Geography and Environmental Studies
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Item Performance Evaluation of Satellite Rainfall Estimates for Flood Monitoring in Gumera Watershed, Amhara Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-12-01) Gebrie Tsegaye; Asnake Mekuriaw (PhD)Since the 1980s, several satellites have been providing rainfall data for the tropical parts of the world, including Ethiopia. These data could be used for different applications in various fields of study in areas where ground-based rain gauge stations are unavailable and sparsely distributed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performances of satellite rainfall estimates (CHIRPS-V2, TAMSAT-V3.1, and PERSIANN-CDR) for flood monitoring in the most flood-prone area of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Daily rainfall data from 2004 to 2019 were collected from the National Meteorological Agency. In Addition, satellite rainfall estimates that cover the same periods, and historical flood events in the study area were collected from the internet database and district agriculture office respectively. Continuous statistical indices and categorical statistical indices were employed for data analysis. The performances of the three-satellite rainfall estimates were evaluated on four major temporal scales; annual, seasonal, monthly, and daily temporal scale. In terms of annual and seasonal temporal scales, TAMSAT-V3.1 and CHIRPS-V2 performed well and outperformed PERSIANN-CDR on the major statistical indices. In the Monthly temporal scale, CHIRPS-V2 performed well on the major continuous statistical indices. The application of satellite rainfall products for flood monitoring is also evaluated by using the daily rainfall estimates in two ways; using the overall daily observed rainfall from 2004 to 2019 and using the daily rainfall data during the three most flood events (2006, 2017 and 2019) in the study area. In both cases, all the three satellite datasets underestimate the highest amount of observed rainfall and overestimate the lowest amount of daily rainfall conditions. Relatively, CHIRPS-V2 had the best skill in estimating the highest daily rainfall observed in the study area. This research indicated that performance evaluation of satellite rainfall datasets must be conducted before applying for flood monitoring. The study could not address the performance of satellite rainfall estimates in predicting when and where floods will occur in the future. Therefore, future research should be focused on the flood prediction performance of satellite-derived rainfall dataItem GIS Based Spatial Optimization of Sheger Bus Stops Accessibility in Addis Ababa: The Case of Piassa – Yeka Abado and Piassa – Jemo Bus Routes(Addis Ababa University , 2022-12-01) Yibeltal Dubale; Fekadu Gurmessa (PhD)Bus stops play a significant role for efficient and effective public transport service as it serves as a point of contact between passengers and buses in the transit service. This study is aimed at evaluating the accessibility of existing bus stops and determining optimal location for bus stops. For this study seventy-seven (77) Sheger bus stops along two study bus routes (Piassa- Yeka Abado and Piassa –Jemo) were considered. The study employed a mixed research approach with a cross-sectional survey design. The data were drawn from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data related to the perceptions of bus users on the existing bus stops physical condition were collected through questionnaires from 163 sample Sheger bus users using convenient sampling along the study bus routes. Further, key informant interviews with professionals at Sheger Mass Transit Enterprise and field observation were also used. Secondary data related to the road network, bus route, the bus stops coordinate point, bus stops spacing, the number of bus and bus trips, population and parcel data were gathered from statistical records, shapefile or AutoCAD data from relevant institutions. The analysis was done using descriptive statistics such as percentage, mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics such as T-test with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science Version 26 and spatial analysis such as service area network analysis with the help of ArcGIS 10.8. The result showed that most of the existing bus stops physical conditions are poor where 71.8% of the sample respondents agreed or strongly agreed on the overall quality of the bus stops as poor condition. Many of the bus stops are inconvenient to persons with disability and the elders due to the potholes and obstructions, lack adequate shades, seating chairs, and boarding and alighting space with safety and security concerns. The result also revealed that the majority of inbound (51.4%) and outbound (50.0%) bus stops were beyond the bus stops spacing standard of 800 meter indicating large service area gaps. Regarding bus stop accessibility evaluated based on three parameters: road density, trip generation, and population served, 36.0% of the inbound stops and 44.7% of the outbound bus stops had poor accessibility indexes, respectively. Optimal locations for bus stops were thus proposed based on the combined accessibility index of the three parameters and the bus stop spacing standard of 600-800 meters considering a 30–50-meter junction constraint. Accordingly, the optimization of bus stops involving retaining, relocating, dissolving and creating new bus stops has improved the good and moderate stop accessibility by 58.1% and decreased the poor stop accessibility by 68.3% for both the inbound and outbound bus stops. Finally, it is suggested that Addis Ababa City Transport Bureau in general and Sheger Mass Transit Enterprise in particular should give due consideration to the improvement of bus stops facilities with continuous follow up and the optimization of bus stops accessibility through appropriate planning, design and placement of bus stops.Item Indigenous Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices in a Changing Climate: Exploring Adaptation Strategies and Impacts on Crop Production in the UNESCO Designated Cultural Landscapes of Konso, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-08-01) Sibilo Gashure; Desalegn Wana (PhD. Ass. Prof)The main aim of this study was to explore climate variability and indigenous climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices in Konso. The study was mainly based on primary data gathered through household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and direct field observation. Rainfall and temperature trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall trend test, while the spatiotemporal distribution of drought incidents was analyzed and mapped using a standardized precipitation index (SPI). Spatial covariance and correlations were examined using ArcGIS 10.5 band collection statistics tools. A multinomial logistic model was employed to assess the factors that determine adoption of the indigenous CSA practices. While multiple linear regression was employed to assess the impacts of climate variables on crop production, endogenous switching regression was used to assess the effects of indigenous CSA practices on crop production. The findings revealed an increase in annual and summer (Kiremt) season rainfall by 3.16 mm and 0.42 mm per year, respectively. However, the spring (Belg) season rainfall shows a decrease of 1.12 mm per year. The observed episodes of drought indicate that smallholder farmers are already exposed to the adverse impacts of climate change and that rainfed agriculture will be further challenged in the future. A multinomial logistic model showed that the main determinants of adoption of terracing, agroforestry, and intercropping were education, size of landholding, income, access to climate information, credit, and extension services. The multiple linear regression model indicated that climate variability explains 37.4– 47.5% of the annual variation in crop production (p<0.05).Thus,the high variability in rainfall and warming tempera tures result in a decreasing trend in crop production. The results also reveal that application of CSA practices such as crop diversificaion.terracing manure,irrigation and rainwater harvesting have positive impacs on crop production. Households that use CSA practices show a significant (p<0.01) increase in crop production compared to non-users.Furthemore,the qualitative analysis shows that sociocultural values, norms,cooperative labor groups,and indigenous political institutions have served as the pillars for the survival and sustainability of indigenous CSA practices for hundreds of years.External support in the form of reliable regular weather forecasts. Affordable credit,crop insurance and livelihood indigenous farming system. To ensure the long-term sustainability of indigenous CSA practices in Konso, the community, local government, and NGOs should work in collaboration to restore and prompte sociocultural norms,values, and indigenous institutions.Item Characteristics of Urban Recreational Parks and Visitation for Environmental and Social Benefits: The Case of Six Selected Parks in Addis Abab(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-09) Tibebu Assefa; Aklilu Amsalu (Phd)Urban recreational parks have a role in providing environmental and social benefits. These benefits are not yet used due to lack of effective intervention that improve urban park characteristics which can attract the parks visitor’s interest as well as improve the environmental benefits. This study is aimed at investigating the role of park characteristics in providing environment and social benefits. For this, the study employed descriptive and inferential research design with mixed approaches. The data were collected from primary and secondary data sources. The primary data sources were a survey of 385 park visitors, three key informant interview, and researcher observation in the six recreational parks. The secondary data sources were from studies, government documents, online and off-lines materials. Sample recreational parks in the city were selected through a stratified purposive sampling basing the recreational park size and administrational level. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis method. The qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Based on visitors’ response, it was found that recreational parks have environmental (78%) and social (65%) benefits. Among the park characteristics in the sampled parks, vegetation and climate comfort were the highest whereas accessibility, management and maintenance were ranked the lowest by park visitors. In addition, the findings indicated that better facilities, events in the parks and vegetation were among the major characteristics of park that attract visitors. Furthermore, it was found that 37.7% park visitors were visiting parks weekly. Moreover, 43.9% recreational park visitors usually spent 1 to 2 hours in recreational parks and about 82% of visitors preferred to come in weekends. The park visitors ranked the city parks and had set the criteria for ranking which is important to understand what attract visitors to visit a certain recreational parks. These findings indicated that the park characteristics has a relation with park visitation which has an impact in achieving environmental and social benefits from recreational parks.Item Performance Evaluation of Satellite Rainfall Estimates for Flood Monitoring in Gumera Watershed, Amhara Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-12-01) Gebrie Tsegaye; Asnake Mekuriaw (PhD)Since the 1980s, several satellites have been providing rainfall data for the tropical parts of the world, including Ethiopia. These data could be used for different applications in various fields of study in areas where ground-based rain gauge stations are unavailable and sparsely distributed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performances of satellite rainfall estimates (CHIRPS-V2, TAMSAT-V3.1, and PERSIANN-CDR) for flood monitoring in the most flood-prone area of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Daily rainfall data from 2004 to 2019 were collected from the National Meteorological Agency. In Addition, satellite rainfall estimates that cover the same periods, and historical flood events in the study area were collected from the internet database and district agriculture office respectively. Continuous statistical indices and categorical statistical indices were employed for data analysis. The performances of the three-satellite rainfall estimates were evaluated on four major temporal scales; annual, seasonal, monthly, and daily temporal scale. In terms of annual and seasonal temporal scales, TAMSAT-V3.1 and CHIRPS-V2 performed well and outperformed PERSIANN-CDR on the major statistical indices. In the Monthly temporal scale, CHIRPS-V2 performed well on the major continuous statistical indices. The application of satellite rainfall products for flood monitoring is also evaluated by using the daily rainfall estimates in two ways; using the overall daily observed rainfall from 2004 to 2019 and using the daily rainfall data during the three most flood events (2006, 2017 and 2019) in the study area. In both cases, all the three satellite datasets underestimate the highest amount of observed rainfall and overestimate the lowest amount of daily rainfall conditions. Relatively, CHIRPS-V2 had the best skill in estimating the highest daily rainfall observed in the study area. This research indicated that performance evaluation of satellite rainfall datasets must be conducted before applying for flood monitoring. The study could not address the performance of satellite rainfall estimates in predicting when and where floods will occur in the future. Therefore, future research should be focused on the flood prediction performance of satellite-derived rainfall data.Item Gis Based Land Suitability Analysis for Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Production: The Case of Delo Menna and Harena Buluk District, Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07-01) Mendrina Esmael; Asefa Abegaz (Ass.Prof)Appropriate land use decisions have a vital role to achieve optimum productivity of land and to ensure environmental sustainability. Land suitability analysis can support decision maker to make a wise decision in order to get optimum benefit out of the land and to sustain production. This study is targeted in evaluating actual land suitability, in a case study of Delo Menna and Harena Buluk district, Bale Zone, Southeast of Ethiopia for wheat production using GIS and remote sensing method. It covers a total area of 1230km2 of seven rural Kebeles from both districts. The Analyses process is depending on FAO land evaluation guideline. It uses two suitability orders which are suitable and not suitable and then five suitability classes have been used: Highly Suitable (S1), Moderately Suitable (S2), Marginally Suitable (S3), currently not suitable (N1) and permanently not suitable (N2). In support of this classification slope, elevation, soil drainage, soil texture, soil depth, soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), temperature, rainfall and present land use/land cover (LULC) of the study area were considered in this study. Protected area is considered as a constraint in the area for crop production. Multiple factors are taken into account for making decision, in doing so weighted overlay analysis of ARCGIS environment aggregate factors based on their influence derived from pairwise comparison. Result of weighted overlay and Boolean constraint map are aggregated to produce suitability map of the area for wheat production. Accordingly, the result showed three suitability classes: moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and currently not suitable, with 57.19% (146519.21 Km2 ), 39.51% (101233.33 Km2 ) and 57.19% (146519.21 Km2 ) of the study area, respectively. Generally, the districts agricultural authorities targeted in making wheat as an alternative cereal crop, this study can be used as a primary instrument for better planning. However the factors used area not the only criteria for making decision inclusion of socioeconomic issue may complement for better suitability analysis of wheat in the area. Based the finding it is highly recommended that agricultural practice need to modify and follow strict production management, limiting factor that has a probability of treatment need to be treat, wheat species that tolerate those limiting factor have to be select to get better production yield. Protected area should be strictly considered while using the result.Item Urban Economic Structure of the Amhara Region: Assessment Using Economic Base and Shift Share Analysis(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Abebaw Tesfaw; Fekadu Gurmesssa (Dr)This study attempts to economic structure of the Amhara region: assessment using economic base and shift share analysis. Based on the specific objectives, the researcher assessed basic and non-basic sectors of the region’s economy, the major competitive edge economy as well as the shift share analysis and the change of the region economy over the two years. The research data were secondary data and the study used urban industrial employment data for two points in time for the years 2014 and 2018 as conducted by CSA. The research used two time data for the year of 2014 and 2018, to examine basic and non-basic industry sectors of study region for the reason that the most appropriate. As shift share technique used to identify regional mix share, national growth share and industry mix share of the study region. More over the research used quantitative research approach and descriptive research. Result indicate that all mining (0.7 & 0.8), water supply (0.9& 0.8), wholesaler trade (0.7& 0.5) most transportation activities, accommodation (0.9& 0.6) and food services, rental leasing activities (0.8 & 0.1), real estate (0.2&0.21, manufacturing activities are no longer the backbone of the economy of Amhara region economy, for the reason that location quotient results of these sector are less than one. These sectors showed decline of employment over the 5-year period and also based on the finding Amhara region is weak within these industry sectors. While Agriculture, forestry & fishing, manufacturing of textiles (1.3& 1.1) and manufacturing of furniture (1.2& 1.1) gas(1&1) construction of building(1&1),public administration(1&1),education(1&1) sports activities (1.12& 1.1) are the most strong (robust) sectors contributing employment growth for Amhara region in 2014 to 2018 year urban economic sectors. These sectors are the positive economic growth of Amhara region. The employment multiplier (EM) results indicate the total export employment for Amhara region was 7.131, where the total local employment levels is-1586988. Based on industrial growth share calculation, there are a total of six industries that are losing their regional growth share in the local economy as compared to the national: those are wholesale trade (-33291) administrative and support service activities (-22882), professional (- 585144), extraterritorial organizations -911232.4, financial and insurance and other service activities. Based on these sectors Amhara region has lost largest amount of jobs. Moreover based on these industry sectors Amhara region falls below the benchmark region. The other industrial sectors such as agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, construction, and education are gaining more amount of jobs employment. The regional and national governments should be providing additional job employment within those sectors. And the planner and the policy makers should try to develop additional investments, new planning and strategies’ in each industrial sector.Item Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study in Fogera Wereda, Ethiopia.(Addis Abeba Universty, 2023-06-01) Abebayehu Mnilu; Molla Maru (Msc)Flood is a major environmental problem in Ethiopia as it has devastating effects on life and property. The objectives of this study are to assess flood hazards and risks in Fogera Wereda by using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Flood causative elements such as rainfall, drainage density, slope, elevation, land use type, and soil type were developed in the GIS environment. The generated Eigenvector was used as a coefficient for the specific factor maps to be combined in a weighted overlay. The flood hazard layer, as well as the two at-risk aspects, population and land use, were used to assess flood risk. The flood hazard map of Fogera Wereda revealed that very low, low, moderate, high, and very high flood hazards affected 6,627.46 ha, 33,360.69 ha , 34,265.19 ha , 30,896.00 ha, and 10,579.90 ha of the area considered in Fogera Wereda, respectively. Fogera Wereda flood risk map indicated that, very low, low, moderate, high, and very high flood risks were present in 1,940.61ha , 30,906.17ha , 41,458.6 ha, 37,127.52ha , and 4,296.31ha of the area subjected respectively. Fogera woreda Disaster Risk Managment in the Amhara Region and Flood Management Units in the Abay Basin could use those maps as a reference to design development strategies and control Fogera Wereda's flood problems.Item Climate Change, Vulnerability and Adaptation of Rural Households in Northwest Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2023-10-01) Aimro Likinaw Melesse; Woldeamlak Bewket (Prof)This study analyses local-scale climate variability and trends in northwest Ethiopia, covering three food-insecure and vulnerable districts: Lay Gaynt, Tach Gaynt, and Simada. We examined temperature and rainfall data on 4 × 4 km grids. The coefficient of variation and standardized anomaly index were used to assess rainfall and temperature variability. As a result, annual and seasonal rainfall show high inter-annual variability, except for Kiremt, which shows a moderate coefficient of variation. The proportion of negative anomalies ranges from 39% (Lay Gayint) to 65% (Simada) over the observation period. Moreover, trend analysis was conducted using the Mann-Kendall (MK) and Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) tests. The MK test for annual rainfall exhibited a significant rising trend for the Lay Gayint and Tach Gayint districts. The ITA for annual and seasonal rainfall indicated positive trends for Lay Gayint and Tach Gayint, while negative trends were observed in Simada. The ITA and MK tests showed similar increasing tendencies in seasonal and annual temperatures. The MK technique revealed positive patterns in the 28-time series and negative patterns in the 20-time series for monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall data, whereas the ITA method revealed positive trends in the 23- time series and negative trends in the 25-time series. The results of this study are helpful for local development planning that should consider current and possible future climate patterns.Item Modeling Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) Distribution Using Geospatial Techniques: The Case of Lake Tana, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2023-11-01) Matiwos Belayhun; Asnake Mekuriaw (PhD)Water hyacinth, an invasive aquatic plant, poses serious environmental and socioeconomic challenges. Remote sensing is essential to understand and predict how species are distributed in different habitats and environmental conditions and helps with monitoring and management activities. This study is intended to model the distribution and detection of the spatiotemporal dynamics of water hyacinth via four machine-learning models in Lake Tana, Ethiopia. The study employs 11 variables for modeling and 16 variables for spatiotemporal dynamics obtained from Sentinel-1 SAR bands, Sentinel-2A bands and indices, and bioclimate data sources. The models used 458 presence and 458 randomly generated pseudoabsence as response variables and tenfold bootstrap sampling. The models were evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC), receiver operator curve (ROC), true skill statistics (TSS), coefficient of rank correlation (COR), sensitivity, specificity, and Kappa coefficient, while the spatiotemporal distribution between 2016 and 2022 was evaluated using the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient. The findings demonstrate that the random forest model outperforms the other models, with AUC values of 0.93 and 0.95, TSS values of 0.77 and 0.82, and kappa values of 0.76 and 0.82 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. B12 (16.3% and 19.7%), NDWI (14.7% and 12.4%), mean annual temperature (13.4% and 14.2%), and B5 (11.4% and 12.4%) were the most relevant variables during the wet and dry seasons, respectively, while B3, B5, B11, B12, VH, elevation, NDAVI and NDWI were the most relevant features in the spatiotemporal detection. According to the model prediction result, water hyacinths have the highest coverage during the wet season. The spatial coverage was 686.5 and 650.4 ha in 2016 and 1436.5 and 1216.5 ha in 2022 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Study results showed manual removal and machine harvesting were used to manage water hyacinth. The research concludes that the integration of Sentinel image indices and bands with bioclimatic variables is essential in the modeling and detection of spatiotemporal dynamics. The research recommends that geospatial technology helps in the regular assessments and timely detection of water hyacinths as a response to new infestations and prompt management actions.Item The Wheat Value Chain and Food Security in Arsi Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2023-06-01) Solomon Ketema; Tebarek Lika (Associate Professor)The value chain is considered as one way out of poverty and ensuring foods security status of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. The main objective of this study is to assess the wheat value chain and its role in food security in Arsi Zone, Oromia National Regional State, with specific attention to identify and map actors and activities, marketing margins, constraints and opportunities, marketing outlet choice determinants, rural household food security and the role of wheat value chain to ensure food security status.To achieve the intended outcomes the study uses both primary and secondary data collected through questionnaires, interviews, FGD, and desk review from a total of 336 randomly selected households. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select the sample smallholder farmers for the study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select sample for FGD and interview. Household sample survey (questionnaires), interview, focus group and field observation were the main tools of generating primary data. Secondary data were obtained from a range of governmental organizations of which the most important ones were zonal and woreda level agricultural and rural development office. To analyze the data,, different statistical tools such as percentages, tables, frequency distribution were used to assess the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the households, resource ownerships, SWOT analysis of wheat value chain, the concentration ratio (CR4) to identify market structure and independent t-test to assess the difference in the wheat production between male and female headed households, vale chain mapping to identify and map actors and activities in the wheat value chain, household food balance model, dietary diversity, copping strategies to assess the food security status of the households, one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests were used to identify the dietary energy availability of the households among different kebeles, multinomial logistic regression to identify the determinants of market outlet choice. The result of the study reveals that the actors in the wheat value chain are input suppliers, producers, brokers, wholesalers, processors, traders, and consumers. Whereas the supporting actors are development agents, office of agriculture and rural development, cooperatives/unions, trade and industry office, and financial/credit institutions. The direct link between farmers and processors were very weak or low. The price was set by buyers along the chain and thus, the governance along the chain was buyer-driven. The market along the chain was inefficient and imperfect. The daily average percapita food availability obtained from Household Food Balance Model was 1743.21 which is far from nationally recommended 2100kcal. Likewise, the result from the household dietary diversity score reveal that the domination of monotonous dietary for the household in the study area and the coping strategy index tells us the presence of moderate to severe food insecurity.The result from the multinomial logistic regression indicate that among the ten explanatory variables included in the model seven of them were statistically significant at 1%, 5% and 10%. Those factors significantly affecting wheat producers market outlet vii choices were sex, age, education, year of participation, nearby market, nearby road and quantity produced. Farmers in the study area encounter marketing problem during harvesting seasons which accommodate the cost of production and create profit. Likewise, the well function of wheat value chain enhances the food security status of the poor in increasing their production and productivity, and generating income which increases their economic capacity. Therefore, the study recommends based on the result that the issue of link between producers and processors, marketing, access to credit, and cost of inputs must receive attention to improve the livelihood of the farmers. The issue of food in/security also should receive attention from the government, donors and other concerned bodies to improve the household level food security status. Likewise strengthening education, expansion of road infrastructure, telecom, and access to credit which promote farmers profitable market outlet choices in one hand and increases the production and productivity of wheat in another way should need consideration from stakeholders. Moreover, government and other stakeholder should create effective and efficient market which benefit the farmers on one hand and strengthening the well functioning of value chain which increases the participation of the farmers in the chain.Item Gis Based Identification of Road Traffic Fatality Accident Hotspots and Hazardous Train Stations in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2023-06-01) Tesfaldet Sisay; Teferi Mekonnen (PhD)Road traffic fatality accidents are single and major universal contemporary problems and problems of critical concern in Ethiopia as well owing to the increasing vehicular traffic that lead to loss of life and disruption of material goods. The main objective of this study was to explore the road traffic fatality accidents hotspots and hazardous train stations in Yeka Sub-city of Addis Ababa. This paper is used both quantitative and qualitative data and longitudinal study. The qualitative data approaches are associated with field methods such as observations of the research area to determine venerable area. The quantitative approaches are related with data of traffic accidents occurrence gathered from Addis Ababa city police stations, such as the location of traffic accidents collected by using GPS, Google Earth Pro and where quantitative data were analyzed statistically. The Spatial investigation tools, especially IDW (Inverse Distance Weight) were used to predict road traffic fatality accidents and hazardous train station accidents lengthwise the whole road set-up of Yeka sub-city. All GIS based system were employed for pinpointing, mapping and forecasting hotspots based on spatial dispersal of road traffic fatality and hazardous train station accidents. The result showed that Megenagna, Kotebe Kara and Gurd Shola Road Segment are the most risky section accidents occurrences place. Finally, IDW investigation forecast the road traffic fatalities and hazardous train station accidents sideways the whole road network of Yeka sub-city. The study was recommends that police organization should prepare different types of trainings to members on how to gather the spatial location of traffic accidents using different methods of spatial data collection like GPS and different geospatial applications available in smart phone, and Google earth pro to acquire efficient data about road traffic fatality accidents for appropriate intervention. This makes the analysis easy and more accurate.Item Value Chain Analisis of Hide and Skin in Debrebrehan Town Northern Shewa(Addis Abeba Universty, 2023-06-01) Tewodros Gizaw; Tebarek Lika (PhD)This research attempted to analyze value chain of hides and skins in DebreBrehan town, Amahara Region of Ethiopia. Hides and skins play irreplaceable role in the production of leather and leather industry. Data for the study were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were generated by household survey using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and key informant interview using checklists. The data were collected from 399 farmers (animal husbandries, and homestead slaughters), 18 traders and 2 tanneries and analyzed using STATA software. Hides and skins value chain actors and major defects were identified, on the actors include input suppliers,(animal husbandries and live animal traders) producers, (homestead slaughters, restaurants, butchers, abattoirs) traders (home to home collectors, middlemen’s, wholesalers)and final receivers (Tanneries). And the major defects that will be occurred on hides and skins have been classified in pre-slaughtering defects(of animal during rearing are horn rake, rope mark, branding, ectoparsites, wounds,on live animal trading the major defects occurs on hides and skins are beating on transporting animals, rope mark, wound, horn rake,) peri-slaughtering defects( hole, fly cut, poor pattern) and post-slaughtering defects(Delay on selling, Poor preservation, petrification).Value chain mapped and the role of the actors described, The chain is governed mainly by Tanneries, five marketing channels were identified. The smallest channel is channel I and channel V. which is producers directly sells to consumers, (tanneries). The longest chain that involved many actors is channel III. The highest total gross margins are 92 % in channel V. The highest gross marketing margin of producers in potato and onion markets channels are 66.7 % and 22.2 % in channel II and IV, respectively and lowest on channel III (11.4%). The result shows that with the number of marketing agents increases the producers share decreases.Item Water Distribution Network Analysis using Web GIS-Based: The Case of Lemi Kura Branch, Addis Ababa(Addis Abeba Universty, 2023-06-01) Yonas Nikola; Molla Maru (Mr)Water distribution management methods are extremely complicated and multifunctional, requiring the modification of conventional approaches. One of the current concerns with the increase of urban areas in Addis Ababa due to population growth, economic development, inadequate and inefficient infrastructure, high water leakage, conventional network analysis and management, and potential shortages of water due to climate change is efficient water management of the urban water system. To meet the rising demand for water, it is critical to develop modern water management systems that provide real-time monitoring and decision support in order to properly manage the water supply network. In order to solve such issues, this study provides a Web-GIS based water analysis and management system, which enables opportunities to obtain the correct facts at the right time to make the right judgments. This paper describes and implements web-based architecture using open-source tools. The research relied on both primary and secondary data sources. GPS location tracking and key informant interviews were used to acquire the primary data. Secondary data were acquired from existing water network CAD map files. This information was gathered from the AAWSA. Other secondary data obtained from different institute and examined in narrative form using the descriptive analysis approach. According to the findings of this study, there is an imbalance between supply and demand. Only 72% of the total area is covered by a water supply. To collect data on the water supply system, the authority has limited resources and skills. In general, there is a lack of a comprehensive utility infrastructure governing framework, standards, and organizational coordination, as well as difficulties in utilizing GIS data. This study modified and integrated an open-source Web-GIS solution using GeoServer as a GIS web server, PostgreSQL/PostGIS as a relational database for storage, and a GIS application for producing spatial database of a water distribution network. An attractive and interactive geographic user interface was created with the help of MapStore. The developed system includes all water utility layers such as distribution pipelines, valves, and so on in a web map, the capability of querying the layer's information, sharing and printing maps, and some spatial operations such as distance and area measurement, as well as a mechanism for system administrators to add or remove the utility layer at a specific location. In conclusion, Water Distribution Network Analysis using WebGIS-Based systems offers significant advantages, improving efficiency, decision-making, and stakeholder engagement in water distribution networks.Item Extension Service and Smallholder Agriculture in Achefer Woreda of Amhara Region(AAU, 1994) Kefale, Yilkal; Gcbrc, Ayal cwThis stud y tri es 10 pa may the interac ti on between smallho lder agriculture and c\h: n service in Achcfer \Voreda of Amhara Region. Different methods of data collectio n arc employed 10 generale reliab le dala 10 the desc ription of th e interac tion between ext ension servIce and small holder agri culture. The stud y a lso rev iews th e th eoretical background and the Ethiopian experience in agricultural extension. The study foc lL ses on twO areas. The first area is the description and anal ysis of the soc io economi c fa ctors, which ma y hinder or facilitate the adoption of innovation. The second poinl is Ih e socia -economic impact of extension service on sma llholder agriculture with in th e framework o f agricultural ex tension. The study identifi es land and oxen as a major constraint to the adoplion innovation. Although labour is an imp0l1anl fa ctor in smallholder agriculture, it is nol found in the kcbcle as basic as land and oxen in the adoption of innovation. The local arrangemen ts in the form of II'OIl!cJ./emcm/ .II'ohem allows the now o f labour amon g households in crili ca llimes. Tlllwd as a means o f access to bOl h land and oxen allow th e now of Ihese resources among households. A/ckel/lljo as a means of access 10 oxen also has en;lbl ed the two households 10 combine thei r single ox reso urces for mutual bene fit. It argues thaI some o f local arrangements like /llIIad as access to oxen shed light on the prospect of overcomi ng oxen constraints with the proper adopti on of innovation. It also desc ribes c redit and Illarketin g as one of import ant factors to the adoption of innovation. This study identi fi es that a delay on the availability of inputs is a major constraint in the adopti on of innovation. It demonstrates that agricultural extension is a very good institution to improve the smallholde r agriculture in the kebcJe, though it has limitation in some aspects. The study has also demonst rated the considerab le impacts of extension service on the smallholder agriculture. It desc ribes its impact in the fonn of cultivation, Productivity. croppi ng patlcms and houschold economi c imp rovelllents. It also identifies areas like agricultural implement where agricultural ext ension has not yet made signifi cant impacts. Some of the impacts seem to lack continuity. It :lrgucs th e need to :lddress some problems associ atcd with th e imp:lct o f extension servi ce 011 dietary changes and dec line of productivity. The role o f the extension service in the stud y are'l in tenllS o f introduc ing beHc r natural resources management practices is very minimal and insignificant as compared to its impact 0 11 crop production. Change in the level of prod uctivity has also brought improvements in the household economic status. The study has also identified some of the trends in socio-cult ura l changes, resource utilization and hOllsehold furni ture.Item Deforestation and Degradation of Juniperus Pro Cera Forest the Case of Negelle Borana(Addis Ababa University, 1991-09) Tulu, Solomon; Kloos, Helmut (PhD)This is a study of deforestation and degradation of the Juniperus procera forest in Liben Awraja near Negelle Borana, as affected by human settlement and land use. The Libenarea (annual rainfall 750 - 1500 mm) is part of the Semi-arid lowlands of Ethiopia; 60-70 per cent of Liben area is used mainly for livestock raising. Only about 2 per cent of the area can marginally be used for rainfed crop farming. The Woody Vegetation of Liben area includes : the dry upland juniperus forest , woodland , bushland and ticket . The methodology used included comparative analysis of aerial photos for 1964 and 1984 , unstructured interviews among local pastoralists elders and older Negelle town residents, questionnaire survey in Negelle town and direct observation. Results show that, between 1964-84; the Juniperus procera forest around Negelle town has been reduced in size by 65 per cent and degraded. The causes are multifaceted, among of which are: the expansion of cultivation, the exploitation of wood for fuel and construction, forest fire, the inmigration of four pastoralist groups and the low regeneration capacity of this forest. The ecological consequences are difficult to assess, however. Decline in ground water level, shortage of surface water during the dry season including the widespread erosion features, such as rills, the deepending and widening of gullies indicate the extent of the ecological impact of deforestation. Recommendations are made for afforestation and conservation programmes .Item The Socio -Economic Impacts of Tourism: The Case of Lalibela(Addis Ababa University, 1998-06) Alebachew, ShimelisItem Education, Migration and Employment in Ethiopia Towns: The Case of Bahir Dar(Addis Ababa University, 1993-06) G/ Medhin, ShegawThe purpose of this study is to look into the effect of education on migration and to identify the responses of migrants with different levels of education to the selected explanatory variables that shows costs and returns of migration. It was also attempted to assess the employment patterns and stability of migrants in urban areas. In order to achieve the purpose of the study two phase sampling procedure was employed to select households that were to be included in the study. 493 useable questionnaires were collected from the study town, Bahir Dar. Multiple and step wise regression, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square and Weighted least square (WLS) regression were the major statistical techniques employed to analize the data. Results of the analysis show that migration rate increases with education except with migrants at the tertiary level. But the effect is clearly seen after elementary education. Thus junior education seems to be a critical level to induce migration at this level of the Urban hieriarchy. Results of Weighted least square (WLS) regression indicate that there is a marked difference between migrants in thier responses to the factors that influence migration. Well educated were found more responsive to income at the destination and to the unemployment period at the origin while illeterates were found more responsive to the period of unemployment at the destination. It was also observed that migrants made a considerable shift from unemployment to state of employment and across different occupations . Further more, less educated migrants were found more stable than the educated in urban employmentItem The Adoption of Social Conservation Structures in the Western Catchment of Cherake River, Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 1992-06) Neka, Mulugeta; Tegene, Belay (PhD)The Western Catchment of Cherake River is one of the erosion prone areas in Ethiopia. Natural and human factors in combination have caused considerable erosion damage to the soil resource in the area. In order to mitigate the severity of this problem, structural conservation measures have been intr-oduced since 1985.. To e>:amine the adoption of the conser-vati on structures, a sampl e of 200 plots vJ;ere randoml y selected and the owners of thes e plots were interviewed with reference to their respective sample plots. Of the nine independent variables considered for the e >:pl anati on of the adopti on of the conser-vati on structures, the stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the at ti tude of f arme,..-s to,,"Jards the conser-vati on structures l' perception of soil erosion, and size oT +arm are the most significant .. The other factors that inflLlenced majority of farmers to accept the conservation structure are its efficiency at controlling run off., reducing loss of soil and fertilizers., and increase of yield in lower altitudinal zones. On the contrary, inconveniences to the crosswise ploughing in steeper slopes, habitation of moles in the conservation strLlctures, and loss of cropland have caused some of the farmers to reject the conservation structures. These shortcomings of the conservation structures are the major causes for lack of maintenance of structures, development of terraces, and efficient control of erosion.Item Assessing the Impacts of Land Holding Certificate on Soil Conservation Practices: The Case of Girar Jarso Woreda.Oromia,Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Ashebir, Mesay; Senbeta, Feyera (PhD)In Ethiopia, among many factors, tenure insecurity is considered as a main problem for land degradation. The objective of the study is to assess impacts of land holding certificate on soil conservation practices and the major constraints of soil conservation in the study area. Structured questionnaire survey, Key informant interview, direct observation and focus group discussion methods were applied to collect the necessary information from farm households. A total of 120 households were interviewed to collect primary data. Secondary data were also gathered from published and unpublished documents such as office records and reports, books, and related thesis works. Then, the data acquired analyzed using descriptive statistics techniques and binary logistic regression. Descriptive statistics were used to compare different categories of sample unit 's in terms of means and percentage. Cross tabulation is used to compare and analyzed data gathered from households. The study result shows that soil conservation practices such as soil bund, stone bund, check dam and plantation of trees were seemed to be more influenced by land holding certificates. based on the analysis made on some selected variables, educational level, farm experience, family size and land renting have a significant impact on farmer's soil conservation practices so that it should be highly considered in the study area ..