Geography and Environmental Studies

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Achievement and challenges of micro and small enterprises of Addis Ababa: A case study of Yeka sub city
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-05) G/senbet, Wakjira; Lika, Tebarek(PhD)
In many part of developing countries, micro and small enterprises are extremely expanding and absorbing a large number of urban labor force. The study has focused on achievement and challenges of micro and small enterprises in Yeka sub city of Addis Ababa city Administration. In order to attain the objectives of the study, a questionnaire survey covering a total of 68 enterprises conducted on five Woredas (Woreda 2,5,7,9 and 11) of Yeka sub city. To obtain representatives samples from these woredas and sub sectors of MSEs stratified sampling method are employed. The information gathered through questionnaires was analyzed by descriptive statistic such as percentage, pie chart, and cross tabulation. The result of the study revealed that micro and small enterprises have created job opportunities for large number of urban unemployment especially for young and adult age group of the society. In this case there is a variation among the sectors in creating job opportunity. The construction sectors absorb large number of labor force than the other sectors. On the contrary MSE faced a number of challenges such as shortage of capital, market competition, inadequate plot of land, and inadequate provision of credit are among the major one. Finally to attain the intended objectives of MSE program in the study area carefully designed intervention like better access to credit, facilitating and strengthening market linkage among the MSE or other medium and large enterprises, provision of better infrastructures need to be conceded
The Adaptation to climate change and variability the case of seglamen kebele, Laelay Machew woreda, Northern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2016-05) Asayehegn, Brkti; G/michael, Yohannes (PhD)
Climate change and variability is one of the greatest challenges facing the Ethiopian agrarians. Climate change has a drastic impact on agricultural output, with total crop Failure and massive livestock deaths. The aim of this study is to assess adaptation to climate change in the local livelihood of Laeley Machew Woreda Seglamen kebele. The study was conducted in one rural kebeles. And also the main argument of the research is small farmer holder indigenous and introduced climate change adaptation strategies. Significance of the study is to document local climate change and adaptation practices of farmers, to contribute a comprehensive and in depth understanding of rural community livelihoods in the framework of climate change, serve as input to the strategy of assuring food security and sustainable resource management and some research gaps. The study attempts to solve negative impacts of climate change in general, vulnerable community in particular. The general findings of the study shows that the climate of the study area has variability and in turn this climate change and variability has impact on the study area livelihood sources like: crop production, cropping pattern, availability of long cycle crops, and availability of livestock feed, loss of livestock and availability of ground and surface water source were the major ones. To minimize the impacts of climate change and variability the farmers of the study area had use different local and introduced types of adaptation mechanisms, Like; selling labor, food aid, selling livestock and other assets, early maturing crop varieties, water and soil conservation, rehabilitation of gullies and mountain were long term adaptation practices applied by farmers and woreda office of agriculture. Even if it has some gaps in the process of implementation such as lack of information and knowledge in implementing introducing practice, lack of targeting problem to address to the vulnerable community etc. Keywords: Climate change/variability, Adaptation system, Vulnerability, Perception
Adaptation to Climate Variability and Changes in the Small Farming Households, Dire Dawa Administration
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Abebe, Betelhem; Bewket, Woldeamlak (PhD)
The aim of this study was to assess perception of smallholder farmers‟ on climate change/variability and its impact, and to identify the determinant of farmers‟ choice of adaptation. The study was conducted in two rural kebeles of DDA. Both primary and secondary data sources were used and analyzed by using both qualitative and quantitative (descriptive statistics and MNL model) methods of data analysis. The result obtained from meteorological data of three decades and respondents perception on local climate change is almost indicates an increase in temperature and variability in rain fall. Local people also perceived the hazards induced by climate change and variability such as drought, extreme heat, livestock disease and flood as the major climatic hazards affecting their livelihood. Changing planting date, implementing soil and water conservation techniques, shifting from cattle to goats and sheep, income source diversification and growing drought tolerant crops are the major adaptation options employed by the farmers. The result of MNL analysis identified that sex, education level, availability active labour size in the household, off-farm income, frequency of extension contact, access to credit, distance to market, access to climatic information, farm size, farming experience and access to irrigation are the major determinants of farmer‟s use of adaptation. Farmers also identifies lack of money, lack of information, shortage of land, poor potential for irrigation, lack of market access, lack of credit access, lack of agricultural inputs and lack of extension service as most important barriers to adaptation. Finally, some of the recommendation in the study includes empowerment of women and the strategic use of incentives in adapting and innovating appropriate technologies. Key words: Adaptation, Climate change/variability, Perception
Addressing Community’s Environmental Concerns in Higher Institutions: A Focus on Wolaita Sodo University and its Surrounding Rural Community
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Atebo, Eyob; G/Michael, Yohannes (PhD)
Many conventional research and educational system have given less attention to the needs and priorities of local communities. Hence, the potential to integrate indigenous and modern practices in dealing with the contemporary environmental challenges have been minimum. Therefore, this study has assessed the extent to which local community’s environmental concerns are being addressed through the core missions of Wolaita Sodo University with respect to environmental education processes and practices. The study has employed personal interviews,questionnaire, focus group discussions, and observation in addition to using available documents. The target population of the study comprised 1842 households; and 128 academic staff and 503 third year regular undergraduate students of Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities and Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences at Wolaita Sodo University. Both household and student respondents were selected using stratified random sampling on the basis of kebele, gender, and faculty; whereas sample instructors were selected using systematic sampling method. The study revealed that there are environmental issues, such as land degradation, soil erosion, water pollution, deforestation, and waste disposal problems whose cumulative effects are disastrous from both human and ecological perspectives. However, the intervention of the institution in this regard through the three core function areas of teaching, research, and community service has been very limited. This has been evidenced by the subordinate position being given to local environmental issues in the curricula and instruction, theory-based nature of environmental education, failure of academic staff and students to take part in the community-based environmental protection activities among others. The study has also identified both challenges and opportunities for strengthening community-university collaboration from the perspective of these two parties as well as other concerned stakeholders. Based on the findings of the study, adaptation of the curricula and instruction to suit local environmental context, provision of action-oriented environmental education at different settings, empowerment of the academic staff and the community groups; and strengthening community-university collaboration through optimizing the existing possibilities while overcoming its associated barriers are some of the major potential measures suggested so as to re-orient the existing higher education system in the study area towards the one which is more sensitive to the local community’s environmental concerns
The Adoption of Social Conservation Structures in the Western Catchment of Cherake River, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 1992-06) Neka, Mulugeta; Tegene, Belay (PhD)
The Western Catchment of Cherake River is one of the erosion prone areas in Ethiopia. Natural and human factors in combination have caused considerable erosion damage to the soil resource in the area. In order to mitigate the severity of this problem, structural conservation measures have been intr-oduced since 1985.. To e>:amine the adoption of the conser-vati on structures, a sampl e of 200 plots vJ;ere randoml y selected and the owners of thes e plots were interviewed with reference to their respective sample plots. Of the nine independent variables considered for the e >:pl anati on of the adopti on of the conser-vati on structures, the stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the at ti tude of f arme,..-s to,,"Jards the conser-vati on structures l' perception of soil erosion, and size oT +arm are the most significant .. The other factors that inflLlenced majority of farmers to accept the conservation structure are its efficiency at controlling run off., reducing loss of soil and fertilizers., and increase of yield in lower altitudinal zones. On the contrary, inconveniences to the crosswise ploughing in steeper slopes, habitation of moles in the conservation strLlctures, and loss of cropland have caused some of the farmers to reject the conservation structures. These shortcomings of the conservation structures are the major causes for lack of maintenance of structures, development of terraces, and efficient control of erosion.
Analysis of Accessibility of Urban Households to Selected Public Services in Summit Condominium Housing, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-09) Tsehay, Aziz; Mulugeta, Messay (PhD)
The purpose of the study was to analyze the Accessibility of Public Services to Urban Households at Summit Condominium Housing Site. That means, this study was intended assess the physical infrastructure of public services, identify the accessibility of public services, investigate to the satisfaction of customers, analyze supply and demand of public services and to find out the factors that affects the accessibility of public services. In order to achieve the objectives well, the essential data were collected from primarily and secondary sources. The Primary data were gathered from the dwellers of Site by means of questionnaire survey, Key Informant Interview (KII) and field observation. Hundred household heads were selected by systematic random sampling technique and ten experts were selected by purposive sampling technique. Secondary data were obtained from different government sectors such as Addis Ababa Water and Sanitation, Addis Ababa Water and Sanitation Gured Shola Branch, Ethiopian Electric Utility, Ethiopian Electric Utility Eastern Addis Ababa Region, Addis Ababa Health Office, Summit Health Center, Addis Ababa Road and Transport Authority and Bole Transport Office. The collected data were qualitative and quantitative. When the data was analyzed the following method was used; fully mixed concurrent equal status designs quantitative and qualitative phases occur at approximately the same point in time, with both phases being given approximately equal weight and mixing occurring within or across the data collection, analysis, and interpretation stages. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were employed to analyze qualitative and quantitative data respectively. This was done by using descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage and mean; inferential statistics specifically used standard deviation. The result of the analysis revealed that the different stakeholders (almost all under government) involved in delivering public service at Summit Condominium House Site, but the supply of public services was not much with the demand of clients ( demand of services greater than supply of service delivery)and also there are some limitations on quality and quantity of physical infrastructures.
Analysis of Product Upgrading in Weaving Value Chain: Addis Ababa Shiromeda
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-07) Alebachew, Zerihun; Lika, Tebarek(PhD)
The study was conducted in Addis Ababa city, specifically in Gulele sub-city woreda 1 with a focus on Shiro Meda Shemma production and market areas where most of the actors of traditional weaving products are operating. The study aimed at analyzing of product upgrading in weaving value chain. The study used both primary data sources and has used descriptive data analysis method with tabular representations, diagrams and graphs. Random sampling and purposive sampling techniques have been applied in order to fix the number of sample respondents. The weaving products pass many phases such as production, processing, trading and consumption and all actors are involved in the process of changing the raw materials and making available for consumption. The traders are the ultimate supplier for consumers, they have role to channel weaving products at a given price and those of consumers show growing up demand. The income of the actors in different stage show significant increments, however not for all. Credit arrangement system, advanced technology and technological tools, advertising and promotion as well as production with economies of scale improve the productivity of actors in short run. While in the long run including the issue in educational curriculum and create cultural industry linkage makes the sector efficient and effective in production, processing and trading of weaving products. KEY WORDS: Weaving (Shemma), Shiro Meda, Value Chain, Product Upgrading
An Analysis of the Changes in Crop Production Practice of Peasant Farmers Under Increasing Population the Case of Hitosa 'Wereda' in Arsi Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 1999-04) Hunde, Gezmu; Weldesemait, Bekure (PhD)
The general objective of the study is to evaluate the condition of crop production practices of peasant farmers under the situation of rapid growth of population and limited land resources. Therefore it assesses the agricultural resources, patterns of rural land uses and cropping, the uses of modern crop production technologies and the farming systems of the peasants and the changes observed. Emphasis is, however, given to the impact of population growth on the land use, farming system, need to the use of modern inputs and agricultural productivity in the study area. The primary data needed in the study were acquired from field survey using questionnaire and interviews. The secondary data were obtained from base maps, and from the documents of government and non-government offices. To analyse the data statistical measures such as the mean, median, percentile, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, F and t-tests and test for ANOV A, the indices of crop concentration Crop combination and crop specialization, simple and multiple correlationlr~ression, models are used. The findings revealed that change in land use types in the last twenty years considered in response to the population growth. The cultivated lands showed an expansion rate of l.S%/yr at the expense of the grazing and other land uses. Average size ofland holding was generally found to be small and decreasing (27,7% of the sample households reported having less than one hectare). The family labour is the basis of all farm activities. The animal labour used are mainly the oxen for cultivation & threshing and the donkeys for transport purposes. However, a few ofthe peasants use tractors and combiners to supplement the animal labour. Crop rotation method and the chemical fertilizers are widely used to replenish soil fertility. Because most of the peasant farmers are aware of the benefits they get from the use of modern farm inputs, their need to the use of tractors, combiners, chemical fertilizers, selected seeds, pesticides and weed killer chemicals have grown significantly in the area. The cropping pattern was found to be dominated by the area of the cereal crops and showed an increasing dominance. In the change of the cropping pattern, the areal share of wheat increased while of the other crops decreased except of the sorghum which remained unchanged for the last two decades. The mean production amount of a household decreased by about 7.6% whereas the mean production amount that a HH obtained from one hectare offarm increased by about 29.7% as observed from 1977178 to 1997/98.Generally as it is disclosed by the study, the land holding sizes and land use patterns, the uses of human and animal labour, the uses of modern farm inputs, the patterns of cropping, and land and labour productivities showed changes within the study area. The simple correlation results for the changes in the areas of all land use types and of cultivated lands are identified to have strong and positive relations to the changes in the number of rural population. In contrast, the change in the area of grazing lands is identified to have negative relation to population growth. The analyses of variance computed for the significances of expected variations in the use of modern farm machinery and inputs within the study area confirmed that the variations in the use of chemical fertilizers and tractors to be statistically significant while of the selected seeds and combiners are not. The results of the simple correlation analyses identified positive and strong interdependence between land productivity and the four selected variables (the use of chemical fertilizers, selected seeds, tractors and combiners). The regression analysis further revealed that these four variables emerged as significant predictors. On the other hand, the results of simple correlation analyses of labour productivity and use of these modern inputs emerged as strong but negatively associated. It is worth mentioning that the four independent variables considered have contributed 99.7% and 91.5% to the respective total variances of land and labour productivities which leave 0.3% and 4.5% ofthe variances to be explained by other variables which have not been considered in the study. Hence, further research to identifY the more significant variables amongst those which have not been considered is advisable. On the basis of the overall evaluation some recommendations have been presented. The major ones are the need to restructure the farming system in general and to optimally plan the land use by making balance to the various uses according to the priority of the demand in particular; to assist the farmers improve the use of traditional and archaic farm tools; to initiate and support the peasants for the use of modern farm inputs and production technology; to study the feasible ways that help to improve the farmers' access to the use of the modern farm inputs; to introduce the animal feed that can be produced by the peasants; to improve infrastructural facilities; to attract capital investment into the area; to develop agroindustry, irrigation schemes; to integrate agriculture with other income generating occupational activities; and to strictly observe the national population policy (the family planning aspect in particular) and educate the people so as to realize balance between population and resources of the area.
An Analysis of the Squatter Settlements Around Nazareth
(Addis Ababa University, 1998-05) Beshada, Girma; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
Population growth, deterioration of rural invironments, migration and fast urbanization rate affect the socio-economic development and settlement process of any country. The growth of population in developing countries is closely related to the pattern of population distribution in relation to the resource base, wh ich also affects rural-to-urban migration and the urbanization process. Urban poverty, unemployment, inadequate housing, and the prol iferation of squatter settlements along with other urban problems, further aggravate the severity of urbanization problems in Third World countries, including Ethiopia. The malaise of rapid urbanization in many developing countries is evident in rapid growing of unauthorized settlements, the deterioration in many public services, the extreme shortage of housing, pressure on public facilities , and overcrowding in transport and so forth . It is often accompanied by increased unemployment and a worsening of income disparities. Urban growth, if not effectively managed, results in class conflicts, frustration and hatred between "haves" and "have nots" which eventually can lead to political upheaval and chaos. This paper examines prob lems related to rapid urbanization, housing problems and squatter settlements around Nazareth. It also considers the causes for the origin and fast development of the squatter settlements with their future prospects.
Analysis of the Values and Impacts of Ecosystem Services Dynamics, and Valuation of Selected Provisioning Services in Hare River Catchment, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-03) Gelaw, Abren; Singh (Ph.D), K.N
Degradation of environmental services is a salient feature of Ethiopia and Hare Catchment. So, this study was aimed at analyzing magnitudes of ESV dynamics, and level of earnings from crop and fuel-wood products in HRC. Remote sensing sources, questionnaire (survey of 465 HH), interview, etc., were used for data acquisition. LULC data were extracted using Arc GIS (9.3). Sensitivity analysis was used to prove accuracy of estimated values of ecosystem service changes (1967 – 2015) computed upon change matrix data and value coefficients of Costanza et al., (1997). Correlation, t-test, ANOVA and regression were used for data analysis via SPSS. HRC experienced a net ESV loss of US$ 7.039 million and declining trend of service value within 1967 – 2015; and, where the lion’s share of the ESV loss was triggered by cropland expansion at the cost of natural resources. The impact of ESV loss was rising temperature (by 0.5 – 0.6 0C) and rainfall (by 104 - 214.8mm), and decline discharge of Hare River (by 689,000 m3). “Farm size” in LC and overall HRC, and “labor” in the MC and UC” were the strongest significant predictors of crop harvest at 99% confidence interval (CI). Location (Sub-catchment) difference, “gender,” “HH size,” “farm size,” “labor” and “fertilizer” use difference-based variation of average yield and income from crop harvest among HH of HRC was significant at 95% CI. Amount of fuel-wood consumption also revealed significant variation upon variation in HH-size and income status of HH at 95 CI. Average income from both crop and fuel-wood products revealed significant variation among HH of HRC at 99% CI based on disparity in gender, family-size and location (Sub-catchment). Current (2015/16) average income (US$ 877.3 per/HH) from crop and fuel-wood products of HRC was somewhat low due to dwindling ecological services overtime. Thus, stakeholders should focus on agro-forestry options and payments for ecological services-based resilience of degraded resources of HRC, Southern Ethiopia. Key words: Ecosystem service, loss, trend, harvest, income, smallholder farmer, average, cropland, net economic value, fuel-wood, etc.
Analyzing Opportunities and Challenges of Land Ownership Certificate: The Case of Addis Ababa Gulele Sub-City
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-09) Tesfaye, Emebe; Mekuriaw (PhD), Asnake
study was conducted to explore opportunities and challenges of land ownership certificate in Gulelie sub city, Addis Ababa. Mixed research design with cross sectional survey was used for this study. Purposive and simple random sampling was used to select samples. Both primary and secondary data were gathered using semi structured questionnaire and in depth interview. Secondary data was obtained from documents. The findings of the study showed that Opportunities of land ownership certification at the study area included good land ownership proclamation, use of modern technology, and availability of skill man power in land administration authority and land ownership certificate assurance offices, land owners ambition and commitment to have land ownership certificate, and the collaboration of Woreda to provide information for sub city land ownership office Regarding the main challenges in land ownership certificate,the findings of the study showed that there are lack of good governance, long and complex process, lack of accountability and transparency, service fee for certificate, weak implementation of proclamations, policy and regulations, complex land holding background system in the past in the study area and illegal lands holding. Finally , the study recommended that land administration authority of the city and land ownership office of Gulelie sub city should avoid problem of good governance, develop service charter for clients in each land administration office and develop the habit of transparency andaccountability in land ownership certificate provision.
Application of GIS and Remote Sensing for Coffee Growing Land Suitability Analysis: The Case of Guraferda District, South West Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-03) Melku, Amare; Legas, Dr. Asmamaw
Land suitability analysis is a prerequisite to achieve optimum utilization of the available land resources for sustainable agricultural production. One of the most important and urgent problems in the study area were to identify the best place of coffee growing area. In Guraferda district, coffee is the most important cash crop but the production is very low due to misuse of land resources. The aim of this study was to develop a suitability map for coffee growing areas based on physical and climatic factors of production using geospatial Technique. This study is intended to determine suitable land for coffee cultivation in Guraferda District, South west Ethiopia region, using multi-criteria decision schemes through GIS and Remotely Sensed imagery processing. It covers a total area of about 2565.42 km2. Relevant biophysical variables of land use land cover, soil, climatic, and topography were considered for suitability analysis. All data were stored in ArcGIS 10.7 environment and the factor maps were generated. For Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE), Pair wise Comparison Matrix known as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied and the suitable areas for coffee growing land were identified. To generate present land use/cover map, landsat 2020 satellite image was classified using ERDAS Imagine 2015 by means of supervised classification. The satellite image and DEM data were obtained from Ethiopian geospatial institute. In addition to these; the meteorological data such as annual rainfall and temperature also obtained from the Ethiopian Meteorological Agency. Next to this, the soil data that incorporated the soil type, texture, PH and drainage were acquired from Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency. Reclassification and Weight overlay analysis was applied to classify the study area into five coffee suitable zone classes. Accordingly the result indicated that 57.19% the study area is determined as Highly Suitable (HS), 39.51% of the study area also determined as moderately Suitable (MS) and the remaining 3.3 % of the district analyzed as low suitable for coffee cultivation. This research provided information at local level that could be used by coffee farmers, investors and coffee unions to select coffee farming land, growing patterns and suitability and governments give attention best sites for coffee growing areas to maximize the exporting earning dollars. Keywords: Suitability Analysis, coffee cultivation, AHP, Weighted overlay analysis, Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach.
Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Mapping Wildlife Land Suitability for Mountain Nyala Species at Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Fayera, Zerihun; Woldetsadik, Muluneh (PhD)
The Bale Mountains are the largest remaining alpine habitats, whereby Bale Mountain National Park is found in the African continent. The Bale Mountain National Park was first proposed to help protect the diverse and abundant wildlife, particularly the Mountain Nyalas and Red Foxes that are endemic to the world wide. Even though proposals to set up this conservation area have been planned since 1973, the area proposed is very large and the available infrastructure is completely inadequate to manage it effectively and this led to extensive wildlife habitat fragmentations. Thus, the intension of this study is to assess the habitat suitability range of Mountain Nyala species in Bale Mountains National park so as to aid an effort for utilization and conservation as well as to provide a background information to guide park managers in making appropriate decision using GIS and remote sensing technologies. By implementing GIS spatial analyst techniques, the study was attempted to identify potential habitat for Mountain Nyala (one of wild life species) at BMNP. Eight datasets i.e. vegetation types, soil types, topographic factor (elevation and slope), climate factor (temperature), proximity factors (distance to settlement, road and river) have been employed to map out wildlife land suitability corridor for Mountain Nyala specie. The weights were calculated using IDRISI32 Multi-criteria Evaluation in weight module pair-wise comparison method. Then weighted factors maps were integrated using weighted overlay analysis to run the wildlife corridor suitability model. Finally wildlife corridor map for Nyala was produced. In general, the result of the land suitability analysis for selected species shown five classes of suitability; from the total land of the study area 137.5 km2 (% 5.96) was highly suitable, 395.6 km2 (% 17.14) was moderately suitable, 561.8 km2 (% 24.34) was marginally suitable, 501.6 km2 (% 21.73) was currently not suitable, and 711.5km2(% 30.83) was permanently not suitable areas. The suitability analysis shows that 1091.5km2(47.5%) of the study area is habitat suitable range for Mountain Nyala species where as 1213.1km2 (52.5%) of the study area are currently and permanently not suitable areas respectively. Key Words: Land suitability analysis, Wildlife corridor, Mountain Nyala, GIS, RS, MCE, BMNP
Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making Analysis for Abattoir Site Selection: the Case of Wolaita Soddo Town, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Matusala, Teshome; Amsalu, Aklilu(PhD)
Abattoirs are one of important urban functions that need suitable site to be compatible with the surrounding geographic features. However, they are observed being located at inappropriate site posing environmental hazard to their surrounding and are also affected by some nearby activities. The present study was carried out to locate the most suitable abattoir site in Wolaita Soddo town. In order to do this it was found important to go through the experience of national urban planning institute of Ethiopia, and hence reviewing the experience of urban land use planning for sitting critical environmental issues like abattoir was done. An integrated Remote Sensing and GIS approach was found to be very helpful to designate abattoir site in the study area. Factors that were found to be significant in identifying the site in the study area in order of importance were: land use/cover, drainage, elevation, slope, and distance from roads, landfill, power sources, conservation areas and boreholes. These factors were weighted in hierarchical order using the MCE approach to produce suitability map of abattoir site. From the overall suitability map, suitability level of areas was calculated. Major findings of the study revealed that, highly suitable areas and moderately suitable sites are identified within the bare land portion of future land use at south western and south eastern part of the town, suitable and least suitable sites are located at the periphery of built up lands in the west and other different land use portions. The results can be readily interpreted by land-use planners and land managers and should contribute to environmentally sustainable land-use decision making
Application of RS and GIS to Land Degradation Assessment in Enebsie Sar Midir micro watershed, western Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-10) Melise, Semahubizu; Assen, (Prof) Mohammed
The application of GIS and Remote Sensing has paramount importance in the assessment of environmental problems such as land degradation. The target of this thesis was to assess land degradation vulnerability assessment in Enebsie Sar Midir micro-watershed western, Ethiopia through the assimilation of GIS application and RS data. The multi temporal satellite image TM for 1986, ETM+ for 2003 and 2019 ISRIS were used to map indicators of land degradation. Biophysical indicators of land degradation were identified. These included land use / land cover change, normalized difference vegetation index and gully density. So, the most erosion vulnerable micro-watersheds have to be identified. To assess the potential gully areas the topography of the area are used the images were classified into five classes, these are, agricultural land, bare land, forest land, grass land, and shrub land. Generally, the results of this study have shown that there was a major expansion of agricultural areas in the 33 years analysis period from 27.3% in 1986 to 41.6% in 2003 and 49.6% in 2019. From the total area of the micro -watershed which is 161 km², 9.5 km² are possible areas for gully expansion. During 1986 gully density in one kilometer square agricultural land from 0.22 km/km² gully erosion are found and 0.16 km/km² from bare land were estimated implying variations in severity of gully erosion between land use class micro-watershed in Enebsie Sar Midir woreda. The NDVI trend map shows that a majority of the study area has covered non-vegetation land. More than 24.7% of the area has practiced a positive trend in vegetation cover (“greening”) and less than 75.3% of the area has experienced a decrease in vegetation cover. The overall positive trends is not in line with before study acclaiming expand and permanent land degradation. In general GIS and remote sensing were able to be prioritized for conservation and other environmental protection activities and to identify land degradation indicators in the micro-watershed in Enebsie Sar Midir, western, Ethiopia.
Application of RUSLE to Soil Erosion Risk Mapping in Arbit Watershed Northwestern Ethiopia.
(Addis abeba Univercity, 2019-11) Alamrew, Gebre; Assen, Mohamed (Prof)
This study was conducted in Arbit watershed, Northwestern Ethiopia with the objective of mapping and predicting the annual soil loss rate and identify erosion hotspot areas by integrating Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) model,GIS and remote sensing technology. The study employed the RUSLE to map soil erosion risk areas and help experts to prioritize soil conservation practice in Arbit watershed, Northwestern Ethiopia. The major required input parameters for the model were obtained from different satellite imagery sources. The input parameters such as rainfall pattern, topography, soil type, cover management and support practice were derived CHIRPS, DEM, AfSIS, SPOT-7 satellite image and generated by using ArcGIS10.5 software. ERDAS EMAGINE15 software were used for LULC classification. The annual soil loss of was classified in to very low, low, moderate, high, very high and severe to identify erosion hotspot areas in the watershed. The result showed that the potential annual soil loss (A) of the watershed ranges from 0 to 814.74 ton/ha/yr. The findings revealed that soil erosion risk was high in the North and Northwestern part of the study area. The vulnerability of soil erosion risk in the study area indicated that 34.61% was fall under moderate to high soil erosion risk.18.74% under very high to severe soil erosion risk class. Steep slope areas with poor vegetation cover experienced high soil erosion. Topography (LS factor) and vegetation (C factor) have a significant effect on soil erosion in the watershed. Implementation of immediate soil and water conservation practices are needed for areas where annual soil loss was above 25ton/ha/yr. Key words: topographic factor, soil loss, watershed, management prioritization,
Appraisal of Public Health Service Provisions at Community Level in Masha Woreda of Sheka Zone: SNNPR
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Ademo, Million; Adraro, Admasu (PhD)
The development and provision of equitable and acceptable standard of health service to all segments of population of Ethiopia has been a major objective of the 1993 national health policy. The health sector strategy adopted to implement the policy and focuses on giving comprehensive and integrated public health services by doing in cooperation with the concerned bodies to minimize challenges hindering the service delivery and to give equitable and whole addressing service. Hence healthy society is the key for development, studying about service provision and its challenges as a planner and indicating possible mechanisms to balance the existing resources and the service need is also beneficial. So, this research study is done on the objective of assessing the status of provision of public health service, identifying the main challenge and analysing its cause as well as determining the possible measures being implemented to deliver fair health service with existing challenges and available resources is done by taking Masha Woreda as a study area. This paper includes literatures reviewed from different sources, which are related to the studied topic and strategies being implemented to make fair provision of health services. It took 4 sample Kebeles which are selected purposively on distance difference from the capital of the Woreda. One hundred forty two samples were selected randomly from each purposively sampled Kebeles as a primary data sources and written document such as annual reports and strategic plans from the Woreda health department as a secondary data sources. Data are gathered from these sources by using both open ended and closed ended questionnaires semi structured interviews of households of the Kebeles. The data gathered from the mentioned sources are analysed by using SPSS tools like cross tabulations, tables showing percentages and frequencies
An Appraisal of Socio-Economic Characteristics and Residential Satisfaction of Occupants of Government Housing Projects in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 1994-06) Fisseha, Shewaneseh; Singh, K.N.(PhD)
One of the variou~ strategies adopted to alleviate the problem of housing shortage prevailing in the urban centre~ of Ethiopia has been the construction of rental house~ by the government. De~pite such an attempt, little effort has been expended in assessing the marketing situation or to whom the dwellings are provided for, the movement pattern of households and their attitudes towards the available housing condition~. This paper examines the socio-economic and demogr aphi c composi-t-i ons-o'f-th~e occapant-s-o'f- govern-me
Appraisal Of The Ethiopian Integrated Housing Development Program; Planning Versus Performance (2006 – 2015)
(AAU, 2016-07) KEBEDE, WONDOSON; MULUGETA, SOLOMON (PhD)
The purpose of this study is to assess and determine whether the Ethiopian Integrated Housing Development Program has satisfied the needs of the perceived condominium housing owners and the attitudes of beneficiaries from the program’s performance. It is also to provide comprehensive up-to-date information about the program. The methodologies used for undertaking the research were quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative method was used to collect and analyze the data gathered from different archival sources. A questionnaire survey was carried out to gather primary data from three selected study case groups’ respondents. Two kinds of questionnaires were prepared to collect such data from the proposed respondents. They were made of multiple choices and open ended questions. Triangulation interviews were also undertaken with 11 key informants. The qualitative data collected from the key informants was translated into numerical information data, tabulation and percentages quantitatively. The quantitative data through questionnaires totally 304 samples had been used (230 sample populations from Yeka sub-city Administration Ayat 3 Condominium Site end-users and 32 from Ayat Chaffee condominium construction projects site and 31 samples from the Addis Ababa Housing Development and Administration Bureau). These whereabouts were selected intentionally for vicinity and manageability of their population size. The findings of the secondary data appraisal indicated that the program has performed constructing houses about 67% when compared to its planned targets nationwide and 90% for Addis Ababa city administration, which are moderate and high performance respectively. Despite complaints from the perceived beneficiaries in a varied aspects, it is undeniable the program has played invaluable role in making thousands of people homeownership who otherwise could not able possess own house without governments subsidizing interventions. Also the respondents indicated that approximately 63% of the condominium end-users and 58% of the AAHDCPO staff worker respondents were renters of house from the owners. In seven years’ time, the housing renting cost folded 5 times and they are paying 39% of their income for house rent. Only 6% from the AAHDCPO respondents could acquire condominium houses as direct concerned beneficiaries. 93% of condominium end-users assured the betterment of living in condominium housing than their vacated residential. However, 83.5% of them have dissatisfaction in the quality of the housing units and 89.6% of them are disappointed with the delay of transferring process to beneficiaries. Similarly, 82.6% respondents have grievance against transferring incomplete finished units, 86% criticized the condominium blocks and surroundings inaccessibility for the disabled and old aged people. On the other hand, 50% of the respondents were interested to take advantage of free land supply to secure building lots and desire in home ownership. Actually, accesses to free urban plots, nowadays, are not impressive and the availability of urban free land has been so scarce. All the requested (100%) of the MSE Cooperatives engaged in the condominium construction sector and the Sub-contractors reported a major problems that they were working in confined small shades. They stayed long time without getting market linkage with the contractors even after the enterprises being granted legal Licenses. About 78% of the MSE respondents also reported that the process and requirements to get credit from the Micro-finance enterprises or mortgage required showing heavy warranty and the sub-contractors complained for not allowed receiving loan from the micro-finance as the MSES were allowed the right to get the credit services. In addition,, despite strives by government to provide standard urban houses through the IHDP, the sector has faced many challenges of rent-seeking and mismanagement, weak projects administration capacities and integration among stakeholders. In this regard the collaboration and integration of all stakeholders and legislative bodies’ is demanded. In such a way the program would meet the interest of the perceived condominium home ownership and other beneficiaries of the sector through providing enough condominium units in quality and quantity, and could mitigate the urban housing dearth to optimum. The housing policy should also be inclusive approach addressing from individual housing developers to cooperative, partnership and the poor to benefit all from the sector.
Assessement of Urban Agriculture in Addis Ababa; The Case of Mushroom Cultivation
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-05) Gebretsadkan, Gebrelibanos; Woldetsadik, Muluneh (PhD)
This research paper was studied on urban agriculture with particular emphasis on assessment of urban mushroom farming in Addis Ababa. The general objective of the study is to identify some of the major problems and constraint faced the urban mushroom producers, investigates and explains the character and role of urban agriculture with emphasis on mushroom farming. It also tries to see the types of assistance needed and suggests possible solutions to the problems. The analysis of the study utilized both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected through questionnaire survey, interviews and personal observations that covered 55 persons directly and indirectly involved in mushroom agriculture. The secondary data were collected from different libraries, document centres and offices. The study investigate lack of capital investment to start up, flying pests, diseases, high temperatures, lack of physical materials such as the production place, lack of training and experience, lack of awareness of the people due to lack of modern advertisement, lack of support from governments and other bodies as well as less concern of the government about the practice of mushroom farming makes them less productive. Mushrooms used as a food directly or indirectly, it also have a great culinary capability since it can protect many diseases and source of employment to all groups of the people (women, child, youths, old ages and disabilities), mushrooms can be cultivated 7 to 8 times per year on the same bedroom, its more productive and profitable

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