Tropical Veterinary Medicine

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    Across- Sectional Study of Bovine Mastitis in and around Bahirdar and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Major Pathogens
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 2004-06) Gizat, Almaw; Zerihun, Dr. Ademe
    Three hun dred fi ft y o ne (J 95 loca l zebu and 156 Ho lste in x Loca l Zebu) la ctating cows o f sma ll holde r p ri va te fa rm s in Ba hir Dar milk shed were examined fro m Septe mber, 2003 to Ma rch, 2004 ( 0 de te rm ine mastiti s prevale nce, isolate pa thogens in vo lved, eva lua te the ant ibiotic susceptib ili ty pro fi les a nd [ 0 eval ua te soma ti c cell count in identify in g intrama mmary in fec ti o ns. Clinical preva lence was deteml in ed th rough examinati o n of abno mla lities of m ilk , udde r or cow. Cal ifornia mastitis tes t (C MT) and c ulture were used for subclinical mastiti s de te rm ination. Aga r disc di ffusion was used fo r antibiotic suscept ibi lity test. Somati c cell count was condu cted foll owing standard procedures desc ri bed In Inte rn ati o nal Dairy Federdt io n for e num eratio n of ce ll s wi th direc t Mi croscopic me thod. Clinical prevalence at cow level was 3.9% in crossbreds and no nc in local zebu breeds. Subclinical mastit is a t cow level based o n C MT was high (34.4%) in crossbreds compared to indigenous zebu (17.9%) (p < 0.05). Quarter subclinical prevale nce based on eMT was 17 .90% and 4.95% for c rossbreds and local zebu. respectively. Amo ng potential risk fac tors considered, stage of lactation, parity and breed were found 10 afTecI the occurrence of mastitis significantly (p < 0.05). The pathogens isola ted from ma stitic milk were coagulase negalive staphylococci (eNS), s. aureus. Srr. agalacliae. Sir dysgalactiae. Sr r. uberis. Micrococcus species, C. bovls. A. pyogefls, B. cereus, and S. illtermedius. Among these, the most frequent isolates we re eNS (49 .6% of the 10la l isolates). S. alirellS (17.9%), Srr. agalacliae (8.2%) and SIr dysgalacliae (6:7%). Seven antibiotics including sul fi soxazole. tetracycline, erythromycin. oxacil lin, chloramphenicol, cJindamycin, and streptomycin were tested o n 81 isola tes. Except fo r streptomycin, all isolates \\ere sensitive to all antibiotics. All isolates were most se nsi tive 10 sulfisoxazo le. Staphylococcw; allreus was susceptible to all drugs except streptomycin. SllIphylococcus Ollreus was 91.7% susceptib le to oxacillin, however, CNS were less susceptible (68.2%) ill vilro. To evaluate somatic cell count (SeC) in ide nt ify ing imramamary infect ion fo r crossbreds. 10 cutoff poims between 100000 cellsl ml and 300000 celJSJml were evaluated for the ir sensllivity and speci-ficity in comparison with cu ltural results. Sim ilarly, cutoff points between 80000 cell ml and "250000 cell ml were take n fo r loca l zebu breeds. The sensitivity for VI\ crossbreds range from 79.16 % (al 300000 ce ll slml cutoff point) 10 95.80 % (al 100000 cells! ml) and similarly specificity from 80.28% to 45.52%. Fo r local zebu breeds in the same order, sensitivity range from 58.82% to 88.23% and specificity from 45.82% to 85.15%. To establish threshold level this study was a first anempl in Ethiopia and to usc SCC as a diagnostic tool on a national sqle further study need to be conducted with improved cultural technique and automatic cell counters. Cross breed cows had high see compa red to local zebu cows. The sec was significantly (p
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    Assesment of Guality and Marketing of Hide and Skin in Adamitulu Gidokombolcha and Bora Woreda, in East Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-06) Belete, Alemnesh; Dr. Goshu, Gebeyew
    The current study was conducted from December to March 2015 with the objective of determining the major causes of defects and quality characteristics of skin and hides and assesses marketing of the raw materials in Adami Tulu-Jido Kombolcha and Bora woredas. A total of 768, (382 sheep and 220 goat skins and 76 cattle hides) samples were randomly selected and visually examined for defects at collection centers. Then, 20 apparently health and 20 apparently defective goat skins were selected purposively, salted and sent to tannery for defect analysis and grading at wet blue stage and for physico-chemical laboratory analysis at crust stage of processing. A questionnaire survey was also done with 200 respondents to assess the marketing situation of hide and skins in the study areas. In this case, household producers, butchers, middlemen and collection center owners were interviewed. The study showed that all the skin and hides examined were found to have one or more types of defects. Major defects responsible for the decline in quality of skin and hide were cockle (36.6-68.1 %), flay defect (50.0-55.9%), scratch (29.5-60.7%), scar (19.3-26.2%) and putrefaction (17.5-30%). Brand marks were also detected mainly in 9.6% of cattle hide. The proportions of scratch, flay defect and cockle were higher in goat skin, sheep skin and cattle hide respectively (P<0.05). Both defective and apparently normal goat skins after tanning to wet blue stage have demonstrated different types of defects. Prevalence of cockle, scratch, putrefaction and pox lesion was increased after processing defective skins. None of the skins considered normal were free of defects. However, the appearance of defects such as cockle, scratch, putrefaction and pox lesion was higher in defective than in those considered normal (P<0.05). Grading at wet blue stage revealed that majority of skins in both groups earned grades 3-5; there was no grade one. On the other hand, physico-chemical examination (tensile strength, % elongation, tear load, moisture and fat content etc) as a reflection of the natural characteristics of goat skin showed that both groups, classified defective and normal, had within standard or better performance compared to the Ethiopian Standard. Marketing of xii hide and skins was also evaluated. It was observed that marketing was accomplished at four levels: producer, middlemen, collection center and tannery. Prices increase as we go from producers to tannery. Producers selling to collection centers earn better price offer. Major factors affecting marketing of hide and skins include production problems such as diseases and flaying and handling defects as well as market problems such as lack of competitive market, price fluctuation and lack of price information. It can be conclude that if the major defects are significantly reduced and access to market and market information is improved, raw hides and skins in the study areas, as reflected from goat skin analysis, have outstanding natural characteristics that could make them qualify for better grades in the market. Key words: Adami Tulu, Bora, Defects, Hide and Skins, Marketing, Physico-Chemical Characteristics
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    ASSESSEMENT OF THE TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMOSIS CONTROL PROGRAM IN CHEWAKA SETTELEMENT STATION , ILLUBABOUR ZONE , SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA
    (2007-06) MANYAZEWAL, ANBERBER; Dr. Yilkal Asfaw, Dr. Basu AK
    The impact of tsetse and trypanosomosis control program conducted in Chewaka settlement station during 2005/6 was assessed through retrospective and cross sectional studies by comparing the prevalence of trypanosomosis and density of tsetse before and after the intervention within Chewaka settlement area, and the current situation at Bikiltu Didessa, where there is no tsetse control activity. A total of 830 cattle, 160 biconical traps and 160 heads of households were used for the cross sectional survey and the Buffy coat, apparent density of tsetse (fly/trap/day) and questionnaire format interview methods were employed to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis, tsetse population density and socioeconomic status of farmers, respectively. The overall tsetse fly density in Chewaka settlement area prior to the control, 13.96 FTD, was dropped by 98.6 % to 0.2 FTD at the end of the control period. The drop in the overall mean FTD was statistically highly significant (P=0.000). The spatial distribution of tsetse had also diminished significantly; tsetse was not trapped at four sites and in the remaining three sites it exists in very low densities ranging from 0.03 to 1.10 FTDs. The mean tsetse fly density in the controlled study area, 0.2 FTD, was significantly lower (P=0.000) than the mean density in the uncontrolled stud area, 2.28 FTD. There was no difference in fly density among the six sites of Chewaka showing the uniformity of the control operation at all sites of the settlement station. The decline in the mean prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Chewaka from 37.5% (prior to control) to 3.1% (post control) was statistically highly significant (P=0.001). During this period the mean herd PCV had increased significantly (p=0.000) from 19.4% to 26.5 % with a slope of -0.21 and a significant negative linear correlation with prevalence of trypanosomosis (r=-1.000). The prevalence of trypanosomosis in Bikiltu, 15%, was significantly higher (P=0.000) than the prevalence in Chewaka, 3%. Animals in Bikiltu had an OR of 4.935 (2.714-8.976) Positivity as compared to animals in Chewaka implying the chance of positivity for animals in Bikiltu was about five times the chance of positivity for animals in Chewaka. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of trypanosomosis among the six sites of Chewaka study area and no difference was also observed (P>0.05) OR=0.614 (95%CI 0.373-1.010) among the three age groups, calves, young and adults, and between male and female animals in Bikiltu and Chewaka study areas The mean herd PCV in Chewaka, 26.5% (95% CI =26.1-27), was XI significantly higher (p=0.000) than the mean herd PCV in Bikiltu, 24.4% (23.9-24.8). The mean herd PCV of sites with high prevalence of trypanosomosis in Bikiltu (Chalalaki-1, Chalalaki-2 and Burka) were significantly lower (p<0.05) than sites with low prevalence of the disease (Kolu and Loko). Sixty six percent of the respondents in Chewaka and only 24% of them in Bikiltu sold animals during a year period (Dec.96/Dec.97) and a significant difference (P=0.000) was obtained in animal sell between the two study areas indicating better family income due to animal sell in Chewaka than in Bikiltu. Out of the total respondents 85% (68/80) in Chewaka, and 36% (29/80) in Bikiltu purchased animals during this period and the average number of cattle bought /hh/yr in Chewaka, 1.15 head, was significantly higher (P=0.000) than the average number of cattle bought in Bikiltu, 0.55 head/hh/yr. The chance of cattle and oxen mortality in Bikiltu was 10 and 6 times more likely than in Chewaka (OR= 6.5 and 10.2) and 51% of the total mortality in Bikiltu was attributed to deaths of draught oxen which resulted in significant decline of crop production. During 2005/07, the overall livestock and cattle population in Chewaka had increased by 116% and 1038.9 %, respectively, and expansion of cultivated land by 46.8%/year resulted in growth of grain production by 31.6 %/year. In Bikiltu, the high mortality of cattle despite frequent treatment scheme and the high recurrence of trypanosomosis in recently treated animals suggest the existence of drug resistance problem in the area. It was concluded that the tsetse and trypanosomosis control operation conducted in the newly established Chewaka settlement station had resulted in satisfactory achievements on the prevalence of the disease, density of tsetse fly and livelihood of the human population in the area. Findings of this study are discussed and recommendations forwarded.
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    Assessment of Major Reproductive Health Problems, Their effect on reproductive Performance and Association with Brucellosis in Dairy Cows in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) Merid, Blen; Dr. Goshu, Gebeyehu
    A cross sectional study was conducted in Bishoftu town from November 2015 to May 2016 with the objectives of investigating major reproductive health problems and their impact on reproductive performance and association with brucellosis in dairy cows. Cross sectional questionnaire survey and observational follow-up were used to determine reproductive parameters and abnormalities. The study was carried out on a total of 519 crossbred dairy cows. The mean age at first service, age at first calving, calving interval, days open, calving to conception interval and number of service preconception were 20.27 months, 29.38 months, 13.42 months, 113.9 days, 130.17 days, and 1.75±1.07 respectively. From the total study animals 30.12% (n= 156) were affected by at least with one reproductive health problem. Among the problems retained fetal membrane, repeat breeder, abortion, anestrus and dystocia were mostly found with their respective prevalence of 10.01%, 7.7%, 7.5%, 3.7% and 3.5%. A total of 291 sera were collected from crossbred dairy cows and Rose Bengal Plate Test was used on sera as a screening test for brucellosis. Rose Bengal Plate Test showed that 15 (5.15%) of the tested samples were screened as positive for brucellosis. Rose Bengal Plate Test positive serum samples were further subjected to Complement Fixation Test for confirmation of brucellosis positivity. From 15 Rose Bengal Plate Test positive sera 12 (4.1%) were also confirmed to be positive by Complement Fixation Test. From the total study animals 39(8.7%) and 52(18.3) were recorded with abortion and retained fetal membrane. Abortion was found significantly associated with sero-positivity of brucellosis in the present study (P<0.05). From the different risk factors studied BCS and parity were significantly associated with reproductive health problems. Also, reproductive trait shows highly significant differences between cows with reproductive abnormalities and those with normal once. This study showed that reproductive disorders highly affected the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Further detailed studies on the major reproductive health disorders in the area should be carried out. Keywords: Bishoftu, Brucellosis, crossbred dairy cattle, reproductive performance, reproductive problems
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    Assessment of Problems/Constraints Associated with Artificial Insemination Service in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Gebremedhin, Desalegn; Bekana, Merga(PhD)
    Study on reproductive performance of 18 AI bulls and on the efficiency of AI operations was conducted at the National Artificial Insemination Center and in purposively selected ten areas of five regional states. This study was also conducted to assess the problems and constraints associated with artificial insemination service. The 18 bulls were owned by NAIC and were in semen production. Questionnaire survey was also carried out on technical staffs that were performing their duties at the National AI Center. Evaluation of number of services per conception and conception rates to first insemination was carried out. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on 375 cows in the selected areas. Besides, 114 straws of semen, 61 from regions, and the other 53 from NAIC were checked for semen motility to see if there were any differences in motility due to handling between the center and the regions.Thirty AI technicians and 246 farmers were used for the collection of data using questionnaire surveys. Moreover, fifty-two high-level professionals who have stakes directly or indirectly in the artificial insemination service have been used to participated in the focus group discussions. Mean (± E) scrotal circumference for Holstein, Jersey and crosses of Holstein with indigenous breeds at NAIC was 39.71± 0.64, 41.00 ± 1.16 and 39.00 ±1.00 respectively. The results did not differ (p>0.05) among the three breeds. Similarly, the outcome of semen physiomorphological analysis revealed that there was no difference (P>0.05) for the different semen characteristics except for the total morphological defects which differed significantly (P<0.05) among the three breeds. The sources, the selection procedures, and the health status of the AI bulls at NAIC were found to have serious problems. Mean (± SE) number of services per conception and conception rate to first insemination were 1.74 ± 0.07 and 16.08 ± 0.44 respectively. These results differ significantly (P0.05) between the NAIC and the regions. The overall results of the assessment via questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions at large have indicated that artificial insemination is not doing well in all the regions and at national level at large. It is inferred, therefore, that artificial insemination operation in Ethiopia is not a success and requires urgent measures to change the situation before it totally collapses.
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    Assessment of Survival and Reproductive Performance of Glossina Pallidipes Maintained Under Blood of Different Animals at Kality Tsetse Rearing and Irradiation Center
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2012-06) Kebede, Assefa; Dr. Ashenafi, Hagos
    Survival of fertile female tsetse flies and their fecundity, the emergence rate of pupae they produce and the survival of sterile males are important for the success of SIT. In the present study the highest survival rate, mean percentage of surviving flies, and fecundity was found in flies fed on bovine and ovine blood diets. However, the emergency rate of pupae produced from these blood diets had lower than pupae produced on mixed blood diets. Moreover, the least survival rate was found in both flies maintained on porcine and mixed blood diets, the least being in mixed blood diets. The survival rate of flies maintained under caprine blood diets was slightly higher than flies maintained under porcine and mixed blood diets, however, the mean percentage of survived number of flies in this blood diets were the least of all blood diets. The fecundity of flies maintained under bovine blood expressed as pupae per initial female (PPIF) was 3.31 and 2.77 for ovine blood diets. However, the values in the rest blood groups were below the required standard for self sustaining tsetse mass rearing. In the other hand, during the production weeks, the fecundity of female G. pallidipes as expressed in pupae per female per 10 days (P/F/10 days) was near to the minimum average fecundity required for maintenance of a given colony in flies fed on bovine and ovine blood diets. The highest percentage of pupal quality class (class E) was recorded on ovine. However, the least was recorded in flies fed on bovine blood diets next to caprine. Extremely low mean percentage of survival, fecundity, poor pupal quality and low emergency rate recorded in flies fed on caprine blood diet. Furthermore, irradiation of adult males of G. pallidipes at 120 Gy gamma radiations resulted in significantly reduction of their average life span compared with non-irradiated males. Lastly, the overall emergency rate of G. pallidipes of the Arbaminch origin of the Center was found to be 88% and the female to male ratio was almost 1:1. Therefore, the overall performances of female G. pallidipes maintained under ovine blood diets were found to be almost the same or better than bovine blood. Hence, Kality tsetse rearing and irradiation center may use this blood as alternative to bovine blood. Furthermore, during releasing of sterile males as SIT component, their short survival time should be considered. Key words: G. pallidipes, Fecundity, Survival, Emergency rate, Blood diets, Kality Tsetse Rearing and Irradiation Center, SIT, Ethiopia
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    ASSESSMENT OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) AND POST VACCINAL SEROCONVERSION RATE OF PPR-VIRUS IN SMALL RUMINANTS OF AWASH FENTALE WOREDA, AFAR NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
    (2007-06) FARIS, DELIL; Dr. Berhe Gebreegziabher; Dr. Yilkal Asfaw, Dr. Kelay Belihu
    A study was conducted in small ruminants in Awash Fentale Woreda Afar National Regional State, from September 2006 to June 2007, to determine seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants, to investigate outbreak of the disease and assess postvaccinal seroconversion to the virus. From a total of 1,239 small ruminants, 879 goats and 360 sheep sampled 21(1.70%) animals were found to be positive using competitive ELISA. The seroprevalence in goats was 2.28% and in sheep 0.28%. The difference in the seroprevalence rate of PPR between goats and sheep was statistically significant (p<0.05). The overall and the village level seroprevalence were very small but since animals included in this study had no history of PPR vaccination, the seroprevalence result indicated the circulation of the virus in the population. In addition to its importance in detecting the virus circulation, this seroprevalence study indicated indirectly the poor herd immunity level. A number of small ruminants in the area, which were not vaccinated, showed characteristic symptoms of PPR and serological result from these groups was higher than the previous seroprevalence report. From 238 small ruminants (197 goats and 41 sheep) sampled from suspected outbreak, 84 (42.6%) goats and only 3 (7.3%) sheep were found to be seropositive. The seroprevalence between sheep and goats was statistically different (p<0.05). Animal health professionals and CAHWs vaccinated small ruminants in the study area against PPR. Among the vaccinated small ruminants a total of 1,096 were resampled from the same villages to see sroconversion. The seroconversion estimate of animals vaccinated was 61.1% but there was difference between sheep and goats. The rate of postvaccinal seroconversion in goats (68%) was higher and statistically different (p<0.05) compared with sheep (47.6%). But no difference in the post vaccinal seroconversion rate was seen between animals vaccinated by professional animal health workers and CAHWs (p>0.05).
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    Bacteriological Guality of Bovine Milk in Small Hollder Dairy Farms in Debre Zeit, Hthiopia
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2004-06) Wubete, Alehegne; Gebreab, Feseha (Prof)
    The critical control points in milk handling, determination of bacterial load of milk at each critical control points and farm water, isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens in milk were determined from September 2003 to March 2004. A total of 178 raw milk samples from various critical points, and 77 farm water samples were taken three times from 27 small holder dairy farms of Adaa-Liben district dairy and dairy products producers and marketing co-operative society. Pasteurized milk samples (n=100) were taken from Mama milk processing plant. Specific gravity, alcohol and Californian mastitis tests were used as screening tests, and total aerobic plate counts (TAPC) and coliform counts from milk and the most probable number (MPN) of coliform counts from farm water were conducted. Isolation and identification of the bacteria in the milk was conducted following standard methods. The specific gravity values of milk from the dairy owner’s were in the range of 1.025 to 1.029. The normal range being 1.026 to 1.032 at 20 oC. Nine percent of the samples had values below 1.026, an indication of some adultration with addition of water. All the milk samples tested were alcohol test negative. Pooled milk was taken from 25 dairy farms and the CMT results showed that 76 % of the total samples were CMT negative and the remaining 24 % were positive for CMT, indicating the presence of mastitis. The mean total aerobic plate counts of raw milk samples analyzed were 2.10x105 (udder), 1.58x107 (bucket), 1.50x108 (storage container), and 5.67x109 cfu/ml upon arrival at processing plant. The mean coliform counts were 4.84x103 (udder), 1.37x105 (bucket), 1.67x106 (storage container), and 1.26x107 cfu/ml upon arrival at processing plant. The increment of the TAPC and coliform counts at each critical control points were observed statistically significant (P < 0.001) for both counts. There was no significant variation between milk collection centers and the interactions between milk collection centers and critical control points for TAPC and coliform counts (P > 0.1). According to international standards of raw milk quality both the TAPC and coliform counts have values above the upper limits set. These include 10.4% of the raw milk samples from udder, 45.4% of raw milk samples from milking bucket and 100% of raw milk samples from storage containers and X upon arrival at processing plant for TAPC.and 37.7% of the raw milk samples from udder, 96.1% of raw milk samples from milking bucket and 100% of raw milk from storage container and upon arrival at processing plant for coliform counts. Analysis of water samples from the farms revealed that 54.6% were poor (non potable) quality. Pasteurized milk in this study had TAPC and coliform counts ranging from 2.65x103 to 7.2x105 and 0 to 7.5x103 cfu/ml, respectively. Based on the international standards, 7% and 27% of pasteurized milk fall below the standards set for TAPC and coliform counts, respectively. In the course of this study the frequent bacterial pathogens isolated from raw milk samples taken from the udder include: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermidus, Staphylococcus epidermidus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Streptococcus agalactae, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus bovis, Corynebacterium bovis, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Similarly, samples from milking bucket, storage container and upon arrival at processing plant were additionally contaminated with bacterial pathogens such as Micrococcus, Rhodococcus spp, Enterococcus fecalis, Bacillus spp, Escherchia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter aglomerans, Klebsiella pneumonia and Citrobacter freundi. Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterobacter aerogenes. Bacteria of public health significance isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium haemolyticum, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia. coli. Bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus intermidus, Staphylococcus epidermidus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes Enterococcus faecium, Corynebacterium haemolyticum, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Klebsiella oxytoca which are normally eliminated by efficient pasteurization, were still present in the pasteurized milk samples. The present study showed that: TAPC and coliform counts of raw milk were increased at all critical points from udder to upon arrival at processing plant significantly. However, the counts decreased to lower level after pasteurization. Most probable number (MPN) of coliform counts from farm water samples showed 55.6% were of non-potable quality XI The number and types of isolated bacteria increased after the milk left the udder to upon arrival at processing plant due to exogenous contamination sources. The health of dairy herd, milking and storage conditions, unclean milk equipment, frequent transferring of milk into different containers and sieves, contaminated water were some of the basic determinants of milk quality. Furthermore, the milk was also subjected to more contamination as it was transported long distances to the processing plant under high ambient temperature and without cold chain facility and using materials which were not airtight. The high level of counts and isolate numbers and types found in the milk represent a poor keeping quality and public health risk to the consumer and this suggests the need for improved hygiene practice at all levels in the dairy. Keywords: Milk, TAPC, Coliform counts, MPN, Raw, Pasteurized, Critical points, CMT
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    Bacteriological Quality of Bovine Milk in Small Hollder Dairy Farms In Debre Zeit, Ethiopa
    (AAU, 2004-06) Wubete Yirsaw, Alehegne; Molla, Bayleyegn (PhD)
    The critical control l point in milk handling, determination of bacterial load of In milk at each critical control points and farm water, isolation and identification of bacterial pathgens in milk were determined from .september2003 to march 2004 .A total f 178 raw milk ample form various critical points , and 77 farm water sample were taken three times from 27 small holder dairy farm of Adaa-Libcn district dairy and dairy products producers and marketing co-operative society Pasteurized milk sample (n= 100) were taken from mama milk processing plant. Specific gravity alcohol and Californian mastitis were used as screening test and total aerobic plate counts (TA P C) and coliforrn count • from milk and the most probable num be r (MPN ) of coliforn count from farm water were conducted. Isolation and identification of the bacteria in the milk was conducted following standard method.
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    Bacteriological Study of Raw Milk of Dairy Goats with Special Reference to Mastitis in Adami-tulu Jiddo Kombolcha District,Oromiya Regional State Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2005-06) Wakwoya, Assefa; Molla, Bayleyegn PhD.
    A cross-sectional bacteriological study of goal milk with special reference mastitis was carried out from September 2004 to March 2005 in Adami-Tulu Jiddo Kombolcha district A total of 680 milk samples were colleted from 30 flocks having 340 lactating goats.The Prevalence of mastitis was 69.4% at goat level and 55% at halve level. The prevalence of clinical mastitis at animal level was 67.1% and 53% respectively. of all the flocks examined 30(100%) at an least one animal was found infected with a mastitis pathoge. The flock prevalence ranged from 17.5% to 100% of animals and from 11.8% to 95% of the halves. Two hundred seventy eight (40.9%) milk samples were CMT positive Considering culture as a gold standard the sensitivity. Specificity and agreemen were 66.9% 90.9 and 0.56 respectively This indicates that CMT can be used for detecaion of subclinical mastitis in indigenous goats. A total of 405. isolates were identified from 374 halves of 236 goats and they were diversified in species .The major organisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp.representing (22.5%) of the total isolates and 57.1% of the Staphylococcus species Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for 9.6% of the total isolates and 57.1% of the Staphylococcus species Staphlococcus epidermidis accounted for 9.6% of the total isolates and 42.9% of the Staphylococcus spp Bacillus spp.were the second frequently isolates bacterial spp accouning for 10.4% of the total isolates.other bacteria isolated were E.coli (7.9%), P. aeuroginosa (7.9%) K pneumoniae (5.7%) Acinetobacter spp. (4.9%). Micrococcus spp (4.7%).C bovis (4.%).C ulcerans (4%). B cereus (3.5%). Streptococcus spp. (3.5%). A pyogenes and E. aerogenes each (3.2%). C pseudouberculosis (3%). S.marscenes (2.7%). P. mirablis (1.2%) R.equi (1.2%). C freundii.C diversus Actinobacillus equlli and P. hemolytica (each 0.9%). Y enterocolitica and Candida albicans (each 0.5%).Enterococcus fecalis, E agglomerans pseudotuberculosis p vulgaris and p multocida (each 0.3%) Drug susceptibility test was conducted on frequently isolated bacteria and major pathogenic species against eleven antimicrobials (Oxoid. Hamshire. England) .All S.aureus spp. (100%),17 (43.6%) S.epidermidis, 14 (100%) Streptococcus spp. 13 (100%) A pyogenes. 10 (71.4%) B. methicillin. cefoxitin. naidixic acid. erythromycin. cloxacillin. sulfonamide. chloramphenicol. gentamycin. penicillin G. streptomycin and oxytetracycline. Penicillin G was tested only for Staphylococcus spp. When considering the over all antimicrobial resistance pattern, 75.7% of the tested ioslates were susceptible to the antimicrobials. The most effective drugs were gentamycin. Polymixin B.sulfonamide and erythomycins.Nalidixic acid, cloxacillin. Methicillin and streptomycin were less effective against the tested pathogens. The most resistant bacteria were K. pneumoniae and E.aerogenus. However they were 100% susceptible to polymyxin B.nalidixic acid and gentamycin. Escherichia coli were resistant to methicillin.erythromycin and cefoxitin similar to K.pneumoniae and E.aerogens. The most effective drug against E coli were polymyxin B. nalidixic acid and gentamycin Corynebacterium species and Arcanobacter pyogenes were generally susceptible to all isolateas of S.aureus were susceptible to sulfonamide and gentamycin. Abous 82.7% of the S. aureus spp. Were susceptible to methicillin whereas 17.3% were resistant. Host risk factors such as udder characteristics (pendulous or non pendulous) and parity has got relation (p<0.05) with prevalence of mastitis High producing goats with pendulous udder and multiparious goats were more susceptible intrammary infection.
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    Bacteriological Study of Raw Milk of Dairy Goats With Special Reference to Mastitis in Adami-Tulu Jiddo- Kombolcha District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
    (2005-06) ASSEFA, WAKWOYA; Dr. Bayleyegn Molla, Dr. Kelay Belihu
    A cross-sectional bacteriological study of goat milk with special reference to mastitis was carried out from September 2004 to March 2005 in Adami-Tulu Jiddo Kombolcha district. A total of 680 milk samples were collected from 30 flocks having 340 lactating goats.The prevalence of mastitis was 69.4% at goat level and 55% at halve level. The prevalence of clinical mastitis at animal level and halve level was 2.4% and 2.1% respectively, whereas the prevalence of subclinical mastitis at animal level and halve level was 67.1% and 53% respectively. Of all the flocks examined 30(100%) at least one animal was found infected with a mastitis pathogen. The flock prevalence ranged from 17.5% to100% of animals and from 11.8 % to 95% of the halves. Two hundred seventy eight (40.9%) milk samples were CMT positive. Considering culture as a gold standard the sensitivity, specificity and agreement were 66.9%, 90.9% and 0.56 respectively. This indicates that CMT can be used for detection of subclinical mastitis in indigenous goats. A total of 405 isolates were identified from 374 halves of 236 goats and they were diversified in species. The major organisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp. representing (22.5%) of the total isolates. Staphylococcus aureus was the dominant bacteria representing 12.8% of the total isolates and 57.1% of the Staphylococcus species. Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for 9.6% of the total isolates and 42.9% of the Staphylococcus spp. Bacillus spp. were the second frequently isolated bacterial spp accounting for 10.4% of the total isolates. Other bacteria isolated were E. coli (7.9%), P. aeuroginosa (7.9%), K. pneumoniae (5.7%), Acinetobacter spp. (4.9%), Micrococcus spp (4.7%), C. bovis (4%), C. ulcerans (4%), B. cereus (3.5%), Streptococcus spp. (3.5%), A. pyogenes and E. aerogenes each (3.2%), C. pseudotuberculosis (3%), S. marscenes (2.7%), P. mirablis (1.2%), R. equi (1.2%), C. freundii, C. diversus, Actinobacillus equlli and P. hemolytica (each 0.9%), Y. enterocolitica and Candida albicans (each 0.5%), Enterococcus fecalis, E. agglomerans,Y. pseudotuberculosis, P. vulgaris and P. multocida (each 0.3%). xii Drug susceptibility test was conducted on frequently isolated bacteria and major pathogenic species against eleven antimicrobials (Oxoid, Hamshire, England ). All S. aureus spp. (100%), 17 (43.6%) S. epidermidis, 14 (100%) Streptococcus spp., 13 (100%) A. pyogenes, 10 (71.4%) B. cereus, 11 (34.4%) E. coli, 10 (43.5%) K. pneumoniae 8 (61.5%) were tested against polymyxin B, methicillin, cefoxitin, naidixic acid, erythromycin, cloxacillin, sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, penicillin G, streptomycin and oxytetracycline. Penicillin G was tested only for Staphylococcus spp. When considering the over all antimicrobial resistance pattern, 75.7 % of the tested isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials. The most effective drugs were gentamycin, polymixin B, sulfonamide and erythromycin. Nalidixic acid, cloxacillin, methicillin and streptomycin were less effective against the tested pathogens. The most resistant bacteria were K. pneumoniae and E. aerogenus. However, they were100% susceptible to polymyxin B, nalidixic acid and gentamycin. Escherichia coli were resistant to methicillin, erythromycin and cefoxitin similar to K .pneumoniae and E. aerogens. The most effective drug against E. coli were polymyxin B, nalidixic acid and gentamycin. Corynebacterium species and Arcanobacter pyogenes were generally susceptible to all drugs except nalidixic acid. Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to penicillin and nalidixic acid. All isolates of S. aureus were susceptible to sulfonamide and gentamycin. About 82.7% of the S. aureus spp. were susceptible to methicillin whereas 17.3% were resistant. Host risk factors such as udder characteristics (pendulous or non pendulous) and parity has got relation (p<0.05) with prevalence of mastitis. High producing goats with pendulous udder and multiparious goats were more susceptible to intrammary infection.
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    BOVINE BABESIOSIS AND ITS VECTORS AT KOBO AND GIRANA VALLEYS IN AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE OF ETHIOPIA.
    (2007-06) SEYOUM, ZENEBE; Dr. Hagos Ashenafi, Dr. Asoke Kumar Basu
    A study on bovine babesiosis and its vector was conducted at Kobo and Girana valleys of North Wollo Zone in Amhara National Regional state, Northern Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and identify at species level of bovine babesiosis and the vector and indicate the associating risk factor for Boophilus decoloratus tick through longitudinal study. A total of 370 cattle from both valleys were used for a cross sectional study while 60 cattle were also involved in longitudinal study during four consecutive seasons. The longitudinal study was conducted on October, December, January and March that represents late rain, early dry, late dry and early rain seasons respectively. The prevalence of Babesia bigemina in a cross sectional study of age groups <2, 2-4 and >4) was (20.3%, 24.3%, and 16.1%), respectively. The prevalence of B. bigemina among the three age groups was not statistically (p>0.05) significant. Sex (male and female) basis of Babesia bigemina infection rate were (12.7% and 7.6%) respectively and high infection rate (26.5%) were observed in animals with poor body condition than animals with good body condition (15.19%). The prevalence of sex and body condition wise was found statistically (p<0.05) significant. Animals that are found at Kobo valley (22.7%) and Girana valley (17.8%) were surveyed on disease prevalence during a cross sectional study. The prevalence of Babesia bigemina in the valleys was not statistically (p>0.05) significant. The infestation rate of Boophilus decoloratus in age groups (<2, 3-4 and >4) were 73.2%, 82.1% and 91.9%), respectively. And sex (male and female) wise infestation rate were (86.6% and 78.3%), respectively. Age and sex wise prevalence was found statistically (p<0.001 and p<0.05) significant, respectively. Older animals, males and animals with poor body condition were found to carry more ticks than others. Out of the whole Boophilus decoloratus collected, the proportion of females adult ticks were higher in number than males once, that is the ratio male to females was (0.41: 1) and Boophilu decoloratus from the whole tick counts was represent (24.4%), rank third next to Amblyomma cohaerence (24.9%) and Amblyomma variegatum (28.22%). Different tick species have their own preference of attachment sites on their host. Though Boophilus decoloratus has its own preference of predilection feeding sites, but in this study except ano- vulva the tick was collected from all over the host body. Mainly back (shoulder), dewlap, head and ear, but also from venter, tail and hoof. The prevalence of Babesia bigemina during longitudinal study in cattle sub populated by age, sex, and body condition were studied, in general the infection rates were lower, except animals with 3-4 age groups (30%) and sex wise viii prevalence of longitudinal study was found higher than a cross sectional. The difference among age and sex wise were not statistically (p>0.05) significant. Body condition basis prevalence of Babesia bigemina result of longitudinal study was found similar with that of a cross sectional study result and the difference was (p<0.05) significant. The infestation rate of Boophilus decoloratus studied in longitudinal study during four consecutive seasons on animals sub populated by age, sex, body condition, valleys and season was generally lower than that of a cross sectional study and the difference statistically was not (p>0.05) significant except seasons which was found (p<0.05) significant. In all variables studied the prevalence of Boophilus decoloratus was found higher generally during rainy seasons than that of dry seasons. The risk of Boophilus decoloratus infestation was found lower in dry seasons as compared to rainy seasons (OR = 1.56, 95% Cl = 1.43 - 2.39) and the likelihood of acquiring infection was (OR = 3.56, 95% Cl =1.56 - 8.14) 3 times higher in rainy seasons than dry seasons. The main cause of high infestation and infection in the valleys were observed as a result of the unrestricted movement of animals from different part of the country that used to pass via the valleys to the Northern part the country, time less bounded usage of acaricide by different non-ethical individuals, inadequate dosage of acaricide and drought. Restriction of animals' movement, quarantine measures, strong and sustainable extension works should be done to create awareness of the livestock keepers.
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    Bovine Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Major Pathogens in Small Holder Daiy Farms in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 2006-06) Kassaye, Getahun; Belihu., Dr. KeJay
    The study w as co nducted wi th the objectives of detemlining the prevalence o f clinical and subclinical mastitis, identifying th e major pathogens of bo vi ne mastitis and testing antimicrobial resistance of th e major pathogens isolated from quarter mi lk samples in smallholder dairy farms in the central highlands of Eth iopi a. For this study, 109 smallholder fanners and 500 dairy cows were selec ted by a one-sta ge cl uster sampling. Questionnaire survey w as administered to th e f ann owners to c alleet data on cow and faml attributes. Clinical examination, CMT and bacteriological culturing were perfonned to diagnose the occurrence of clinica l and subc lin ical mastiti s. Data collected was analyzed using descript ive statistics and univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The results revealed that the prevalence of clinical mastitis at herd, cow and quaner level after culturing was 11 %, 2.6% and 0.5 1 %. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis at herd, cow and quarter le ve l was 54.7%, 22.3% and 10.06%, respectively. The most important pathogens isolated from subcli nical mas titis cases were S. aw'eus (46.6%), s. epidermidis (22.8%), Sr. aga/aeriae (11.1 %) and Sr . liberis ( 10.1 %), whereas those of clinical mastitis were Sr. aga/aeriae (30%), Sr. dysgalacriae (30%) and S. aureus (20%). The univariate logistic regression showed that , among the risk facto rs considered, presence of teat lesion (pO .05). In addition , the. prevalence of subclinical mastitis at herd level was not sign ifi cantly affected by all the factors considered {farm attributes}. Regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility test. Sr. inrermidills and S1. dysgalactiae we re the species. which s ho wed high level of susceptibility for most of the antimicrobials, while the rest had different levels of resistance for almost all the antimicrobials. From the antimicrobial s applied sulphonamides was the most effective drugs, whi le ampicilin was the least effective drug. From this study it can be co ncluded that the prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis VIII were low and moderate, respectively, in the study area. S. allrellS, was found to be the major isolate and many of the pathogens showed resistance to commonly used drugs.
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    Calf Morbidity and Mortality in Dairy Farms in Debre Zeit and Its Environs, Ethiopla
    (AAU, 2004-06) Temesgen Jemberu, Wudu; Belihu, KeJay (PhD); Kassa, Tesfu (Prof); Hailemarian, Mekoonen (PhD)
    A longitudinal prospective observational study on calf morbidity and mortality in dairy faons in Dcbre Zeit and its environs was conducted from October II, 2003 to April 8, 2004 with the objective of describ ing incidence of calf morbidity and mortality, investigating potential risk factors related to calf morbidity and mortality and identification ofsomc pathogens associated with calf diarrhea. A total of236 cah'cs, 51 from three large dairy famls and a random sample of 185 calves from market oriented smallholder dairy famls in Ocbre Zeit and its surrounding were included in the study. Each calf was ind ividually identified and regu larly monitored for clinical health problems up to an age of six months. Infomlation on different potential risk factors were collected by personal observation during the regular visit to farms and from questionnaire survey conducted during the study. Fecal samples were also collected from diarrheic calves for laboratory examination to detect entropathogens involved. The overall incidences of crude morbidity and crude mortality found in this study were 61.5% and 18.0%, respectively. Disease conditions/syndromes that were diagnosed in calves included diarrhea, p.neumonia, navel ill, joint ill, septicemic conditions, congenital problems and other miscellaneous cases. The most frequent disease syndrome was calf diarrhea with the incidence of 42.9% followed by pneumonia (4.9%). The incidence of calf diarrhea and crude morbidity were apparently higher in large dairy farms than in the market o riented smallholder farms. However, the mortality was higher in the latter. A total of 20 potential risk factors were investigated for their association with the risk of crude calf morbidity, crude calf mortality and calf diarrhea using Cox's proportional hazard model. Age was the only factor thai was found significantly associated with risk of crude calf mortality (HR= 0.04, P= 0.001). Older calves above three months age were at lower risk of mortality than younger calves under three months of age. When weaned calves were considered, weanin~ age and age at first colostrum feeding were additional risk factors. Among the risk factors examined, those found significantly associated with the incidence of crude morbidity were age of the calves. age at first colostrum ingestion and cleanness of the calf house. Older calves were at lower risk of crude morbidity (HR=O.42, P = 0.001) than younger calves. Higher risk of crude morbidity were observed in calves that ingested their first colostrum meal later than 6 hours of age as compared with those that ingested before 6 V[[] hours (HR = 2.24, P = 0.001). Sim ila rly calves housed at unclean house were at higher risk of crude morbidity than those housed in clean house (HR = 1.75, P = 0.024). Risk factors with sign ifica nt assoc iation to calf diarrhea were age, condition of birth and cleanness of calf house. Older age was again associated with low ri sk of diarrhea as compared with younger age (HR = 0.24, P = 0.000). Calves from prolonged labor or dystocia (HR = 3.01, P = 0.002) and housed at unclean house (HR = 2.34, P = 0.011) were at greater ri sk of diarrhea than those calves from !lonnal delivery and in c lean house, respectively. Based on laboratory examination, Sa/monella and Cryptosporidium were detected from diarrheic calves at ' rate of 2/55(3.6%) and 4/55(7.2%), respectively. The serotypes of Salmonella identified were Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmol/ella Heidelberg both of which were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics. In conclusion, the incidence of calf morbidity and mortality found in this study were high and could affect the productivity of the dairy famls through mainly decreasing the availability of replacement stock. Among the management risk factors investigated, time of first colostrum ingestion and cleanness of the calf house were found very important; incidentally, these two aspects of calf management are easy for observation and carrying out appropriate interventions. Implementation of good calf management in these areas could contribute in the reduction of the -high calf disease problems seen in this study_ Salmollella and Cryptosporidilln/ were found in diarrheic calves and these pathogens in addition to their role in calf diarrhea, are potent zoonotics. Individuals particu larly very young, elderly and immunocompromised, in contact with calves are al a potential risk of infection and therefore, efforts should be mounted to avoid such risks.
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    Cattle Tick Dynamics in Different Agro-ecological Zones of Wolayta. Southern Ethiopia
    (AAU, 2005-06) Sheferaw Mereba, Desie; Abebe, Getachew (Prf)
    A study on cattle tick dynamics was conducted on three agro –eclogical zones of wolayta. Ethiopia, from august 2004 to with the objective of identifying the common species.and determining the tick burden difference of indigenous and Holstein cross. The study was conducted using cross – sectional and longitudinal designs to asses the adult ticks attached on cattle during wet and dry periods; and asses the monthly total tick burden on animals in all the three agro – ecological zones respectively.
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    Characterization of Dairy Cattle Production Systems in Debremarkos City Administrative Woreda of East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Yayeh, Zemenu; Hailemariam, Mekonen
    The study was conducted in Debremarkos Woreda, Amhara National Regional State, from October 2007 to may 2008 with a with the objective of characterization of dairy cattle production systems /practices of the Woreda; to get base line data on the status of dairy cattle production levels in the study area and identify the .constraints and opportunities of dairy production. All 7 kebeles of Debremarkos were included in the study. A total of 200 house holds were selected randomly based on the proportion of total house holds in each kebele site using random nLunber table. In formations were collected from secondary data, by key informant group discussion, household level questionnaire survey, fann visit and personal observations. The data were analyzed using the SPSS computer soft ware and Ex-cell programs. The mean land holding in rural farms were 1 ha and except 5 persons the rest of urban area farms were landless. The mean livestock holding was 8.36 TLU in rural areas and 5.32 TLU in urban areas. Cattle constituent 98.86 % and 92.44 % of total TLU per household in Urban and rural sites respectively. In urban sites cows constitute 41.20 % of cattle herd and steers 0.60 % and in rural sites steers constitute 20.31 % and cows 29.00 % of cattle herd. The propOltion of cross breed and local breed cows in urban areas was 31.10% and 69.90% and for rural areas it was 3.38 % and 96.62% respectively. Main feed resources were crop residues and communal grazing land and most common supplements include hay, atela, wheat bran and noug cake mix as concentrates. For the last two years AI service was not available in the Woreda. During the survey period 72.0% of urban area and 93.2% Of rural area households used uncontrolled natural mating. Common animal health problems were black leg, anthrax. abortion, foot and mouth disease, ticks, liver fluke. Animal health service (treatment and vaccination) for the last two years was not available in the Woreda. Only 7.5 % of urban area households used private veterinary service. The average daily milk yield was 1.50±0.68 and 7.30±4.65 litters for local and cross bred cows respectively. There was a significant difference in mean daily milk yield, lactation length, AFC and CI, for local breed cattle between urban and rural areas but there was no significant difference for cross breeds except calving interval in between urban and rural areas. Main milk processing milk products include butter, ayib, sour milk, butter milk, whey and "Metata." The main milk market outlet was contractual type of informal marketing either for hotels and restaurants or neighboring consumers. Lack of improved breed cattle, disease, feed shortage, milk market, space and water were IX identified in decreasing order of impOliance as constraints for dairy production. From this study, it was recommended that: Extension service should be improved; dairy cooperatives and bull service should be established. Key words: Characterization, Dairy cattle, Production systems, Debremarkos
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    Characterization of Drug Resistance Patterns of e. Coli isolated from Milk Collected From Small Scale Dairy Farms Reared in Holeta and Burayu, and Meat from Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise and Alema farm Slaughter Slab
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) Equar, Yohannes; Duguma, Reta (Prof)
    A total of 516 samples were collected from December 2015 to April 2016 from dairy cattle farms and slaughterhouses to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance trait of E. coli isolated from cow milk, beef, mutton, chevon and chicken meat. The overall prevalence of E. coli were found to be 79 (15.3%) from both milk and meat. Of these positive cases, the isolation of E. coli was the highest in chicken samples 27 (37.0%), followed by 17 (23.3%) in mutton, 15 (20.6%) in chevon, 16 (7.1%) from cow milk and 4 (5.5 %) in beef. Conventional and molecular method were used to identify E. coli antimicrobial susceptibility trait. The overall result by disk diffusion showed that significantly high resistance to ampicillin (70.9%) and tetracycline (40.5%). On the other hand, the antibiotic sensitivity test showed that highest number of E. coli isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (81%) and chloramphenicol (67.1%). In this study the overall multiple drug resistance was 73.4% and only 7 (8.9 %) of the isolates were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. Identification of the genes associated with antimicrobial resistance was also done using PCR. The prevalence of E. coli isolates carrying antimicrobial resistance gene for tetracycline (tet(A)), beta lactams (blaCMY) and sulphanamide (sulI) genes found in milk, beef, mutton, chevon and chicken meat were significantly high. Fifty six out of the 79 (71%) meat and milk E. coli isolates have got multidrug resistance gene to two or more classes of drugs. The associations of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and resistance genes was also determined. The most common drugs to which isolates demonstrated resistance were consistent with the most common resistance genes detected. Tetracycline, beta lactams and sulphamethoxazole were the top three drugs identified as being the most common for resistance measured either phenotypically or genotypically. So that the rising levels of resistance to multiple antimicrobials dictate the urgent need for frequent and close monitoring of resistance in bacterial pathogens. Key words: Antibiotic resistance, Dairy farm, Escherichia coli, Meat, Milk, Sloughter house
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    Comparative Study of Reproductive and Productive Performance of Holstein Friesian Dairy Cows at Holeta Bull Dam Station and Genesis farms
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-06) Heyredin, Alewya; Berhan, Berhan (Prof)
    The study was conducted at Holeta Bull Dam Station and Genesis Farms with the objective of evaluating age at first effective service (AFS), age at first calving (AFC), days open (DO), number of service per conception (NSC), calving interval (CI), lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation length (LL). Data recorded in the Holeta Bull Dam Station from 1997 to 2003 and in Genesis Farms from1996 to 2005was used for this study. the independent variables considered included location, birth year and season, calving year and season and parity while AFS, AFC, DO, CI, NSC, LMY and LL were the dependent variables. Data were analyzed using The General Linear Models procedure (GLM) of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS 2002). The results indicated that the overall least squares means (± standard error) of AFS, AFC, DO, CI, NSC, LMY and LL were 733 ±16 days, 1001 ± 17days, 202 ± 13 days , 470 ±12days, 2 ± 1, 4097± 1491liters and 301±91days, respectively. Location had highly significant (p<0.001) effect on all traits except NSC. Higher LMY and longer DO, LL, CI, were recorded in the Genesis Farms while longer AFS and AFC were recorded in the Holeta Bull Dam Station. Year of calving had significant effect on CI, DO, LMY and LL. Highest and lowest LMY was recorded in 2002 and 2000, respectively. Higher values of LL, DO and CI were observed in 2003, 2001, 2001, respectively while the lowest values of LL, DO and CI were observed in 2000, 2002 and 2001years, respectively. Parity had significant effect on NSC, LMY and LL while non- significant effect on CI and DO. Higher value of LMY, LL and NSC was absorbed in 2nd, 8th and 7th parity, respectively while lower value of LMY, LL and NSC in absorbed was 7th, 7th and 6th parity respectively. Birth year had highly significant (p<0.001) effect on AFC and AFS. Longest AFC and AFS were absorbed in cows born in1994 while shortest AFC and AFS were absorbed in those born in 2001 and 2002 birth years, respectively. All the traits were non-significantly influenced by season. The reproductive and productive performance of Holstein Friesian in the study Farms is better than many other states and private owned farm in the country. To improve the reproductive and productive performance of dairy cows by improved nutrition, to give attention in heat detection, health care, timely insemination, proper management of postpartum reproductive problems and early growth heifers, to use new reproductive technology, to minimize voluntary waiting period after calving, establish well planed Breeding poly and Standard Record keeping practice should be applied. Keywords: Genesis farms, Holeta, Holstein Friesian, reproductive performance, productive performance
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    Comparative Study of Reproductive and Productive Performance of Holstein Friesian Dairy Cows at Holeta Bull Dam Station and Genesis Farms
    (AAU, 2014-06) Heyredin, Alewya; Goshu, Gebeyehu(Dr
    The study was conducted at Holeta Bull Dam tation and G nesis Farm with the objective of evaluating age at first effective service (AF ) age at first calving (AF ), days open (DO), number of service per conception (N ), calving interval (CI), lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation length (LL). Data recorded in the Holeta Bull Dam Station from 1997 to 2003 and in Genesis arms from1996 to 2005was used for this study. the independent variables considered included location, birth year and season calving year and season and parity while AF , AF , DO cr, N , LMY and LL were the dependent variables. Data were analyzed using The General Linear Models procedure (GLM) of the Statistical Analy is System (A 2002). The results indicated that the overall least squares means (± standard error) of AF , AFC, D , cr, N C, LMY and LL were 733 ±16 days, 1001 ± 17days, 202 ± 13 days, 470 ±12day , 2 ± 1, 4097± 1491liters and 301±91days, respcctively. Location had highly significant (p
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    Contrlbution to the Knowledge of the Epidedemology of Peste Des Petits Ruminats in Wolle and East Shewa Zones of Etillopia
    (AAU, 2001-12) Mohammed Ali, Elzein Bashir; Greiner, Matthias
    A study was carried Qur to eSl1m~lIe the prevalence of peste des petits ruminants>. (PPR) In East Shewa north wollo and South Wollo in Ethiopia and to assess potential risk fractors of thedisease and the economic feasibihty of control by vaccination. The study consisteJ of three parts retrospectiv study (RPS) based on the analysis of a combination of serum bank salmples and samples collected during active search for the disease ( AS) .an active starch for the disease with ultimate aim at ViruS isolation and antigen detection and a retrospective analysis of data collected by the veterinary service (RVET). This study designed to estimate the level of sero-prevalence in the three zones. Dlfferent gourp age groups difierent sex groups and species, the spatial distribution of the disease,. risk factors associated with the disease occurrence and the economic feasibility of conducung a control progrmme. The result of testing 1472 sera with competitive enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) was used to estimate the sera – prevalence.