College of Social Sciences, Art and Humanities

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The 15th Century Hayq Tradition of the Pauline Epistles, A Philological Analysis
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-10) Demissie, Yosef; Marrassini, Paulo(Professor)
This thesis concerns the study of the 15th c. Hayq’s manuscript of St. Paul Epistles. The manuscript consists of the 14 Epistles. Among these, the Epistle of Romans is selected. The reason why this manuscript is selected is that it has not been studied and edited and there is no published work or thesis on it. The focus of the study is on the latter corrections and emendations of the ms. The researcher believes that this ms, apart from its antiquity, has very rich value for the study of New Testament Philology; and also, may be used as material for the critical edition of Romans. The method used for the study is a philological analysis along with a comparative method. The two texts, which are taken for comparison are the edition work of Tedros Abraha and the modern published text. All verses of the texts were translated literally and were compared for their similarities and differences with critical observations. Regarding similarities, the entire chapters of Romans of the three texts deal with similar concepts. Concerning their differences, the ms of Hayq has sometimes independent characteristics, which were added by the first copyist. The latter corrections took place by the second copyist on the basis of these new readings. The corrections are made through the whole folios of the ms in different ways; but they have problems with meaning and grammar. The model, which is taken for the corrections, is the printed text or the ms that has similar readings with the printed text. The family and group of the ms are identified in the 14 mss edition of Tedros Abraha. The general assessment of the corrections shows that the new readings appeared with the first copyist and the second copyist recognized that these new readings are different from the common readings, which are accepted by the Church. So, he carried out the corrections, but he spoiled these valuable and precious manuscripts
The 2011 Humanitarian Intervention in Libya: Rebuilding Libya and the Reasions for the Continuation of Crises After Intervention
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-04) Asfaw, Dereje; Mathews, K. (PhD)
The purpose of this study is to investigate the roles of international community to rebuild Libya and the major rationales behind the continuation of crises in the aftermath of the 2011 humanitarian intervention. Libya, after the intervention is a country experiencing human rights violations, instability, economic breakdown and deterioration in both quality and quantity of social services like health care and education. So, the study addresses the international roles in the period of crises and the question why the crises continue after Gaddafi. As a research intends to explain the international roles in rebuilding Libya and the chief reasons for the persistence of crises after intervention, it has employed qualitative research methodology which is appropriate for research based on explanations, analysis and conceptualizations of issues and to this end document analysis and key informant interviews were conducted. The study use realistic approach to humanitarian cases to evaluate the behavior of states and the concept of R2P as a tool of analysis. The 2011 Libyan revolt was started because of different root and immediate causes. Chief among the root causes are violation of human rights, regionalism, tribalism and corruption. While the arrest of FathiTerbil, human rights activist and the attorney for the families of those who were killed at Abu Salim prison camp and the inspiration of Libyans by regime changes in some of their neighboring countries such as Tunisia and Egypt were the immediate causes of the revolt. The international community responded to the Libyan crises using the norm of the responsibility to protect as a base, the concept which implies that state has the primary responsibility to protect its own people from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing but the responsibility transferred to international community if the state is unable and/ or unwilling to halt and/or perpetuate these crimes by itself. The international community has been play roles in rebuilding Libya in areas of building institutions, mediating political dialogue among Libyan political parties, providing economic and social assistances. Despite this however, the evaluation of the international presence in Libya was limited. The process of rebuilding Libya is politicized and the approaches of the international community to rebuild it are found to be realistic approach. This was manifested in the increased presence of western actors following the strong establishment of Islamic states after 2014. There are both internal and external factors for the persistence of the crisis in Libya after the 2011 humanitarian intervention. Internally, factors such as weak transitional governments, competitions for political power, political legitimacy and economic resources among Libyan factions, the presence of terrorist groups, Revenge attacks, the Passage of Isolation Law on Perceived Pro- Gaddafi Regime and tribalism have been identified. While externally, limited international roles in rebuilding Libya, the realistic approach of major powers, biased intervention that is supports for rebels, the unmanaged security sector during the transitional period and the immediate end of the mission without establishing an able government after Gaddafi have been identified as a major reasons for the continuation of the crises. The major regional powers support Libya’s major factions, Libya dawn and Libyan dignity, separately for their political, economic and ideological interests. States like Egypt, Saudi Arabia and UAE support operation dignity while Qatar, Turkey and Sudan support operation dawn which in turn makes the crises to persist by creating division between actors and providing them with availability of war weapons. Keyword: Rebuild Libya, humanitarian intervention, international community
A Comparative Analysis of Ethiopia’s Multilateral Diplomacy in the Pre- and Post-Brics Admission Periods: Challenges and Opportunities
(Addis ababa university, 2024-06-01) Getnet Sisay; Bayuligne Z. Bahru (PhD)
Today’s multilateralism is in a deep crisis attributed largely to the lack of readiness on the part of the established system for reform, the increasing complexity of global challenges, and the problem of regulatory scale. Thus, answering the question of how the global South (majority) asserts its interests amid repeated failures to reform global institutions is crucial. As a country from the global South, Ethiopia has been an ardent supporter of a reinvigorated multilateralism through thick and thin. Its multilateral diplomacy is also at a historic juncture as it officially joined BRICS in January 2024. This historic decision has garnered much attention and become contentious. This study thus sought to appraise the challenges and opportunities of Ethiopia’s multilateral diplomacy from 2018-2022; to examine the driving and enabling factors for Ethiopia’s BRICS membership; and to analyze Ethiopia’s multilateral diplomacy in the post-BRICS admission period vis-à-vis the previous period. The study employed a qualitative research design. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources mainly through interviews, FGD, and document review. The analysis reveals the following findings. First, Ethiopia’s multilateral diplomacy in the first period was a mix of key achievements and challenges. In the period from 2018-2020, Ethiopia succeeded in diplomatic battles. Whereas from 2020-2022, its multilateral diplomacy was ‘challenged’ and preoccupied with mainly the northern conflict. Second, Ethiopia’s foreign policy and economic calculations, BRICS’ openness to accepting new members, having a similar agenda with BRICS on global governance, undue external pressures and other reasons drove Ethiopia to join BRICS. The enabling factors include its rich history of and devotion to multilateralism, being one of the largest diplomatic hubs, the right representative of Africa in terms of economy and demography, and robust historical bilateral relations with BRICS members. Third, comparing Ethiopia’s multilateral diplomacy in the pre- and post-BRICS admission periods, data reveals that BRICS membership is a natural continuation of its longstanding foreign policy and its strong devotion to a polycentric global order which BRICS would be midwifing. Ethiopia's BRICS membership shows its growing 'insertion' into the international community after a downward spiral during its pre-BRICS membership years. Ethiopia displayed defensive diplomacy during the first period, but relatively assertive and offensive diplomacy during the second. Ethiopia’s BRICS membership is not a ‘paradigm shift’ and does not signify a change in its foreign policy. The findings suggest the need to conduct further studies to illustrate the impact of Ethiopia’s BRICS membership on its multilateral diplomacy. Keywords: BRICS | Multilateralism ,Multilateral Diplomacy Multipolarity, Global Governance Architecture
A Critical Exploration of Compliance with International Humanitarian Law in the Northern Ethiopian Armed Conflict (2020-2022)
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-05-01) Hanna Teshome; Solomon Mebrie (Dr.)
Compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL) has been subject to heightened examination, emphasizing the impact of armed conflicts and the challenge of implementing the legal principles of action. Despite the mechanisms of compliance under the law, the effectiveness of protecting civilians and their property requires careful evaluation in light of continuous violations of the law. The study critically examines compliance with IHL in northern Ethiopia’s armed conflict (2020-2022) to understand the compliance challenges, given the reported humanitarian consequences. To accomplish this task, a qualitative approach is utilized, involving semi-structured interview with engaged individuals from relevant institutions to investigate the challenges to compliance. Humanitarian investigative reports were reviewed to include violations of the laws of armed conflicts and the overall toll on civilians. Interviews were conducted to probe the challenges to compliance with engaged individuals. The study has revealed an evolved character of warfare and a lapse in compliance mechanisms employed under IHL. The categorization of the conflict affects IHL and international law obligations. Ethnic rivalry was a factor in noncompliance. It has determined the challenges of emotional factors influencing fighters, such as anger and resentment. The role of humanitarian work has grappled with considerable security risks. The study emphasized that discontents have the potential to initiate violence among communities. It suggests the need for a neutral body for justice, addressing community grievances, and establishing deterrence mechanisms through political dialogue and peaceful negotiations
A Critical Exposition on Foucault’s Philosophy: Discourse and Power
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-04-01) Semagn Amsal; Dagnachew Assefa (PhD.)
This article exposes Foucault’s conceptions of power, resistance and freedom. Foucault argued that power, resistance and freedom could not be conceptualized one without others. According to him, power is not a substance or an abstract thing that has its own origins. It is merely the name of relations between individuals. In every power relations knowledge is produced, and in contrast knowledge is used for a proper exercises of power. He argued that discourse is vital for the intersection of power and knowledge. For him, freedom is a prerequisite for power relation. To decide a given relations are power relation; the subjects must be free to take counter action. So, resistance is inevitable in every power relation, and this resistance could never be exteriors in power relation. Therefore, power, resistance and freedom are intervened themes of Foucault’s genealogy works, meaning that for Foucault, power without resistance and freedom is impossible and the vice versa. But, unlike him, I argued that freedom is a positive results of continues resistance of unjust power relation.
A Historical Survey of the Fuga Low-caste Occupational Communities of South-central Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2000-01-01) Teclehaimanot Gebreselassie; Merid Walda Aragay (Prof)
The ancestors of the Fuga outcast occupational communities are believed to have initially come from northwestern Ethiopia sometime in the early medieval period. They together with other people, settled at Ambaricho in Klimbata, at Masmasa in Hadiya, at Asar and at Ennfir both in Western Gurage, and in Y Kamma. On their arrival in these places the Fuga were already hunters and woodworkers who served their companions in identifying convenient seulement places in 50mh-central Ethiopia. There is a strong fee ling that the Fuga might have originally been a branch of the Fuga, a clan among the Way to clans of the Lake Tana region. After the immigrant Fuga's sett lement in south-central Ethiopia they intermarried with the indigenous people, remnants of the primitive hunters who also practiced occupations like pottery and tanning. They were both able to leam each others occupations through time. Both came to be identified as low•caste occupational communities with the common name of Fuga. The low-caste Fuga occupational communities were able to retain lands of their own only in their original sett lement places which they have been using for fanning activities. Despite their population growth they were not able to gain any addi tional land outside of their original sett lement places before the arrival of the Shtiwall conquering army of Menelik (r. 1889• 1916) in the nineteenth cenlury.As occupational communities they were not able to gain any additiona l land untillhe last decade of the nineteenth century. For centuries they have lived among the Kambata, the Hadiya, the Gurage and the Yamma being known as despised low-caste occupational communities. The lack of land among the Fuga subjected them to economic poverty and harsh social oppression and labour exploitation. As a result some Fuga families to migrated to neighbouring areas in the same region looking for better opportuniti es. Wherever they went they were despised and segregated in their settlement areas as they were considered landless low-caste occupational communities. In the twentieth century the Fuga communities came to be relatively better treated at the hands of the Shawan conquerors and settlers who dominated the indigenous societies. Some Fuga families were able to integrate with the Sbawan army and were able to secure fann lands as tenants in the same manner the other indigenous societies under went. Since the arrival of the Shawans some Fuga ind ividuals started to accept either Islam or Christianity, giving up their fonner traditional beliefs and food habits. Their outward migration also he lped them to experience better economic and social life. They migrated to some Or01110 areas where they enjoyed better treatment. Since the 1950s. however, many Fuga families in different parts of the Oromo areas started to rent or to buy fann lands. Along with their farming acti vities they also continued to work as potters, woodworkers and tanners to subsidize their incomes. At the same time a few young Fuga started schooling. Some Fuga communities even had their own school where they educated their children. Similarly, they also established their own churches and provided religious services to the communities. This development was encouraged by the 1974 Revolution which to a great extent favoured despised low-caste communities. Based on the 1975 land proclamation all Fuga communities residing in the rural areas obtained faml- Iands of their own for farmi ng activities. The land ownership liberated them from tenancy and to some extent from poverty. The socio-political change enabled them to live like any ordinary peasant. They also got political support from the government so that they were treated equally with the rest of the societ ies. Such careful treatment encouraged them to participate in the newly organized peasant associations. It was since then that the Fuga community members started to serve as government employees. And many of the hard working among them became economically better orr. As a result of their economic improvement many Fuga children attended public and government and schools and the traditional segregation was minimized. However, the whole errort made by the Fuga could not provide them equality with other and full acceptance. StiJlthere are some social baniers, like marriage, which deny the Fuga equality.
A History of Catholicism in Wolaita from 1930 UP TO 1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-02-01) Azeze Abdu; Teclehaymanot G/Selassie (Dr.)
This thesis is a study of Catholic religion in Wolaita.It was mainly introduced to Wolaita fromthe 1930s.Catholicism evolved in Wolaita during the period of 1930s to till now. Catholicism in Ethiopia has along history. After the division of the Churches in the 5th century following the Council of Chalcedon(451) the Ethiopian Church was doctrinally separated from the Catholic Church in the West and also later largely isolated from contacts with it. The attempt to win Ethiopia to Catholicism in the reign of Susenyos ended in disastrous failure and it was not until the 19th century that Catholicism gained aratherprecarious foot hold in Ethiopia. Starting from the 1930 s it was able to make progress and my thesis and studies tries to show how it progressed from the 1920s in Wolaita. Inspite of this, however, it has so far received in adequate scholarly attention. Even the small numbers of studies on Catholicism are limited and fragmented. My thesis tries to give acomprehensive coverage of Catholicism in Wolaita and as a major aim, to put Catholicism from the 1930s to present in to the social and political context of Wolaita. Social history, often called the new social history, (though it is no longer new) is a broad branch of history that studies the experiences of ordinary people in the past. In its"golden age"it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments including religious history. “The spirit of the 1960s social history responding in its own way to the „winds of change‟, was pre-eminently a modernizing one, both chronologically, in the choice of historical subject matter, and methodologically, in the adoption of multi-disciplinary perspectives.”Therefore, present social history themes vary much more. The history of religion refers to the record of human religious experiences and ideas. My study therefore, is meant to fill the gap in the field of socio-cultural and religious history of Wolaita. Inaddition, this thesis can also, hopefully, contribute to the study of southern peoples and various Vicariates of Ethiopia, particularly the neighbors of Wolaita.
A History of Chalia Warada, 1941-1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-05-01) Berhanu Abera; Tesema Ta‟a (Prof)
The primary purpose of this thesis is to reconstruct the socio economic and political history of Chalia warada from 1941-1991. The study covers the period from the liberation of Ethiopia and the restoration of Emperor Haile Selasie I to the throne in 1941 up to the collapse of the Darg government in 1991. During this time span, the inhabitants of the warada similar to the other countryside people of in what is now Oromia region experienced important socio economic and political changes. It begins with historical study of the warada by treating various changes and cultural aspects in the warada before the Italian occupation. The restoration of Imperial administration and the reforms that were undertaken by the Imperial government in different fields, in relation to the administration and land issues and the reaction of the inhabitants of the warada to these developments will be the main concern of the discussion. In addition to this, the study treats land tenure issues, evictions and the impact of labor service and taxation in the warada. It also points out maladministration and problem of security in the warada. The study also attempted to discuss changes and developments that the warada had undertaken during the Darg period. The Darg government attempted to strength its power by adopting different measures which had impacts on the political and socio economic conditions of the people of Chalia warada. The study also tried to assess the socio economic conditions of the warada in which the area has not received much attention from the government. In this study, oral sources as well as written materials were used. Besides, there is also some archival materials were used in the study. To write this thesis, efforts have been made in order to analyze the oral sources crosschecking it with written materials. To avoid the bias in the use of oral sources necessary measures have been taken, in choosing knowledgeable informants, use of collected data, evaluating and checking them with the existing literature as important steps that were accomplished. This thesis would also help the historians as a stepping stone for the further studies of the warada since a history of Chalia was not much studied. Most of scholars who study several regions did not give attention to Chalia warada. To this end, this study pointed out various changes and developments in the warada like other parts of Oromia region.
A History of Enӓmay Wӓrӓda (1941-1991), East Gojjam
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-02-01) Sinishaw Ayenew; Tamrat Wasyihun (PhD)
Enӓmay is a wӓrӓda located in the East Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region. The existing evidences indicate that in the past the district of Enӓmay was an important center of administration and economic activities in Gojjam since from Ras Hailu Yosadaqe founded Bečӓna as the political center of Gojjam province in the last quarter of the 18th c. Following the Italians invasion the significance of the Wӓrӓda was increased for both the patriots and the collaborators.The main objective of this thesis is investigating and reconstructing the administrative and socio –economic history of Enӓmay Wӓrӓda from the withdrawal of Italians from the soil of Ethiopia in 1941 to the end of Military government in 1991. The study covers the period from 1941 to1991, in which the community of Enӓmay wӓrӓda like the other residents of Gojjam Province performed significant political and socio-economic developments. The district was well incorporated into the Christian Highland Kingdom in the 14th century and passed through major social, political and economic developments, it was following the withdrawal of Fascist Italians that these economic, social and political developments showed important developments. Thus, thesis seeks to outline how the local people in Enӓmay wӓrӓda reacted to the rule of the Italians. Besides, the thesis attempts to analyze how the inhabitants of the wӓrӓda reacted to the various political and socio-economic activities from 1941 to 1991. This thesis is analyzed and reconstructed based on using archival documents collected in ENALA, IES, DMUAC and FBAC, Enӓmay wӓrӓda and oral information mostly gathered from testimony of oral informants who were participants and observers of events in Enӓmay wӓrӓda ix
A History of Hadiya People, 1886 to 1991
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-05-01) Asrat Ermolo; Tesema Ta’a (Prof)
Many authors are seen considering the period of Hadiya history that started from the 13th century and disappeared in the late 16th century, and made an attempt to disconnect the medieval Hadiya from todays Hadiya people. The researcher argues that, before the 13th century, the Hadiya had travelled a long historical trajectory that ultimately helped them to undertake state formation. The long process of the formation of Hadiya state was completed in the 10th century, but reached its climax of power in the 14th century. During their heydays, the Hadiya had spent times of friendships and animosity with the Christian kingdom and the neighboring states. They gave their daughter to King Zara Yacob and through her, the researcher argues that, they protected the Christian religion and state from complete annihilation by the coordinated forces of the neighboring Muslim states and Ottoman Turkey. Through her, the Hadiya had also contributed for the beginning and development of Ethiopia’s international diplomacy. Since the end of the 16th century, however, the Hadiya began to experience the period of agony and complete disintegration. The dissertation examines the history of Menilek’s expansion to southern Ethiopia, particularly the Hadiya area. It talks about the stiff resistances of the Hadiya people against the northerners in the years between 1886 and 1894. It deals with the use of modern guns by Menilek’s army against spears and arrows that the Hadiya people had employed during the war of conquest. It argues that the invasion of the partially assimilated Hadiya (Ķäbena and Maräķo) was a decisive one for Menilek to invade the other part of Hadiya easily. Lack of unity on the part of the Hadiya clans had helped the northern forces to attack one Hadiya group after the other. Mainly because of their pastoralist economy and rebellious behavior, the consecutive Ethiopian governments, since the times of incorporation, antagonized the Hadiya people and brought the neighboring ethnic groups like the Kämbata to their side. The incorporation had resulted in negative consequences on the identity of the Hadiya people. The government reorganized the Hadiya and Kämbata people into two sub-provinces. These were: ‘Lemo and Shashogo’ and ‘Kämbata’. After Ras Abata Buayalew came to the Awraja administration in 1897, the two divisions were brought to a single administration and renamed as ‘Lemo and Kämbata’. Such reorganization stayed in force till the late 1930s. During their five years stay in Ethiopia, the Italians renamed the sub-province as ‘Kämbata’, excluding the Hadiya or Lemo name. From the outset, the Hadiya were struggling to recover the identity that they lost to the Kämbata and other neighboring groups. The struggle became strong after the withdrawal of the Italians from Ethiopia. The expansion of education, following the restoration of the Ethiopian government, contributed a lot for the increment of socio-economic and political consciousness of Hadiya people. Particularly, the establishment of Wachämo highschool in Hossana in the 1960s could be considered as a turning point for the advancement of the awareness of the Hadiya people. Students began to raise the issue of land, identity and development. In the 1960s and 70s, particularly because of the identity question, there had been conflicts between the Hadiya and Kämbata students both in Hossana and Addis Abäba. It is said that the government in the Awraja (sub-province) and also the provincial level were against the identity question of the Hadiya people. It was after the coming to power of the Därg government that such questions were responded, at least partially. Following the conquest, the formerly independent people were brought to the hitherto unknown Gäbbar system. The Gäbbar system had resulted in the violation of not only the economic freedom but also the social, cultural and psychological makeup of the people. The highly intensified oppressions and exploitations of the Gäbbar system were believed to have brought the majority of the Hadiya people to tenancy. After the restoration of the Haila-Salassie government, new laws were passed on tenancy that ultimately reduced a tenant to sub-human level. Moreover, at this period, the government using different mechanisms converted the majority of the Hadiya Gäbbars to tenancy. Since the incorporation till the fall of the Haila Selassie government, tenancy dominated the livelihood of Hadiya people. Consequently, the researcher preferred to use the term Ċhisägna system (system of tenancy) for the ups and downs that the Hadiya had experienced for about a century. Following such brutal undertakings on the part of the central government, considerable number of Hadiya people left their land to large scale agricultural schemes and big towns for labor work. Some sections of the Hadiya went to the extent that they took up arms against the regime like the one done by the Jarso peasants in Badäwacho. After the late 1960s, the Hadiya students and peasants began to work together against the old regime. In 1974, the Hadiya peasants and students accepted the new government with great enthusiasm and joy. Following the intrusion of the EPRP and other civilian based parties in the area, however, the relation between the military and the Hadiya students and peasants began to take different directions. It was after the completion of the Red Terror in other parts of the country that Petros Gäbre, the then administrator, brought it to the Awraja. The terror took the lives of many promising individuals who would have been able to contribute to the development of the Awraja in particular and the country in general. This dissertation is a comprehensive study of the history of Hadiya people from 1886 to 1991. The work ruptures the centric way of looking at the Hadiya socio-economic, political and cultural history during the ‘feudo-military’ system in Ethiopia from the perspective of the north. Mainly because of lack of archival sources, the researcher relied mostly but not exclusively on oral informants. Crosschecking of one source against the other and systemic scrutiny of information are made to validate the work.
A History of Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program in Ethiopia (1959-1995)
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Natnael Lemlem; Belete Bizuneh (PhD)
This study explores the history of malaria eradication and control service/program in Ethiopia from 1959 to 1993. The period covers the years from the establishment of the program as a semi- autonomous government entity to address the debilitating health and socio-economic impacts of malaria on Ethiopian populations up to its final dissolution. As yet there is no in-depth historical research that examines the biomedical and socio-economic experience of The Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was designed to fill this gap by thoroughly examining the complicated history of the malaria eradication and control program from its inception until its demise in 1993. To achieve the central objective of the study, I have used numerous primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include archives, government reports and decrees, newsletters, magazines, guidelines and others. The secondary sources include books, book chapters, articles, theses and senior essays. Moreover, the study used oral information to crosscheck against the written sources and to answer some questions that could not be addressed by the written sources. Data were collected through interviews conducted mainly in Addis Ababa, Adama, Hawassa, and Dire Dawa. The study uses a qualitative research method. Consequently, an attempt has been made to critically evaluate the dynamic changes witnessed in the complicated historical development of the program with regard to strategy, structure, health, and socio-economic burdens of the disease and the biomedical and socio-economic response of the program during the period. It also examines the plans set to accomplish the objectives of the program against what was actually accomplished on the ground. Moreover, dynamic historical developments in which the program went through associated with the endeavor to align the national program with newly introduced international changes or reforms have been discussed. The major effects of regime change in shaping Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program have also been highlighted. Lastly, it has also assessed reasons to program’s dawn graded working potential and its final dissolution. The central thesis of this thesis is therefore that the history of the MECS/P had been a history of battle between DDT and chloroquine armed anti-malaria workers and mosquito to address the health and socio-economic burdens of malaria on the Ethiopian populations in the second half of the 20th century. The study revealed that the malaria eradication and control service/program did not meet the goal it set out though the program had substantial role in reduction of malaria prevalence, which was limited both in time and scope. The study also discloses the downgraded working potential of the program through time due to internal and external factors. The program was also negatively affected by the dynamic historical developments which the program went through associated with the endeavor to align the national program with newly introduced international changes or reforms. Regime changes had also a negative impact in shaping Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program. The thesis argues that failure of the program was started when a universal strategy applied over heterogonous areas by supposing to have the same etiology of the disease. The Malaria Eradication and Control Service/Program went to demised in 1993 by political decision of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia without achieving its goal that it established. Key words: Malaria, Eradication/control, Service/program, Strategies, Challenges, Dynamism.
A History of Mocha Awraja, 1941-1991.
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11-01) Kalkidan Terefe; Tamrat Wasyihun (PhD)
For so long, studies have been made on administrative history of Ethiopia with almost exclusive focus on the northern and central highlands of the Christian kingdom and the role of the Orthodox Church in state administration. The administrative history of non-Christian province of the south in general and Mocha in particular was not given the deserved attention to date. Therefore, this thesis reconstructs the history of Mocha Awraja which would contribute to redress the gap in Ethiopian historiography. The temporal scope of the study is from the restoration of the Imperial administration in the country in general and the study area in particular in 1941and the collapse of the military regime in1991. The study relied on the analysis and interpretation of primary and secondary sources. Archival materials originating from the imperial administration and the Derg period and pertinent academic and institutionalliterature have been intensively collected, interpreted and integrated into the study. Oral data collected from ex-officials of the imperial and Derg regimes and other knowledgeable informants was used to fill missing gaps and trigulate information collected from existing literature and vice versa. In this regard, some officials of the two regimes and knowledgeable informants nearest to the study events were interviewed with prepared guiding questions. In order to assure the authenticity of the research information, the sources were critically examined through crosschecking with one another. The collected data was analyzed. The study found that the centralization of imperial administration and subsequent changes in the administrative structure and administrative personnel increased the burden of the local population of Mocha Awraja in the post-liberation period. The newly appointed governors had kept the imperial hegemony over the study area through controlling natural resources and exploited the indigenous population. Among others, this led to mass discontent thereby contributing to the viii outbreak of the 1974 revolution. Subsequent to the demise of the regime, the land reform of the Derg satisfied farmers with positive radical changes to the disadvantages. The research finding reveals that against the initial popular reform, the Derg launched various unpopular programs. Among others, the forced nature of villagization program in the Awraja raised peasant uprising and the government reacted brutal. Gradually, the political transformation in the globe in general and the country in particular ended the administration of the Military regime.
A History of Tulama In Chilalo Awraja (1886-1974)
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Kimiya Aman; Girma Negash (PhD)
This thesis deals with the History of the Tulama Oromo in Chilalo Awraja, (c.1886-1974). It covers the period from the first eviction of the Tulama Oromo since the last quarter of the 19th century to the second half of 20th century. The study deals, among other things with the genealogical trace of the Tulama Oromo, patterns of their original settlement in Shawan plateau, and later in Arsi, where they moved to due to eviction, and expansion of urbanization, Furthermore, the thesis treats the lives and mode of production While in Shawa The study attempts to respond to questions such as ; causes of their eviction, their reactions to that external pressure, and their copping up with new lives in new settlements in different periods. The study employed three procedures of collecting and analyzing historical sources. The first was collection of oral interviews that was basic method employed to obtain data for research. Informants consulted represented within their clans’ elders and from different ethnic and religious groups possessing rich knowledge on activities during the period of Imperial administration. The second category of the sources employed is published and unpublished written source (books, articles, Journals, theses, publications and proclamations) have been utilized for the research. Most of these secondary sources were obtained from the Addis Ababa University IES and Kennedy Libraries. The third valuable sources that I used were archival materials. Considerable number of variable documents and Archives in the Awarja since Imperial regime in Arsi and Shawa province were destroyed during the change of government in 1991 and a few years after. I only found a valuable archival material at National Archival and Library Agency, and few achieve in Eastern Arsi Zone Administration and CADU publications and documentation. The shortage of archival sources and the dearth of written materials have been a challenge in the reconstruction of this thesis. This work, therefore, attempts to examine the livelihood of Tulama Oromo in pre and post settlements in Arsi plateau in line with political dynamism, economic situation, and socio-cultural change. It also, raises the relationships among Oromo of Tulama with Indigenous Arsi Oromo. Furthermore, the paper examines the relationship among man and land, over a period of time on one side and man and system on other. Finally, the paper shows how the life and conditions of Tulama in Arsi Chilalo shaped. Key words: Tenants, Tulama, Arsi Chilalo, landlord, eviction. Settlements
A Qualitative Case Study: The Roles of Religious Organizations on Women’s Economic Empowerment Access to Community Financial Resources; The Case of Genete Eyesus Child and Families Development Program, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11-14) Mengistu Meles; Abebe Assefa (PhD)
The objective of this study was to examine the roles of religious organizations in women's economic empowerment to access community financial resources. The study used a qualitative case study by Applying a descriptive method with the aim of gathering relevant information from informants’ perspectives regarding the organization program that helped women access community financial resources. A total sample of 22 participants were selected for KIIs, FGD, and individual home case study purposes using a purposive sampling technique in choosing of informants based on their long duration and experiences in the organization. Data was collected using both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources of data were gathered from the organization staff, organization participants including the members of saving groups, and selected individual women from vocational training. The primary data was gathered using the key informant, FGD, individual household case study guide, and observation checklists. Written English with an Amharic-translated interview guide and mobile device record tools were used to get detailed first-hand information from the study participants to know how the organization works with women to access community financial resources for women and establish women-led small-scale businesses. For secondary data collection, different literature including articles, journals, research findings, organization service manuals, annual reports and plans monitoring, and evaluation checklists were reviewed to support the study findings. Data were transcribed and translated using the hematic analysis technique and coding system based on data similarities and differences the finding of this study revealed that women’s participation in the organization program enabled them to improve their business management skills including saving culture, business planning, and book record keeping.
A Semi-Automated Technique for Cadastral Boundary Extraction from UAV Images Using Deep-Learning and Geospatial Techniques
(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-01) Binyam Zeray; Asnake Mekuriaw (PhD)
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development acknowledges the crucial role of land in advancing and accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goals across the globe. Nevertheless, a large portion of land rights worldwide are still unregistered in government-sanctioned systems. To address this issue, the Fit-for-Purpose (FFP) approach to land administration has been introduced. This approach aims to streamline cadastral mapping and minimize the expenses and time associated with conventional surveying methods. This study examines the progress and possibilities of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery and Deep learning techniques, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which are employed for the extraction of cadastral boundaries. CNNs have demonstrated their effectiveness in accurately and efficiently extracting boundaries, as they are capable of extracting high-level features without the need for human expertise in feature engineering. The study tested the BDCN and HED deep learning models for cadastral boundary extraction from UAV datasets. The BDCN model achieved an average precision of 0.68, a recall of 0.80, and an F-score of 0.73. It had an average precision of 0.88 and an overall IoU of 0.85. The HED model performed slightly better achieving an average precision of 0.66, a recall of 0.68, and an F-score of 0.67. It also demonstrated an average precision of 0.98 and an overall Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.88. The results indicate that these deep learning models can effectively extract cadastral boundaries in vector polygon format, which can be directly used in mapping for rural cadaster with post-processing and field verification. The study highlights the potential of using UAV imagery and deep learning techniques to support more efficient and cost-effective cadastral boundary mapping, aligning with the goals of the Fit-for-Purpose land administration approach. Keywords: Land administration, Cadastral mapping, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Deep learning techniques
A Study of the Ethiopian National army Museum
(Addis Abeba Universty, 2023-06-01) Bergene Baleso; Kassaye Begashaw (PhD)
Museum history and collection management is one of the important processes for museums to be successful in their mission. It refers to the process of managing museum collections properly and increasing of effectiveness of the museums. It is the systematic mechanisms that regulate the museum collections to play towards the achievement of organizational goals. Ethiopian National Army Museum since its foundation in imperial Haile Selassie has over the years tried to accomplish a lot of objectives in its activities. The overall goal of this thesis is to conduct a study of the National Army Museum and to investigate the history and, functions of Museum documentation and collection management. The research approaches employed include both qualitative and quantitative research. The essential information was gathered from both primary and secondary sources, and it was thoroughly reviewed and interpreted. Questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and observation were used to collect data for this. The primary results are that museum collection management, museum role; discontinuities, representation, legal frameworks, community participation, museum services, and organizational structure fall short of the intended norm set by (ICOM, and ICCROM). This study suggests that museum history and collection management be run and managed by professionals who carry out their duties in accordance with the basic principles of effective museum collection management policy and guidelines. As long as stringent and effective museum policies and guidelines are implemented, the National Army Museum will eventually be able to build proper standards of museum history and collection administration. As a result, the Ethiopian Army troops and the general public receive suitable, effective, and goal-oriented service.
A Study of the Practice of Public Diplomacy at American Corners in Ethiopia amid Diplomatic Tensions during the Northern Conflict
(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Yohannes Gezahegn; Demeke Achiso (PhD)
This study examined American Corners in Ethiopia as public diplomacy platforms during the northern conflict (2020–2022), a period of conflict and strained U.S.–Ethiopia relations. It explored the impact of the conflict on American Corner operations, strategies used to sustain programming, and the role of U.S. hard power in shaping soft power practices. Using qualitative design, the research drew on unstructured interviews with Corner coordinators, staff and supervisors. Thematic analysis revealed disruptions, particularly in Tigray where the Mekelle Corner was forced to shut down, while others adapted through digital tools and revised programming. Regardless of some hostile attitudes towards the U.S. over its perceived handling of the crisis, the American Corners in the country retained their credibility due to their non political, community-focused identity. There were no reports of whether physical or any other forms of attack against staff or facilities run by the Embassy. The study concluded that American Corners remained neutral, accessible spaces and vital instruments of U.S. public diplomacy under crisis, recommending continued support for such platforms in fragile contexts. Keywords: Northern Conflict, United States, Public Diplomacy, American Corners
Academic Freedom and the Idea Of University: A Philosophical Inquiry (with A Reflection on Addis Ababa University)
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-10) Tamirat, Sisay; Kenaw, Setargew(PhD)
Access to Farmland and Rural Women Livelihood: The Case of Enemay Woreda, East Gojjam Administrative Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-09-01) Meaza Demse; Getachew Senishaw (PhD)
This study deals with the rural women livelihood related to socio-cultural factors undermine social status, power, and decision making in access to farmland in Enemay Woreda, East Gojjam Zone. The study employed mixed method. In carrying out the study, in-depth interview, key informant, focus group discussions (qualitative methods), and household survey (quantitative methods) were employed. Secondary data were collected from secondary sources such as research articles, unpublished document, and books. A total of twenty-eight participants participated in the qualitative study including woreda and kebele officials. In addition, household survey questionnaire was administered to 141 women to collect quantitative data. Qualitative and quantitative data was analyzed based on objective of the study. The results obtained from the study show that farmland is an invaluable resource for women livelihood. During EPRDF land re-distribution (1996/7), most of women obtained a farmland but limited control over resources because their resources usually controlled by husbands. Due to the patriarchal attitudes of the community, men are decision makers, controlled and managed the resource of household, and women are dominated by husband. Lack of educational status of women, deprives their legal rights of manage and control over their resources. Women were restricted to plough their farmland by local community and they forced to give sharecroppers to obtain some production for livelihood. Particularly, FHHs could not manage the households since obtained small production from sharecroppers. They forced to find works for survival and obtain daily consumption such as selling traditional alcoholic beverages, daily laborer, and removing weeds. Thereby, the livelihood of FHHs has a painful living condition. Furthermore, women’s health condition is essential to attain income for their livelihood. However, their health condition status low being laborious worker. In general, gender-based discrimination and patriarchal attitudes of the community affected women’s access and control over farmland to their livelihood and health condition.
Accessibility of Museum Collections for Visitors with Disability: A Case of Three Selected Museum in Addis Ababa
(Addis Abeba Universty, 2022-02-01) Abrham Tesfaye; Kassaye Begashaw (PhD)
Throughout the world, the cultural and educational roles of museums are growing. But many museums do not carefully consider people with disabilities as their visitors, for their buildings and communication accessibilities are very limited in designing museums for all people. However, in this regard, the overall conditions of the Ethiopian museums are hardly studied. Having this in mind, this study adopted case study research design and explored three museums found in Addis Ababa, namely Ethiopian National Museum, Institute of Ethiopian Studies Museum and Addis Ababa Museum, in relation to their accessibilities to disabled visitors, and compliance with universal design principles targeting disabled museum visitors. To this end, the research employed a multi-method approach to gather appropriate data, including site survey /observation, interviewing, photographing, analysis of secondary sources directed at gathering facts regarding the experiences and viewpoints of existing museum visitors with disabilities, and museum professionals; multiple aspects of disability access, such as physical accessibility, inclusive exhibition design, and communication accessibility in each selected museum. Consequently, the findings of the research show that the three museums comply reasonably well when it comes to approachability of their buildings. On the other hand, the findings of this study reveal that the facilities and services provided by the three museums investigated were not designed to benefit people with disabilities. The result of the study also shows that the physical contexts of the three museums’ exhibition spaces are not well planned and constructed to satisfy people with disability in terms of learning with convenience. In addition, the research found that the three museums investigated are not fully inclusive in creating a place and environment where the disabled visitors can access museum objects for several purposes, including education. For instance, none of the three museums have provisions for communication in sign language, Braille, tactile representations of some objects to make learning easier for hearing impaired and visually impaired visitors respectively. Thus, the research concludes that the three museums investigated are below average in light of fulfilling the requirements of accessibility guidelines, and being compliant with the Principle of Universal Design. Finally, this research recommends that the stated three museums and their stakeholders should carefully consider what they can do within their own limitations for disabled museum visitors to make each museum ameliorate its physical and communication barriers for disabled visitors and be inclusive. In addition, it is suggested that the three museums should adopt universal design principles, particularly as they relate to accessibility and usability requirements while retrofitting the existing ones.

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