Geography and Environmental Studies

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Trends and Variations of Some Climatic Elements at Three Stations in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 1984-06) Abate, Kefialew; Gamachu, Daniel (PhD)
T1'.€' pape r is or gan ized i nto six chapte rs . The f irs t and t he second chapters ~eal wi t h i n troduct ory discussions like spe cifi c obj e ctives, justi f ication and r a t ionale , data sources and methodo l ogy and revi ew of relat ed literature. The third, fourth and fif th chap t ers are analys is of s urface wind speed and dir ection, tempe rat ur e and r a infa ll patt e rns whe re as the sixth chapter is a summary of the findings and recommenda tio ns. Tre paper discusses the three climatic elements o f winds, t empe r ature and r a infall at t h ree stations in Addis ~ ~a b a . The decadal, mont hly and seascnal vRriations of these e l ements a t t he t hr ee sta ticns are examine d . Some te chniques of ti~e s eri es analysis have been employed to see so~e identifiable tr ends cf t he three climatic e l ements over ti me .
A Study of Altitudinal Plant Zonation on the Western Slopes of Mount Chilalo, Arsi
(Addis Ababa University, 1984-07) Tekle, Kebrom; Gamachu, Daniel (PhD)
differenc·os especi ally between the stands with and without Rrica a rborea, Were seen in most of the vRriables dmsi de r ad . Based on the findings the vegetation on the Vlestern Slopes was divided into four cate.I'ories wi th mor e problems in categories 2 and 4 which Were affected by burning and de ffo re station re spa cti ve ly. Be fore the p r oblems e xte nd to Ca tegorie s 1 and ), it i s suggested that ways and means should be sought to decrease defforestation (in category 4) and substituk ' it by reaffor estation p r ogramme; 9.nd mini mize animal rearing (in category 2) which mi ght oecr ease the fire hazards in the area dominated by Erica a rborea .
The Utilization of Selected Government Health Facilities in Addis Ababa
(1988-06) Mengistu, Bellete; Kloos, Helmut (PhD)
Soil Conservation Experiments on Cultivated Land in the Maybar Area, Wello Region, Ethiopia•
(Addis Ababa University, 1988-06) Tesfaye, Mulugeta; Hurni, Hans (PhD)
Soil conservation experiments consisting 6 plots (five of them treated and one untreated control plot) were established in 1986 in the Maybar area to identify the most suitable soil conservation measure(s) for the area and other similar areas in Wello region. The plots (each 30m long and 6m wide) are placed side by side on a 28% slope with a well-drained, highly stony, HAPLIC PHAEOZEM of about 60 cm depth . The treatments are Level Bund, Graded Bund, Level Fanya juu, Graded Fanya juu and Grass Strip. Soil loss and runoff measurements from the experimental plots were made during 65 rainfall events with a total rainfall amount and erosivity (EI30) of 2098mm and 876 Joules m- i h- i , respectively. 41 of the 65 rainfall periods having a total rainfall amount and EI30 value of l29lmm and 516 Joules m- i h- i respectively were monitored in 1986. The rest (24 rainfall events with rainfall amount and EI30 of 8Q7mm. and 360 Joules m- i h .- i , respectively) occurred in 1987. The observed annual soil loss values from all experimental plots are below the tolerance level. between experimental plots. Yet, significant differences exist The graded Bund showed distinctivelyhigher soil loss in both 1986 and 1987 amounting to 5.15 tons/ha and 1 . 66 tons/ha, respectively. The t hree level soil conservation measures (Level Fanya juu, Grass Strip and Level Bund) consistently showed significantly lower annual soil loss values in both the years amounting to 0.49, 0 . 84 and 1.04 tons/ha, respectively in 1986 and to 0.15, 0.40 and 0.54 tons/ha in 1987. The control plot showed an annual soil loss of 2.02 tons/ha (which was less than half of the annual soil loss of the Graded Bund) in 1986 and of 1 . 1 tons/ha in 1987 . Crop cover (as the major factor), high surface stoniness of the experimental plots which encouraged infiltr ation of rainwater into the soil and the dominance of low - erosivity rains during the study period were observed to have resulted in very low soil losses during individual rainfall events . Under the rainfall conditions observed in 1986 and 1987, vegetative cover together with the high surface stoniness on the experimental plots have been sufficient to reduce soil loss from the plots to values below the tolerance level. However, soil loss data collected from test plots in the Maybar area showed that extreme years will produce upto 100 times more erosion than during the study period. As a result of the experiments, it is concluded that in the Maybar area and in the whole eastern escarpment of Wello, the choice should be for agronomic soil conservation measures . These have to be supported by physical soil conservation measures (Level Fanya juu, Grass Strip a nd Leve l Bund) on steep slopes (15 to 50%) since test plot data have shown that extreme years will result in soil losses much higher than those observed during the study period. However, even where the physical meaures are applied, the stress should be on reducing inter-terrace erosion by means of agronomic measures
Deforestation and Degradation of Juniperus Pro Cera Forest the Case of Negelle Borana
(Addis Ababa University, 1991-09) Tulu, Solomon; Kloos, Helmut (PhD)
This is a study of deforestation and degradation of the Juniperus procera forest in Liben Awraja near Negelle Borana, as affected by human settlement and land use. The Libenarea (annual rainfall 750 - 1500 mm) is part of the Semi-arid lowlands of Ethiopia; 60-70 per cent of Liben area is used mainly for livestock raising. Only about 2 per cent of the area can marginally be used for rainfed crop farming. The Woody Vegetation of Liben area includes : the dry upland juniperus forest , woodland , bushland and ticket . The methodology used included comparative analysis of aerial photos for 1964 and 1984 , unstructured interviews among local pastoralists elders and older Negelle town residents, questionnaire survey in Negelle town and direct observation. Results show that, between 1964-84; the Juniperus procera forest around Negelle town has been reduced in size by 65 per cent and degraded. The causes are multifaceted, among of which are: the expansion of cultivation, the exploitation of wood for fuel and construction, forest fire, the inmigration of four pastoralist groups and the low regeneration capacity of this forest. The ecological consequences are difficult to assess, however. Decline in ground water level, shortage of surface water during the dry season including the widespread erosion features, such as rills, the deepending and widening of gullies indicate the extent of the ecological impact of deforestation. Recommendations are made for afforestation and conservation programmes .
Land- use Among the Gurage and Jille Farmers of Dugda District , South Shewa
(Addis Ababa University, 1991-09) Assefa, Getachew; Watt, Ian (PhD)
Dugda district is found in South Shewa Administra ti ve Region, in the northern part of Adamitulu A,,,raja. The district is lying within the floor of the South Central Rift Valley system and 1.S a typical example of the lowland zone of Ethiopia. The ethnic structure of the rural population of the Dugda is dominated by two ethnic groups: the Gurage and Jille aroma. According to 1 oca 1 legend, each group has its own centre of origion, culture and way of life which are partly ref 1 ected 1.n thei~' present settl ement. Today the Gurage of Dugda live mainly on the undulating plains and uplands of the woinadeqa agro-eco1ogica1 zone of the nothwestern and western parts of the district. On the other hand, the Jillc are inhabiting the extensive moist Kalla agro-eco1ogical zone that constitutes the North - South stretches of the eastern side of Dugda district. Therefore, the main objectives of this study have been to assess the land use pattern of the Gurage and Jill e farmers of Dugda and their atti tude towards differnet land uses (e.g. cultivation and animal husband~'Y)' The necessary data for these objectives were collected mainly through field survey of 90 Gurage and 110 Ji1le farmers . These have involved a two level of sampling techniques. For a detail study of land use history and field visits a total of 41 farmers (19 from the Gurage and 22 from the Ji 11 e), or 3% of the members of the se1 ected PAS of each social group were visited by the writer. Beside this, a tota I of 161 farmers 189 from the Jille and 72 from the Gurage) , or .12 ~; of the farmers of the selected PAS 'verI" surveyed by the r-numerator.c;. In order to analyse Ihe data percentages ,coefficient of variation, C/u square, standard devi a ti on, Simple correlation and regress~on, and analysis of var~ance techniques have been employed. The research revealed that the Gurage farmers have a larger hol dings than the Jill e farmers, the average ho1 ding per farmer for each group being 2.86 ha and 2.26 ha, respectively, The finding also indicated greater disparities ~n farm size among the Jille than the Gurage farmers. The study revealed that fragmentation is greater among the Gurag(' than among the Jil1e farmers, the average number of fields per farmer being 4.51 and 3.08, respecti vely. The land-use survey of the Gurage and Ji11e farmers indicated thr> existence of distinct pattern of crop zonation around the homesteads of the farmers. In the writer's v~e'" it ~s the type and spatial distribution of soils, whatever their distance from the home stead, thaI" determines the zonation of crops around the settlement of the Gurage and the Jille farmers of Dudga. This finding vindicated Ruthenberg's finding of land usc z onation ~n tropical Africa. The assessement of the atti tudes of the Gurage and Ji1le farmers revealed that both farmers of the groups seem to support the policy that emphasizes more animal husbandry than crop cultivation, because of the risk involved in crop damage due to climate. The study recommended that the future land-use policy of the MOA in Dugda should take into account the experiences and desires of the farmers as well as the prevailing environmental constraints in the district.
Migration and Urban Development in Ethiopia: The Case of Nazareth
(Addis Ababa University, 1991-09) Mammo, Kebede; Abate, Alula (PhD)
The Effects of Length of Fallow & Cultivation Periods on the Fertility and Productivity of Lixisols in the Dizi Catchment, Illubabor Region
(Addis Ababa University, 1991-12) Gurmu, Getachew; Herweg, Karl (PhD)
The purpose of this study was: (1) to assess the effect of fallow perioda on the fertility of soils, (2) to evaluate the compounded effecta of fallow periodS and cropping years on the fertility and productivity of 80ila. Experiments were conducted on tallow-sites and on-tarU plota (previously fallowed fj,elds) to attain the above objectives. oata on soil and crop oharacteristics were collected using field and laboratory procedure.. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical methods such aa correlation, analysis of variance and regression. The results of the experiment. on-fallow sites and on-farm plota indicat.e improvements in 80118 of the physical and chemical properties of the 80ils with increase in fallow periods/years. The rates of regeneration were sore pronounced in the earlier fallow periods and decline in time. However, the rates of restoration of organic'matter and some other evaluated nutrients on the on-farm plots were higher than those on-tallow s1 tes. Por example, orqanic matter, total n.itroqen, calcium rates of restoration in the on-farm plots were higher than the on-fallow sites by 8.5 percent, 4.3 percent , 1.6 me/l00g respectively. The findinqs in the on-farm plots, reveal the combined effect8 of fallow periods and cropping years on the fertility and productivity of the soils. Por example, the amount of increase in organic matter was predicted at 16 percent when the fallow period increased from the first to the second year, whereas it increased by only 0.5 percent between 19 and 20 years of fallow. On the contrary, organic matter decreased by 12 peroent between the first and seoond years of cropping and the rate of its degradation declined to 2.5 percent between 10 and 11 years. The increase in maize yield on the average was estimated to be 28 percent with every doubling in fallow period (e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 '0' years). On annual besis this increase was declining in time. For instance, the estimated maize yield increase was as high as 28 percent between the first and second year of fallow, but this increase dropped to 4.8 percent between 10 and 11 years of fallow. On the other hand, maize yield decreased with cultivation years. Por instance, the decline in maize yield varied between 20 percent between the first and second year of cropping and 3.7 percent when the cropping year was 10 to 11 years. From the above, it is realized that the recurrence of cropping- fallow cycles (particularly if each cycle lasts short duration) result in soils with low fertility and productivity status. This emphasizes the very high risk of soil degradation with increasing population density and attendant intensity of CUltivation. The thesis at hand suggests some possible measures Which must be taken to ameliorate this problems.
The Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Shashemene
(Addis Ababa University, 1992-05) Adem, Hussein; Hailemariam, Assafa(PhD)
The study attempted to show that the spatial variation in the total fertility rate In the town of Shashemene was largely due to the variation in the proximate determinants of fertility (marriage, contraception and post-partum amenorrhoea) based on primary data generated through a sample survey of women in their childbearing ages (15-49 years). From a preliminary analysis of the data, a clear spatial differential in ethnic and religious affiliations as well as educational attainment and type of employment was obtained using an index of residential dissimilarity. Before the detailed analysis was made, however, the data were examined for consistency using available demographic techniques. Then, both bi-variate and multivariate statistical techniques were applied in the analysis of the data. Principal components analysis was employed to identify the spatial pattern of the proximate determinants and the socio-cultural variables. Multiple regression analysis was made to examine the ,~ffect of the proximate variables on the total fertility rate. Finally, the Bongaarts model was used to evaluate the relative imporlance of each of the proximate variables to explain differentials of fertility in the town and to examine the applicability of the model to the Shashemene data. The research found out that the variation in the proximate determinants of fertility was mainly due to the variation in the socio-cultural variables among Kebeles. Based on the spatial differentials of these variables, the study identified some favorable and unfavorable conditions for high fertility in each Kebele. Marriage and post-parium amenorrhoea were identified as the most important proximate variables for fertility differentials among Kebeles in Shashemene. The effect of contraception on total fertility rate was found to be very smalL It was also found out that the Bongaarts model has fitt ed the data in most Kebeles of the town. Finally, the study suggested some population policy options that would serve as a stepping-stone for future detailed researches.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Irrigation-The Case of Ziway State Farm
(Addis Ababa University, 1992-06) Cherinet, Mekonnen; Gamachu, Daniel (PhD)
Ziway State Farm is located in Southern Shoa some lOkms South-east of the town of Ziway. It produces flowers, fruits and vegetables both for domestic and foreign markets. The main objective of the study was to assess the productivity and profitability of the farm and indicate its socio-economic and environmental impac~ in the region. Primary as well as secondary data on the farm were collected. The land-use assessment of the farm revealed that 73 percent of the land under irrigation is used for the production of annual crops (flowers and vegetables). An analysis of income and expenditure showed that the farm is not profitable. Crop marketing analysis showed that the products of the farm are more export-oriented rather than for domestic market. The labour absorptive capacity of the farm was found to be high. The farm employs labourers on permanent as well as seasonal basis. The great majority of the labourers were seasonal. Most are young people and females out number males. The provision of irrigated agriculture in the region has dislocated peasants and aggravated the problem of housing. One of the most important findings of the study is that water use on the farm is not efficient. It may be concluded that water application systems of the farm should be based on scientific knowledge of irrigation water use. It is also recommended that more research has to be undertaken related to soil Hnalysis, water quality monitoring as well as labour and so ~io-economic factors which affect the production and productivity of the farm.
The Adoption of Social Conservation Structures in the Western Catchment of Cherake River, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 1992-06) Neka, Mulugeta; Tegene, Belay (PhD)
The Western Catchment of Cherake River is one of the erosion prone areas in Ethiopia. Natural and human factors in combination have caused considerable erosion damage to the soil resource in the area. In order to mitigate the severity of this problem, structural conservation measures have been intr-oduced since 1985.. To e>:amine the adoption of the conser-vati on structures, a sampl e of 200 plots vJ;ere randoml y selected and the owners of thes e plots were interviewed with reference to their respective sample plots. Of the nine independent variables considered for the e >:pl anati on of the adopti on of the conser-vati on structures, the stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the at ti tude of f arme,..-s to,,"Jards the conser-vati on structures l' perception of soil erosion, and size oT +arm are the most significant .. The other factors that inflLlenced majority of farmers to accept the conservation structure are its efficiency at controlling run off., reducing loss of soil and fertilizers., and increase of yield in lower altitudinal zones. On the contrary, inconveniences to the crosswise ploughing in steeper slopes, habitation of moles in the conservation strLlctures, and loss of cropland have caused some of the farmers to reject the conservation structures. These shortcomings of the conservation structures are the major causes for lack of maintenance of structures, development of terraces, and efficient control of erosion.
Education, Migration and Employment in Ethiopia Towns: The Case of Bahir Dar
(Addis Ababa University, 1993-06) G/ Medhin, Shegaw
The purpose of this study is to look into the effect of education on migration and to identify the responses of migrants with different levels of education to the selected explanatory variables that shows costs and returns of migration. It was also attempted to assess the employment patterns and stability of migrants in urban areas. In order to achieve the purpose of the study two phase sampling procedure was employed to select households that were to be included in the study. 493 useable questionnaires were collected from the study town, Bahir Dar. Multiple and step wise regression, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square and Weighted least square (WLS) regression were the major statistical techniques employed to analize the data. Results of the analysis show that migration rate increases with education except with migrants at the tertiary level. But the effect is clearly seen after elementary education. Thus junior education seems to be a critical level to induce migration at this level of the Urban hieriarchy. Results of Weighted least square (WLS) regression indicate that there is a marked difference between migrants in thier responses to the factors that influence migration. Well educated were found more responsive to income at the destination and to the unemployment period at the origin while illeterates were found more responsive to the period of unemployment at the destination. It was also observed that migrants made a considerable shift from unemployment to state of employment and across different occupations . Further more, less educated migrants were found more stable than the educated in urban employment
Socio-economic and Proxlmate Factors Affecting Fertility in Rural Ethiopia: The Case of Cheha and Ezha-and-wolene Weredas
(Addis Ababa University, 1993-06) Zenebe, Menbere; WISemait, Bekure (PhD)
In this study an attempt has been made to investigate the interrelationships between socio-economic factors and proximate determinants on the one hand and socia-economic factors and fertility on the other. In addition, the association between proximate variables and fertility was examined. The study was based on a sample survey of 681 ever married women in the child bearing age group (15-49 years) and 160 currently married men selected from 10 out of 117 Peasant Associations found in Cheha and Ezha-and-Wolene Weredas. The accuracy of the data on age and number of children ever born was evaluated by very simple demographic techniques. The data was analyzed using Chi-Square, simple correlation and multiple and stepwise regression. Generally the bivariate analysis showed that proximate variables were found to vary among Peasant Associations according to the socia-economic background of the respondent. Women's education was directly related to age at first marriage, incidence of spousal separation, and frequency of marriage. But duration of breast-feeding and post partum sexual abstinence was lower among better educated women. Age at first marriage, incidence of spousal separation and frequency of marriage were negatively associated with proportion muslim. Duration of breast-feeding abstinence and proportion of monogamous women were higher among muslims. Economic status was observed to be positively associated with incidence of spousal separation and polygamy, but negatively related to frequency of marriage and duration of ful-breast- feeding. On the other hand child mortality and duration of ful -breast-feeding were negatively related. The bivariate and mUltivariate analysis thus revealed that except education, all socia-economic factors (christianity, economic status and child mortality were positively related to fertility. Therefore, to lower fert i lity, it is recommended to raise women's education and reduce child mortality.
Extension Service and Smallholder Agriculture in Achefer Woreda of Amhara Region
(AAU, 1994) Kefale, Yilkal; Gcbrc, Ayal cw
This stud y tri es 10 pa may the interac ti on between smallho lder agriculture and c\h: n service in Achcfer \Voreda of Amhara Region. Different methods of data collectio n arc employed 10 generale reliab le dala 10 the desc ription of th e interac tion between ext ension servIce and small holder agri culture. The stud y a lso rev iews th e th eoretical background and the Ethiopian experience in agricultural extension. The study foc lL ses on twO areas. The first area is the description and anal ysis of the soc io economi c fa ctors, which ma y hinder or facilitate the adoption of innovation. The second poinl is Ih e socia -economic impact of extension service on sma llholder agriculture with in th e framework o f agricultural ex tension. The study identifi es land and oxen as a major constraint to the adoplion innovation. Although labour is an imp0l1anl fa ctor in smallholder agriculture, it is nol found in the kcbcle as basic as land and oxen in the adoption of innovation. The local arrangemen ts in the form of II'OIl!cJ./emcm/ .II'ohem allows the now o f labour amon g households in crili ca llimes. Tlllwd as a means o f access to bOl h land and oxen allow th e now of Ihese resources among households. A/ckel/lljo as a means of access 10 oxen also has en;lbl ed the two households 10 combine thei r single ox reso urces for mutual bene fit. It argues thaI some o f local arrangements like /llIIad as access to oxen shed light on the prospect of overcomi ng oxen constraints with the proper adopti on of innovation. It also desc ribes c redit and Illarketin g as one of import ant factors to the adoption of innovation. This study identi fi es that a delay on the availability of inputs is a major constraint in the adopti on of innovation. It demonstrates that agricultural extension is a very good institution to improve the smallholde r agriculture in the kebcJe, though it has limitation in some aspects. The study has also demonst rated the considerab le impacts of extension service on the smallholder agriculture. It desc ribes its impact in the fonn of cultivation, Productivity. croppi ng patlcms and houschold economi c imp rovelllents. It also identifies areas like agricultural implement where agricultural ext ension has not yet made signifi cant impacts. Some of the impacts seem to lack continuity. It :lrgucs th e need to :lddress some problems associ atcd with th e imp:lct o f extension servi ce 011 dietary changes and dec line of productivity. The role o f the extension service in the stud y are'l in tenllS o f introduc ing beHc r natural resources management practices is very minimal and insignificant as compared to its impact 0 11 crop production. Change in the level of prod uctivity has also brought improvements in the household economic status. The study has also identified some of the trends in socio-cult ura l changes, resource utilization and hOllsehold furni ture.
An Appraisal of Socio-Economic Characteristics and Residential Satisfaction of Occupants of Government Housing Projects in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 1994-06) Fisseha, Shewaneseh; Singh, K.N.(PhD)
One of the variou~ strategies adopted to alleviate the problem of housing shortage prevailing in the urban centre~ of Ethiopia has been the construction of rental house~ by the government. De~pite such an attempt, little effort has been expended in assessing the marketing situation or to whom the dwellings are provided for, the movement pattern of households and their attitudes towards the available housing condition~. This paper examines the socio-economic and demogr aphi c composi-t-i ons-o'f-th~e occapant-s-o'f- govern-me
Population Pressure, Land Use Change and Patterns of Agricultural Productivity in Ezana Wollene and Cheha 'Weredas' Sabat Bet Gurageland
(Addis Ababa University, 1994-06) Woldetsadik, Muluneh; Singh, K.N.(Prof.)
The major objective of the study is to assess the agricultural resources, patterns of rural land use and land covers and their changes, farming system (with particular reference to enset,its economic uses and production problems) in conjuction with some socio-economic and physical factors which are likely to affect agricultural productivity and to identify the facto rs to which land and labour productivity are most responsive. Emphasis is, however , given to the im pact of population pressure on the land use, the farming system and the agricultural productivity in the study area. Data needed in the study were acquired from field survey using qustionnaires and interviews, field measurements (with the help of aerial photographs and base maps) and some raw data from government offices and other sources. Central tendency measu res (mean and meadian) , percentages, standard deviations, coefficient of variations,student-t test, analysis of variance (ANOY A) , crop combination indices, crop concentration measu res, simple and multiple correlations, stepwise multiple regression techniques were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that the mean annual precipitation and hence the basin yield (surface run-off) tend to decrease; the drop in the latter being more faster than that of the former. This may be attributable to changes in climate, land usel land cover, soil resource depletions, etc. Population pressure in the region is one of the highest in the country as it varies from 50 to 728 persons per square kilometer at PA level. One result of the conseqences of the high population pressure in the region has been large a volume of seasonal rural- out migration which in the region was recorded as 12.1 % in 1992/93.The second major response has been land uselland cover change in the last 21 /36 years .Woodland (mainly eucalyptus tree lots) ,cultivated area, and the growth of settlements, atthe expense of grazing area, recorded an expansion of 196%,26%, and 5%, respectively. Farm size was generally found to be small (68 % of the respondents reported to possess less than a hectare).Family labour is the basis of all farm operations and it was found to be 3 (weighted average) per house hold. Only 19% of the responden ts reported to use oxen to prepare land. Manuring is extensively used to replenish soil fertility. Enset is widely cultivated and accounts for 61 % of the cultivated land and it is followed by chat(l5%), barley(ll %) and coffee(5 .1 %). Enset is grown not only for food but also has many other economic values .It has a calorie yield of about nine million cal. per hectare which is about 217 % of most of the cereals, and is expected to support about nine persons per hectare while most cereals may support about 4.5 persons per hectare of land. There is a significant variation in the patterns of land and labour productivity at zonal, PA and individual farm levels. The regression analysis revealed that eight \ariables (out of thirteen) emerged as significant predictors which together explained about 25.5% of the variance in land productivity, of which about 70% was accounted for by agricultaral labour force, rural literacy , manure input, land value, and distance between homsteads and farm plots. In case of labour producti vity, only five variables (manure input, stocking density, agricultural labour force and land value) appeared as significant predictors which together explained,about 17 % of the variance.It is worth mentioning that the thirteen variables taken into consideration have contributed only 25.5 % and 17% to the variances of land and labour productivities respectively, which leave 74.5% and 83% of the variance to be explained by the variables which have not been considered in the study. Therefore further research to identify the more significant variables from amongst those which have not been considered is advisable. On the basis of the findings sofar noted thee foil wing recomendations have been made. These are the need to restructure the farming system,in general, and that of enset in particular; to optimally plan the land use in such a way that the demand for various uses would be balanced on priority basis ; to improve traditional and archaic tools used 10 cultivation and processing of enset; to set up at least one enset research station in the Gurage area; to integrate agriculture with other income generating occupational activities; to improve infrastructural facilities;to attract capital investment into the area to develop agroindustries, irrigation schemes, and small and medium size modem ranching; and strictly observe the 1993 National Population Policy (family planning aspect in particular) so as to real ize balance between population and resources of the area.
An Investigation of the Development Plan Implementation Process in Oromiya Region: With Particular Emphasis on Agriculture and Education Sectors
(Addis Ababa University, 1998-05) Dinka, Haile-Yesus; Gebre Egziabher, Tegegne (PhD)
Experiences show that even though planning has been taken up in many under developed countries and regions with the objective of promoting development, it has encountered various types of problems in the course of its practical implementation. In line with this, this paper examines the annual development plan implementation process of Oromiya Region in order to identify recent and current major problems that affect the performance of the public sector plan execution. Accordingly, a review of the Region's natural resource potentials, current level of utilization and mobilization of these resources, an assessment of the organizational and institutional framework for development planning and plan implementation, particularly an investigation of the development plan implementation and related processes of the Region show that there are both internal and external problems, which affect the performances of the Regional Economy in general, and the implementation of the development plans in particular. A survey on the plan implementation and related processes of the Region revealed that the problems encountered ranged from the conceptual understanding of the planning process to the overall Regional Development condition. Problems such as lack of qualified human resources, poor infrastructure, lack of basic information, lack of capable contractors, and delay in budget allocation have been found as the first top five factors affecting plan implementation performance of the Region. In order to minimize the development plan implementation problems of the Region, some suggestions are presented at the end of this research report as a concept, assuming that given time, they could be elaborated to address some of the problems identified in the course of the survey. The suggestions include: development of qualified human resources, development of infrastructure (roads), improvement of budgetary process, promoting popular participation, creation of favourable condition for contractors, and strengthening both monitoring and information systems.
Effects of Environmental Factors on Distribution of Vegetation on the Eastern Slopes of South Welo Highlands
(Addis Ababa University, 1998-05) Gonsamo, Mengistu; Tegene, Belay( PhD)
The vegetation of the eastern parts of South Welo was studied in three sites at altitudes of 1,200m-1,500m , 1,700111-2,200111 and 2,400111-2,800111 using stratified random sal1lpling. From each zone, 18 stands (quadrats) with 20 m x 20 m were selected randomly and totally 54 sample stands were analyzed in which 144 species of plants were recorded and laler identified in the National Herbarium (Science Faculty). For each stand, composite soil samples were taken from depths of 0-25cm and analyzed for pH. conductivity, texture, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphonls. Exchangeable cations (Ca, lvlg, K, Na) were analyzed for 5 samples from each zone. Measurement of altitude, slope and soil colour were taken in the field fi'om eadi stana The classificatioll of the 54 stands was conducted by cluster analysis using the computer package SYNTAX. The resemblance index employed was similarity ratio. To analyze species diversity, ShamlOn-Wiever diversity index was employed Using this technique, three major clusters (plant communities): Juniperus-Erica type (cluster A), Euclea schimperi type (cluster B), Acacia asak type (cluster C) in descending altitudinal order and nine subclusters designnted as a, b, c, d, e, j g, hand i were identified (where a and b are in cluster A; c, d and e in eluster B andjg,h and i in cluster C). To compare different clusters and subclusters mean values and one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan'sINeuman-Keuls mUltiple comparisons were computed The results of the multiple comparison show that the highest number of significant contrasts among the three major clusters were observed fi'om variations in altitudes and related moisture change. Moreover, the three major clusters Significantly vOlY in their texture, organiC carbon, and organiC matter. There is no significant variation in environmental factors between pair of the subclusters within each zone. The analysis of species diversity show that with decreasing altin/de, the richness of vegetatioll in species composition also decrease.
An Analysis of the Squatter Settlements Around Nazareth
(Addis Ababa University, 1998-05) Beshada, Girma; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
Population growth, deterioration of rural invironments, migration and fast urbanization rate affect the socio-economic development and settlement process of any country. The growth of population in developing countries is closely related to the pattern of population distribution in relation to the resource base, wh ich also affects rural-to-urban migration and the urbanization process. Urban poverty, unemployment, inadequate housing, and the prol iferation of squatter settlements along with other urban problems, further aggravate the severity of urbanization problems in Third World countries, including Ethiopia. The malaise of rapid urbanization in many developing countries is evident in rapid growing of unauthorized settlements, the deterioration in many public services, the extreme shortage of housing, pressure on public facilities , and overcrowding in transport and so forth . It is often accompanied by increased unemployment and a worsening of income disparities. Urban growth, if not effectively managed, results in class conflicts, frustration and hatred between "haves" and "have nots" which eventually can lead to political upheaval and chaos. This paper examines prob lems related to rapid urbanization, housing problems and squatter settlements around Nazareth. It also considers the causes for the origin and fast development of the squatter settlements with their future prospects.
Integrated Geophysical Methods in Base Metal Exploration and Studies of Shear Structures in Katta II, Wonega
(AAU, 1998-06) Berhe, Alemayehu; Haile, Tigistu(Dr
The Katta n area is situated in the western wollega, about 7 km east of the Nejo two. This area belongs to the Nejo series metasedimen1Iy metavolcanic and intrusive rocks of the Upper Proterozoic metamorphosed in the greenschist facies. Phyllite, different types of schists including graphitic schist, quartzite, gossaniferrous and metavolcanic are the prevalent rock types in K.atta n. A large number of geological investigation and borehole drilling in Katta n were carried out in the years between 1970 and 1982. As a result, occurrences of copper, nne, lead, gold and cobalt are reported. The purpose of this paper is mainly to outline the concepts of using integrated geophysical data to delineate the position of structw"al features and identify the base metal mineralization zone and thereby determining the most probable locations of economic importance. For this purposes reevaluation of the existing IP lresistivity data and detailed magnetic and EM surveys were done. The results of the qualitative interpretation are presented and discussed in relation to the available geological, geochemical and borehole infonnation. The interpretation is made on the bases of experimental, theoretical, and field model curves. Preliminary results show that shear structures control the mineralization. The investigation further indicates that the abundance of graphitic schist in the study area causes serious interpretational problem. For thorough understanding of the anomalous zones and their qualitative description, frequency domain IP, gravity, radiometric swveys and quantitative interpretation of the magnetic data are proposed.

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