Tropical Veterinary Medicine
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Item Study on Pi-Iysiological and Biochemical Parameters in Apparently Healthy Sheep in and Around Shebedino Wereda in Sidama Zone(Addis ababa Universty, 2010-04-26) Aynalem Gemechu; Kibebe LegessThis study was performed to evaluate the effect of age, sex and altitude on normal physiological and blood biochemical values in apparently healthy sheep in shebedino wereda of southern region of Ethiopia. Blood samples were taken for biochemical analyses, which includes serum Aspartate aminotransferase( A T), Alanine aminotransferase (AL T). Alkaline phosphatase (A LP). total protein, urea, creatinine, glucose and others electrolytes (sodium and potassium) were analyzed. This research field study was conducted in Shebedino woreda of Sidama zone at two Peasant Associations (PAs) from high and mid land agro-ecology. A total of four hundred sheep's from which one hundred forty males and two hundred eight sill. females with an age of one up to six years were sampled on the study. Physiological and biochemical parameters where taken for an assessment of the effect of these parameters The study result shows that physiological and biochemical parameters value varies only in different age, sex and altitude. The physiological and biochemical parameters of sheep II ere determined in four hundred sheep consisting of by age groups (one up to three and more than three years), sex (male and female) and altitude. The mean of physiological value temperature in age categories (one up to three and more than three years) was significant (P<0.05) where as respiratory and pulse rate were not significance (P>O.OS) and were observed rectal temperature. respiration and pulse rate for the sex groups. The values obtained for serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Glucose and urea were out of normal range where by serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urea are higher and serum Glucose was lower when compared to the normal biochemical parameters where as the rest of parameters such as Alanine aminotransferase (AL T). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Total Protein, Creatinine, Sodium and Potassium in this study were found in normal range. In the serum biochemical value, only urea was a significant differencc (P< 0.05) between the two age groups in the study area but the rest of biochemical parameters such as Alanine aminotransferase( AL T). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). total Protein. Glucose, Creatinine, Sodium and Potassium werc not significant difference (p>0.05) This study has indicated that ph,siological and serum biochemical value and could serve as a baseli ne information for comparison in conditions of nutrient deficiency, physiological and health status of sheep.Item Study on Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis and Its Role on Selected Reproductive Performances of Local ond Cross Breed Cattle in Alage andd Its Surrondings(Addis ababa Universty, 2012-04-30) Hagos Asgedom; Reta DugumaA cross sectional epidemiological study was conducted between October, 2011 and April, 2012 in Alage and its surroundings. The aim was to determine the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis. To assess the effect of risk factors on bovine brucellosis and to evaluate the role of brucellosis on selected reproductive parameters of cattle. A total of 804 blood amples (421 from the extensive production system and 383 from the intensive production sy tem) were collected. All cattle above six months of age with no history of previous Brucella vaccination were included in the stud). Multistage cluster sampling method was used during sample collection. The types of tests used to detect the presence of Brucella antibodies were the RBPT as initial screening test and the I-ELISA as a confirmatory test. The overall individual level seroprevalence was found to be 2.4%. and herd level seroprevalence about 37.84%. The seroprevalence of the extensive and the extensive management systems were recorded as 3.3 % and 1.3%. respectively. significant difference was not observed between the intensive and extensive systems. Among the three sites included in the study area, seropositivity of 3.4% in Naka. 3.3% in Negelewudisha and 1.3% in Alage were recorded. There was no significant difference between bovine brucellosis and the three study sites Factor such as age. sex. parity. number of service per conception. calving interval and reprouuctive status were identified as risk and significantly a sociated with Brucella Infection. Higher seropositivity was recorded in older age (5.3%). females (3.4%). cattle with 1 parity (6.6%), cows with repeated breeding(34.5%). cows with calving interval above 2 years (33 .3%) and pregnant cows (7.4%). Breed and herd size were found not significantly associated with seropositivity of Brucella antibody. Other management factors such as examination of cattle before purchasing and awareness to brucellosis were found statistically significanty related to Bucella infection. Type of breeding (using bull or Al service) was found not significantly associated with brucellosis.Item Study on Prevalence, Economic and Public Health Importance of Hydatidosis In Slaughtered Small R Minant at Three Elected Export Abattiors of East How Zone of Oromia Regional State.(Addis ababa Universty, 2010-04-30) Teshome Bekele; Mosses KyuleThe study was conducted from October 2009 to April 2010 with the objective to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis in small ruminants slaughtered. in three elected export aballoirs Hashim Ethiopian live and meat export abattoir at Debere Ziet, Mojo modern export abattoir at Mojo and ELFORA export abattoir at Methara. and asse the economic losses and public health significance of the disease. In all study export abattoir routine meat inspection procedure was conducted where by lung. heart. liver, kidney and spleen palpation incised, and visualized to detect the presence hydatid cysts. The sizes of the cyst were determined by measuring the diameter in cm. Fert ility was evaluated by observing the presence of protoscolices under the microscope and viability was determined . Out of 1150 small ruminants consisting 450 sheep and 700 goats slaughtered and inspected 39 (8.6%), and 48 (6.7%) sheep and goats respectively were found harboring hydatid cyst. In the current study the prevalence of hydatid cyst in sheep and goat at Hashim Ethiopian live and Meat export aballoir was 7.3 % (11) and 6 % (18) respectively ,while the respective figure at Mojo modern export abattoir was 12% (24) and 10 % (25). Moreover. in ELFORA export abattoir prevalence of 4% (4) and 3.3 % (5) was recorded in sheep and goat respectively. Overall hydatid cyst infection in sheep heart. lung, liver. kidney and spleen were found to be 15 .3 %( 13).41.2 % (35), 27.1 %( 23).11.8% (10) and 4.7 % (4) respectively. Similarly 12.5% (12), 34.4 % (33), 42.7 %( 40),5.2 % (5) of infection were recorded in goats heart, lung, liver, kidney and spleen respectively. In general out of 180 examined hydatid cyst 42.5% (77), 21.5% (39). 15.4% (27) and 20.5% (37) were fertile viable. non viable. sterile and calcified cyst respectively. The direct and indirect economic losses per annum due to hydatidosis in sheep and goats slaughtered in the Hashim Ethiopian live and meat Export abattoir. Mojo modern export abattoir and in ELFORA export abattoir were calculated and found to be 242.045.08ETB 497.285.23ETB and 62,589 ETB respectively. Thus. the overall annual economic loss in all abattoirs was estimated to be 801.919.3 1 ETB which is equivalent to 59.844 USD. Out of the total 19 stray dogs that were euthanized and examined in the study area. 2 (10%) of them revealed the occurrence of adult Echinococcus granulosus in their small intestine. Human hydatidosi . surve) was conducted in Debereziet zonal hospital, in Adama referral hospital and Metehara sugar factory hospital. During this study one active case was recorded in 10 years old female coming from Arsi Zone Dera town. Questioner survey presented to the three hospitals showed that during the last five years (2005-2009) a total of 53 patients were found to be infected by hydatidosis among which 37 were male and 16 female belong to different age groupsItem Seroprevalence Study of Bovine Brucellosis in Two Districts of East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Regional State(Addis Ababa University, 2011-04-30) Bedilu Ayalew; Yasmin JibrilA cross sectional sero-prevalence study was conducted on 600 cattle in Machakel and Dejen districts of East Gojjam administrative zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia, to investigate the status of bovine brucellosis and identify potential risk factors associated with the disease. Sera samples were analyzed using Rose Bengal Plate Test and Complement Fixation Test to detect specific antibodies against Brucella abortus. Overall sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis in the study districts of Amhara region was found to be S.3% (32/600). However, no statistically significant difference (P>O.OS , P=0.467) in seroprevalence was observed between the two study districts, Machakel (6%) and Dejen (4.7%). The sero-prevalence was closely associated with some of the risk factors considered at individual animal. Both univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses showed statistically significant association (p=0.008, OR= S.7) was observed between brucellosis seropositivity and Kebeles. In contrast, risk of seropositivity was no statistically associated (P>O.OS) with risk factors such as breed, age, and sex. Questionnaire survey results of 120 respondent fanners (households) to gather information about bovine brucellosis in the study districts showed that, 61 (SO.8%) of cattle owners were not aware of bovine brucellosis, 81 (67 .S%) had no separate calving pen, and 107(89.2%) did not practice safe disposal of fetal membrane and aborted fetuses. The occurrence of abortion, stillbirth and retained foetal membranes were also high 79(6S.8%) in their animals. Most of peasants, 74(61.7%) used natural breeding mating, 40(33.3%) opted AI and 6(S.0 %) used both artificial insemination and natural breeding methods. In conclusion, this study showed bovine brucellosis was prevalent in the study area, however, the occurrence of the disease, its effect as a major cause of abortion was not recognized including its public health implication.Item Seroprevalence Study of Bovine Brucellosis in Two Districts of East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Regional State(Addis Ababa University, 2011-04-30) Bedilu Ayalew; Yasmin JibrilA cross sectional sero-prevalence study was conducted on 600 cattle in Machakel and Dejen districts of East Gojjam administrative zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia, to investigate the status of bovine brucellosis and identify potential risk factors associated with the disease. Sera samples were analyzed using Rose Bengal Plate Test and Complement Fixation Test to detect specific antibodies against Brucella abortus. Overall sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis in the study districts of Amhara region was found to be S.3% (32/600). However, no statistically significant difference (P>O.OS , P=0.467) in seroprevalence was observed between the two study districts, Machakel (6%) and Dejen (4.7%). The sero-prevalence was closely associated with some of the risk factors considered at individual animal. Both univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses showed statistically significant association (p=0.008, OR= S.7) was observed between brucellosis seropositivity and Kebeles. In contrast, risk of seropositivity was no statistically associated (P>O.OS) with risk factors such as breed, age, and sex. Questionnaire survey results of 120 respondent fanners (households) to gather information about bovine brucellosis in the study districts showed that, 61 (SO.8%) of cattle owners were not aware of bovine brucellosis, 81 (67 .S%) had no separate calving pen, and 107(89.2%) did not practice safe disposal of fetal membrane and aborted fetuses. The occurrence of abortion, stillbirth and retained foetal membranes were also high 79(6S.8%) in their animals. Most of peasants, 74(61.7%) used natural breeding mating, 40(33.3%) opted AI and 6(S.0 %) used both artificial insemination and natural breeding methods. In conclusion, this study showed bovine brucellosis was prevalent in the study area, however, the occurrence of the disease, its effect as a major cause of abortion was not recognized including its public health implication.Item Assessment of Milk Supply Chain and Evaluation of Physicochemical Propertles and Microbial Load of Raw Milk in Selected Districts of Arsi Zone, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-04) Fisseha Kassahun; Mekonnen HailemariamA cross-sectional study was conducted fi'om September 20 I 0 to May 20 II in five selected districts of Arsi zone to assess the husbandry practices. Characterize milk marketing system, identify constraints and opportunities for the dairy sector and to provide baseline information on physicochemical properties and microbial load of raw milk. A total of 220 smallholders were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and 100 milk samples were collected. Followed by laboratory analysis for physicochemical characteristics and microbial quality of milk. The five study district s showed similarities in herd composition. husbandry practices and milk yield from local breeds. but milk yield from crossbreed animals, age at first calving and calving intervals differed significantly (PItem Major Ectoparasites of Small Ruminants in Arsi Zone of Oromia Region: Prevalence, Species Composition and Acaricidal Efficacy of Medicinal Plants Against Lice of Sheep(Addis Ababa University, 2010-03-10) Hailu Wondimu; Yacob HailuA study on major ectoparasites of sheep in three selected agro-ecological sites of Oromia Region, Ethiopia showed 81 .5% overall prevalence of ectoparasites. The ectoparasites recorded were lice (75.5 %) Damalina ovis (67.1%), tick infestations (23.8%), Linognathus ovillus (14.6%), Melophagus ovinus (5.65%) found only in mid and highland, psoroptic mange 1.0% and sarcoptic mange 0.3% were the major ectoparasites. The major ectoparasites identified Damalina ovis, ticks and M. ovinus were showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05) of prevalence in high and midlands and L.ovillus in the lowland. The risk of Damalina ovis infestation in highland (OR) =2.2, (P<0.05)) was two times higher than in the lowland. Agro-climate, age and BC in Damalina ovis infestations are found to be the risk factors for the difference of prevalence of ectoparasites: agro-climate (OR=2.22), (P<0.000), age (OR=1.S), (P<0.031) and BCs (OR= 1.09), (P>0.05). Favorable climatic conditions, backward level of management, poor level of consciousness and awareness of farmers, and weak animal health extension services are believed to have contributed for widespread distribution and occurrences of ectoparasites. The growing threat of ectoparasites to small ruminant production and tanning industry needs a well growing threat of ectoparasites to small ruminant production and tanning industry needs a well coordinated program. The in-vitro efficacy of 20 mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 80 mg/ml and 160 mg/ml solutions of fixed oil extracts of Jatropha curcas, Melia cafra, Ximenia azadrachta. Pyrethrum cinerariifolium and Nicotiana tobacum and 0.625%, 1.25%, 2.5% and S% solutions of Cybopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils extracts were performed after 10 min, 30 min, 1hr, 2hrs, 3hrs, 6hrs and 12hrs in all tests using usual and strict criteria for mortality. From seven herbal plants' extracts four of them were showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05) against Linognathus ovillus: Jatropha curcas and Melia azedirachta at 160, 80, 40 and 20mg/ml, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus at 5 % and 2.5% concentrations at 12 hours. Six of the seven herbal plants' extracts were showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05) against Damalina ovis: Jatropha curcas, pyrethrum and Ximenia calra at 160mg/ml, Melia azedirachta at 160, 80 and 40 mg/ml, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus at 5 % and 2.S% concentrations at the end of 12 hours when compared to the commercial acaricide 0.1 % diazinone 60 EC. For therapeutic efficacy study (iv-vivo) in biting/chewing lice /Damalina ovis /40 sites per animal were examined before and after treatment. Lice were counted in five predilection sites /neck, shoulder, wither, flank and rump/at eight partings in each sites in an area of ten centimeters in length. During in an in-vitro test on Damalina ovis with 2.5% Cymbopogon citratus and 5% Eucalyptus globulus, there were statistical significant differences (P< 0.05) in louse count between treated and negative control groups. No apparent signs of any local or general adverse effects were observed during the study after the application of the extracts. The percent louse count reduction obtained was < 95% efficacy and never greater than 88. 11 % in an in-vitro test in the current study against Damalina ovis. Despite the current in-vivo study's lower results, traditionally claimed herbal plant extracts can be a good substitute for the synthetic compounds if there is a further increase in resistance to the acaricides in use and further studies carried out on synergism of two or more potent plant extracts. The licidal potent of Melia cafra fixed and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils for instance, suggest that they may find an application in the future. These results demonstrate the possibility of using traditional claimed herbal plant extracts for lice control.Item A Longitudinal Study of Epidemiological occurrence of Antidodies Against Newcastle Disease Affecting Village Indigenous Chickens in Boro and Jarso of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-04-20) Berhanu Abera; Yilkal AsfawA longitudinal study to monitor epidemiological occurrence of antibodies against Newcastle disease (ND) virus, potential risk factors for these occurrence and outbreaks in scavenging village chickens was conducted in eight villages within two districts of Oromia region. A total of 985 blood samples were collected from 800 individual birds in 400 household chicken flocks during two sampling periods. None of the birds enrolled in the study was vaccinated against ND. A haemagglutination inhibition (I-II) test was used to determine antibody titres against ND virus. The bird-level ND seroprevalence pooled across all samplings was 11.1 %, while accounting for each season 10.1 % and 13.8% of wet season and dry season, respectively. The bird-level incidence rate for the period between the first and the second sampling was 4.3%. The flock-level ND seroprevalence (at least one bird tested had antibodies against ND virus) pooled across all samplings was 19.4%. The result indicated that village chickens in Horo and Jarso were exposed to ND virus; there was a higher seroprevalence of infection in Jarso than Horo despite insignificant association either in flock-level or bird-level. Univariant risk factor analyses indicated that flock-level seroprevalence of ND was significantly associated with different market-sheds, villages, offering of rain feed, frequency of contact during wet season, mode of waste disposal, and housing (p<0.05). None of the factors investigated was significantly associated with bird level incidence. Management had significant association with disease outbreak. Thus, despite occurring year round; in current study outbreaks during rainy season were mainly due to management factors and severe at times of climatic stress and had been known to worsen the outcome of the outbreak. The experimental study investigated the effect of concurrent parasitic and viral diseases on the immune response; as well as differences in protection between indigenous ecotype and improved breeds of chickens. This was done using the antibody response towards ND vaccine virus in both chickens ecotypes/breed with and without parasites. Multivariant analysis showed that there was a significant reduction in NDV specific antibody production post vaccination in individuals with parasites compared to antihelmintic treated chicken in both breeds. However, this finding confirmed that there was a significant dramatic reduction in NDV specific antibody production post vaccination in indigenous ecotype compared to improved breeds (p< 0.05). Though breeds differ genetically in their immune responsiveness to the antigen, and being protected following challenge; difference in their susceptibility to the virulent challenge virus needs to be ruled out.Item Baterlological and Serological Investigation of Fowl Cholea in Seleted Commercial Poultry Farms in Debre Zeit(Addis Ababa University, 2010-04-20) Dereje Baye; Fufa DawoBacteriological and serological investigation of fowl cholera was conducted in two commercial poultry farms in Debre Zeit. Cross sectional with continuous follow up of the farms was used to determine the prevalence rate of P. multocida isolates from nasal swabs of apparently healthy fowls (384), nasal and tracheal swabs of fowls diseased with respiratory diseased syndrome (35), pneumonic lung of fowls died of respiratory syndrome (30) and pneumonic lungs from fowls with typical clinical signs of chronic fowl cholera (5). Cross sectional study was also used to determine seroprevalence of P. multocida serotype A from fowls' sera (384). A total of 82 (17 .16%) isolates of P. multocida were detected from nasal swabs of apparently healthy, fowls diseased with respiratory disease syndrome, tracheal swabs and pneumonic lungs of fowls died of respiratory disease syndrome and from pneumonic lungs of tentatively diagnosed cases of chronic fowl cholera P. multocida was isolated at a rate of 14.58% and 25.75% from nasal swabs of healthy and diseased fowls, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05. All isolates were identified up to subspecies level. P. multocida subspecies gallicida was identified at a rate of 69.64% and 88.46%, while P. multocida subspecies septica was 30.36% and 11.54% prevalent in apparently healthy and diseased fowls, respectively. The isolation rate of P. multocida from pneumonic lungs and their corresponding tracheal swabs showed higher in layers 37.5% and 18.75%, while in growers the rates were 14.2% and 7.14%. There was statistically significant difference (PItem Bacteriological Quality of Raw Beef Collected From Municipality Slaughterhouse and Local Markets in and Around Wolaita Soddo Town, Southern Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2012-05-30) Naod Thomas; Professor MahendraThe study was conducted from October, 2011 to May, 2012 in Wolaita Soddo town and surrounding areas with the objective to determine the microbiological quality, source of contamination and sanitary and hygienic condition of meat selling environment. A total of 260 raw beef samples were randomly collected which compromised of 55 from Soddo Municipality Slaughterhouse, 55 from restaurants/hotels, 50 from Boditte local retail market, 50 from Humbo local retail market and 50 from Baqullo Sagno market. The samples were analyzed using aerobic plate count, coliform count and the presence of Staphylococcus aureus was also evaluated. The mean aerobic plate count in beef from slaughterhouse, from butchers shop (restaurants/hotels), from Boditte local retail market, from Humbo local retail market and from Baqullo Sagno market were 2.28 x 106,2.82 xl06, 6.35 x l06, 6.12 x l06 and 7.45 xl06cfulg (colony forming unit per gram), respectively. And the mean coliform count From raw beef sample of slaughterhouse, from butchers shop (restaurants/hotels), from Boditte local retail market, from Humbo local retail market and from Baqullo sagno market were 3.36 x 104 cfulg, 3.73 xl 04 cfu/g, 5.83 x 104 cfu/g, 6.13 x 104 cfu/g and 5.64 x 104 cfu/g (colony forming unit per gram), respectively. There were no significant (p> 0.05) variation in the means of aerobic plate and coliform count found in raw beef from different locations. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in raw beef was 12.7%, 21.8 %, 18 %, 28 % and 22 %, respectively. The results indicated that the microbiological quality of the raw beef samples analyzed was unsatisfactory, and could be an important cause of food poisoning. Good manufacturing practices (GMP) for slaughtering and processing of raw beef should be accepted as strategies to control pathogenic microbes which pose health risks to humans or which pose public health risks.Item Molecular Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Outbreaks in Ethiopia in 2011/12012(Addis Ababa University, 2012-04-30) Sentayhu Minda; Haileleul NegusssieThe study was conducted in five regional states of Ethiopia: Amhara, Oromia, Southern Nation Nationalities and People's (SNNP), Tigray, and Addis Ababa city council from January 2011 to March 2012 with the objectives of identifying the serotypes and topotypes of foot and mouth disease viruses and to determine the genetic relationship of FMD viruses in Ethiopia. Epithelial tissue samples were collected from cattle and swine found in the FMD outbreak areas of the country and submitted to the National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia and World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), Pirbright, UK. Thus, virus isolation, serotype identification, and phylogenetic analysis were performed. From the total of 59 samples, cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed in 43 (72 .88%) samples in BHK- 21 cell culture. Serotyping of FMD viruses were made by applying agarose gel-based RT-PCR at NVI, Debre Zeit, and by cell culture ELISA at WRL for FMD, Pirbright, UK and serotype 0 was recorded throughout the country where outbreaks occurred. A total of 36 samples were sent to WRLFMD, Pirbright, UK for further molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Of this, 12 serotype 0 FMD viruses of Ethiopia were further characterized and phylogenetic relationships with each other and type 0 isolates from other countries of the world were determined. All serotype 0 isolates of Ethiopia falls into a single topotype, East Africa-3 (EA-3). More than 98% similarity with each other and approximately 14-15% different to members of the EA-l , EA-2, EA-4, and ME-SA topotypes of other countries of Africa and Asia were found . Serotype 0 isolated from Mekele University Farm was also 93-95% similarity with Sudan 0 isolates of 1999, 2004 and 2008. Generally regular investigation of FMD outbreaks to have more detailed information about the serotypes and topotypes circulating in Ethiopia is important for effective vaccine development.Item Pathological, Bacteriological and Serological Study on Pneumonic Sheep and Goats With Special Emphasis on Mannheimia, Babersteinia, Pasteurella and Mycoplasma Species(Addis Ababa University, 2012-04-30) Tilaye Demissie; Bulto GiroA prospective, non-probability and purposive type study was conducted from October to April on pneumonic sheep and goats to iso late and characterize Mannheimia, Babersteinia, Pasteurella and Mycoplasma species involved in pneumonia of sheep and goats. The concurrent occurrence of Mannheimia, Babersteinia, Pasteurella and Mycoplasma species together were studied and Mannheimia haemolytica isolates were strain serotyped. Comparative isolation of Mannheimia, Babersteinia and Pasteurella species from the same samples of lung was performed. Conventional bacteriological isolation and identification procedures (Quinn et al., 2002; Sisay and Zerihun, 2003 and OlE, 2004) were used for isolation and identification of Mannheimia, Babersteinia and Pasteurella species. Isolation and identification of Mycoplasma species was conducted according to Miles and Nicholas (1998) and OlE (2008).Growth inhibition by monospecific hyperimmune sera and PCR techniques were used for Mycoplasma species identification. The total isolation rate fi'om pneumonic lung from both sheep and goats were 28 % (78/279) for Mannheimia haemolytica, 3.9 % (11 /279) for Babersteinia trehalose and 2.2% (6/279) for Pasteurella /IIultocida. Total isolation rate of Mannheimia, Babersteinia and Pasteurella species together was 40.7% from pneumonic sheep and 24. I % from pneumonic goats. Serotyping 0 f Mannheimia haemolytica isolates was carried out using IHA against 10 reference antisera. Serotype A2 (2 \.5%), AS (20 .5%), and A I (17.7%) were the three dominant serotypes from total isolates of both species. Serotype A2 (26.3%), A1 (17.5%), A8 (15.S/5%) were dominant serotypes from sheep isolates and serotypes A8(33 .3%), A1(19%), and A1(14%) were the dominat serotypes isolated from goat. Serotype AI3 was not isolated both from sheep and from goats and serotypes A8, A7, and A12 were not isolated from goats in the present study. goats in the present study. Four Mycoplasma species namely, Mycoplasma ovipnemoniae (9 isolates), MmmLC (2 isolates), Mmc (I iso late) and Mycoplasma arginini (2 isolates) were identified from sheep. Five Mycoplasma species namely, MmmLC (9 isolates), Mcc (3 isolates), Mccp (3isoaltes), Mmc (4 isolates) and M. arginini (2 isolates) were isolated and identified from goats. The concurrent iso lation rate of Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma species was 24.6% in sheep and 9.5% in goats. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was isolated at IS.S% rate with Mannheimia haemolytica in sheep. This was the highest concurrent occurrence observed while compared to other Mycoplasrna species isolated from Mannheimia haemolytica positive lungs. MmmLC, Mmc and Mycoplasma arginini were also isolated from Mannheimia haemolytica positive sheep. Generally, the isolation rate of Mycoplasma and Mannheimia haemolytica together was significantly lower in goats than in sheep and the only Mycoplasma species isolated together with Mannheimia haemolytica from goats was Mmc. Finally, the results are discussed and compared with previous work. Some points on control strategies and areas of further research are also suggested .Item Study on Cattle Milk Production, Processing and Marketing System in Enderta District, Tigray Regional State(Addis Ababa University, 2012-04-20) Tsadkan Zegeye; Mekonnen HailemariamAstudy on cattle milk production, processing and marketing was carried out in Enderta district, which is one of the four districts in the south eastern administrative zone of Tigray National Regional State, with the objective of studying the existing cattle husbandry and milk production systems, assessing cattle milk handling, processing and marketing as well as the constraints of milk production and marketing in the study area. A four stage sampling was used to select 150 households from the two livestock production systems of the district (transhumance and sedentary livestock production systems). Data was collected through questionnaire interview, group discussion, discussion with key informants and farm visit. The average landholding of respondents was significantly (p<0.05) varied between male (2 .8 ±0 .12ha) and female headed (1:1±0.08 ha)households but did not differ between the two livestock production systems. The mean cattle number per household was significantly (p<0.05) vary between transhumance (I 1. I 7±0.71 heads) and sedentary (9.31±0.39 heads) livestock production systems. The major feed resources for local cattle were natural pasture and crop aftermath whereas for crossbred cattle it was reported to be crop residues. Local cattle were watered from rivers. dam and wells while pump water was used (or crossbred cattle. The major cattle diseases reported in the district were anthrax. blackleg, bovine pasteurellosis. foot and mouth disease and mastitis The overall average milk off take per day per household was 6.81±0. 57 liters of which. majority (62.94%) was traditionally processed to butter and butter mille. The overall average butter production per week per household was 1.25±0.05 kg of which, 80.2% was allocated to market. Seasonal feed shortage, inefficient animal health and AI services, market shortage, price fluctuation and adulterations were some of the major constraints of milk production and marketing reported in the district. Supporting smallholders with strengthened extension scrvice in proper utilization of available feed resources, improved husbandry practices, market access, AI and animal health services as well as introduction of control measures [or quality product are expected to contribute a lot for the development of" the dairy sector in the area.Item Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants, Isolation and Molecular Detection of the Virus in Selected Districts of Awi and Metekel Zones, North West Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2022) Yalew Abiyu; Yasmin JibrilEthiopia possesses huge population of sheep and goats despite the country benefited little from it due to different factors including Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), highly contagious and economically important trans-boundary disease of small ruminants associated with high morbidity and mortality. Cross-sectional study involving questionnaire survey, retrospective outbreak data, seroprevalence, isolation and molecular data analysis were conducted from February 2020 to May 2021 in selected districts of Awi and Metekel zones with the objective of revealing epidemiological status, isolation and molecular detection of PPRV circulating in the area using c-ELISA and real time PCR. Of the total 714 sera samples tested, 467 (65.4%) were found positive for PPRV antibody. Significantly higher prevalence of 70.7% (236/334, P=0.007, CI=65.4-75.4) in Metekel than Awi zone (60.8%) was observed. Seroprevalence of 66.8% (243/364) in sheep and 64% (224/350) in goats with no statistical significant difference (P> 0.05) was also revealed. In this study, significantly higher seroprevalence was recorded in old animals (75.2%, OR=3.5) than adult (72.7%, OR=2.8) compared to young (52.1%) (CI=2.3-6.2, P=0.000). A prevalence of 64.9% and 54.4% was observed in female and male animals respectively (P=0.000, ꭓ2=13.18). From 42 samples examined with the PCR, 38.1%; 15 (5.7%) goat and 1 (2.4%) sheep were detected positive. The virus was also successfully isolated from VDS cell cultured samples. The questionnaire survey revealed that 89.7% (n=78) of farmers know the disease though most of them are not familiar with prevention and control measures. About 64.1% of them also indicated that PPR outbreakoccurs each year. The retrospective data (2016-2021) showed a total of 632 PPR outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality rate in Benishangul Gumuz the outbreaks being common in dry season. As evidenced from the questionnaire survey, retrospective, serology and molecular detection in addition to the field observation result of this study, PPR is found to be endemic in the study area. The higher PPRV circulation, the usual free animal movement and communal grazing system in the area indicates possibility of further spread within and to other areas. Therefore, it should have get priority attention from control and eradication campaign of the country. Creating awareness to farmers, restricting animal movement and targeted vaccination is necessary to prevent spread of the disease. Further study on sequencing and characterizing the circulating virus to a lineage level is also recommended.Item Prevalence of Bovine Sycticercosis and Human Taeniais in Southwest Shoa Zone, Oromia Region(Debre Zeit, 2009-06) Adugna Tadesse; Yacob HailuA cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2008 to April 2009 on bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Sebata,Tulubolo and Woliso municipal abattoirs in south west Shoa zone of Oromia regional state,Item Characterization of Dairy Cattle Production Systems in Debremarkos City Administrative Woreda of East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Zemenu Yayeh; Mekonen Hailemariamhe study was conducted in Debremarkos Woreda, Amhara National Regional State, from October 2007 to may 2008 with a with the objective of characterization of dairy cattle production systems /practices of the Woreda; to get base line data on the status of dairy cattle production levels in the study area and identify the .constraints and opportunities of dairy production. All 7 kebeles of Debremarkos were included in the study. A total of 200 house holds were selected randomly based on the proportion of total house holds in each kebele site using random nLunber table. In formations were collected from secondary data, by key informant group discussion, household level questionnaire survey, fann visit and personal observations. The data were analyzed using the SPSS computer soft ware and Ex-cell programs. The mean land holding in rural farms were 1 ha and except 5 persons the rest of urban area farms were landless. The mean livestock holding was 8.36 TLU in rural areas and 5.32 TLU in urban areas. Cattle constituent 98.86 % and 92.44 % of total TLU per household in Urban and rural sites respectively. In urban sites cows constitute 41.20 % of cattle herd and steers 0.60 % and in rural sites steers constitute 20.31 % and cows 29.00 % of cattle herd. The propOltion of cross breed and local breed cows in urban areas was 31.10% and 69.90% and for rural areas it was 3.38 % and 96.62% respectively. Main feed resources were crop residues and communal grazing land and most common supplements include hay, atela, wheat bran and noug cake mix asconcentrates. For the last two years AI service was not available in the Woreda. During the survey period 72.0% of urban area and 93.2% Of rural area households used uncontrolled natural mating. Common animal health problems were black leg, anthrax. abortion, foot and mouth disease, ticks, liver fluke. Animal health service (treatment and vaccination) for the last two years was not available in the Woreda. Only 7.5 % of urban area households used private veterinary service. The average daily milk yield was 1.50±0.68 and 7.30±4.65 litters for local and cross bred cows respectively. There was a significant difference in mean daily milk yield, lactation length, AFC and CI, for local breed cattle between urban and rural areas but there was no significant difference for cross breeds except calving interval in between urban and rural areas. Main milk processing milk products include butter, ayib, sour milk, butter milk, whey and "Metata." The main milk market outlet was contractual type of informal marketing either for hotels and restaurants orneighboring consumers. Lack of improved breed cattle, disease, feed shortage, milk market, space and water were IX identified in decreasing order of impOliance as constraints for dairy production. From this study, it was recommended that: Extension service should be improved; dairy cooperatives and bull service should be established. Key words: Characterization, Dairy cattle, Production systems, DebremarkosItem Assessment of Problems/Constraints Associated with Artificial Insemination Service in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Desalegn Gebremedhin; Merga BekanaStudy on reproductive performance of 18 AI bulls and on the efficiency of AI operations was conducted at the National Artificial Insemination Center and in purposively selected ten areas of five regional states. This study was also conducted to assess the problems and constraints associated with artificial insemination service. The 18 bulls were owned by NAIC and were insemen production. Questionnaire survey was also carried out on technical staffs that were performing their duties at the National AI Center. Evaluation of number of services per conception and conception rates to first insemination was carried out. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on 375 cows in the selected areas. Besides, 114 straws of semen, 61 from regions, and the other 53 from NAIC were checked for semen motility to see if there were any differences in motility due to handling between the center and the regions. Thirty AI technicians and 246 farmers were used for the collection of data using questionnaire surveys. Moreover, fifty-two high-level professionals who have stakes directly or indirectly in the artificial insemination service have been used to participated in the focus group discussions. Mean (± E) scrotal circumference for Holstein, Jersey and crosses of Holstein with indigenous breeds at NAIC was 39.71± 0.64, 41.00 ± 1.16 and 39.00 ±1.00 respectively. The results did not differ (p>0.05) among the three breeds. Similarly, the outcome of semen physio morphological analysis revealed that there was no difference (P>0.05) for the different semen characteristics except for the total morphological defects which differed significantly (P<0.05) among the three breeds. The sources, the selection procedures, and the health status of the AI bulls at NAIC were found to have serious problems. Mean (± SE) number of services per conception and conception rate to first insemination were 1.74 ± 0.07 and 16.08 ±0.44 respectively. These results differ significantly (P0.05) between the NAIC and the regions. The overall results of the assessment via questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions at large have indicated that artificial insemination is not doing well in all the regions and at national level at large. It is inferred, therefore, that artificial insemination operation in Ethiopia is not a success and requires urgent measures to change the situation before it totally collapses.Item Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Small Ruminants and Humans in Selected Peasant Associations of Adaml-Tulu-Jido-Kombolcha District,Oromiya Regional State,Ethiopia(Debre Zeit, 2009-06) Aklilu Tesfaye; Kyule MosesA cross-sectional study was conducted in selected 10 peasant associations found in Rift Valley area of Adami-Tulu-Jido-Kombolcha District, Oromiya Rcgional State, 160km South of Addis Ababa between October 2008 to March 2009 to deterrmine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants and human risk groups (farmers),Item Epidemiological and Microbiological Studies of Calf Diarrhoea and Pneumonia in Debre Zeit, Holeta and Muke Turi Dairy Farms, Etmopia(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Yenemwot Berhanu; Moses KyuleA six-month prospective study was conducted in Holeta, Debre Zeit and Muke Turi dairy fanns between November, 2007 and April, 200S with the major objective of determining both the cumulative incidences of neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) and pneumonia. In addition, determination of calf mortality rates, identification of agents of NCD, pneumonia and potential risk factors as well as determinations of the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the bacterial pathogens. Cluster sampling was used. A total of 429 calves, from seven intensive dairy farms were followed up. The farms were described using a pre-tested questionnaire and personal observations. Study calves in each fann were visited weekly and appropriate test samples collected from diarrhoeic and pneumonic cases. Antigenic ELISA test was utilized to identify four major enteropathogens (rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum and E. coli K 99). Standard isolation techniques were used to identify Salmonella and other strains of E. coli from diarrhoiec cases (n=112) and Pasteurella species, Mannhaemia species and Haemophilus somnus from pneumonic cases (n=2S). In addition, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates was performed. The cumulative incidences (CI) of NCD in Holeta, Muke Turi and Debre Zeit dairy farms were 0.41, 0.63 and 0.37, respectively. While for pneumonia, they were 0.12, 0.09 and 0.07, respectively. Higher CI ofNCD was recorded from Farm 1 with 0.65 followed by Farm 3 with 0.63. The least CI was observed in Fann 2 of 0.11. Highest calf pneumonia was observed in Farm 6 followed by Farm 1. No calf pneumonia was observed in Farm 5. Associations of the potential risk factors for NCD and pneumonia revealed significant results with young ages. Significant positive hazard rates of both diseases were recorded in young agegroups. Other risk factors (.sex of calves, breed, etc) were not significantly associated with these diseases. The ELISA results showed that, C. parvum was prevalent in the majority of calves with diarrhoea followed by rotavirus, coronavirus and E. coli K 99. The bacterial isolates were 91.96 % of E. IX coli other than the strain K 99 and 24.11 % of Salmonella species. Nasal swab samples taken for isolation of Pasteurella and Mannhaemia species revealed 42.85 % positive reactors for Pasteurella and Mannhaemia species. No Haemophilus somnus was isolated. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was perfonned for all the bacterial isolates. Norfloxacillin and gentamycin were highly sensitive and clindamycin the least sensitive. The susceptibility to other antimicrobial agents varied by different bacterial isolates, but resistance to all antimicrobials used were observed in most of the isolates. In conclusion, NCD is a serious problem among dairy calves followed by pneumonia. Both of them were influenced by the age of calves. These diseases have complex etiopathogenesis. Therefore, further epidemiological and microbiological studies ofNCD and pneumonia with aims of designing and implementing appropriate prevention and control strategies are strongly recommended. In addition, the higher rate of antimicrobial resistance necessitates the strategic use of the drugs. Key words: Neonatal calf diarrhoea, Calf pneumonia, rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherchia coli, Salmonella, Pasteurella, Mannhaemia, Haemophilus somnusItem Serological Studies on Bovine and Human Leptospirosis in Wonji, East Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2009) Roman Yilma ; Moses N. KyuleA cross sectional study design, consisting serological and questionnaire surveys, was applied to assess the occurrence of leptospirosis in cattle and humans in Wonji from October 2008 to April 2009. Consequently, the seropositivity percentage for leptospirosis in humanpatients visiting hospital and health center in Wonji and the seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans sv Hardjo in apparently healthy cattle was determined by using Leptospira IgM ELISA and Leptospira Hardjo antibody ELISA respectively. The overall seropositivity percentage of human leptospirosis was found to be 72.S% (n=298) and that of cattle was 30.4% (n=204). In this study assessment of risk factors associated with human leptospirosis was carried out based on semi-structured questionnaire survey. Regardless of wide distribution of the risk factors included in this study, statistical analysis of relationship between the variables showed that only occupation, animal contact and sampling sites were significantly associated (p