Geography and Environmental Studies
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Item Analysis of Urban Expansion through Gis and Remote Sensing In Gullele Sub City Of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Zerihun Abebe; Teferi Mekonnen (PhD)Urban expansion in Ethiopia is a significant phenomenon driven by rapid population growth, rural-urban migration, and socio-economic transformations. This study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban expansion in Gullele Sub-city, Addis Ababa, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing technologies from 1993 to 2023. The study utilizes multi-temporal satellite imagery and spatial analysis to map land-use/land-cover changes, identify urban sprawl patterns, and measure the accuracy of classifications over different time periods. Socio-economic data and demographic characteristics are integrated to explore the relationships between urbanization and its impacts on agriculture, natural resources, and infrastructure. The findings highlight significant land conversion from agricultural to urban uses, driven by population pressures and policy inefficiencies. The study showed that the proportion of built-up area increased from 47.32 % in 1993 to 53.37% in 2023 (growing by 6.05%); agricultural land areas experienced a decrease from 4.97% in 1993 to 2.28% (decreased by 2.69%); Forest areas showed increase from 29.59% in 1993 to 31.43% in 2023(expanded by 1.84%) and finally Shrub land shows decrease from 19.12 to 12.92% in 2023 (shrinking by 5.2%). This has led to challenges, including displacement, environmental degradation, and inadequate urban infrastructure. The research concludes the existence of substantial urban expansion that calls for evidence-based urban planning, improved land-use regulations, and the application of geospatial technologies for effective resource management. This work provides critical insights for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders in addressing the challenges of urban expansion and promoting sustainable development in rapidly growing urban areas like Gullele Sub-city. Keywords: Urban expansion, GIS and Remote Sensing, Land use/Land cover, Built-up Area. Addis AbabaItem Spatio-temporal trends of Prosopis juliflora plantation and its implications on livelihoods in Awash Fentale District, Afar region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12-01) Tesfaye Taye; Asnake Mekuriaw (PhD) and Telesphore Brou(PhD)Prosopis juliflora plantations has been the dominant plant species in the eastern parts of Ethiopoia. significantly impact the livelihoods of local communities. This study examines the trends and impacts of Prosopis juliflora plantations in the Awash Fentale District of the Afar region, Ethiopia. The analysis uses Landsat imagery and Sentinel-2 data on the Google Earth Engine platform, covering a 30-year period from 1993 to 2023, with data examined at ten-year intervals: 1993, 2003, 2013, and 2023. The methodology includes land use/land cover (LULC) classification, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis, regression analysis, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, and Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) computation. A comparative assessment of algorithms between Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 for 2023 reveals that Sentinel-2 achieved higher overall accuracy (97%) and Kappa (96) compared to Landsat 8 (overall accuracy: 90%, Kappa: 88%). Statistical validation indicates the significance of these results, with a p value of 0.0001, below the 0.05 threshold. The results of this study show a continuous increase in the area invaded by Prosopis juliflora over a 30-year period, from 1993 to 2023. Specifically, the coverage of this invasive species grew from 63 km² in 1993 to 87.3 km² in 2023, indicating significant expansion within the studied area.To assess household perceptions, a perception index was developed using a five-point Likert scale, identifying factors that outline these views. The results show about 93% of the respondents have negative perception whereas 7% of households view Prosopis juliflora positively. Given the invasive nature of Prosopis juliflora and its impact on land use and pastoral livelihoods, these findings are essential for informing policymakers and land managers to develop effective strategies for managing and mitigating its spread in the region. Keywords: Prosopis juliflora, spatio-temporal trends, Google Earth Engine, LULC classification, NDVI analysis, NDII computation, invasive species, pastoral livelihoodsItem Farmers’ adaptation strategies to the impacts of climate variability in Haramaya Woreda, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01-01) Tireza Haile; Aklilu Amsalu (PhD)The main purpose of this study was to investigate farmers‟ response and their adaptation strategies to the impacts of climate variability in Haramaya Woreda, Ethiopia. Descriptive and explanatory research design and mix of qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used. Questionnaires from 292 Households were collected. To analyze the data, simple descriptive statistics, linear panel regression model and MNR were employed. The result revealed that, an average of 716. 8 mm precipitation and 16.73 . Of temperature was recorded in the past 30- years. Productivity has strong and positive correlation with precipitation and temperature. The farmers have different adaptation strategies for the adverse effects of climatic change in the area. In the questionnaire open ended question the HHs reply are arranged in the following themes. The MLR revealed that, Age, Educational background, Household size, sex, membership of FBOs and Farm size are found significant at with less than .05 sig value. And, the Crop productivity year temperature and rainfall reveled that, precipitation (in mm) and year are found significant at with less than .05 sig value. This shown that, then the variable has a significant association with the productivity trend in the study area. And recommended that, crop diversification, modifying the farming calendar, employing physical and biological soil and water conservation practices, using different types of crop varieties, and other agronomic activities are needed in the study Wereda. Keywords: temperature, Rainfall, crop yield productivity, adaptation and climate variabilityItem Status of Urban Agriculture in Lemikura Sub City, the Case of Woreda 02, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11-01) Tsehay Desalegn; Yohnnes Gebremichael (PhD)Many developing nations including Ethiopia are struggling to meet the food demands of their citizens particularly in urban areas. Consequently, this study aimed to assess Status of Urban Agriculture in Lemikura Sub City, the Case of Woreda 02, Addis Ababa. A descriptive survey design was utilized as the most suitable research method. Data for this research was collected from both primary and secondary sources, employing qualitative and quantitative methods. Primary data were gathered from using questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, and 86 sample household surveys. The qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed through narrative methods, while the quantitative data were organized and summarized using percentages, frequencies and graphs. The study's key finding shows that the majority of urban farmers in the study area are middle-aged groups who are economically active. The majority of urban agriculture practitioners are carried out in the open spaces that surround Lemikura Sub City. The most significant vegetables grown in the study area are carrot, tomato, onion, lettuce, chard (kosta), cabbage, and potatoes. Potatoes and carrots are used for household consumption than are intended for domestic sales. In the study area, dairy and poultry production primarily serve commercial purposes, contributing significantly to household income. The income earning status of household can matter to meet basic necessities of family members. Urban agriculture must therefore be accepted as a valid form of urban economic activity. Thus it needs integrate in sustainable urban development, food security improvement, public health enhancement and urban environmental preservation. According to the result of this study shortage of land, lack of adequate water and lack of adequate extension service are the major challenges in urban agriculture in the study area. So, providing land, extension service and adequate water to urban farmers should be given the highest priority in the study area. In general urban agriculture activity in the study area is affected by many challenges, which were not fully covered by the researcher. Thus it requires further research to determine its growth and sustainability. Key Words: Urban agriculture, vegetable, households.Item Socio-Economic Rural Urban Linkages in Sire Town and its Hinterlands: East Wollega Zone, Oromia Region(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08-01) Alemu Eshetu; Solomon Mulugeta (PhD)This study aimed to assess socio-economic rural-urban connections between Sire town and the hinterlands in Western Ethiopia's Sibu Sire area. Being a daily resident of the district, the researcher had the idea to undertake this study due to saw discrimination and ineffectiveness between urban and rural inhabitants. Therefore, one of the researcher's goals when starting this study was to investigate and make recommendations to the relevant agencies. The researcher used a purposive sample strategy to choose the Sibu Sire district in order to conduct the study. The researcher chose a sample of residents from Sire town and surrounding rural areas, as well as employees of the Sire town management, the district offices for rural development and agriculture, and the district administration offices, in order to achieve the study's goal. They were chosen using systematic simple random sampling procedure since they were important in supplying the data required for the investigation. Thus, 49 workers from the district's offices of agriculture and rural development, Sire town administration, and district administration office, as well as 155 residences from Sire town and its hinterlands of rural areas . Through questionnaires, interviews, and observation, the researcher gathered the necessary data from this demographic. Descriptive statistics were used for analyzing the data acquired using these tools, taking into account both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. Based on the analysis, the researcher noticed that there was little rural- urban linkage between Sire town and its hinterlands. The only connections between the two hinterlands were related to agriculture and politics; there was little to no linkage in terms of social services, infrastructure, transportation access, and others. The results also showed that the development of urban-rural linkages between Sire town and its hinterlands was hindered by elements connected to communities, the environment, economic situations, and administrations. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended the government, the community, other researchers and others on ways of reversing the factors hindering implementation urban-rural linkage of Sire town with its hinterlands. Key words: rural, urban, urban rural linkage, Sire town and its hinterlandItem Land degradation, Seasonal Rural Out-Migration and Sustainable Land Management in the Dry Land of upper Tekeze basin, Northern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11-01) Alemu Eshetu; Assefa Abegaz (PhD)The study explores the interplay of land degradation, seasonal migration, and Sustainable Land Management (SLM) dynamics in the Upper Tekeze River Basin, Ethiopia, with a focus on land use and land cover change (LULCC), drought monitoring, soil erosion, and the impacts of migration on SLM. The study investigates the temporal and spatial dynamics of LULCC over 31 years (1990-2021) using advanced remote sensing techniques such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, using primary data from Landsat surface reflectance images. The findings reveal significant changes in LULC, including a decrease in forest, bushland, shrubland, and bareland, while water bodies, farmland, urban settlements and dry riverbeds and streams showed substantial gains. These shifts indicate ongoing land degradation and highlight the future vulnerability of the basin, emphasizing the need for SLM practices and afforestation efforts to mitigate further degradation. In parallel, the study assesse spatio-temporal drought dynamics from 1981 to 2021 using multiple indices like the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI). The result shows that the basin has experienced multiple episodes of moderate to extreme drought, particularly in 2002, 2004, 2009, 2015, 2016, and 2017. Soil erosion rates assessment was carried out to estimate soil erosion rates and map soil erosion in the Upper Tekeze Basin, by integrating Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with GEE. The study showed that the mean soil loss rate is 25.5 t ha-1 yr-1. About 63% of the basin is experiencing soil erosion above the maximum tolerable rate. Specifically, 55% of the study area, which is covered by unprotected shrubland is experiencing mean annual soil loss of 34.75 t ha-1 yr-1. Shrublands, particularly in lowland agroecologies are the most vulnerable areas. The study also revealed evidence that high mean soil loss rate of the basin can be reduced by implementing integrative watershed management and exclosures. The study further showed that that seasonal migration is triggered by factors such as drought, land scarcity, and economic pressures. The finding showed remittances and migration earnings are primarily used for basic consumption rather than investment on agricultural inputs or SLM practices, and migration is leaving behind women with the responsibility of managing less productive and degraded farmland. Labor, input, and skill limitations are also challenges faced by women in managing farmland. Finally, the study employs two-stage least squares (2-SLS) regression and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to analayze the impact of migration on the adoption of SLM practices. The findings suggest that migration has a significant negative impact on the adoption of SLM practices. Overall, the study underscores the complex interplay between land degradation, seasonal rural outmigration, and SLM practices in the Tekeze River Basin, calling for integrated and context specific interventions to promote SLM while considering the seasonal mobility of farm households. Keywords: Land use/cover dynamics, drought dynamics, soil erosion severity and extent, determinants of seseanal out-migration, response to land degradationItem Urban Expansion and its Effects on Agricultural Communities: The Case of Dewey Harewa Wereda, Oromo Administration Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08-01) Ali Feleke; Solomon Mulugeta (PhD)The primary objective of this research is to examine urban expansion and its effects on agricultural communities, focusing on the case of Dewey Herewa Wereda in the Oromo administrative zone of Ethiopia. This study employs both descriptive and explanatory research designs and utilizes a mixed method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods to collect the necessary data. A sample of 182 displaced households was randomly selected from two towns and three peripheral kebeles. The researcher gathered both numerical and non-numerical data, utilizing primary and secondary sources. A questionnaire, including both open-ended and closed-ended questions, was distributed to respondents and key informants. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographic variables, presented through frequency, percentage, pie charts, bar charts, and cross-tabulation. Inferential statistics, including one-sample t-tests, Chi-square tests, and paired t-tests, were also conducted. The data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 24 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The results indicate that the assets reported by respondents, such as farmland measured in timad, cereal yield per quintal, number of livestock, and number of permanent trees and fruits, decreased by more than half after the expansion of the towns. Additionally, the study found that, except for land compensation for house construction (sig=0.085>0.05), the remaining types of compensation (monetary compensation, land for farming, land for commerce, and land for storage) were generally perceived as fair. The researcher recommends that monetary compensation alone is insufficient. To enhance the capacity of displaced farmers and add value to their compensation, it is essential to provide skills training, job opportunities, residential land, and access to credit. Special attention should be given to people with disabilities and the elderly. Keywords: urban expansion, compensation, peri urban, livelihood strategies, agricultural communities, Dewey Herewa WeredaItem Assessing Challenges and Opportunities of Integrated Management of Urban Green Space in Addis Ababa: the Case of Jemo I Condominium Site in Nifas Silk Lafto, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12-01) Asfaw Girma; Solomon Mulugeta (PhD)The importance of managing green spaces has to be given special consideration in rapidly growing urban areas like Nifas Silk Lafto Sub cites. However, creating and preserving urban green space is extremely difficult for a variety of reasons. This thesis specifically looks at the challenges and opportunities associated with integrated management of urban green areas in Addis Ababa, particularly in Jemo One condominiums inNifas Silk Lafto. The study used data collected through questionnaires, interviews, and observation and analyzed it using mixed approachesThe key finding of the study are there are several primary constraints affecting integrated management of urban green spaces.Some of these include low awareness of the society lack of coordination, skilled labor shortage, and budget constraints are taken as the major challenges.Despite the challenges, the study found notable opportunities such as existing rules and regulations, government policies and presence of different stakeholders.The study concluded lack of qualified labor, limited availability of green space, low budget and low priority given to green spaces, low awareness among the locals, and little coordination amongst stakeholders as a major challenges. In order to ensure successful implementation, the study proposes the necessity for a coherent and adequate strategy for managing green spaces. This strategy should include an integrated approach, sufficient institutional support, money, skilled and experienced experts, and stakeholder coordination. Key words: Integrated management, opportunity, green space, urban green space, condominium housingItem Causes and Consequences of Youth Unemployment in Shaggar City: - The Case of Sululta Sub City(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12-01) Berhanu Abebe; Tebarek Lika (PhD)Youth unemployment has been one of the most challenging problems in countries with loto of youth age young and rapidly growing populations. By taking into account the challenges of youth unemployment, the major objective of this study was to identify factors affecting youth unemployment in Ethiopia in the case of Sululta Sub City of Shaggar City, both qualitative and Quantitative research design, was used primary data and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Probability sampling methods were applied to select 227 sample respondents from the sub- city. The study identified limited job opportunities, mismatch between skills and market needs, lack of work experiences, high crime rates, political instabilities, lack of quality education and training, population growth, and socio-economic factors as the main causes of youth unemployment in the area. Youth unemployment threatens economic growth and social stability. The study suggests policy interventions, such as creating more job opportunities, improving education and training programs, promoting entrepreneurship, and addressing socio-economic barriers. Keywords: Youth Unemployment, Sululta Sub-city.Item Factors Affecting Forest Degradation in Rural Hoseholds the Case Tole Woreda South West Shewa Zone.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11-01) Dejene Denboba; Asmamaw Legas (PhD)Forest degradation is the process of removing forest area and using the land for other purposes. Increasing demand for expansion farmland, firewood collection, and charcoal productionhas accelerated the rate of forest degradation in the study area. Forest degradation has negative effects on the environmental including, land degradation and soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, climate change and agricultureproductivity. This study is aimed to assess forest degradation status and the factors affecting forest degradation in rural households in Tole woreda, south west Shewa, zone, Oromia region. The main objective of this study is to assess the factors affectingforest degradation in rural households. Across sectional study design has been employed. The source of population was found in rural households in Tole woreda. The sample size of this study was 174 households’ from 1200 total households of selected kebele. Data were collected by using open and close ended questionnaires forgathering important information used for this study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected fromprimary and secondary data sources.At frequency of 49, the age group of 25–34 years old accounts28% of the respondents from the study area indicated that, the existence of unwise use of forest resourcesthat led toforest degradation in the study area. The result indicated thatthe most respondents about 92 (52.9%) reported that firewood collection was the main factor that resulted in forest degradation. Whereas About 49(28.2%) of respondents reported that charcoal production was the second factor that resulted in forest degradation, and about 30(18.9%) of respondents reported that farmland expansion was the third factor that resulted in forest degradation in the stud area.Based on the present study, itrecommend to promote trees planting (reforestation, afforestation and agroforestry) with emphasis on multipurpose and highly adaptable trees and appropriate to undertake the sustainable forest management practices. Key words: forest degradation, households, wood collection, charcoal production.Item Eucalyptus Plantations, Rural Livelihoods, and Gender Dimensions in Senan District, Northwest Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Fasika Belay; Messay Mulugeta (PhD) and Teferee Makonnen (PhD)The widespread expansion of eucalyptus plantations in Ethiopia's highlands represents a significant transformation of the agricultural landscape, leading to complex socioeconomic and environmental consequences. While economically appealing to smallholders, the conversion of cropland and its effects on rural livelihoods, food security, and gender equity are not fully understood. This dissertation investigates the socioeconomic implications of the rapid expansion of eucalyptus plantations in the Senan district of Northwest Ethiopia, where cropland conversion to eucalyptus has intensified in recent decades. Data were collected from 332 households (166 eucalyptus planters and 166 non-planters), supplemented by qualitative data from observations, interviews, and focus group discussions. Additionally, Landsat satellite images from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2021 were utilized. Employing a mixed research approach, the study utilizes econometric and descriptive statistical techniques to analyze quantitative data complemented by thematic analysis for qualitative insights. Satellite imagery analysis reveals a significant land-use shift: cropland decreased from 58.4% to 38.1% between 2010 and 2021, while eucalyptus-dominated vegetation increased from 16.8% to 26.5%. Binary logit models identify key drivers of eucalyptus adoption, including household head age, land size, and savings, while factors like education, livestock ownership, and land fertility negatively influenced adoption. The findings show that eucalyptus ownership significantly impacts household income, livelihood assets, and food security. Households with eucalyptus plantations reported higher livelihood asset index scores across various categories, indicating positive contributions to overall well-being. Specifically, eucalyptus adopters experienced a 40.2% increase in household income (as determined by propensity score matching) and demonstrated better food security, with significantly higher Household Dietary Diversity Scores (5.28 vs. 4.73) and lower food insecurity rates (8.06 vs. 11.29 HFIAS). However, these benefits come with trade-offs: human capital indices are lower among eucalyptus-owning households, and women face disproportionate disempowerment. Women in households engaged in eucalyptus plantations are notably more disempowered than their counterparts in other households, highlighting a significant disparity. This disempowerment is rooted in systemic issues, including a lack of financial control, limited decision-making power, restricted access to credit, and diminished group participation. Addressing these barriers is crucial for enhancing women's empowerment. The dual nature of eucalyptus expansion is evident in x these findings: it enhances livelihoods and food security but also poses risks to gender equity. To address these complexities, the dissertation concludes with policy recommendations for rural road improvement, eucalyptus zoning regulations, sustainable agroforestry practices, gender-inclusive income interventions (emphasizing high-interest savings accounts for rural women), and diversified livelihood strategies aimed at balancing economic gains with long-term resilience and social equity. Key words: Eucalyptus, Livelihoods, Food security, Women, IncomeItem Spatio-Temporal Change of Urban Sprawl Pattern in Gambella Town(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11-01) Goanar Jal Dup; Degefie Tibebe (PhD)Understanding land use and land cover (LULC) changes and urban sprawl, along with their drivers and impacts on socio-economic and environmental conditions, is essential for designing knowledge-based interventions that promote sustainable development. Gambella Town is a key area experiencing significant LULC changes and urban sprawl, driven by a range of interconnected factors. This study investigates these changes over the past 24 years (2000–2023) and identifies the main drivers and socio-economic and environmental impacts. Using multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery and supervised image classification, along with a socio-economic survey of 277 respondents, the study classified land into six categories: Agricultural Land, Bush with Grass, Built-Up Area, Bare Land, Forest Land, and Water Bodies. The classification achieved high accuracy, with overall accuracies of 90%, 90%, and 89% for 2000, 2010, and 2023, respectively. The analysis reveals substantial LULC changes, notably the conversion of Bush with Grass into residential and commercial zones. Agricultural Land increased from 13.4% (634 ha) in 2000 to 36.9% (1,750 ha) in 2023, while Built-Up Areas expanded from 2% (93 ha) to 41.3% (1,956 ha). In contrast, Bush with Grass sharply declined from 71.1% (3,375 ha) to 13.7% (652 ha), and declines in Bare Land and Forest Land indicate a shift toward settlements and agriculture. Socio-economic analysis shows that rural-to-urban migration, natural population growth, and increased demand for jobs and services are the primary factors driving these changes. Urban sprawl has displaced residents, heightened infrastructure demands, and limited access to essential services. Environmentally, this expansion has led to habitat loss and biodiversity decline. These findings offer crucial insights for policymakers and planners aiming to mitigate urban sprawl challenges and advance sustainable development in Gambella Town. Keywords: LULC, Urban Sprawl, Remote Sensing, Landsat satellite imagery, Environmental Impact, and Sustainable Development.Item Potential Opportunities and challenges of tree plantation in Albuko Woreda, South Wollo, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08-01) Mekbib Melaku; Asmamaw Legas (PhD)Ethhiopia hopes to achieve 50% of its total domestic greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions abatements potential by 2030 .To this end ,the country is engaged in various tree plantation under takings and plans to scale up good practices (FDRE:ECRGES,2011). As part of the country Albuko woreda undertaking tree plantation process. The objective of this study is to assess the potential opportunities and challenges of tree plantation in Albuko Woreda as well as the perceptions of the community for tree plantation. To meet this objective, cross sectional research design was implemented with qualitative and quantitative research methods. From a total of 17 kebeles, 2 kebeles having a total of 2684 farmers were selected by multi- stage sampling technique. The researcher used purposive sampling technique to identify sample kebeles . For this studys, both primary and secondary data were used. Questionnaire, key informants interview and focus group discussions, field observation were employed to collect primary data. A total of 114 households were covered by the questionnaire in a mix of closed and open-ended questions. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data analysis and the later included descriptive statistics and inferential statistics The data were checked for completeness, coded, entered, and analyzed using SPSS version 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistical technique such as X2 and t test, chi-square test, ANNOVA were also used. The result reveals that the potential opportunities for tree plantation were availability of comfortable environment for plantation like soil types and areas (sites) such as along roadsides, mountain, around farmlands, etc., interests and Starting tree planting campaign (green plant legacy) in national level in high degree level with MS values of 4.05, 3.95 and 3.69, respectively. , unlimited using of lands for livestock grazing (crops) and encroachment by livestock (MS=4.8, RII =0.96), less seedling availability: lower production of seeds, high cost of seeds and lack of trends on seed sowing and cultivation (MS=4.73, RII =0.946), lack of nurseries and lack of tree species that you have wanted to plant (MS=4.56, RII=0.912), lack of water sources (MS=4.56, RII=0.912), lack of land sizes (MS=3.93, RII =0.786), lack of insight learning (people awareness) (MS=3.90, RII=0.78), lack of tree substitution culture (MS=3.83, RII =0.766) and human influences like increasing demand for wood products (for fuel and construction) (MS=3.72, RII=0.744) were the most eight significant challenges for tree plantation. The community were asked to identify their perception about primary solutions for overcoming the difficulties of growing trees, as analysis revealed that make the people educated (28.9%), give consideration for policy formulation and enforcement (17.5%), and selection of suitable species (14.9%) were the most solutions to overcome the drawbacks for tree plantation. Therefore, the woreda Office of Agriculture and natural resource in collaboration with other stakeholders must work intensively to use the opportunities for tree plantation and combat the challenges of tree plantation farmers in the study area. Keywords; tree plantation, opportunities of tree plantation, challenges of tree plantation, perception of the community for tree plantation.Item Impacts of land use land cover dynamics and climate change and variability on ecosystem services in Maze National Park and its environs, southwestern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Mestewat Simeon; Desalegn Wana (PhD)This study was aimed at exploring the impacts of land use land cover (LULC) and climate changes on ecosystem services in Maze national park and its environs in southwestern Ethiopia. The study employed Landsat imageries for LULC change analysis from which landscape structural attributes were computed and the values of ecosystem services were calculated. Climate data were collected from the Ethiopian meteorological services agency, southern district office, and the WorldClim database. In addition, socioeconomic data were collected to assess local community perceptions of LULC change, ecosystem service dynamics, and their interactions. LULC classification was performed using the Random Forest classifier, and ecosystem service values (ESVs) were estimated through the benefit transfer method whereas, climate trend analysis was computed using the Mann-Kendall and innovative trend analysis. The Multi-Layer Perceptron neural network method was applied for LULC change prediction, while climate change projections were based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to analyze ecosystem services-climate relationships, trade-offs, synergies, and predicted climate change impacts on ecosystem services. Spatial trade-offs and synergies were analyzed using the Local Moran’s I model. The results indicate significant expansion of croplands and built-up areas, while wooded grasslands, riverine forests, water bodies declined. From 1985 to 2020, overall ESVs declined from 2038.42 million USD to 1628.72 million USD. As for the individual ESVs, only food production increased, while all other services declined. The climate trend analysis revealed a decreasing trend in mean annual and main rainy season rainfall, while temperatures (mean annual, maximum and minimum) exhibited an increasing trend. Spatial and temporal correlations showed that ecosystem services were positively correlated to mean annual and main rainy season rainfall, but negatively associated with mean annual, maximum, and minimum temperatures. The landscape metrics indicated an increase in the number of patches, patch density and edge density, suggesting landscape fragmentation. Spatial and temporal analyses showed a strong trade-off between food production and water supply, raw materials, and climate regulation services, while other services demonstrated strong synergies. Under the business-as usual scenario, water supply, raw materials, and climate regulation are expected to decline. In contrast, under the governance scenario, all key ecosystem services are anticipated to increase significantly by 2050. Temperature negatively correlated with key ecosystem services under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, while precipitation positively correlated with these services. These findings support the development of strategies for land use management, ecosystem conservation and restoration, and climate change mitigation and adaptation to minimize the impacts of LULC and climate changes on ecosystem services. Key words: climate variability, landscape metrics, local Moran’s I model, synergies and trade-offsItem Causes and Consequences of Cross Border Illegal Migration to the Middle East Case of Wogide Woreda South Wollo Zone of Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08-01) Mohammed Yalew; Teferi Mekonnen (PhD)Illegal migration is a pressing global issue, particularly affecting developing countries in Africa. Many migrants leave their countries for various economic and non-economic reasons. Ethiopia, as one such developing nation, is significantly impacted by human migration. This study aimed to examine the causes and consequences of illegal migration in Wogide Wereda, South Wollo Zone, and Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire survey was conducted with 179 household respondents from three kebeles in the woreda, providing quantitative data. The study employed a cross sectional research design, supplemented by key informant interviews and focus group discussions to gather qualitative data.The study found that the primary driver of illegal migration in the area is economic, particularly the search for employment and the desire to improve living conditions. Migrants faced severe challenges during their cross-border journeys, including exploitation, rape, hunger, and theft of their earnings. Despite these negative consequences, some positive outcomes were noted, such as access to remittances, education, acquired skills, and improved living standards.Given that the negative consequences of illegal migration outweigh the benefits, the government should focus on facilitating safer migration practices. Regular and ongoing awareness campaigns should be conducted by the human resource management office, vital registration office, and woreda communication affairs to highlight the dangers of illegal migration. Additionally, the enterprise office should create job opportunities for returnees and potential migrants through revolving funds. The Wogide Wereda police office should also strengthen its control over illegal agents and brokers involved in migration. Keywords: illegal migration, migration route, broker, destination country, causes, consequences, wogide wordaItem Spatiotemporal Trends of Climate Variability, Meteorological and Agricultural Droughts, and Their Effect on Land Surface Phenology in the Upper Gelana Watershed, Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Sileshi Tadesse; Asnake Mekuriaw (PhD)Climate change remains a pressing global challenge, significantly impacting socio-ecological systems and the livelihoods of millions, particularly in developing countries. In Ethiopia, unpredictable climate patterns and extreme droughts have severely threatened rain-fed agriculture, leaving many reliant on food assistance. As a result, understanding local climate variability, drought characteristics, and their impacts is crucial for devising appropriate adaptation strategies to safeguard smallholder farmers' livelihoods. This study explores climate variability and trends, meteorological and agricultural droughts, spatial and temporal variations in land surface phenology (LSP), and farmers' perceptions and adaptation strategies in response to climate variability and changeacross the lower weina dega (LWD), upper weina dega (UWD), and dega agroecological zones (AEZs) of the Upper Gelana watershed in the northeastern highlands of Ethiopia. The first part of the study focusses on spatiotemporal climate variability and change across the AEZs of the data-scarce Upper Gelana watershed, where rain-fed agriculture is the primary livelihood source. We evaluated the performance of two widely used high-resolution satellite precipitation datasets, Tropical Applications of Meteorology using SATellite and ground-based observations (TAMSAT) and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS), using various categorical and continuous validation statistics in R. The spatiotemporal variability was analyzed using TAMSAT rainfall and gridded temperature data from the Ethiopian Meteorological Institute (EMI) with coefficient of variation (CV), precipitation concentration index (PCI), and standardized rainfall anomaly (SRA). Trends were computed using the Mann-Kendall (MK) test, Sen's slope estimator, and innovative trend analysis (ITA). The findings reveal considerable inter-annual rainfall variability, with a significant positive trend in kiremt (main rainy season) rainfall and slight declines in belg (short rainy season) rainfall. Decadal increases in kiremt rainfall ranged from 96.1 to 104.8 mm, while belg rainfall declined by 14.0 to 16.4 mm across AEZs. The minimum and maximum annual temperatures showed significant decreasing and increasing trends, respectively, in LWD and UWD, while changes in dega were insignificant. The second part investigates meteorological and agricultural droughts across the AEZs. Meteorological drought analysis was conducted using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) with TAMSAT data, while agricultural drought was examined using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Evapotranspiration (ET), and Potential Evapotranspiration (PET). Drought characteristics such as intensity, severity, and duration were analyzed using run theory in R, and spatial correlation analysis assessed the relationship between meteorological and agricultural droughts. The findings indicate seasonal meteorological drought variability, with kiremt droughts occurring more frequently than belg season droughts between 1991 and 2021. Meteorological droughts were detected in kiremt during 1991, 1993, 2002, 2009, and ii 2015. Agricultural droughts, identified using ETDI and VHI, were more frequent during belg in LWD and UWD (2002, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2021) and in dega (2008, 2012, 2013, and 2015). Agricultural droughts were also observed during kiremt in 2002, 2008, and 2009 across all AEZs. Pixel-wise correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between meteorological and agricultural drought indices during both the belg and kiremt seasons, indicating the potential translation of climatic stress to agricultural systems. To assess the impact of climate change on vegetation ecosystems, we examined spatiotemporal changes in LSP across AEZs and their association with climate variability and drought events from 2001 to 2021. MODIS NDVI (250-meter resolution) was used to compute phenological metrics, including start of the season (SOS), end of the season (EOS), and length of the growing season (LOS), as well as key ecosystem condition indicators such as base value, peak value, and amplitude using MATLAB based TIMESAT software automated using Command Prompt (CMD) and R. Land use was classified for 2001 and 2021 using the Random Forest algorithm, and areas with changes were excluded from LSP trend detection to avoid misinterpretation. The relationship between LSP changes and climate variables was assessed using pixel-wise pearson correlation and partial correlation analyses. The results indicate that the dega AEZ experiences earlier SOS and longer LOS compared to LWD and UWD. A delay in SOS and EOS was observed in 71.3% and 82% of the study area, respectively, while LOS increased in nearly half of the area. The high spatial variability in the peak and amplitude values suggests ecosystem condition variations across AEZs. SOS exhibited a positive correlation with maximum temperature and a negative correlation with belg rainfall and drought indices across large portions of the study area. Shorter LOS was associated with rising temperatures, whereas increased rainfall extended LOS. The findings also indicate positive correlations between drought indices and EOS in more than half of the study area. Partial correlation analysis suggests that the negative impact of belg season meteorological drought on LSP is more pronounced when translated into agricultural drought. Lastly, we explored farmers perceptions of climate change, its impacts, and the determinants influencing their adaptation choices using a multivariate probit model. The findings indicate that farmers widely perceive rising temperatures, declining rainfall, and increased droughts, partially aligning with statistical analyses. Adaptation strategies vary across AEZs: soil and water conservation dominate in dega, while irrigation, crop variety changes, and planting adjustments are prevalent in LWD and UWD. Education, extension services, and access to climate information significantly influence adaptation choices. Overall,the findings of the study revealed local scale spatiotemporal patterns of climate variability, drought and their impact on LSP changes. Combined with the findings on perceived impacts and existing adaptation practices, it will helpto raise awareness and contribute to the development of AEZ-specific adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of climate change on rain fed agricultural dependent communities. iii Keywords: climate variability, agricultural drought, meteorological drought, land surface phenology, remote sensing, perception, adaptation strategiesItem Assessment of Local Community Attitude towards Urban Forest Utilization and Management: the Case of Wereda 05, Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10-01) Tesfa Mekonnen; Asmamaw Legass (PhD)This study aimed to assess the attitudes of the local community towards the utilization and management of urban forests, with a special focus on Wereda 05, Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The chosen research design for this study was descriptive, following both qualitative and quantitative research approaches, and a mixed approach. Semi-structured interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and questionnaire were used as data collection tools. Data were collected from Wereda 05 residents, specifically Ketenas 7, 8, and 9, using a snowball sampling technique. Data were also collected from five team leaders from the Yeka Sub-City Environmental Protection Office using a census sampling technique. The data collected through the interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were analyzed using qualitative methods, while the quantitative data gathered from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. The study found out that the local community has a positive attitude towards urban forest utilization and management. However, the study also identified various factors influencing the sustainable urban forest management in the study area, including a lack of ecological knowledge and commitment among urban forest management professionals, a disconnect between management practices and community needs, and gaps in community engagement and benefit-sharing opportunities. Based on the findings, the study recommended the following strategies to address the challenges: Community engagement and awareness, collaboration and partnerships with local authorities, environmental organizations, and the community, land use planning and regulation, sustainable forestry practices and technologies, capacity building and training for local community members, government officials, and forest management professionals.Item The Contribution of Bamboo forest in enhancing livelihood and ecological resilience: The case of Bambasi Woreda, Beneshangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-09-01) Mengistu Terefe; Asnake Mekuriaw (PhD)The thesis explores the multifaceted role of bamboo forests in improving local livelihoods and promoting ecological resilience. Bamboo, a fast-growing and versatile plant, offers economic benefits through sustainable harvesting and various uses in construction, crafts, and food products. This study employs qualitative and quantitative methods to assess the socioeconomic impacts of bamboo forests on communities and their contributions to biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. Findings indicate that bamboo forests significantly enhance community resilience by providing employment opportunities, improving food security, and fostering sustainable land management practices. Its over-exploitation affects the environment, wildlife habitat, native vegetation, and even the bamboo ecosystem. Regarding the economy of peoples, the study estimated the Contribution of Bamboo forest in enhancing livelihood and ecological resilience: with the general objective of assessing the role of bamboo forests in the regeneration of indigenous vegetation in Bambasi Woreda, Beneshangul Gumuz Regional State. Thet arget-specific aim of the study includes: analyzing the economic use of bamboo trees, examining the role of bamboo trees in the regeneration of indigenous vegetation, analyze the challenges of opportunities for bamboo trees in the study area. A sample of 124 respondents was randomly selected from three villages surrounding the known bamboo tree area (Anbesa Chaka) to analyze the significance of regeneration for Indigenous trees. The data were collected through structured questionnaires field observations, interviews, and focused group discussion. The study concluded that consideration of regenerative benefits to indigenous vegetation and economic characteristics living around the bamboo tree is essential in bamboo forestry conservation and rehabilitation. Therefore, the government associated with the community should emphasize on awareness of keeping and conserving the resources in Beneshangul Gumuz Regional State in general and enhance the rehabilitation program in Bambasi Woreda in particular. Besides this resource consumption trends should be improved to reduce wastage. Keywords: Contribution, Bamboo enhancing, ecological Benishangul Gumuz, BambasiItem Land Use Land Cover Change Detection of Urban Green Areas In Addis Ababa By Using Geospatial Technique: the Case of Nifas Silk Lafto Sub-City(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-01) Meryem Hussein; Solomon Mulugeta (Prof)The purpose of this study, titled “land use land cover change detection of urban green areas in Addis Ababa by Using Geospatial Technique: The Case of Nifas Silk Lafto Sub-City,” is to Evaluate from 2004 to 2024, the distribution and dynamics of urban green spaces, assess the impact of urban expansion on these spaces, and provide recommendations for sustainable urban planning. The research focuses on Nifas Silk lafto Sub-city, a densely populated area facing significant challenges to its green spaces due to rapid urban growth. Using Landsat and sentinel Imagery, and employing object-based classification with eCognition software and NDVI calculations, the study analyzes land use changes over a 20-years period and compares them with the city‟s master plan. Key findings reveal an increase in urban green spaces and forests, although open spaces have declined due to urban expansion and regulatory challenges. The NDVI results shows increase followed by decrease, due to a significantly reduction in urban agriculture in the study area, the structural plan indicates and increase in urban green spaces. The study identifies an even distribution of green spaces and emphasizes the need for sustainable urban planning, community engagement, enhanced reforestation, and effective policy measures to balance development with environmental sustainability. Initiative like the Addis Ababa Riverside Development Project and the Green Legacy Program are essential for ecological sustainability the livability and environmental quality of NSL and Addis Ababa as a whole. Key words: UGS – urban green space, GI – green Infrastructure, LULC – land use land cover changesItem Livelihood Diversification Strategies of Farming Households in the Amhara Region: a Case Study From Simada Wereda, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-01) Nigusie Tilahun; Tebarek Lika (PhD)The study was conducted up in Simada Wereda Ethiopia's. The research examined the variety of economic activities engaged in by agricultural communities, along with the customs they accepted in the process of obtaining foreign assistance. Findings revealed that a number of explanatory variables were involved in determining whether families engaged in different activities. In the cross-sectional study, significant relationships were found between financial capital, agricultural land size, access to credit, monthly income, dependence on foreign aid and daily working hours. The resolution also called for increasing resources to ensure easy credit, education and understanding of multiple income sources, and for promoting non-governmental organizations and the private sector as specific areas of employment. In the study area, households farm only through production activities such as traditional agriculture, and the population increases significantly with small businesses. Therefore, measures should be taken to engage in various profitable activities to improve their livelihood. In light of the many useful information obtained from this study, the problem of different livelihood strategies in the study area has not been fully resolved. Therefore, the study partners were asked to promote climate change agriculture in the study area and assist households in engaging farmers in implementing various social strategies to create a fast-paced economy. Keywords: Livelihood Diversification Strategies, Farming House Holds, NGOs.