College of Social Sciences

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Distribution of Common Grazing Land and Conflict among Diverse Claimant Groups: The Case of Arbawash-Dingira Kebele, Jabitehinan Woreda, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2-03) Molla, Asabneh; Teshome, Woldeab (PhD)
This study was conducted with the general purpose of describing and explaining the disagreements and conflicts associated with the distribution of common grazing land in Arbawash Dingira Kebele. It particularly focused on finding out the purpose and criteria of distributing the common grazing land; the claimant groups, their bases of claim, resources and mechanisms of interest realization; the livelihood effect of, and the preference and attitude to the distributed common grazing land; and the various measures taken and their consequences in mediating the different interest groups. In order to answer all the specific objectives, research designs which have both qualitative and quantitative nature were used. Hence, particular methods of research, i.e. focus group discussion, key informant and in-depth interview, documentary research and survey were used in the study so as to meet the specific objectives. In implementing the survey method, a questionnaire was developed and administered to a total sample of 121 household heads who were selected from the two Gotts, Kattal and Seblan, which are respectively found in Arbawash Mariam and Arbawash Michael Nius- Kebeles. As the findings indicate, from the early (6 hectares of land was distributed in 1999/2000 E.C.) and late (21 hectares of land was distributed in 2003E.C1.) phases of distribution of the disputed common grazing land it was found that defending some groups and individuals who were plowing the common grazing land and getting benefit for rural households in the name of the church and for youth were the major purposes or reasons for distribution with various criteria. Though there was a situation where access was allowed for all, regardless of any criteria before, during and after the first time of distribution, later criteria became more formalized. In the early phase of the distribution, the claimant groups were the rural households of the three Nius-Kebeles. Later, however, the claimant groups were polarized into the rural households of the two Nius-Kebeles, Arbawash Mariam and Arbawash Michael with a various but contradictory bases of claim, mechanism and interest realization. The income obtained from the land, livelihood ratings, the preferences and attitudes of respondents to the distributed grazing land all indicate that most of the rural households in the two Nius-kebels seemed unsatisfied on the livelihood effect made by the distributed grazing land for which they have been in conflict. In solving the disagreements and conflicts on the different phases of the distribution, both legal and traditional mechanisms of conflict management had been implemented. However, the traditional mechanism of conflict management was more successful
The Oromo of Wollega : A Historical Survey to 1910
(Addis Ababa University, 1980-07) Ta'a, Tesema; Tamrat, Taddesse (PhD)
This paper is a historical survey of the Oromo of Wollega from the . e.t/-;.(J ()..AA.. J L
Trends and Variations of Some Climatic Elements at Three Stations in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 1984-06) Abate, Kefialew; Gamachu, Daniel (PhD)
T1'.€' pape r is or gan ized i nto six chapte rs . The f irs t and t he second chapters ~eal wi t h i n troduct ory discussions like spe cifi c obj e ctives, justi f ication and r a t ionale , data sources and methodo l ogy and revi ew of relat ed literature. The third, fourth and fif th chap t ers are analys is of s urface wind speed and dir ection, tempe rat ur e and r a infa ll patt e rns whe re as the sixth chapter is a summary of the findings and recommenda tio ns. Tre paper discusses the three climatic elements o f winds, t empe r ature and r a infall at t h ree stations in Addis ~ ~a b a . The decadal, mont hly and seascnal vRriations of these e l ements a t t he t hr ee sta ticns are examine d . Some te chniques of ti~e s eri es analysis have been employed to see so~e identifiable tr ends cf t he three climatic e l ements over ti me .
A Study of Altitudinal Plant Zonation on the Western Slopes of Mount Chilalo, Arsi
(Addis Ababa University, 1984-07) Tekle, Kebrom; Gamachu, Daniel (PhD)
differenc·os especi ally between the stands with and without Rrica a rborea, Were seen in most of the vRriables dmsi de r ad . Based on the findings the vegetation on the Vlestern Slopes was divided into four cate.I'ories wi th mor e problems in categories 2 and 4 which Were affected by burning and de ffo re station re spa cti ve ly. Be fore the p r oblems e xte nd to Ca tegorie s 1 and ), it i s suggested that ways and means should be sought to decrease defforestation (in category 4) and substituk ' it by reaffor estation p r ogramme; 9.nd mini mize animal rearing (in category 2) which mi ght oecr ease the fire hazards in the area dominated by Erica a rborea .
Fertility and Child Mortality in Agricultural Households of Rural Ethiopia: The Case of Arssi Administrative Region
(Addis Ababa University, 1986-04) Seleshi, Kebede
Peasant Response To Famine In Ethiopia, 1975-1985 With Special Emphasls On Manazna Gishe,Yifatna Timuga And Wolaita Awrajas
(1987) Heile Adhana, Adhana; Zawde, Bahru(PhD)
The Utilization of Selected Government Health Facilities in Addis Ababa
(1988-06) Mengistu, Bellete; Kloos, Helmut (PhD)
Soil Conservation Experiments on Cultivated Land in the Maybar Area, Wello Region, Ethiopia•
(Addis Ababa University, 1988-06) Tesfaye, Mulugeta; Hurni, Hans (PhD)
Soil conservation experiments consisting 6 plots (five of them treated and one untreated control plot) were established in 1986 in the Maybar area to identify the most suitable soil conservation measure(s) for the area and other similar areas in Wello region. The plots (each 30m long and 6m wide) are placed side by side on a 28% slope with a well-drained, highly stony, HAPLIC PHAEOZEM of about 60 cm depth . The treatments are Level Bund, Graded Bund, Level Fanya juu, Graded Fanya juu and Grass Strip. Soil loss and runoff measurements from the experimental plots were made during 65 rainfall events with a total rainfall amount and erosivity (EI30) of 2098mm and 876 Joules m- i h- i , respectively. 41 of the 65 rainfall periods having a total rainfall amount and EI30 value of l29lmm and 516 Joules m- i h- i respectively were monitored in 1986. The rest (24 rainfall events with rainfall amount and EI30 of 8Q7mm. and 360 Joules m- i h .- i , respectively) occurred in 1987. The observed annual soil loss values from all experimental plots are below the tolerance level. between experimental plots. Yet, significant differences exist The graded Bund showed distinctivelyhigher soil loss in both 1986 and 1987 amounting to 5.15 tons/ha and 1 . 66 tons/ha, respectively. The t hree level soil conservation measures (Level Fanya juu, Grass Strip and Level Bund) consistently showed significantly lower annual soil loss values in both the years amounting to 0.49, 0 . 84 and 1.04 tons/ha, respectively in 1986 and to 0.15, 0.40 and 0.54 tons/ha in 1987. The control plot showed an annual soil loss of 2.02 tons/ha (which was less than half of the annual soil loss of the Graded Bund) in 1986 and of 1 . 1 tons/ha in 1987 . Crop cover (as the major factor), high surface stoniness of the experimental plots which encouraged infiltr ation of rainwater into the soil and the dominance of low - erosivity rains during the study period were observed to have resulted in very low soil losses during individual rainfall events . Under the rainfall conditions observed in 1986 and 1987, vegetative cover together with the high surface stoniness on the experimental plots have been sufficient to reduce soil loss from the plots to values below the tolerance level. However, soil loss data collected from test plots in the Maybar area showed that extreme years will produce upto 100 times more erosion than during the study period. As a result of the experiments, it is concluded that in the Maybar area and in the whole eastern escarpment of Wello, the choice should be for agronomic soil conservation measures . These have to be supported by physical soil conservation measures (Level Fanya juu, Grass Strip a nd Leve l Bund) on steep slopes (15 to 50%) since test plot data have shown that extreme years will result in soil losses much higher than those observed during the study period. However, even where the physical meaures are applied, the stress should be on reducing inter-terrace erosion by means of agronomic measures
Deforestation and Degradation of Juniperus Pro Cera Forest the Case of Negelle Borana
(Addis Ababa University, 1991-09) Tulu, Solomon; Kloos, Helmut (PhD)
This is a study of deforestation and degradation of the Juniperus procera forest in Liben Awraja near Negelle Borana, as affected by human settlement and land use. The Libenarea (annual rainfall 750 - 1500 mm) is part of the Semi-arid lowlands of Ethiopia; 60-70 per cent of Liben area is used mainly for livestock raising. Only about 2 per cent of the area can marginally be used for rainfed crop farming. The Woody Vegetation of Liben area includes : the dry upland juniperus forest , woodland , bushland and ticket . The methodology used included comparative analysis of aerial photos for 1964 and 1984 , unstructured interviews among local pastoralists elders and older Negelle town residents, questionnaire survey in Negelle town and direct observation. Results show that, between 1964-84; the Juniperus procera forest around Negelle town has been reduced in size by 65 per cent and degraded. The causes are multifaceted, among of which are: the expansion of cultivation, the exploitation of wood for fuel and construction, forest fire, the inmigration of four pastoralist groups and the low regeneration capacity of this forest. The ecological consequences are difficult to assess, however. Decline in ground water level, shortage of surface water during the dry season including the widespread erosion features, such as rills, the deepending and widening of gullies indicate the extent of the ecological impact of deforestation. Recommendations are made for afforestation and conservation programmes .
Land- use Among the Gurage and Jille Farmers of Dugda District , South Shewa
(Addis Ababa University, 1991-09) Assefa, Getachew; Watt, Ian (PhD)
Dugda district is found in South Shewa Administra ti ve Region, in the northern part of Adamitulu A,,,raja. The district is lying within the floor of the South Central Rift Valley system and 1.S a typical example of the lowland zone of Ethiopia. The ethnic structure of the rural population of the Dugda is dominated by two ethnic groups: the Gurage and Jille aroma. According to 1 oca 1 legend, each group has its own centre of origion, culture and way of life which are partly ref 1 ected 1.n thei~' present settl ement. Today the Gurage of Dugda live mainly on the undulating plains and uplands of the woinadeqa agro-eco1ogica1 zone of the nothwestern and western parts of the district. On the other hand, the Jillc are inhabiting the extensive moist Kalla agro-eco1ogical zone that constitutes the North - South stretches of the eastern side of Dugda district. Therefore, the main objectives of this study have been to assess the land use pattern of the Gurage and Jill e farmers of Dugda and their atti tude towards differnet land uses (e.g. cultivation and animal husband~'Y)' The necessary data for these objectives were collected mainly through field survey of 90 Gurage and 110 Ji1le farmers . These have involved a two level of sampling techniques. For a detail study of land use history and field visits a total of 41 farmers (19 from the Gurage and 22 from the Ji 11 e), or 3% of the members of the se1 ected PAS of each social group were visited by the writer. Beside this, a tota I of 161 farmers 189 from the Jille and 72 from the Gurage) , or .12 ~; of the farmers of the selected PAS 'verI" surveyed by the r-numerator.c;. In order to analyse Ihe data percentages ,coefficient of variation, C/u square, standard devi a ti on, Simple correlation and regress~on, and analysis of var~ance techniques have been employed. The research revealed that the Gurage farmers have a larger hol dings than the Jill e farmers, the average ho1 ding per farmer for each group being 2.86 ha and 2.26 ha, respectively, The finding also indicated greater disparities ~n farm size among the Jille than the Gurage farmers. The study revealed that fragmentation is greater among the Gurag(' than among the Jil1e farmers, the average number of fields per farmer being 4.51 and 3.08, respecti vely. The land-use survey of the Gurage and Ji11e farmers indicated thr> existence of distinct pattern of crop zonation around the homesteads of the farmers. In the writer's v~e'" it ~s the type and spatial distribution of soils, whatever their distance from the home stead, thaI" determines the zonation of crops around the settlement of the Gurage and the Jille farmers of Dudga. This finding vindicated Ruthenberg's finding of land usc z onation ~n tropical Africa. The assessement of the atti tudes of the Gurage and Ji1le farmers revealed that both farmers of the groups seem to support the policy that emphasizes more animal husbandry than crop cultivation, because of the risk involved in crop damage due to climate. The study recommended that the future land-use policy of the MOA in Dugda should take into account the experiences and desires of the farmers as well as the prevailing environmental constraints in the district.
Migration and Urban Development in Ethiopia: The Case of Nazareth
(Addis Ababa University, 1991-09) Mammo, Kebede; Abate, Alula (PhD)
The Effects of Length of Fallow & Cultivation Periods on the Fertility and Productivity of Lixisols in the Dizi Catchment, Illubabor Region
(Addis Ababa University, 1991-12) Gurmu, Getachew; Herweg, Karl (PhD)
The purpose of this study was: (1) to assess the effect of fallow perioda on the fertility of soils, (2) to evaluate the compounded effecta of fallow periodS and cropping years on the fertility and productivity of 80ila. Experiments were conducted on tallow-sites and on-tarU plota (previously fallowed fj,elds) to attain the above objectives. oata on soil and crop oharacteristics were collected using field and laboratory procedure.. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical methods such aa correlation, analysis of variance and regression. The results of the experiment. on-fallow sites and on-farm plota indicat.e improvements in 80118 of the physical and chemical properties of the 80ils with increase in fallow periods/years. The rates of regeneration were sore pronounced in the earlier fallow periods and decline in time. However, the rates of restoration of organic'matter and some other evaluated nutrients on the on-farm plots were higher than those on-tallow s1 tes. Por example, orqanic matter, total n.itroqen, calcium rates of restoration in the on-farm plots were higher than the on-fallow sites by 8.5 percent, 4.3 percent , 1.6 me/l00g respectively. The findinqs in the on-farm plots, reveal the combined effect8 of fallow periods and cropping years on the fertility and productivity of the soils. Por example, the amount of increase in organic matter was predicted at 16 percent when the fallow period increased from the first to the second year, whereas it increased by only 0.5 percent between 19 and 20 years of fallow. On the contrary, organic matter decreased by 12 peroent between the first and seoond years of cropping and the rate of its degradation declined to 2.5 percent between 10 and 11 years. The increase in maize yield on the average was estimated to be 28 percent with every doubling in fallow period (e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 '0' years). On annual besis this increase was declining in time. For instance, the estimated maize yield increase was as high as 28 percent between the first and second year of fallow, but this increase dropped to 4.8 percent between 10 and 11 years of fallow. On the other hand, maize yield decreased with cultivation years. Por instance, the decline in maize yield varied between 20 percent between the first and second year of cropping and 3.7 percent when the cropping year was 10 to 11 years. From the above, it is realized that the recurrence of cropping- fallow cycles (particularly if each cycle lasts short duration) result in soils with low fertility and productivity status. This emphasizes the very high risk of soil degradation with increasing population density and attendant intensity of CUltivation. The thesis at hand suggests some possible measures Which must be taken to ameliorate this problems.
The Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Shashemene
(Addis Ababa University, 1992-05) Adem, Hussein; Hailemariam, Assafa(PhD)
The study attempted to show that the spatial variation in the total fertility rate In the town of Shashemene was largely due to the variation in the proximate determinants of fertility (marriage, contraception and post-partum amenorrhoea) based on primary data generated through a sample survey of women in their childbearing ages (15-49 years). From a preliminary analysis of the data, a clear spatial differential in ethnic and religious affiliations as well as educational attainment and type of employment was obtained using an index of residential dissimilarity. Before the detailed analysis was made, however, the data were examined for consistency using available demographic techniques. Then, both bi-variate and multivariate statistical techniques were applied in the analysis of the data. Principal components analysis was employed to identify the spatial pattern of the proximate determinants and the socio-cultural variables. Multiple regression analysis was made to examine the ,~ffect of the proximate variables on the total fertility rate. Finally, the Bongaarts model was used to evaluate the relative imporlance of each of the proximate variables to explain differentials of fertility in the town and to examine the applicability of the model to the Shashemene data. The research found out that the variation in the proximate determinants of fertility was mainly due to the variation in the socio-cultural variables among Kebeles. Based on the spatial differentials of these variables, the study identified some favorable and unfavorable conditions for high fertility in each Kebele. Marriage and post-parium amenorrhoea were identified as the most important proximate variables for fertility differentials among Kebeles in Shashemene. The effect of contraception on total fertility rate was found to be very smalL It was also found out that the Bongaarts model has fitt ed the data in most Kebeles of the town. Finally, the study suggested some population policy options that would serve as a stepping-stone for future detailed researches.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Irrigation-The Case of Ziway State Farm
(Addis Ababa University, 1992-06) Cherinet, Mekonnen; Gamachu, Daniel (PhD)
Ziway State Farm is located in Southern Shoa some lOkms South-east of the town of Ziway. It produces flowers, fruits and vegetables both for domestic and foreign markets. The main objective of the study was to assess the productivity and profitability of the farm and indicate its socio-economic and environmental impac~ in the region. Primary as well as secondary data on the farm were collected. The land-use assessment of the farm revealed that 73 percent of the land under irrigation is used for the production of annual crops (flowers and vegetables). An analysis of income and expenditure showed that the farm is not profitable. Crop marketing analysis showed that the products of the farm are more export-oriented rather than for domestic market. The labour absorptive capacity of the farm was found to be high. The farm employs labourers on permanent as well as seasonal basis. The great majority of the labourers were seasonal. Most are young people and females out number males. The provision of irrigated agriculture in the region has dislocated peasants and aggravated the problem of housing. One of the most important findings of the study is that water use on the farm is not efficient. It may be concluded that water application systems of the farm should be based on scientific knowledge of irrigation water use. It is also recommended that more research has to be undertaken related to soil Hnalysis, water quality monitoring as well as labour and so ~io-economic factors which affect the production and productivity of the farm.
The Adoption of Social Conservation Structures in the Western Catchment of Cherake River, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 1992-06) Neka, Mulugeta; Tegene, Belay (PhD)
The Western Catchment of Cherake River is one of the erosion prone areas in Ethiopia. Natural and human factors in combination have caused considerable erosion damage to the soil resource in the area. In order to mitigate the severity of this problem, structural conservation measures have been intr-oduced since 1985.. To e>:amine the adoption of the conser-vati on structures, a sampl e of 200 plots vJ;ere randoml y selected and the owners of thes e plots were interviewed with reference to their respective sample plots. Of the nine independent variables considered for the e >:pl anati on of the adopti on of the conser-vati on structures, the stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the at ti tude of f arme,..-s to,,"Jards the conser-vati on structures l' perception of soil erosion, and size oT +arm are the most significant .. The other factors that inflLlenced majority of farmers to accept the conservation structure are its efficiency at controlling run off., reducing loss of soil and fertilizers., and increase of yield in lower altitudinal zones. On the contrary, inconveniences to the crosswise ploughing in steeper slopes, habitation of moles in the conservation strLlctures, and loss of cropland have caused some of the farmers to reject the conservation structures. These shortcomings of the conservation structures are the major causes for lack of maintenance of structures, development of terraces, and efficient control of erosion.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases With Emphasis on Syphilis Among Pregnant Women in Ketchene A Wraja, Addis Ababa."
(Addis Ababa University, 1993-05) Mosissa, Daba; Carlson, Dennis (Prof.)
The research design was a community based crosssectional study; it was conducted among second and third trimester pregnant women by random sampling in Ketchene area (previously called Ketchene Awraja) which is part of Addis Ababa city. The objective was to determine the prevalence rate of syphilis and to assess knowledge of pregnant women regarding sexually transmitted diseases with emphasis on syphilis. A total of 410 pregnant women in the second and third trimester from 16 kebeles of the district were included in the study . They underwent a physical e xamination, laboratory examinations were done and pretested questionnaires were administered in the order mentioned. The study showed that 11% of second and third trimester women were positive by RPR - blood examination test for treponema palladium syphilis and 7 . 1% were positive by TPHA conf irmatory-test for treponema palladium syphilis. Knowledge regarding the existence of STDs was generally high : the percentages who mentioned various STDs when asked to list those they knew were HIV/AIDS (90.2%), syphilis (89.3%), Gonorrhoea (86.8%), chancroid (40%) and LGV (20%) respectively. Knowledge regarding thecauses of STDs is inadequate, particularly with regard to causes of gonorrhoea, but knowledge regarding treatment and prevention is fair. The frequency of asymptomatic syphilis was high; more than half of the 29 TPHA confirmed syphilis cases had no symptoms; likewise, the signs/symptoms had a low positive predic.tive value, that is very few of those with positive signs/symptoms of syphilis were actually positive by the TPHA-test. This may be because they had other STDs (LGV, Chancroid, Herpes genitalis ) which have also similar clinical manifestations . In this study there was no association between women ' s knowledge regarding STDs and their syphilis status as measured by the TPHA test. It is recommended to do vaginal examination and swabs for gram stain and wet-mount routinely during antenatal and family planning sessions. screening for syphilis using at least RPR test should be a routine procedure in pregnant women.
Explorations in the Preparation of Pre Service Efl Teachers: A Learning Centred Approach
(Addis Ababa University, 1993-05) Banteyerga, Hailom; Norrish, Johnson (PhD); Hicks, R.B. (PhD)
A learning centred approach to the training of EFL teachers at pre service level was tested for appropriateness and efficiency in bringing about desirable attitudinal and behavioural changes. A general framework was reconstructed to reflect the development of knowledge of teaching constituting background knowledge. existing practices of teaching and exploring new practices of teaching. A cross sectional survey study was made covering a population of 38 respondents of four categories: trainees who followed the revised syllabus of the ILS. trainees who followed the old syllabus of the ILS. university lecturers teaching English and school teachers teaching English. The purposes of this study were (i) to get a reasonable picture of the status quo and (U) to pilot the efficiency and precision of the questionnaire designed to collect data. The questionnaire included items that reflect teachers' perceptions of effective teaching. attitudes to the profession and perceptions of classroom communication in terms of Fanselow's categories. Data collected was treated by using the variability test and Means of preferences were computed to see value attachments. The cross sectional study suggested that teacher variability in the preferences of language teaching practices and their underlying principles is determined by lack of practical experience. Teachers' perceptions showed statistically significant agreement in those practices and principles that reflect their teaching (for the practitioners) and classroom learning (for the trainees) experiences. The Means computed to show value attachments. however. suggested the existence of favourable intentions in teachers to be competent in their professional practices. Thus. a teacher training methodology focusing on practice and reflection was reconstructed to promote the development of knowledge of teaching in trainees. The effect of the methodology was tested by conducting an experiment for four months with eleven trainees of EFL of the ILS. Statistical data was collected using the core questionnaire at pre and post project. Qualitative data was collected using diaries. video recordings of teaching practices and project evaluations made by participants. The variability and sign tests were used to treat statistical data. Descriptions of qualitative data were made for reflection on the process. The effect of reflective practical experience on reducing variability by helping trainees to get access to the knowledge base of teaching is supported. The longitudinal study suggested that (i) as teachers' teaching repertoire increases. their shared perceptions of practices and principles of promoting effective teaching increase; (ii) as teachers' understanding of themselves and their practices increase their abilities to optimise the interaction of classroom variables increase and (iii) as a corollary effective teaching is neither teacher nor learner centred. but a process realised when a teacher is able to bring himself/herself. the students and the teaching aids in use into optimum interaction. In the longitudinal study reflections made by trainees and observations made during the four months suggested that if teachers are helped to discover themselves and understand their practices. they can tackle classroom problems such as class size. poor motivation of students. poor materials and the like. In order to help trainees to get in control of their capacities. the training methodology has to consider trainees' background knowledge as a starting point.Trainees come to the training programme with established beliefs, values and expectations. Reflection on these topics prepares them to accommodate new modes of thinking. A descriptive and participatory approach is observed to be an appropriate technique to break defensive barriers and to create a social climate of trust among trainees themselves on the one hand, between the trainer and trainees. on the other. The longitudinal study suggested that as trainees continue to develop self confidence, they also embark on exploring and experimenting with new techniques and practices to increase their teaching repertoire. The management of the process is critical and the role of the teacher trainer is decisive. The exploratory stage marks a significant behavioural and attitudinal change towards becoming a professional teacher. The process of learning to teach and teaching to learn is enhanced. Thus. it is called A Learning Centred Approach. Since this is also an exploratory study, the validity of observations made and statistical measurements used has to be confirmed by colleagues interested in second language teacher education. It is hoped that issues raised throughout this work will provoke thought, inquiry. and future research.
An Exploratory Study of Production Practices among the Ari, South Western Ethiopia
(AAU, 1993-06) Yntiso, Gebre; Pankhurst, Alula(Dr
Education, Migration and Employment in Ethiopia Towns: The Case of Bahir Dar
(Addis Ababa University, 1993-06) G/ Medhin, Shegaw
The purpose of this study is to look into the effect of education on migration and to identify the responses of migrants with different levels of education to the selected explanatory variables that shows costs and returns of migration. It was also attempted to assess the employment patterns and stability of migrants in urban areas. In order to achieve the purpose of the study two phase sampling procedure was employed to select households that were to be included in the study. 493 useable questionnaires were collected from the study town, Bahir Dar. Multiple and step wise regression, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square and Weighted least square (WLS) regression were the major statistical techniques employed to analize the data. Results of the analysis show that migration rate increases with education except with migrants at the tertiary level. But the effect is clearly seen after elementary education. Thus junior education seems to be a critical level to induce migration at this level of the Urban hieriarchy. Results of Weighted least square (WLS) regression indicate that there is a marked difference between migrants in thier responses to the factors that influence migration. Well educated were found more responsive to income at the destination and to the unemployment period at the origin while illeterates were found more responsive to the period of unemployment at the destination. It was also observed that migrants made a considerable shift from unemployment to state of employment and across different occupations . Further more, less educated migrants were found more stable than the educated in urban employment
Socio-economic and Proxlmate Factors Affecting Fertility in Rural Ethiopia: The Case of Cheha and Ezha-and-wolene Weredas
(Addis Ababa University, 1993-06) Zenebe, Menbere; WISemait, Bekure (PhD)
In this study an attempt has been made to investigate the interrelationships between socio-economic factors and proximate determinants on the one hand and socia-economic factors and fertility on the other. In addition, the association between proximate variables and fertility was examined. The study was based on a sample survey of 681 ever married women in the child bearing age group (15-49 years) and 160 currently married men selected from 10 out of 117 Peasant Associations found in Cheha and Ezha-and-Wolene Weredas. The accuracy of the data on age and number of children ever born was evaluated by very simple demographic techniques. The data was analyzed using Chi-Square, simple correlation and multiple and stepwise regression. Generally the bivariate analysis showed that proximate variables were found to vary among Peasant Associations according to the socia-economic background of the respondent. Women's education was directly related to age at first marriage, incidence of spousal separation, and frequency of marriage. But duration of breast-feeding and post partum sexual abstinence was lower among better educated women. Age at first marriage, incidence of spousal separation and frequency of marriage were negatively associated with proportion muslim. Duration of breast-feeding abstinence and proportion of monogamous women were higher among muslims. Economic status was observed to be positively associated with incidence of spousal separation and polygamy, but negatively related to frequency of marriage and duration of ful-breast- feeding. On the other hand child mortality and duration of ful -breast-feeding were negatively related. The bivariate and mUltivariate analysis thus revealed that except education, all socia-economic factors (christianity, economic status and child mortality were positively related to fertility. Therefore, to lower fert i lity, it is recommended to raise women's education and reduce child mortality.

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