the actor or elite exchange has delivered opportunities towards democratic transition. The research also reveals the gaps, weakness, strength of the Ruling party, weakness of oppositions, CSOs, and presents possible opportunities towards democratization in Ethiopia in compliance with
African Diaspora Engagement to their Home Countries: A Comparative Analysis between Ethiopia and Nigeria
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Melkamu, Addisu; Abebe (PhD), Dechasa
Because of precious role of diasporain development, the African Union has recognized diaspora as its sixth region. For the continent having a financing gap of $67.6-$107.5 billion diaspora engagement is one of the most essential matters that requires cohesive policies and road map. The actual engagement of African diaspora to their home countries are not synchronized with its potential resources. With regard to these facts, this study sought to explore gaps in African diaspora engagement to their home countries (with special emphasis of Ethiopia and Nigeria). Questionnaires and interviews are used as tools of the study. Extensive desk reviews were also employed to explore how home countries leverage their overseas population. In documentary review techniques policies, institutions and actions that shape Diaspora engagement has discussed. The study reveals that Nigeria has institutions that are more robust, better financial system, better diaspora community organizations than Ethiopia, which enables Nigeria to have better engagement of diaspora in Africa. It also disclosed fragile diaspora institutions, malaise of domestic politics, insubstantial financial system and some others factors are identified as factors that underutilized diaspora engagement in Ethiopia. This study recommends that establishing feasible diaspora institutions and fixing financial systems are the forefront issues that Ethiopia should deals to intensify its diaspora engagement. It is necessary to improve state-diaspora relations, which as strong spill over effects on diaspora engagement. Finally, more research is needed to guide means of structuring diaspora institutions and mapping in a less expensive manner. Key Words: Diaspora, Development, Diaspora Engagement, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Diaspora Engagement Typologies.
African Solutions for African Problems: Ethiopia’s Mediation Role in (2018-2019) Sudan Political Crisis
(Addis ababa university, 2021-03) Motuma, Tisefin; Hassen (PhD), Mohammed
After the overthrew the 30- year old rule of Al Basher the political condition of Sudan had been in a state of swinging to the left and to the right.What Ethiopia did in this particular case was to avoid an all-out conflict and bring the contending parties to the negotiating table in a step-by-step process with a spirit of ‘’African solution for African problem’. The effort succeeded to have resulted ina power sharing deal between the TMC and the civilian opposition power. Itis believed to be the first step towards a democratic transition for the Sudan. This study therefore sought to assess the contribution of Ethiopia towards bringing the disputing Sudanese parties to reach an agreement in the spirit of solving African problems by African. The study utilized qualitative method and non-probability sampling technique to select informants. By conducting semi-structured interviews and extensively reviewingsecondary data sources the study has examined the role, approaches, achievements, and challenges of the Ethiopian-led mediation during the 2018-18 Sudan crisis. The study established that there were various actors in the mediation process in theSudan. Ethiopia’s mediation effort was successful.The successes of the process, has depended on the outcome, acceptability of the mediators by the warring parties, the neutrality of the mediators in the process, and the skill and knowledge of mediators on the causes of conflict, the parties and process. Nerveless, the mediation process was not smooth. There were major challenges including mistrust between the negotiating parties, internal friction among civilian groups, and pressure from various actors and skepticism towards Ethiopia’s initiative. Finally, the study recommended that, coordinated and timely application of specific political, diplomatic, and economic and/or security measures and activities in response to a situation threatening peace should be a responsibility of each member states. Also, to be effective conflict prevention must be planned and implemented with its contribution and transition to longer-term peace and security as a key consideration.Finally, critical post-conflict components should be addressed.
African’s Indigenous Knowledge System and Institution in Dispute Resolution: The Case of ‘Borana’ of Ethiopia and ‘Gabra’ of Kenya Ethnic Groups in Africa
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Wakjira Rebuma; Getachew Kassa (Dr)
The dispute becomes a normal part of people's or communities' lives, resulting in large numbers of fatalities and a path of property devastation that triggers natural disasters. The primary focus of the study is on the function of native dispute handling and resolution procedures among the Horn of Africa's Borana and Gabra peoples. This is also consistent with the viewpoint that is currently being promoted by the nations of African intellectuals and the AU's ‘African Solution to African Problems’. Additionally, the study was driven by three goals: the methods used for resolving disputes in the communities, the legitimacy of justice in dispute resolution using the indigenous knowledge system and institutions, and the study's contribution to good governance and peaceful coexistence between the communities of Borana and Gabra. On the other hand the study used Purposive sampling technique to identify the area or district where the units of observation met the criteria, as well as to conduct convenient sampling, which is helpful when the researcher gathers data from the population that is ready and prepared to provide information. Secondary information is obtained from books, journals, Medias, online sources and newspapers. The finding also revealed that the patterns of dispute resolution by using indigenous knowledge system and institution is different among Borana and Gabra’s communities, but it is effective and acceptable procedures in resolving dispute. Finally, the study advised that concerned stakeholders support indigenous knowledge-based dispute resolution methods used by the Borana and Gabra communities, which go through various levels of dispute organs and promote peaceful coexistence among Horn of Africa communities
Air Transport In major Airlines In Africa: Challenges And Prospects
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Getachew, Kidane; G/Selassie, Kidist (PhD)
The significance of air transport in promoting growth and development in developing countries is very high. The African air transport industry in general and the African airline industry in particular have faced challenges of a multitude nature. As such this research is conducted to show the challenges and prospects that are faced by major African airlines. One challenge that did not get adequate attention by studies reviewed is the competition African airlines face from foreign airlines. To this effect, the market share of African and Foreign airlines for the period 2006 to 2012 is analyzed in terms of seat capacity and flights per week in their intercontinental and intra-continental operations. Also comments from LinkedIn African aviation discussion forums are used to identify and list out the major challenges of the African air transport. In the intra-Africa operations the African airlines are observed to dominate the market with an average market share of 95%. In the intercontinental operations African airlines have lost an average of 12% seat capacity for Middle East and European carriers. Furthermore interviews with African airlines executives show the fact that the competition from the foreign carriers especially that of the Middle East is at a critical stage. However, the prospect of the African airlines is not gloomy. Given the growing economy and middle class in Africa, Boeing forecasts a growth of 5.7% for African airline traffic. But this is only possible if the African airlines are able to work together and compete with the giant carriers. To this end the African states and airline Association should work together in areas where they can pool resources and improve efficiency
An Appraisal of the Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Mohammed, Essa; Tafesse, Tesfaye(PhD)
The utilization of transboundary water resources among the basin states hasn’t always been an easy task. The presence of large number of states sharing the river and absence of an agreement determining its use further complicates the already complicated issue of utilization among the basin states. Shared by eleven states, the Nile Basin is one among the basins without any legal and binding agreement determining the utilization of the waters of Nile. Until the establishment of the NBI in 1999 with the objective of ensuring equitable use among the basin states via its future institution of the NRBC, the contribution of the previous bilateral and/or coloniallyinduced Nile agreements and several other sub-basin institutions toward solving the age old problem of the basin had been very limited. Thus, the main objectives of this study are to evaluate the Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA), one among the major trucks of the activities of the NBI which is currently waiting the ratification of three more states to have a legal status and to proclaim the establishment of the permanent NRBC. In order to achieve these objectives, the researcher selected Qualitative Research methodology. Information related to the study was gathered from both: primary sources- by interviewing experts, academicians, diplomats and government representatives in the field; and secondary sources- by analyzing books, articles, journals etc. The selection of sample was made based on purposive sampling technique. The findings of this study revealed that the major problem in the Nile Basin lies not in the scarcity of the available water rather it is the dominance of artificially created hurdles blocking cooperation. The presence of different Nile water agreements in favor of the downstream states is one among the major hurdles that create a privileged downstream group in one hand and unprivileged upstream block on the other. The age old upstream-downstream disagreement has been between aimed at changing and preserving the status quo established by these Nile waters agreements. The findings of this thesis consolidated this argument since it is the rigid position of the downstream states especially Egypt in recognizing the rights of upstream states from a share to the resources of the Nile. In the eyes of the researcher, the unified position and ratification of the remaining signatory states of the CFA will offer strength to challenge the position of downstream states. Thus, unless cooperation mechanism is realized in the Nile Basin, the prevailing situation in the region will pose a threat to the utilization of the waters of the Nile in the future. Though the optimistic beginnings of the NBI in facilitating the implementation of water projects of basin wide importance and the conclusion of the negotiation of the CFA are considered as a big success, the opposition of the downstream states to the CFA is still a big challenge. Once again, the attempt of establishing a basin wide institution with the consent of all member states remained in question if the opposition of the downstream states to the CFA is going continue in the future
An Assessment of Socio-Economic Factors on Crime: A Case Study of Kaliti Correctional Administration, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-07) Kebede, Meti; Berhane, Zerihun (PhD)
Social and economic factors have an influence on the state of people’s lives which in turn influence their behavior. The aim of this thesis is to assess influence of socio-economic factors on crime in Ethiopia, with particular emphasis on the triggering factors that led inmates who are serving time in Kaliti Correctional Administration to criminal behavior. By using differential association theoretical framework as a tool of explanations, the present study assessed the influence of socio-economic factors that prompt criminal behavior. As a result, qualitative method was employed to capture the attitudes and perceptions of the offenders about their knowledge and/or experience of crime and how they have been influenced by socio-economic factors. This study employed both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data was collected from 15 respondents through in-depth interview with offenders serving time in Kaliti Correctional Administration and key informant interview with police officers, administrative officials of Kaliti Correctional Administration and it was the main and first hand data of information for the study. Though the main and first hand source of data is primary, it was supplemented by information gathered from secondary sources of data. Review of relevant document, literature, published books, journals and research report that have direct or indirect relation with the research objective was also reviewed. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. As the findings of the study show, social and economic factors influence the tendency of participants to commit crime; however, certain conditions are more prone to crime than others. From the interview result, it is observed that poor socialization; parent’s failure to give a proper guidance for the children, peer influence and lack of income are among the factors that were significantly influenced participant’s tendency to commit crime. In conclusion, social and economic factors have an influence on the incidences of criminal acts.
Assessment of the Abuse of Ethiopian Women Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-05) Hunde, Sintayehu; Abebe, Dechasa(PhD)
Women migrant workers claim a significant component of the labor force in the Arab labor market. Over the past few years, the Plight of migrant workers has been reported in the Gulf due to the persistent exploitation and abuse of their rights. The purpose of this study is to highlight the sources of the predicaments Ethiopian Women migrant workers are facing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These problems include; forced long working hours of up to 20 hours a day; seven days a week, unpaid wages and salaries, physical violence, rape, crime and other forms of exploitation. The international division of labor proposes that the reproduction activities have been progressively commodity in the context of the global market economy. As such our study uses in depth interviews and questionnaires to investigate and enumerate the root causes that contributing the abuse of Ethiopian women migrant workers in Saudi Arabia. The scope of this thesis is limited to women Saudi returnees who are engaged in small scale enterprises through Addis Ababa Bureau of Labor and Social Affairs those returnee workers who use both illegal and legal means of recruitment process through PEAs. In addition, the approach of this study is narrowed down to focusing on abuse, exploitation, trends and practices of migrant workers in the Gulf Countries, particularly in Saudi Arabia. The themes of the result from interviews and questioner are discussed with relevant theoretical explanations provided in the research study
An Assessment of Women Farmers' Participation in Agricultural Extension Services for Income and Nutrition Improvement in Ethiopia: The Case of Becho District, South West Oromia
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-05) Ali, Huia; Kassa, Getachew(PhD)
This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of agricultural extension services consisting of both production and nutrition related information in improving the production and nutrition of farmers and women farmers in particular in Becho district. Required data were collected from four kebeles of Becho district from 338 randomly selected households (277 male headed and 61 female headed), 18 in-depth interviews with key informants and eight focus group discussions. The data were entered in SPSS software and organized in tables and figures and further described and analyzed following descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, bivariate correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses procedures. In inferential statistics, Chisquare (X2) test, independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) have been applied. In order to test the significance of association between dependent and explanatory variables, i.e.; for r and coefficients (unstandardized beta) t-test has been used when ever required. Tests of significances have been decided at P ≤ 0.1 levels. The result of the regression model revealed that increased cultivated land, TLU, use of improved seed, access to credit and contacts with agricultural extension agent’s increases households’ agricultural production. On the other hand, it was only the impact of use of improved seed for female headed farmers was positive and significantly increases agricultural production. Age, educational level, family member less than 14 years old, use of improved seed, livestock size (TLU), and knowledge and attitude on agricultural extension activities (AEA) for income and nutrition) were found significantly influencing the index of all respondents’ and male headed farmers’ diet diversification function. On the other hand, only TLU was found significantly influencing the index of female headed farmers’ diet diversification function
The Au Human Rights Monitoring Capacity : in the case of African Peer Review Mechansim
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Assefa, Meseret; Tombe, Wani(PhD)
This thesis assesses the human rights monitoring capacity of the AU and the role APRM can play in it. It argues that, in Africa, historical evidence suggests a continuing pattern of human rights violations have continued by unchecked dictatorial regime. It also seeks to demonstrate that for various reasons, the AU has been weak in monitoring of human rights violations. This attributes to two main reasons. One, the relative dignity and human value enjoyed by African in pre-colonial era became negatively impacted by colonialism as an aspect of foreign intervention in Africa. This impact has remains with the African leaders. The leaders become ruling the continent after colonialism has been characterized as dictators and military leaders which apply similar system of their previous colonial masters in violating human rights. None of the Heads of State and Government was freely and fairly elected. It was virtually the same club of dictators who adopted the African Human rights Charter in 1981. Second, the African commission and the court are often ineffective because they lack resources and political commitments of member states for the protection of human rights. Even at the level of the assembly of heads of state, the reports of the African Commission do not receive adequate attention or consideration but are often simply adopted without due regard to the issues raised. Hitherto, the African system of human rights has evolved against the experience of colonialism, dictatorships, the failure of administering justice, and reluctance. Africa is still facing the long road to promotion and protection of human rights for all Africans. Yet within this setting the APRM had anticipated as an opportunity to hold African leaders accountable and conceived as it can add value to human rights monitoring capacity of African commission. Hence, this assessment is done in relation to the work that is being done by APRM and the challenges that it has confronted over the years. In assessing the role of the APRM in human rights monitoring, this study discharges the importance of peer review and investigates the challenges facing it in the field of human rights
Causes and Consequences of Kenya’s military intervention in Somalia
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Alemu, Yirgu; Mohammed, Yasin (PhD)
The central goal of this study is to scrutinize the causes and consequences of Kenya’s military intervention in Somalia in October 2011. It is to exert effort to bridge the gap in literature and to motivate further studies on the issue under study .The study will examine political, economic and social causes that triggered to incursion and the impacts that the military intervention brought. Methodologically, since the research deals with the socio political and economic factors with outcomes of the incursion, it pursued qualitative approaches in terms of data collection and design of analysis. The tools used to collect data were interviews and document analysis. An ethical consideration was employed to make objective analysis, to come up with sound findings and draw valid conclusions. In the course of data analysis, the causes and consequences of Kenya’s military intervention in Somalia are described in detail. .The findings of the study assert that the incursion was linked to creating a buffer state in Southern Somalia as a strategic solution for assuring security and economic interests of Kenya. Then, the study suggested possible recommendations that are Kenya to develop effective all inclusive national development policies, should approach voluntary repatriation of Somali refugees , develop effective security policies to secure border region, recognize the importance of inclusivity in trying to achieve a stable Somalia and Cross boarder incursion must be the last resort. Somalia should develop policies –strategies concerning returnees of Somali refugees to escape crackdown of stability and deal oil interest with international law.Creating stability in southern Somalia does not mean only by defeating Al-Shabaab. Kenya, with the help of its partners must now develop a political plan that includes attractive incentives for local clans to work together and share the region’s wealth and foreign assistance. That will require careful planning and support, as well as continued international involvement in development and capacity-building
Causes and Consequences of the Arab Spring of 2011 The Case of Tunisia
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-10) Tadesse, Solomon; Hasen, Mohammed (PhD)
The African Arab States entered in to serious of uprisings in December 2010. The revolution broke out in Northern African and Arab state of Tunisia. It is one of the wealthiest states on the continent ranks 36th in the world economic competent. It is a country rich in minerals such as Iron, Phosphate, Zinc, Lead, Oil, Petroleum and Natural gas. Besides, Tunisia is one of the leading producers of Agricultural products, such as olives, wheat, barely, tomatoes, citrus, sugar beets, Dates and Almond and goods-textile, Leather and Steel, among others. It is also known for Food and Beverage products. In addition, it is also the second largest tourist destination in the continent next to Egypt. Like Tunisia, the States of Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Egypt are endowed with national resources. They have sizable deposition of Natural gas and Particularly Libya is among the leading producers of petroleum in the world next to Iraq, Iran and Saudi Arabia even supplied 1/10th of petroleum to the world market in 2008. Though the North African Arab States earned huge foreign currency from Natural Gas, oil and other most of their citizens did not benefit from it. They have been living under serious poverty chiefly owing to the dictatorial orientation of the governments. There is no economic, social, and political freedom. They were characterised by unfired distribution of wealth, high rate of unemployment, un equal access to education, lack of housing, lack of transportation, lack of political participation and lack of involvement in public service. The wealth of the state was in the hands of few leaders and western European companies. The leaders of North African Arabians were protectors of their interests as well as Western capitalists. The suppression of problems for a long period of time led to the explosion of violent protests against Arab states governments since 2010. The first protest was seen in Tunisia ending up in ousting of president Zen al-Abidine Ben Ali. Following Tunisian revolution Egyptians moved against the regime and sent Hosni Mubarak in to jail. The revolution in Libya was concluded in killing Muammar Gaddafi and in Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh forced to leave from his power. The tide of uprising from Tunisia spread out to the whole Arab world including Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria. In Syria the revolution still not concluded. In this study the researcher will not focuses on Arab spring in detail rather to assess the Cause and consequences of Tunisian Arab spring of 2010
Causes, Conseqences and Roles of External Actors in the Current South Sudan Conflict
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Mebratu, Tewodros; Hassen, Mohammed (PhD)
The world‟s new state, South Sudan. The aggregate effects of marginalization, imposition of sharian law, denial of self-governing rights and in general, claiming that they were considered as „secondary citizens‟ in Sudan, and after making a bitter struggle for three decades, in 2011 South Sudan maintained its independence by a referendum. But unfortunately, within three years after gaining its independence a civil war broke out in South Sudan. A political power struggle between the South Sudanese president Salva Kiir and former vice president Riek Machar has resulted in violent clashes between ethnic army factions in December 2013. Since then, fighting has spread across South Sudan and claimed the lives of around 10,000 people. Taking into account the past hostility and bitterness between these two big ethic groups. It is feared that a deadly ethnic cleansing and massacre might happen again in the continent. Since the civil war broke out, peace talks between these sides in Juba & Addis Ababa hasn‟t been fruitful yet. Conflicts are erupting in different provinces of South Sudan from time to time. To this effect; children, women & elderly will continue to suffer. Thus, this research opts to explore and find out the root causes of this conflict which broke out in 2013, with the direct and indirect involvement of the external state, and non-state actors as well. In addition; the political, economic and humanitarian consequences of the conflict will be explored in depth. To conduct the research, primary and secondary sources were employed that gave the study a detailed explanation in a descriptive & analytical way
The Challeges of Good Governance in Africa: The Case of Kenya
(Addis Ababa University, 2013-06) Bekele, Adane; Hassen, Rania(PhD)
Good governance is more in action where it can overcome all discriminations; based on wealthy, ethnic group, sex, region or political views; and also where all citizens equally benefited from countries resources. Good governance thus depends on interaction between stakeholders – leaders, political parties, bureaucracy, parliament, judiciary, private sector, civil society, media – and their interests; on capacity – human, technical, financial – of stakeholders to perform their role. Good governance requires fair legal frame works that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. In a good governance the rules and regulations that is implied should be clear and friendly enough to general public and should also motivate the nation to follow the implied law’s of the country. This paper examines the challenges of good governance in Africa with special emphasis on Kenya. In order to assess the challenges of good governance, qualitative method was used. Data was collected from secondary and primary sources and analyzed in order to recommend possible solutions. Over the years, African governments and their institutions lacked the courage and will to enforce the law, procedures, and policies to enhance good governance. As a result in Africa, governance is characterized by poor institutional performance, inadequate parliament, lack of the independence of the judiciary system, corrupt police force, political instability, abuse and misuse of political offices, insufficient budgetary accountability, lack of respect for the rule of law and human rights, and bureaucratic bottleneck and above all corruption. The findings of this study revealed that there are manifold problems that contribute to lack of good governance in Kenya. In the history of Kenya, all the first three presidents since independence have been habitually surrounding themselves with individuals whom they consult as they make decisions affecting the nation. They relied on their ethnic groups and relatives to sustain their power rather than good policies and strategies which benefit the majority of the country. Good governance in Kenya is rare in practice because both the public and private officials are not accountable and decision-making process is not transparent. In Kenya, bad governance has, over the decades, been manifested, among other things, in inequitable distribution of national wealth, abuse of human rights, lack of constitutionalism, lack rule of law, lack of separation of power, centralization of power, lack of visionary leadership and other misde
Challenges and Opportunities of Good Governance in Ghana
(2014-05) Daniel, Abrham; Mohammed (PhD), Yasin
Effective, stable, and accountable governments are essential. It can provide stakeholders at all levels to acknowledge the best alternatives for promoting good governance. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities of good governance in Ghana with special emphasis on accountability, transparency, judiciary, rule of law and human rights enforcement. In order to assess the challenges and opportunities of good governance, qualitative method of data analysis was used. Data was collected from secondary and primary sources and analyzed in order to recommend possible solutions. Over the years, the Ghanaian government and its institutions lacked the courage and will to enforce the law, procedures, and policies to enhance good governance. As a result in Ghana, until recently governance is characterized by poor institutional performance, weak parliament, and lack of independence of the judiciary, corrupt police force, political instability, abuse and misuse of political offices, insufficient budgetary accountability, and lack of respect for the rule of law and human rights, and corruption. But since around 1990s there observed significant improvement in respect to good governance in Ghana pertinent to performance of the institutions mentioned above. Finally, this thesis recommends that good governance is an essential prerequisite for any country’s development and to make the state and the political system workable and suitable for the people. Besides, it recommends that efficient and accountable institution and, political system; judicial, administrative, economic, and social rules that promote development, protect human rights and respect of the rule of law; and freedom for people to participate in those issues that affect their lives, must be in place in Ghana
Challenges and opportunities of Urban Refugees Inclusion in Tertiary Education level: The Case of Addis Ababa based Eritrean Refugees
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-11) Belete, Getachew; Mohammed (PhD) Addis, Yasin
Globally, refugees are one of the most marginalized groups of society. They are forced to flee their country of origin because of violence, war and persecution. Higher education for refugees can play vital role in facilitating their integration into host countries. In reintegration stage, higher education for refugees can help refugees to be active in rebuilding their home country and life’s. The Eritrean refugees had affected on social and economic structure of Ethiopia and problem on higher education to school enrolment rates are still very low. As a result, there is a significantly large and growing population of Eritrean youth who are uneducated, unemployed and lack of relevant job skills and training that can enables them to engage in productive work to earn a living. The Eritrean urban refugees have there are opportunities and changes in Addis Ababa. The higher institution challenges on educations are ups and down, low quality, cultural, economic and social difficulties, and the government and humanitarian organizations not give emphasis to refugee’s higher education in Addis Ababa. The objective of study is examined the Opportunities and Challenges of urban Eritrean Refugees tertiary education in Addis Ababa. The involvement of all urban refugee higher education students is very important to determine the impact of urban refugee tertiary education and job opportunities for refugees. The purpose of this study was to Explorer the urban Eritrean refugees’ opportunities and challenges forced them not to attend tertiary education in Addis Ababa. The method of the research was qualitative by descriptive research design and narrative research approach. The method of data sources primary and secondary source while the tools were depth interview, observation and key informant interview. There is a huge gap in the partner and governments about the urban refugee student’s status. In order to address the specific research, question the study employed a qualitative research approach. The study highlights that limited access to higher education, absence of documentation and lack of information as entry barriers to higher education were major bottlenecks. Refugee students have different challenges like, legal, language, cultural, discrimination, psychological, lack of interest and financial. These challenges were examined from the point of view of from socio-cultural theory of learning. On the other hand, Higher education, Vocational training work employment other found to be major opportunities the refugees have while dwelling in Addis Ababa and examines how refugee students overcome the drop out problem. Finally, this research recommends for the Government of Ethiopia and NGOs should provide voluntary refugees repatriation, awareness creations for society and refugees, vocational, skills and language, create equal job opportunities, guidance and counseling, undertake further research. Key words: Urban Refugees, Tertiary Education, Addis Ababa, Challenge, Opportunities
The Challenges and Prospects of Building A Developmental State In Africa: A Comparative Study of Botswana and Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Gebretensae, Mesgna; Tafesse, Tesfaye(PhD)
Like most human institutions – the family, the village, the city, the state, customs, laws, the – nation – developmental state was born long before anybody thought of naming it.However, it is the success of South East Asian countries in the 1970s and 1980s that became its reference point. There has been a wide spread skepticism about the prospect for the emergence of viable develop mental states on Africa. While acknowledging the multi-dimensional capacity weakness of the post-colonial African states as a major source of the continent’s current under development, proponents argue that there is enough reason to adopt a developmental state model. Of those countries outside of Asia that have recorded phenomenal levels of economic growth, it has been the so-called developmental state of Botswana that have performed well. However in the Ethiopian contextthe term is increasingly being used only in recent times. The interest in constructing a developmental state has its own challenges and lack of committed leadership, absence of autono mous and effective bureaucracy, ineffective national development planning and social policy and institutional capacity deficiency are the major ones in Africa. In Ethiopia, there are notable changes brought about by the developmental state model. However, when compared to Botswana; a success story in Africa since the 1970s, the Ethiopian developmental state encounters many challenges and can draw lessons from Botswana. This study explores the challenges and prospects of building a developmental state in Africa by comparing Botswana and Ethiopia

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