Tropical Veterinary Medicine
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Item The Epidemiology of Bovine Brucellosis in Intra and Peri-Urban Dairy Production Sysems in and Around Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa Universty, 1998-01) Asfaw, Yilkal; Molla, Baykyegn phD.Bovine brucellosis is an infectious disease of economic importance by causing abortions and infertility. Bovint: brucellos is considered a zoonosis. infprmation on the extent of bovine brucellosis. however. is scarce for the expanding intra- and peri- urban dairy enterprise in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of bovine brucellosis and its impact on reproduction in some intra- and peri-urban dairy production systems in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional investigation of bovine brucellosis was carried out from Jun to October 1917 on -42 dairy farms located in Debre Zeit, Kalili, Sebela, and Addis Ababa. The farms represent peri-urban systems. Intra-urban systems in secondary towns and intra-urban production systems. Bulk milk samples were collected from each farm (herd ) in June, August, and October Blood samples from 950 non-vaccinated breeding animals above six months of age were collected once in June. The milk Ring Test (WRT), the Rose Bengal Plate Test (ROPT). and the Complement Fixation Test (CFT) were carried out on milk and serum samples. Farm management parameters and zoonotic aspects were cullected by administering a questionnaire . An overall herd infection rate of 33.3% was determined. With respect to the production systems 100%. 30%, and 12.5% of the farms were infected in peri-u rban. intra.-urbun stecondary town. and intra -urban systems, respectively. The within herd prevalence ranged from 0-16.7%. At least one or two reactors were idemilied in 64.3% of the farrms. An overall prevalence rate of 811% was found on individual animals. A prevalence rate of 9.8 % was observed in the age group 2 to 4 years. A prevalence rale af 9.1 % and 3.3% was identified in fams that keep more than 100 animals, and less than 50 animals, respectively. Significant difference in prevalence rate was observed in animals aged below and above 2 yeas and between no arturition and at least one parturition. A significant difference in prevalence rate was also observed between farms that keep below 50 and above 100 animals. Odds ratios (OR) of 2.1 4 (1.04·483) between age and brucellosis infection and 2.99 ( 1.29· 8.06) between herd size and brucellosis infection were determined. Significant differences in prevalence rates were not observed among the production systems and districts in indvidual animals. Agreement (kappa values) between RBPT +/'CFT+ and MRT tests were 0.31 (first MRT result ), 0.43 (first and second MRT results pooled), and 0.58 (first. second and third MRT results pooled). Moderate agreement (k=0.44) was found between RBPT+ and CFT +and good agreement (k=O.74) was found between RBPT+ and RBPT +ICFT + testing procedure Considering positive results in both RBPT and CFT as gold standnrd the sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of the pooled MRT were 57.1% and 89.3%respectively). Sensitivty and specilicity, of RBPT were 100% and 94.6%. respectively. Associations betweer reproductive and production parameters and brucellosis infection could not be established for individual animals. However. on the basis of questionnaire .answers, previous abortions and use of natural service were associated with Brucellar infection: OR of 15.58 (1.72-79.16) and 0.06(0·0.61) were calculated respectively·. Abortions were recorded in 56.1 % of the farms. Lack of knowledge of brucellosis was recorded in 87.8% of the farms. Cleaning and disinfection was done regularly in 29.3,% removal of infected animals was farm practice in 14.6%provision of maternity pens was found in 4,9% of the farms, and 21.9% of the farms obtained repbcement stock from outside source. Prokmged fever was observed in nine persons interviewed . They were attending cows for at least six months. Absence of vaccination . herd size, cuttle density, lack of knowledge of brucellosis, and poor manogement and husbandry practices are likely factors responsibl to explain the relaively high prevalence rate observed in his study. Due to its impact on production and lfor its 'Zoonotic significance. Awareness of brucellosis in urban farming should be given priority. Conclusions and recommendations in this regard, emphasizing control of brucellosis are given.Item Field Investigation on the Appearance of Drug-Resistant Populations of Trypainosomes in Metekel District, North-West Ethiopia(Addis Ababa Universty, 1998-01) Afewerk, Yohannes phD.; T., Getachew phD.The objectives of the present study were (1) to determine the prevalence rate of trypnnosome infections in the village cattle populations of Metekel district, North-west Ethiopia, (2) to assess the prophylactic activity of isometnmidium chloride to natural trypanosome infections and (3) to monitor the trypanocidal activity of diminazene acelurate and isometamidium chloride in mice experimentally infected with trypanosome field isolates. In order to obtain information on the prevaknce rate of trypanosome infections in the area and to identify cattle herds highly suspected to be infected with drug resistant trypanosome populations. questionnaire surveys and cross sectional studies were carried out from March to October 1997 in four villages. The results of these studies showed that trypanosomosis is a major constraint to livestock production in the area with an overall prevalence rate of 17.2% (95% CI: 14,20.8). Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species accounting fo r 47.6% of the overall infections. The overall mean PCV value of the total cattle tested was found to be 4.9 ± 0.20% Parasitaemic cattle had significantly lower mean PCV values(21.6 + 0.47) than aparasitaemic cattle (25.5±0.21 ) (p<0.05) Moreover. there is indiscriminate use of trypanocidal drugs and exposurte of cattle in the area to subcurative doses of trypanocidal drugs and farmers complaine about failure of treatment to cure infections in cattle. Based on the results of the cross sectiona l study and the questionnaire, two villagec were selected for longitudinal field study on the occurrence of drug resistant trypanosome populations. From these villages 50 Zebu cattle naturally infected with trypanosomes. 52.4% of the infections being due to T congolense, were selected and infected with a prophylactic dose (1 mg /kg bw) of isomctamidium chloride (Trypamidium ®. Lot No. U6962 /E. Rhone Merieux). The findings in the field demonslrmed 6 (13% ) relapse/ breakthrough infections. all of them being T. congolensl.within 4 weeks of treatment In the same study 18 (37. 9%) and 25 (50%) relapse/breakthrough infections were recorded within 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, respectively. The result also indicated that 20 cases (80%) of the overall relapse/breakthrough infections were due to T. congolensel. Field isolates were obtained from relapse/ breakthrough infections one. two and three months after treatment and injected in mice. To confirm the field results and to study the therapeutic activity of diminazent.: accturate in experimental animals, three field isolates of T.congole nse were ranuomly selected from the relapse populations. Investigations were conducted on the sensitivity of these isolates to isometamidium chloride Trypamidium ®. Rhone Merieux) and diminazene aceturate ( Bereni l ®, Hoechst). Mice infected and treated with ranges of doses of isomelamidium chloride and diminazene oceturate were followed for relapse injections. isometamidium chloride at doses of 0.5 to -t mg lkg b\\ failed completely 10 cllre T congohmse infections. Similarly, diminazene acelurate at doses of 3.5 to 28 mg /kg bw did not clear the parasites in all or the mice infected. There was a correlation of drug-dosage used and the lime of relapse: mice treated with lower doses showed relapse earlicr than mice treated with higher doses. Based on these studies it is concluded that the duration of prophylactic activity of isometamidium chloride ( 1 mg/kg, bw) to trypanosome populations circulating in the study cattle of Metekel region is less than 1 month. Tryplanosoma cogolense field isolates expressed resistance to both isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate in mice. However, it was not known whether this double resistance was expressed by trypanosome populations or by two different populations each of which expressing resistance to one of the drugs. The results indicated that there is an urgent need to extend and inlensif) field and laboratory works to monitor the development of drug resistance of pathogenic trypanosomes and its impact on livestock productivity in Metekel region in particular and across the tsetse infested zone of Ethiopia in general.Item Epidemiological Study And Zoonotic Importance of Bovine Salmonellosis in Selecteo Sites of Adois Auaua, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 1999-12) Nyeleti, Charles; Sinyangwe, P.G(PhD)A cross-sectional study was carried out for the period of 6 months in selected sites of Addis Ababa in order to determine the prevalence and distribution of Salmonel/a in the cattle chain fj'om abattoir to the consumer. The sources analyzed were pooled cattle faeces, pooled mesenteric Iymphnodes, single muscles from the diaphragm as well as \i'om the abdominal region. Additional minced beef from supermarkets destined for human consumption and additinally stool samples from the abattoir personnel were included in the survey. The iso lated Salmonella- strains were serotyped and resistance against antibiotics determined. for the culture method, the technique recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6579, 1998) was chosen. Antimicrobial results were analyzed based on the descrption by A VlD (1987). All the data collected on the pl'evalence and Salmollella distribution Irom the samples were presented in form of tables and figures. The Chi- Square test analyzed stati stically whether there was association between Salmollella prevalence with animal condition or mode of transport conditions, supermarkets or storage conditions in supermarkets. Analyzing prevalence and distribution of Salmonel/a from 235 abattoir cattle randomly selected samples leads to the following results: in 47 pooled samples of faeces (containing five samples) 5 Salmollel/a strains (10.6 %) were isolated, in 47 pooled samples of mesenteric Iymphnodes there were 9 strains (19.6 %). In 235 single samples of the abdominal (oblique and transverse muscle) 23 (9.8 %) and in 235 diaphragmatic muscles 28 Salmonella were found (11.9 %). From 300 stool samples of the abattoir personnel in 18 cases (6.0 %) Salmollella were isolated. Minced beef from the 22 supermarkets with an overall of 330 samples contai ned in 26 of the units (7.9 %) Salmollella cases. In the entire study, 98 surviving Salmollel/a strains were serotyped and identified as 27 S. Anatum, 53 S. Dublin, 5 S. Meleagridis, 1 S. Muenchen, 9 S. Saintpaul alld 3 S. rough form. From the pooled samples of faeces 4 S. Dublin and I S. Muenchen, of the pooled samples of mesenteric Iympllllodes 3 S. Analum and 2 S. Dubl in have been found. In single samples of abdominal muscl es 18 S. Dublin and 3 S Anatum and in diaphragmatic muscle samples 2 1 S. Dublin and 2 S. Anatum occurred. The cattle specific S. Dublin was the most dominant serovar in all the cattle samples. The 18 Salmollel/a iso lates from the abaltoir personnel consisted of 7 S. Aantum, 4 S. Dublin, 5 S. Meleagridis and 2 Salmonella roughforms. In this case S. Allalllll/ was the most predomi nant serovar fo llowed by S. Meleagridis which was never iso lated from the cattle chain. From minced beef 26 Salmol/ella strains were cultivated comprising 12 S. Anatum, 4 S. Dublin, 9 S. Saintpaul and 1 S. rough form. 3 Salmonella serotypes, (2 S. Anatum, I S. Dublin and 6 S. Saintpaul) originated fi'om Kaliti abatloir. In this of Kara abattoir all 3 strains belonged to S. Saintpaul. In llIinced meat originating from Addis Ababa lOS. Anatum, 3 S. Dublin and I S. rough form but no S. Saintpaul were found. In all the samples of Addis Ababa abattoir (faeces, mesenteric I ymphnodes, beef cuts and minced meat) no S. Saintpaul was detected neither. The 98 Salmonella isolates were tested for resistance against the seventeen antibioti cs. This result is an indication of rarely using antimicrobial agents in Ethiopian cattle, hence no drug resistance was observed during the antimicrobial tests. Low prevalence of Salmonella in the li ving cattle, indicated by low isolation rates from faeces and Iymphnodes, at one hand and high Salmonella prevalence in samples of beef cuts (abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles) on the other hand lead to the conclusion that there must have been severe contamination during the skinning process as a resu lt of bad hygiene during subsequent dressing operations. To reduce the Salmonella burden to the public it is therefore essential to improve the hygienic conditions at slaughterhouse and to slaughter only health animals. In future there should be planned a study containing all the meat products with a considered Salmonella contamination risk to quantify the total hazard of Salmonella infection for the consumer.Item Distribution Density and Infection Rates of Testse Flies in Selected Sites of Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa Universty, 1999-12) Msangi, Shandalas; Tilahun, Geetachew PhD.A tsetse survey to assess the risk of trypanosomosis to livestock was conducted in the south wesern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The Challenge was estimated at the Product of tsetse relative density. Infection rate and the Proportion of bloodmeal taken by tsetse flies from Livestock. A total of 2900 km2 of the study area was divided into 100 km2 Monitoriag grids and Stratified in three strata according to altitude as lowland (0-1600 m alitiude) mid-altitude (1601-2000 m altitude) and highland (above 2000 m altitude.) The survey was done twice according to this stratification first during the dry spell (April-mid May) and second in late June-July 1999 (wet). Twentyfive NG2U-traps were deployed in each grid. Few biconical traps were deloyed along the rivers to monitor riverine species. Traps were removed after three days.and the flies were counted. Identified and sexed.Relative densiy was calculated as the number of flies caught per trap per day. Tsetse infection rates were determined by dissection method. Aging of flies was done mainly by wingfray method. Bloodmeal identification was based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using host specific antisera. Two tsetse species were detected,Glossina Pallidipes as the Predominant Species which was detected up to 1931 m above sea level and Glossina fussipes. Detected up to 1710 m altitude During the dry spell.the relative density of G pallidipes was 0.6 flies/trap/day and 0.06 flies/trap /day for G fuscipes. During the wet spell.these figures rose to 2.4 and 0.1 for G.Pallidipes and G.fuscipes respectively.The lowland areas recorded the highest density for both species. There were no flies caught in the highland area. About 915 G.pallidipes and 652 G.fuscipes were dissected for infection rate estimation. All flies were from lowland areas. For G.pallidipes. The overall infection rate was found to be 7.9%. There was a significaiontly higher infection rate in females (9.4%) than in males (4.1%) (x2=6.42.P < 0.05).The infection rate was also significantly higher in the wet (9.5%) than it was in the dry months (5.6%).(x2=4.57,P<0.05).All the three important pathogenic trypanosome types were detected.with an infection rate of 5.4%.2.2% and 0.2% for Vivax. Congolense and Brucet types respectively. As regard to G.fuscipes. the overall infecaion rate was found to be 7.6%.only Vivux and Congolense infection types were detecete Females also showed significantly higher infection rates (9.4%) than males (5.8%). (x2=4.68. P<0.05) There was no significant difference in the wet (7.8%) and dry period (7.7%0) (x2=0,p >0.05). The infecaion rate was 7.5% and 0.03% for Vivax and Congolense type infection respectively. During the dry spell.cattle were identified as the main source of bloodmeals for both G.pallidipes (45%) and with G.fuscipes (40%) in the wet spell cattle Providing only 66.7% of the bloodmeals for G. pallidipes while G.fuscipes changed their main host to man (69.2%) with cattle providing only 7.7% of their meals.Implication of this change are discussed. The trypanosomosis risk index (challenge) for individual tsetste species in dry months was estimated to be 152.5 for G.pullidipes and 18.6 for G.fuscipes. While in the wet spell.these index in dry months was 171 and in the wet months it was estimated to be 1527. It is concluded that the risk is higher in the wet than in the drier months of the year this finding corresponded well with tryanosome prevalence in animals According to the strtification of the altitude in this particular study the lowland was categorised as having medium to high tsetse challenge. mid-altitude as having low to medium challenge. while there was no challengi in the highlands. Fuscipes contributed very low to the overall challenge in the study area as compared to G.PallidipesItem Serological and Epasitologlcal Survey of Dourilne (Trypallosoma Equiperdum) in Selelected Sites of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 2000-06) Ashenafi, Hagos; Abebe, Professr GetachewThe present stud} wa~ conducted rrom August 2004 to Apnl 2005 \\ L1h Iht: ObJccll\e~ IIf dctemumng. the prevalence, extent and d istribution 0 dourine III horses and IO\CSlIgaling occurrence of cllmeal cases 3S well 3S carner st:ltes of donkey .. and mules III the Arst- B:llc Illgh la nd s. At the same time a lon g Ltudmal study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the Isomet::mudlUlll chlonde ( IS MM ) Hnd D lITu nazenc acetumte (I)I~ I ) III Iht treatment of ch mcal c ases of dou rine. An IIlvcs ligalion was also conducted encom pa~Slllg cluesttonmure nnd serological survey o n th e presence of dO Urine in adjacent geograph ic"l areas of the Ar<;I- Ha1c highlands and other sclec ted parts o f the country with lugh equlOe population, The stud) methodol ogy was based on quest io nn:lIrc, serological. climeal and pa rasitologica l surve~, The questionnaire survey indi cated th ai do urine, locally known, as " Lappessa" or " D irr C$s a·· is a major health problem of equ ines in th e Arsi-Bale hi g hlands Though, dourine 1<; a common clinical case th rough Qut th e year, it has a seasonal character. \\ hieh most com monly occur" following Ih t' b reeding !;l' aSOIl from Junc to late Septembe r. SOIllC!ltne~ a <;('coml peak IS observcd III Ihe dl) seasons of the ~ car (Marc h to t>. o r any other haemopara~l1c~ could be detected in all cxanll ned Glemsa stained smears (th in blood. gell ital di sc harge and ti~l;uC fluids) as well as In bl ood samples by mil CT. All th e puppIes Inoc ulated \\lth blood samrk~. gellll.tl wa she s and oed cmalOUS nUids remained parasl1ologicall ) Ilegau\e. Diffe rent ch ara ctcri stic clinical signs o f dourinc were observed in clilllcally ~Ic k horses of both sexes . The prominent clinical signs observed as geni tal fo m) o f the di sease mclude vagmal dl:.chargc mallll~ of mucopurulent type "ilh foul odou r. oedema lind presence of deplgmcn ted ..,cars 0\ (' 1' till' o,:)'lerna l genita lia , oc,icmu o f Ihe <;cro ltlm and prepuce aecomp:llllcd by pn:pucl.:t1 ali \\ell .h urethral d Isch arge and ukl'rallon of the gen ita l m ucosae mlllnl~ nf the- pen tie In hoth "'C\l' ~ . lamencs~ in one or both leg ... panml dr;tgg ln g and slIffnc"s of thl' lund Icg~ and Itlcoordtnilth)n \H·r~· lhc dominant sig n .. nbscrv o.!d , I ~ nervous fo rm of lhe dl ~CIl<;C viii Horses with different ehOlc al signs of doun nl! were categonsed Into one of the followi ng fi\e grou[ls based on th e cl llll cal findin gs Apparc llIl y health y (46 81. non -s pccliic s ign s like ema ciat ion ilnd weakne ss (69); ge nital fonn (30); nervou, fonn 01 [15) and bo th gCTll1ul .lnd nervous forms of th e disease (67). Fifty - four horses with hi gh pCrtenl :l ge [lO !.I U\,II)' fOl the md lrec t anllbody ELI SA and mn eleen horses wllh stron g agglullnall un reactlOTlS having end III fe of 1.32 for both CA l-r and LATEX tes ts be longed to th e liw of th ... dlffeT1:nl dUlleal group~ ChI-sq uare analysIs of the di s tributi on of anImals. claSSIfied liS C) tl Wf POS III\ e llr negative 011 Ihe ba sis ofallthi." three teSt s. in th e clull eal grou ps demon st rat ed a s tat l<;tltally slgm fi cn nt d iffe ren ce between gro ups. with s tratum specific prevalence o f po siuvc amma i<; mc rca!'llllg wit h In crc aslIlg severity of clmieal sign .. (p of I SM~1 and Dl:V1 III selected serologically po slI1\·e cli nical cases of Cou nnl.' 111 A<; as<;a dl !'llTh:l of th e Ar !') hlghl.lIlds A lot.11 of 24 adull 10e:11 horses were divided Inl O ~ group, of cq11al number I' CV k\ cl. eos!l1opllll cou nt , body temperature, se rologi cal sWt u". unrf\)\emcni of the C'I'tlllg clinical !'Ilgn~ Jnd bod) w ndition ~Cl)rc \\ en: moni tored tWIce m 10 d):" 1I1Ienal fClr a penod til 40 dll) ~ rhe res ults IIldu:ated th at mean ]l eV, eosinophil counts and t>"dy Icmperaturl' impw\ ed in bo th J S\ I~I and D I ~I treated group during th e 40 day s pO St tr(';ll meni penod A ~ Ia nsth:,ill ~ sig nifi can t Increase in PCV and body temperature was observed ~1.lrIlIIg frOlll th e day 10 ( P kilO .... n ende mi C fOCI of the ArSI-Ualc hIghlands of I:thIOPI:l ,\llhough thcre wa~ no d,rect detection of T C'qU/f)('rdllfll, there IS 'mong eVidence Ihal dounne IS highly pre\:llclll, mo,t Important problem LIl th e Arsi- llaic hIghlands. whe re the Sllua tlon IS gellmg .... orse \\ Llh the preo;cOI spreading trend to areas previously known as free of the disease. neces,"alC~ urgent nall onal control intrevtionItem Integration of Tsetse Survey Data and Agro Ecological Characteristics From Remotely Sensed and Field Observation a Geographic Information System Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia(AAU, 2001-11) Bancha, Bergenie; Tilahun, Geeachew (DrA tsetse fl y survey was carried out in over I00 km ~ of the study site of the Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia Tsetse Eradication Project (SRVETEP) with the objective of imegrating the remotely sensed data. ground verified agro-ecoiogical characteristics and tsetse survey data in a geographic infonnation system (GIS). Field data collection on tsetse fly distribution and abundance and ground vegetation type observation was conduc ted in two seasons: the dry season survey (March) and the wet season survey(]une and first week of July), Seventy-eight NGU traps baited with ace tone and three week old cow urine was used for catching tsetse during each season. Traps were deployed in a transect in a selected Ix I Km. UTM (Universal Transverse Mercater) grid square . .-\ hand held receiver GPS (Garmin -1.8) was used for geo-referencing and SPS( elevation measurement ot the trappmg Sites. Remotely sensed Lands lt TM of the area taken in 1994. was anulysed . The digital image processing employed the supervised classificatio n procedure with the m;:txlmum likelihood decision rule, Tsetse survey data. ground obser\'ed vegetation lype and the procesed remotely sensed datl were integrated into the GIS database in Arcvie3 I various enviro nmental features like roads, rivers, senlement, Contours and Lakes In the study area were digitised and incorporated Into the GIS databse.Item Contrlbution to the Knowledge of the Epidedemology of Peste Des Petits Ruminats in Wolle and East Shewa Zones of Etillopia(AAU, 2001-12) Mohammed Ali, Elzein Bashir; Greiner, MatthiasA study was carried Qur to eSl1m~lIe the prevalence of peste des petits ruminants>. (PPR) In East Shewa north wollo and South Wollo in Ethiopia and to assess potential risk fractors of thedisease and the economic feasibihty of control by vaccination. The study consisteJ of three parts retrospectiv study (RPS) based on the analysis of a combination of serum bank salmples and samples collected during active search for the disease ( AS) .an active starch for the disease with ultimate aim at ViruS isolation and antigen detection and a retrospective analysis of data collected by the veterinary service (RVET). This study designed to estimate the level of sero-prevalence in the three zones. Dlfferent gourp age groups difierent sex groups and species, the spatial distribution of the disease,. risk factors associated with the disease occurrence and the economic feasibility of conducung a control progrmme. The result of testing 1472 sera with competitive enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) was used to estimate the sera – prevalence.Item Seroprevalence Study of Bovine Brucellosis and Its Public Health Significance in Selected Sites of Jimma Zone, Western Ethiopia(2004) TADELE, TOLOSA; Dr. Fekadu Regassa, Dr. Kelay Belhu,The prevalence of bovine brucellosis was measured in cross sectional study in Jimma zone, Western Ethiopia using RBT and CFT from October 2003 to April 2004. The study animals consisted of 1813 cattle among which were 1305 local breed found in extensive system in five districts and 508 cross breed in 46 farms found in Jimma town. The overall individual animal prevalence of 0.77 % and 0.2 % were recorded in five districts and Jimma town, respectively. When the two management systems were considered together an overall individual animal and herd prevalence of 0.61 % and 2.9 % were found, respectively. Higher prevalences were observed in larger herd size (P< 0.001); older age group were affected more than younger animals (P< 0.05) in the extensive management system. No reactors were observed in male. Seropositivities of 8 % were observed in animals with previous history of abortion. In the study of the disease in human beings, classified in four high-risk occupational groups, using RBT and CFT, the highest prevalence (14.3%) was observed among animal health workers and followed by farmers (3.2 %) and there was no reactors found among butchers and abattoir workers. An overall prevalence (2.4 %) was found in the area. There was a significantly higher risk of acquiring the infection when handling parturient animals (P< 0.05). The study demonstrates that the prevalence of brucellosis in the area is low; however, there is probable risk of spread of the disease in the unaffected cattle population since there are no precaution measures taken in the areas that should have been practiced by farmers. Since the prevalence is below 2 %, test and slaughter with compensation payment to farmers is recommendable, while in case of human brucellosis, since its presence is confirmed and the risk factors are identified, the medical personnel should give attention as to differential diagnosis of the disease which have been overlooked so far.Item Seasonal Dynamics of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis in Selected Sites of Southern Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (Snnprs), Ethiopia(2004) TERZU, DAYA; Prof. Getachew AbebeA seasonal dynamics of tsetse and trypanosomosis study was carried out in selected sites of Southern Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS). The purposes of the study were to determine the seasonal apparent density of tsetse and prevalence of trypanosomosis, to identify tsetse and trypanosome species and to assess the curative/prophylactic effect of isometamidium chloride in selected sites (Badaye and Gadala PAs) of SNNPRS. Community members (n = 80) were interviewed using prepared questionnaire format. Cross sectional studies were carried out from October to April during late wet (October), early dry (December), late dry (February) and early wet (April) seasons in villages of Badaye and Gadala PAs. Samples for parasitological and entomological studies were collected from one villages of Badaye and two villages of Gadala PAs per season. Biconical traps used for entomological survey were deployed at grazing and watering points of animals in the villages of Badaye and Gadala PAs. For parasitological study, a total of 1,509 blood samples were collected from randomly selected cattle within four seasons. For longitudinal field study, parasitaemic Zebu cattle (n = 64) were selected for isometamidium chloride block treatment. Parasitaemic cattle with 39 (60.9%) T. congolense, 24 (37.5%) T. vivax and 1 (1.6%) mixed (T. congolense and T. vivax) infections were treated with prophylactic dose of (1mg/kg bw) isometamidium chloride at day 0 and monitored at day 15, 30, 60 and 90. The result of questionnaire revealed that 97.5% of respondents depend on smugglers for trypanocidal drugs and sick animals were treated by smugglers and owners with high treatment frequency (6 times per cattle per year). The entomological finding revealed three tsetse species namely, G. m. submorsitans, G. fuscipes and G. pallidipes at Badaye and Gadala PAs, respectively. Higher catches of G. pallidipes were registered during late wet (October) and early dry (December) seasons in comparison with late dry (February) and early wet (April) seasons. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean catches of G. pallidipes between seasons. The apparent density of G. pallidipes was positively correlated (r = 0.5176) with prevalence of trypanosome infection.The overall trypanosome infection prevalence in cattle was 15.77%. During late wet and early dry seasons, the prevalence of trypanosomosis was high (21.5%) and during late dry and early wet seasons low (10.8%). During early wet season, significantly (p < 0.05) higher prevalence was registered at village of Badaye PA (15.38%) than the villages of Gadala PA (8.51%). There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in trypanosome infection prevalence between seasons. Giemsa stained blood smear examination revealed the presence of T. congolense and T. vivax in the study area. T. congolense was dominant species and accounted for 63.4% in overall infections. The overall mean PCV value was 24.02%. The mean PCV values of different seasons were negatively correlated (r = -0.3112) with the prevalence of trypanosomosis of corresponding seasons. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) between mean PCV values of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic cattle tested during different seasons. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in trypanosome infections between different age groups of cattle. In longitudinal field study, parasitaemia was demonstrated in 17 out of 64 cattle (26.56%) with in 15 days, 19 out of 64 cattle (29.7%) with in 30 days, 41 out of 64 cattle (64.06%) with in 60 days and 44 out of 64 (68.75%) with in 90 days post treatment of 1mg/kg bw isometamidium chloride. T. congolense was accounted for 85.5%, 89.5%, 78% and 79.5% of infections within 15, 30, 60 and 90 days post treatment of isometamidium chloride, respectively. Based on these results it is concluded that trypanosomosis is the major constraint of livestock production in the study sites.Item Studies on Poultry Coccidiosis In Tiyo Wereda, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State(Addis Ababauniversity, 2004-06) Gari, Getachew; Gebreab, Feseha (Prof)The objective of this study was first to investigate the prevalence of poultry coccidiosis and to identify the coccidial species occurring in the study area on local strain and Rhode Island Red breed chicken. The duration of the study was from September up to December, 2003 and the sample size for local strain and RIR breed was 160 and 31 respectively. The study involved questionnaire survey, fecal examination, necropsy examination and identification of coccidial species based on their morphology, predilection site in the intestine and sporulation time. Frequency detection of oocyst in the fecal samples from RIR breed and local strain chicken was 80.65% and 61.25% respectively. This finding indicated that coccidial infection in RIR breed was significantly higher than in local strain chicken (p < 0.05). The lesion score and mean oocyst output per gram feces was also considerably higher in RIR breed than in local strain chicken (p < 0.05, P < 0.001 respectively), which may be the difference due to management system and breed. Clinical coccidiosis occurrence in RIR breed and local strain chicken was 22.58% and 12.25% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical coccidiosis occurrence between the two genotype chickens and system. Eimeria species identified in descending order of their occurrence were E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. mitis. Mixed infections were the predominant in both production systems. E. mitis was tentatively diagnosed for the first time in Ethiopia. The second study was experimental study was conducted to compare the natural resistance of local strain and RIR breed chicken to acute infection with E. tenella field isolate. The resistance was assessed based on measuring and analysis of the parameters; oocyst production, body weight gain/loss, lesion score, packed cell volume and morbidity rate. A total of 218 chicks were assigned for the experiment out of which 141 local strains and 77 RIR breed were randomly allocated into the experimental test and control groups. Sex difference within each genotype was also taken in to account. The test groups were inoculated with 150,000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella per bird suspended in 1ml distilled water and given per os directly in to the crop. Body weight and packed cell volume measurements were taken for all birds twice, on day 0 and 8 post infection. The birds were necropsied 8 days post infection for lesion score. The morbidity rate in RIR breed was lower (p < 0.001) than the local strain chickens and no mortality during the patent period. Moreover, body weight depression in RIR breed was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the local strain chicken. However, lesion score and oocyst production was significantly higher than the local strain chickens (p < 0.001, p < XI 0.001). This indicated RIR breed demonstrated better resistance to overcome the effects of the disease. Differences in natural resistance between males and females were not significant. However, under experimental infection there were some variations to the effects of the disease that females showed significantly higher body weight depression and larger oocyst production than males in both genotype chickens. Key Words: Coccidia, E. tenella, natural resistance, prevalence, infection, Rhode Island Red breed, Local strain chicken and Tiyo WeredaItem Prevalence, Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Isolated From Food Items and Personnel In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababauniversity, 2004-06) Zewdu, Endrias; Gebreab, Feseha (Prof)A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence, distribution and antimicrobial profile of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food items and apparently healthy supermarket butchery workers was undertaken from September 2003 to February 2004. A total of 1200 food items consisting of chicken carcass (208), pork (194), mutton (212), minced beef (142), cottage cheese (190), Tilapia fish meat (128) and ice cream (126) were purchased in Addis Ababa. Additionally sixty-eight stool samples were analyzed. Chicken carcass, pork, mutton and minced beef samples were collected from 32 randomly selected supermarkets while cottage cheese, fish and ice cream samples were collected from open markets (3), fish shops (6) and pastry shops (17) in Addis Ababa, respectively. Out of the food items, 7.8% were positive for Salmonella and of sixty-eight stool samples five gave positive result (7.4%). About 14% of chicken carcass, 11.3% of pork, 10.8% of mutton, 8.5% of minced beef, 2.1% of cottage cheese, 2.3% of fish and none of the ice cream yielded Salmonella. Salmonella was recovered from samples taken from 21 of the 32 supermarkets considered in the study. On the other hand one open market out of three, two fish shops out of six and none of the 17 pastry shops gave Salmonella positive results. A total of 14 different serotypes out of 98 Salmonella isolates were identified. Salmonella Newport (41.8%) was the most prevalent serotype, followed by S. Braenderup (12.2%), S. Hadar (8.2%), S. Typhimurium (7.1%), S. Dublin (6.1%) and S. Haifa (6.1%). Less commonly isolated Salmonella serotypes included: S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Bovismorbificans, S. Anatum, S. Zanzibar, S. Kottbus, S. Saintpaul and S. 1: 9, 12:-. Salmonella Newport and S. Kentucky were reported for the first time in Ethiopia. Salmonella Newport was isolated from all sample types except ice cream, while S. Braenderup, S. Kottbus, S. Saintpaul were detected only from chicken carcass, pork and minced beef samples, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of Salmonella isolation between meats (chicken carcass, pork, mutton and minced beef) and the rest of the samples (cottage cheese, fish and ice cream) (Pearson’s X2 = 37.569, df = 1, p-value = 0.000). The level of antimicrobial x i resistance was significantly higher for chicken carcass and pork isolates as compared to other samples (p = 0.003). Assay of antimicrobial resistance revealed that 32.7% of Salmonella isolates were resistant to one or more of the 24 antimicrobials tested. Generally resistance for 13 different antimicrobial drugs was recognized. The most common resistance was to streptomycin (24/32, 75%), ampicillin (19/32, 59.4%), tetracycline (15/32, 46.9%), spectinomycin (13/32, 40.6%) and sulfisoxazole (13/32, 40.6%). All the three Salmonella Kentucky isolates showed resistance to at least 8 antimicrobials, which includes: ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, nalidic acid, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline. Out of the 12 Salmonella Braenderup isolates, 10 (83.3%) showed multidrug resistance to ampicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim. Among the 8 S. Hadar isolates 7 (86.5%) showed antimicrobial resistance of which three isolates showed resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline, two isolate showed resistance to tetracycline and the other two for streptomycin. All the 6 S. Dublin isolates were resistant to carbadox (100 %) while one was additionally resistant to tetracycline. All the 6 S. Haifa strain isolated were resistant for at least ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. Up to ten different antimicrobial resistances pattern was observed. Antimicrobial resistance was most common among Salmonella isolated from chicken carcass (18/29, 62.1%) followed by pork (5/22, 22.7%). Multiple antimicrobial drug resistance was observed in 23 Salmonella isolates (23.5 %). The detection of 7.4% Salmonella carriers’ supermarket workers shedding S. Newport, the most prevalent serotype, suggests possible linkage and potential source of infection. The findings of the present study ascertain that Salmonella serotypes were widely distributed particularly in supermarket meat samples and significant proportion have developed resistance for routinely prescribed antimicrobial drugs both in veterinary and public health sectors. This poses considerable health hazards to the consumers unless prudent antimicrobial usage, adequate heat treatment, improvement of standards of hygiene and development and enforcement of suitable legislation, which safeguard consumers, are urgently instituted. Key words: Prevalence, Salmonella, serotype, antimicrobial resistance, food items, supermarket, personnel, Addis AbabaItem Calf Morbidity and Mortality in Dairy Farms in Debre Zeit and Its Environs, Ethiopla(AAU, 2004-06) Temesgen Jemberu, Wudu; Belihu, KeJay (PhD); Kassa, Tesfu (Prof); Hailemarian, Mekoonen (PhD)A longitudinal prospective observational study on calf morbidity and mortality in dairy faons in Dcbre Zeit and its environs was conducted from October II, 2003 to April 8, 2004 with the objective of describ ing incidence of calf morbidity and mortality, investigating potential risk factors related to calf morbidity and mortality and identification ofsomc pathogens associated with calf diarrhea. A total of236 cah'cs, 51 from three large dairy famls and a random sample of 185 calves from market oriented smallholder dairy famls in Ocbre Zeit and its surrounding were included in the study. Each calf was ind ividually identified and regu larly monitored for clinical health problems up to an age of six months. Infomlation on different potential risk factors were collected by personal observation during the regular visit to farms and from questionnaire survey conducted during the study. Fecal samples were also collected from diarrheic calves for laboratory examination to detect entropathogens involved. The overall incidences of crude morbidity and crude mortality found in this study were 61.5% and 18.0%, respectively. Disease conditions/syndromes that were diagnosed in calves included diarrhea, p.neumonia, navel ill, joint ill, septicemic conditions, congenital problems and other miscellaneous cases. The most frequent disease syndrome was calf diarrhea with the incidence of 42.9% followed by pneumonia (4.9%). The incidence of calf diarrhea and crude morbidity were apparently higher in large dairy farms than in the market o riented smallholder farms. However, the mortality was higher in the latter. A total of 20 potential risk factors were investigated for their association with the risk of crude calf morbidity, crude calf mortality and calf diarrhea using Cox's proportional hazard model. Age was the only factor thai was found significantly associated with risk of crude calf mortality (HR= 0.04, P= 0.001). Older calves above three months age were at lower risk of mortality than younger calves under three months of age. When weaned calves were considered, weanin~ age and age at first colostrum feeding were additional risk factors. Among the risk factors examined, those found significantly associated with the incidence of crude morbidity were age of the calves. age at first colostrum ingestion and cleanness of the calf house. Older calves were at lower risk of crude morbidity (HR=O.42, P = 0.001) than younger calves. Higher risk of crude morbidity were observed in calves that ingested their first colostrum meal later than 6 hours of age as compared with those that ingested before 6 V[[] hours (HR = 2.24, P = 0.001). Sim ila rly calves housed at unclean house were at higher risk of crude morbidity than those housed in clean house (HR = 1.75, P = 0.024). Risk factors with sign ifica nt assoc iation to calf diarrhea were age, condition of birth and cleanness of calf house. Older age was again associated with low ri sk of diarrhea as compared with younger age (HR = 0.24, P = 0.000). Calves from prolonged labor or dystocia (HR = 3.01, P = 0.002) and housed at unclean house (HR = 2.34, P = 0.011) were at greater ri sk of diarrhea than those calves from !lonnal delivery and in c lean house, respectively. Based on laboratory examination, Sa/monella and Cryptosporidium were detected from diarrheic calves at ' rate of 2/55(3.6%) and 4/55(7.2%), respectively. The serotypes of Salmonella identified were Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmol/ella Heidelberg both of which were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics. In conclusion, the incidence of calf morbidity and mortality found in this study were high and could affect the productivity of the dairy famls through mainly decreasing the availability of replacement stock. Among the management risk factors investigated, time of first colostrum ingestion and cleanness of the calf house were found very important; incidentally, these two aspects of calf management are easy for observation and carrying out appropriate interventions. Implementation of good calf management in these areas could contribute in the reduction of the -high calf disease problems seen in this study_ Salmollella and Cryptosporidilln/ were found in diarrheic calves and these pathogens in addition to their role in calf diarrhea, are potent zoonotics. Individuals particu larly very young, elderly and immunocompromised, in contact with calves are al a potential risk of infection and therefore, efforts should be mounted to avoid such risks.Item Across- Sectional Study of Bovine Mastitis in and around Bahirdar and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Major Pathogens(Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 2004-06) Gizat, Almaw; Zerihun, Dr. AdemeThree hun dred fi ft y o ne (J 95 loca l zebu and 156 Ho lste in x Loca l Zebu) la ctating cows o f sma ll holde r p ri va te fa rm s in Ba hir Dar milk shed were examined fro m Septe mber, 2003 to Ma rch, 2004 ( 0 de te rm ine mastiti s prevale nce, isolate pa thogens in vo lved, eva lua te the ant ibiotic susceptib ili ty pro fi les a nd [ 0 eval ua te soma ti c cell count in identify in g intrama mmary in fec ti o ns. Clinical preva lence was deteml in ed th rough examinati o n of abno mla lities of m ilk , udde r or cow. Cal ifornia mastitis tes t (C MT) and c ulture were used for subclinical mastiti s de te rm ination. Aga r disc di ffusion was used fo r antibiotic suscept ibi lity test. Somati c cell count was condu cted foll owing standard procedures desc ri bed In Inte rn ati o nal Dairy Federdt io n for e num eratio n of ce ll s wi th direc t Mi croscopic me thod. Clinical prevalence at cow level was 3.9% in crossbreds and no nc in local zebu breeds. Subclinical mastit is a t cow level based o n C MT was high (34.4%) in crossbreds compared to indigenous zebu (17.9%) (p < 0.05). Quarter subclinical prevale nce based on eMT was 17 .90% and 4.95% for c rossbreds and local zebu. respectively. Amo ng potential risk fac tors considered, stage of lactation, parity and breed were found 10 afTecI the occurrence of mastitis significantly (p < 0.05). The pathogens isola ted from ma stitic milk were coagulase negalive staphylococci (eNS), s. aureus. Srr. agalacliae. Sir dysgalactiae. Sr r. uberis. Micrococcus species, C. bovls. A. pyogefls, B. cereus, and S. illtermedius. Among these, the most frequent isolates we re eNS (49 .6% of the 10la l isolates). S. alirellS (17.9%), Srr. agalacliae (8.2%) and SIr dysgalacliae (6:7%). Seven antibiotics including sul fi soxazole. tetracycline, erythromycin. oxacil lin, chloramphenicol, cJindamycin, and streptomycin were tested o n 81 isola tes. Except fo r streptomycin, all isolates \\ere sensitive to all antibiotics. All isolates were most se nsi tive 10 sulfisoxazo le. Staphylococcw; allreus was susceptible to all drugs except streptomycin. SllIphylococcus Ollreus was 91.7% susceptib le to oxacillin, however, CNS were less susceptible (68.2%) ill vilro. To evaluate somatic cell count (SeC) in ide nt ify ing imramamary infect ion fo r crossbreds. 10 cutoff poims between 100000 cellsl ml and 300000 celJSJml were evaluated for the ir sensllivity and speci-ficity in comparison with cu ltural results. Sim ilarly, cutoff points between 80000 cell ml and "250000 cell ml were take n fo r loca l zebu breeds. The sensitivity for VI\ crossbreds range from 79.16 % (al 300000 ce ll slml cutoff point) 10 95.80 % (al 100000 cells! ml) and similarly specificity from 80.28% to 45.52%. Fo r local zebu breeds in the same order, sensitivity range from 58.82% to 88.23% and specificity from 45.82% to 85.15%. To establish threshold level this study was a first anempl in Ethiopia and to usc SCC as a diagnostic tool on a national sqle further study need to be conducted with improved cultural technique and automatic cell counters. Cross breed cows had high see compa red to local zebu cows. The sec was significantly (pItem A cross-Sectional Study of Bovine Mastitis In and Around Bahir Dar and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Major Pathogens(Addis Ababauniversity, 2004-06) Almaw, Gizat; Gebreab, Feseha (Prof)Three hundred fifty one (195 local zebu and 156 Holstein x Local Zebu) lactating cows of smallholder private farms in Bahir Dar milk shed were examined from September, 2003 to March, 2004 to determine mastitis prevalence, isolate pathogens involved, evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and to evaluate somatic cell count in identifying intramammary infections. Clinical prevalence was determined through examination of abnormalities of milk, udder or cow. California mastitis test (CMT) and culture were used for subclinical mastitis determination. Agar disc diffusion was used for antibiotic susceptibility test. Somatic cell count was conducted following standard procedures described in International Dairy Federation for enumeration of cells with direct Microscopic method. Clinical prevalence at cow level was 3.9% in crossbreds and none in local zebu breeds. Subclinical mastitis at cow level based on CMT was high (34.4%) in crossbreds compared to indigenous zebu (17.9%) (p < 0.05). Quarter subclinical prevalence based on CMT was 17.90% and 4.95% for crossbreds and local zebu, respectively. Among potential risk factors considered, stage of lactation, parity and breed were found to affect the occurrence of mastitis significantly (p < 0.05). The pathogens isolated from mastitic milk were coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS), S. aureus, Str. agalactiae, Str. dysgalactiae, Str. uberis, Micrococcus species, C. bovis, A. pyogens, B. cereus, and S. intermedius. Among these, the most frequent isolates were CNS (49.6% of the total isolates), S. aureus (17.9%), Str. agalactiae (8.2%) and Str. dysgalactiae (6.7%). Seven antibiotics including sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxacillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and streptomycin were tested on 81 isolates. Except for streptomycin, all isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics. All isolates were most sensitive to sulfisoxazole. Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to all drugs except streptomycin. Staphylococcus aureus was 91.7% susceptible to oxacillin, however, CNS were less susceptible (68.2%) in vitro. To evaluate somatic cell count (SCC) in identifying intramamary infection for crossbreds, 10 cutoff points between 100000 cells/ ml and 300000 cells/ml were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity in comparison with cultural results. Similarly, cutoff points between 80000 cell/ml and 250000 cell/ml were taken for local zebu breeds. The sensitivity for viii crossbreds range from 79.16 % (at 300000 cells/ml cutoff point) to 95.80 % (at 100000 cells/ ml) and similarly specificity from 80.28% to 45.52%. For local zebu breeds in the same order, sensitivity range from 58.82% to 88.23% and specificity from 45.82% to 85.15%. To establish threshold level this study was a first attempt in Ethiopia and to use SCC as a diagnostic tool on a national scale further study need to be conducted with improved cultural technique and automatic cell counters. Cross breed cows had high SCC compared to local zebu cows. The SCC was significantly (p<0.05) affected by infection status, breed and late lactation stage. Keywords: clinical / subclinical mastitis/ prevalence/ bacterial isolate/ antibiotic susceptibility / Somatic Cell Count / threshold / crossbred / zebuItem The Effect of Herbal Preparations on Staphylococcus Aureus and Streptococcus Agalactiae Isolated from Clinical Bovine Masstitis(Addis Ababauniversity, 2004-06) Mengistu, Araya; Gebreab, Feseha (Prof)A study was conducted in Debre-Zeit town to determine the incidence of bovine clinical mastitis in a purposefully selected two dairy farms and the efficacy of conventional antimicrobial drugs and traditional herbs, from September 2003-March 2004. The objectives of the work were to assess the invitro effect of six herbal preparations; namely, Brucea antidysentrica, Combertum molle, Cyphostemma adenocale Persicaria senegalensis, Plantago lanceolata and Zehneria scabra on major isolates of clinical bovine mastitis, to compare their efficacy, with conventional antimicrobial agents that are commonly used for the treatment of bovine mastitis, and to investigate the effect of the herbs on the growth inhibition of resistant isolates. The herbs were collected from their natural habitats and processed and extracted with 80% methanol. Both absolute methanol and aqueous extracts of Combertum molle were assessed foe antimicrobial property. Milk samples from clinical cases were collected aseptically and causal agents were identified after the severity of the diseases in each cow was categorized into Grade I-Grade III by following standard laboratory procedures and finally sensitivity test was conducted on Staphylococcus aureus (n=17) and Streptococcus agalactiae (n=14), which were the predominant isolates. The incidence rate was 12.4 new clinical mastitis cases/ 100cows-month and 6.7 new clinical mastitis cases/100cows-month at risk in EARO and Fair-field dairy farms respectively with an overall incidence of 9 new clinical mastitis cases/100cows-month at risk. Staphylococcus species (42.3%) and Streptococcus species (34.5%) were the major isolates from Grade I (84%) and Grade II (16%) clinical cases. Single infection of 46.8% and mixed 37.5% and contaminated 9.4% infections were recorded with 6.3% negative cultures. Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to Oxytetracycline (23.5%) and Penicillin G (64.7%) and Streptococcus agalactiae was resistant to Neomycin and Streptomycin (85.7% each) and Oxytetracycline (100%). Burcae antidysentrica, Combertum molle, Cyphostemma adenocaule and Persicaria senigalensis were effective against susceptible and resistant isolates and among those absolute methanol extract of Combertum molle showed a better effect on both test organisms. Plantago lanceolata and Zehneria scabra were not showing visible inhibitory zone against test organisms. None of the herbal extract preparations showed visible inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli. This study indicated that mastitis is a great problem in the two dairy farms and resistant isolates are VIII circulating within farms. For this herbal preparations might be considered as an alternative option for the treatment of resistant isolates of clinical bovine mastitis for the future. Keywords: Clinical mastitis, herbal preparations, aetiological agents, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, sensitivity, effect, conventional antimicrobials and resistant isolatesItem A Cross-Sectional Study of Bovine Mastitis in and Around Bahir Dar and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Major Pathogens(Addis Ababa Universty, 2004-06) Almaw, Gizat; Zerihun, Ademe phD.Three hundred fifty one (195 local zebu and 156 Holstein x Local Zebu) lactating cows of smallholder private farms in Bahir Dar milk shed were examined from September, 2003 to March, 2004 to determine mastitis prevalence, isolate pathogens involved, evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and to evalua te somatic cell countin identifying intramammary infections. Clinical prevalence was detemined through examination of abnomlalities of milk, udder or cow. California mastitis test (CMT) and culture were used for subclinical mastitis determination. Agar dise diffusion was used for antibiotic susceptibility test. Somatic cell count was conducted following standard procedures described in International Dairy Federdtion for enumeration of cells with direct Mi croscopic method. Clinical prevalence at cow level was 3.9% in crossbreds and none in local zebu breeds. Subclinical mastitis at cow level based on CMT was high (34.4% ) incrossbreds compared to indigenous zebu (17.9% ) (p < 0.05). Quarter subclinical prevalence based on CMT was 17.90% and 4.95% for crossbreds and local zebu. respectively. Amon g potential risk factors considered, stage of lactation, parity and breed were found to affect the occurrence of mastitis significantly (p < 0.05). The pathogens isolated from mastitic milk were coagulase negalive staphylococci (CNS), S. aureus. Str. agalaciae. Sir dysgalactiae. Str. uberis. Micrococcus species, C. bovls. A. pyogens B. cereus, and S. intermedius. Amon g these, the most frequent isolates were CNS (49 .6% of the total isolates). S. aureuS (17.9% ), Str. agalacliae (8.2%) and Str dysgalacliae (6:7%). Seven antibiotics including sulfisoxazole. tetracycline, erythromycin. oxacillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and streptomycin were tested on 81 isolates. Except for streptomycin, all isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics. All isolate s were most sensitive to sulfisoxazole. Staphylococcus; aureus was susceptible to all drugs except streptomycin. Staphylococcus aureus was 91.7% susceptible to oxacillin, howev er, CNS were less susceptible (68.2%) in vilro. To evaluate somatic cell count (SCC) in identifying imramamary infect ion fo r crossbreds. 10 cutoff poims between 100000 cells /ml and 300000 cell/ml were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity in comparison with cultural results. Similarly, cutoff points between 80000 cell /ml and 250000 cell /ml were taken for loca l zebu breeds . The sensitivity for crossbreds range from 79.16 % (al 300000 cell/ml cutoff point) to 95.80 % (al 100000 cells/ ml) and similarly specificity from 80.28% to 45.52%. For local zebu breeds in the same order, sensitivity range from 58.82% to 88.23% and specificity from 45.82% to 85.15%. To establish threshold level this study was a first attempt in Ethiopia and to usc SCC as a diagnostic tool on a national seale further study need to be conducted with improved cultural technique and automatic cell counters. Cross breed cows had high SCC compared to local zebu cow. The SCC was significantly (pItem Sero-epidemiological Study of Brucellosis in Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) in Borena Lowland Pastoral Areas Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa Universty, 2004-06) Megersa, Bekele; Molla, Bayleyegn phDAcross-sectinnal study was conducted from August 2003 to January 2004. to determine the prevalence of Brucella species in camels and to identify risk factors for brucellosis infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in tow districts of Borena lowland. A total of 3218 camels in 250 herds were included in the study form Liben (2232) and Yabello (986 animals) districts of these 78.6% (2528 out of 3218 ) and 21.4% (690 out of 3218) were femals and male camels,respectively. The herd size ranged form 3 to 42 animals with mean herd size of 13.6-7.8 A total of 3218 blood samples were collected. All serum samples were initially sereened by RBPT.All RBPT positive reactors were further tested by CFT for confirmation. CFT confirmed 58 seropositive cases out of 72 RBPT reactors.Item Evaluation of Sbien Parameters in Ethiiopian Indigenous Bulls Kept at Kaliti, Artificial Insemination Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(AAU, 2004-06) Sori Ayana, Hunderra; Prasad, Shiv (PhD)The semen of six indigenous breeds bulls (Barca, Boran, Harro and Sheko) which were kept al the N ationa! A rtificial l nsemination Center (NAlC). Kali li, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were evaluated for physico·morphological parameters (volume, color, mass and individual motility, concentration, total count, percentage live and morphologically nonnal, total morphologically nonnal and viable number), biochemical parameters (GOT, GPT, Aep, ALP, total protein) and honnonai assay (testosterone). Semen was col lected for a thirteen week period from six indigenous bulls kept at the Al center. The collection was done once per week using an artificial vagina and semen sampll;:s were subjected to nomlai physico-morphological characterization and seminal plasma was separated and preserved at -20 °C until analysis. The overall mean (SE) value for t he indigenous bulls in the semen characteristics studied were volume 4.84 (0.20) ml, mass motility 3.15 (0.11). individual motility 68.72 (1.37) percent, concentration 1.54 (0.07) billion/ml, total count 7.35 (0.47) billion/ejaculate, viable number 5.10 (0.33) billion/ejaculatl~, total morphologically nonnal number 7.12 (0.45) billion/ejaculate, live percentage 79 .. 73 (0.65), percent morphologic nomlal 94.70 (0.38), percent nomml acrosome 96.99 (0.60), GOT 1530.91 (60.15) UlL, GPT 131.99 (9.36) UIL, ALP 3333 .98 (608.84) UIL, ACP 8003.68 (716.06) UIL, total protein 7.38 (0.26) gm/dL, testosterone 2.84 (0.3) nglml, head abnonnality 1.87 (0.15) %, mid-piece (body) abnonnality 1.92 (0.22) %, tail abnormality 1.50 (0.18) %, total abnonnality 5.29 (0.38) %, major abnonnality 2.25 (0.19) %, minor abnormality 3.04 (0.28) %, acrosome defect 3.0 (0.60) %, narrow at base 0.37 (0.09) %, abnomlal contour 0.12 (0.04) %, undeveloped fonn 0.74 (0.15) %, detached abnonnal 0.21 (0.09) %, pear shaped 0.05 (0.02) %, small abnonnal 0.05 (0.03) %, abaxial attachment 0.57 (0.11) %, other head abnormality 0.07 (0.03) %, spennatozoa head length 9.18 (0.03) "m, head breadth 4.61 (0.01) "m, mid-piece length 13.61 (0.02) "m, tail length 47.56 (0.1) "m. The semen physico-morphologic and seminal plasma biochemical parameters observed in this study for the Ethiopian indigenous bulls are comparable to nomlai fertile bulls reported elsewhere based on the evaluation of fresh semen parameters.Item Study on Ogaden Small Ruminant Haemonchosis: Morphological Characterization and Susceptibility to Albendazole and Tetramisole(Addis Ababauniversity, 2004-06) Kumsa, Bersissa; Gebreab, Feseha (Prof)The current study was conducted from August 2003 to March 2004 with an attempt to determine the prevalence, morphological characteristics and susceptibility of Ogaden isolate of H. contortus to Albendazole and Tetramisole. During the study period a total of 196 animals (114 sheep and 82 goats) of Ogaden origin were examined. The overall prevalence of Haemonchus species was 91.23% and 82.93 % in sheep and goats respectively. Where as 37.72% and 40.24% prevalence of Trichostrongylus. axei was recorded in sheep and goats respectively. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between different months of the study period for both abomasal parasites. Out of 3187 female Haemonchus worms recovered from sheep for vulvar morph study, 49.49%linguiform, 28.51% knobbed and 23% smooth were recorded. Similarly from goats out of 2386 female Haemonchus, 53.83%linguiform, 18.45% knobbed and 27.61% smooth were recorded. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed among the three major vulvar flaps between different months of the study period in both sheep and goats. A total of 1580 linguiform female Haemonchus from sheep were further classified and differentiated into 27.16%A, 14.80% B, and 5.34%C and 2.18%I. Similarly from goat a total of 1285 linguiform female Haemonchus were identified as 27.35 % A, 17.54% B, and 6.63% C and 2.31% I. With in the linguiform morphotypes, the A type linguiform was noted to exhibit monthly fluctuation (p < 0.05) during the study period. In the current study from a total of 76 sheep a total of 1159 adult male Haemonchus recovered and identified into 95.08% H. contortus, 3.45% H. placei and 1.47%H. longistipes. Similarly from a total of 55goats, 841 male Haemonchus were collected and identified as 96.55%H. contortus, 2.97%H. placei and 0.48 %H. longistipes. With regard to the distribution of mono and/or poly specific Haemonchus species, out of the 76 sheep examined 57.89% were harbouring H. contortus only, 22.37% H. contortus and H. placei, 7.89% H. longistipes and H. placei and the rest 11.84% were having H. contortus, H. placei and H. longistipes. As for goats, out of the 55 animals examined, 58.18% were found to harbour H. contortus mono-species, 38.18% H. contortus and H. placei, 3.64% H. longistipes and H. placei and unlike sheep none was found to harbour triple Haemonchus species. This result unveiled the coexistence and sympatry of two or three Haemonchus species in a single small ruminant host thus requiring the consideration of such heterologous hosts in the control strategy of the parasite. On the other hand, a total of 30 lambs were used for efficacy evaluation of Albendazole and Tetramisole in the controlled experimental study. x The lambs were divided into four treatment groups of five lambs in each group, one positive and one negative control groups also consisting of five in each group. Exiptol Greece, Albendazole Pakistan, Tetramsole Greece and Duxamintic Pakistan anthelmintics were evaluated by FECRT, controlled anthelmintic efficacy test and egg hatch assay test. Epg was observed to be strong indicator of induced infection in all the infected groups of animals showing statistically very significant difference (p < 0.05) between pre infection, post infection, pretreatment and post-treatment during the entire experimental study period. All the drugs were found to possess a 100% efficacy value up on evaluation by aforementioned efficacy detection techniques indicating also the susceptibility of Ogaden isolate H. contortus to all tested drugs irrespective of their origin. In view of the fact where helminthosis dominated by haemonchosis is confronting animal productivity of the study area, due attention to the disease and control interventions should be launched to minimize any economic loses and increase small ruminant productivity. Any control option that needs to be conducted in the study area should consider the coexistence of two or three species of Haemonchus spp in single host and involvement of heterologous hosts. The efficacy of the evaluated anthelmintics can only be maintained and conserved by wise and better utilization of the existing drugs to prevent the inevitable problem of anthelmintic resistance as the consequence of anthelmintic usage. Key words: Sheep, goat, Haemonchus spp, Prevalence, Vulval morphs, Efficacy, Albendazole, Tetramisole, Ogaden, EthiopiaItem Prevalence, Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Isolated from Food Items and Personnel in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa Universty, 2004-06) Zewdu, Endrias; Molla, Bayleyegn PhD.A cross-sectional study to detennine the prevalence. distribution and antimicrobial profile of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food items and apparently healthy supermarket butchery workers was undertaken from September 2003 to February 2004. A lotal of 1200 food items consisting of chicken carcass (208). pork (194). mutton (212). minced beef( 142), cottage cheese (190). Tilapia fish meat (128) and ice cream (126) were purchased in Addis Ababa. Additionally sixty-eight stool samples were analyzed. Chicken carcass, pork. mutton and minced beef samples were collected from 32 randomly selected supermarkets while cottage cheese, fish and ice cream samples were collected from open markets (3). fish shops (6) and pastry shops (i 7) in Addis Ababa. respecti\ ely Out of the food iterru, 7 8% were positive for Salmonella and of sixty-eight stool samples five gave positive result (7 ~%) About 1-1% of chicken carcass, 11 .3% of pork, 108% of mutton, 8 5% of minced beef, 2 1 % of cottage cheese, 2 3% of fish and none of the ice cream yielded Salmonella. Salmonella was recovered from samples taken from 21 of the 32 supellllarkets considered 111 the study On the other hand one open market out of three, two fish shops out of six and none of the 17 past))' shops gave Salmonella positive results A total of I~ different serotypes out of 98 Salmonella isolates were identified Salmollclla 'ewpon (418%) was the most prevalent serotype, followed by S. Braenderup (l~ 1%). S Hadar (82%), S. Typhimurium (7.1 %). S Dublin (61 %) and S Haifa (61 %) Less commonly isolated Salmollella serotypes included S. I"fantis , S Kentucky, S. Bovjsmorbificans , S. Anatum, S Zanzibar, S Kottbus, S Saint paul and S I 9. 12' - Salmonella Newpon and S. Kentucky were reponed for the first time in Ethiopia Salmonella Newpon was Isolated from all sample types except ice cream. while S. Braenderup, S Kottbus. S. Saintpaul were detected only from chicken carcass, pork and minced beefsamples, respectively There \\ as a statistically significant difference in the rate of Salmonella isolation between meats (chicken carcass. pork, mutton and minced beef) and the rest of the samples (cottage cheese. fish and ice cream) (Pearson's X' = 37569. df = I, p-value Xl" = 0000) The level of antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher for chicken carcass and pork isolates as compared to other samples (p ~ 0.003). Assay of ant imicrobial resistance revealed that 32.7% of Sa/moil ella isolates were resistant to one or more of the 24 antimicrobials tested. Generally resistance fo r 13 different antimicrobial drugs was recognized The most common resistance was to streptomycin (24/32, 75%), ampicillin (19/32, 59.4%), tetracycline (15/32, 46.9%), spectinomycin (13 /32, 40.6%) and sulfisoxazole (13/32, 40.6%). All the three Salmonella Kentucky isolates showed resistance to at least 8 antimicrobials, which includes: ampicillin, amoxici llinlclavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, na lidic acid. spectinomycin, st reptomycin. sulfisoxazo le and tetracycline. Out of the 12 Salmonel/a Braenderup isolates, 10 (83 .3%) showed mult idrug resistance to ampicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin. sulfisoxazole. sulfameth oxazoleltrimethoprim, amoxicilli nfclavulanic acid and n-imethoprim Among the 8 S. Hadar isolates 7 (86.5%) showed antimicrobial resistance of which three isolates showed resistance to streptomycin and tet racycline, two isolate showed resistance to tetracycline and the other two for streptomycin. All the 6 S. Dublin iso lates were resistant to carbadox ( 100 %) while one was addit ionally resistant to tetracycline. All the 6 S. Haifa strain isolated were resistant for at least ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. Up to ten different antimicrobial resistances pattem was observed_ Antimicrobial resistance was most common among Sa/mollelia isolated ITom chicken carcass (18/29, 62 . 1 %) followed by pork (5/22, 22 .7%). Multiple antimicrobial drug resistance was observed in 23 Salmonel/a isolates (23 .5 %). The detection of 7.4% Salmonella calTiers· supennarket workers shedding S. Newpon, the most prevalent serotype, suggests possible linkage and potential source of infection. The findings of the present study ascenain that Sa/mollel/a serotypes were widely distributed panicularly in supennarket meat samples and significant proportion have developed resistance for routinely prescribed antimicrobial drugs both in veterinary and public health sectors . This poses considerable health hazards to the consumers unless prudent antimicrobial usage, adequate heat treatment. improvement of standards of hygiene and development and enforcement of suitable legislation. which safeguard consumers, are urgent ly instituted.