Population Studies

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A Comparative Analysis of the Determinants of Age at First Marriage and Marital Stability in Addis Ababa: 1990 and 1995
(Addis Ababa University, 2000-06) Tesfay, Hailemariam; Murthy, P.K. (PhD)
The present study tried to examine the important determinants of the nuptiality variables 'age at first marriage' and 'the marital stability' ofreproductive women in urban Addis Ababa for the time period of 1990 and 1995. Further, ali attempt is also made to see whether there is any change in the importance of variables in affecting the above two dependent variables ofnuptiality over time. It is hypothesised that educational level, age at first marriage and migration statuses of women are the three important factors that affect nuptiality. The analysis is based on data from the 1990 National Family and Fertility Survey and the 1995 Fertility Survey of Urban Addis Ababa conducted by the Central Statistics Authority. A bi-variate analysis of background variables on the nuptiality variables clearly showed a great variation in nuptialtiy by their background variables such as age, place of birth, migration status, educational levels, religion, ethnicity and work of the female respondents. Selected important background variables that can be considered for studying the determinants of 'age at first marriage' and 'marital stability' is decided by applying the ANOYA and Chi-square tests on the independent variables. While OLS regression model is applied to study the determinants of 'age at first marriage ', Logistic regression model is applied to study the determinants of 'marital stability' in the present thesis. Application of the multivariate techniques is decided based on the type of the dependent and independent variables considered in the model. As stated in the hypothesis, the study is carried out on the nuptiality data collected in period 1990 and 1995.The independent variables considered in the multiple regression analysis in both periods were place of birth, migration status, educational levels, religion, and husband literacy level. Similarly, the independent variables considered in the logistic regression analysis were age at first marriage, place of birth, migration status, educational levels, etlmicity and duration of marriage. As such a comparative analysis is made in the entire study. Results of the multiple regression analysis carried out in 1990 and 1995 data clearly show that education of females (Grade 9+) is the most important variable that determines the age at first marriage offemales in the study area in both 1990 and 1995. Besides, place of birth is the second important variable in detelmining age at first marriage in 1995. Results of the logistic regression on ' marital stability ' seem to show that after ethnicity, the most important variable that affect the 'marital stability' is age atfirst marriage and then followed by education of women (Grade 9+) in both 1990 and 1995. The results also show that migration is also one of the important variables that is affecting age at first marriage and marital stability in urban Addis Ababa during the study period. However, its affect is seen to be on the opposite direction, unlike the affect of education of women, which is in the expected direction in affecting age at first marriage and marital stability.
The Ethiopian Nation-State and Contending Nationalisms in a Global Era
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-02) Yousuf, Semir; Gudina, Merera (PhD)
Causes and Consequences of Trafficking in Women and Children to Urban Centers: The Case of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Gebru, Habtemariam; Hailemariam, Assefa (PhD)
Trafficking in human beings, especially in women and children for the purpose of labour and sexual exploitation has become an issue of global concern because of its rapid growth in recent years. Ethiopia is among the countries highly affected by both domestic and international trafficking. Incountry trafficking in women and children from rural to urban center is widespread in Ethiopian. However, the causes and consequences of trafficking in women and children are not well documented. The primary objective of this study was to identify the major socio-cultural, economic and legislative causes and consequences of trafficking on the victims in Addis Ababa. To this end, a total of 140 trafficked women and children were identified through non-probability sampling teclmiques and were interviewed by using an interview schedule containing close ended questions. In addition, 30 key informants were selected from different governmental, non governmental and private institutions and participated in the in-depth interviews. A total of four focus group discussions were conducted with community workers and victims of trafficking engaged in various activities. Efforts were also made to assess the role of law enforcement bodies in accordance with the country's legislative framework. The study involved the use of both quantitative and qualitative data, with more reliance on the latter. The research identified that low level of education compounded by lack of information exposed women and children to deceptive promises and motivations of brokers, friends, and relatives that were involved in the trafficking process. In most cases, the disparity in economic opportunities between rural areas and major cities like Addis Ababa had contributed to the trafficking of women and children by attracting them. Harmful traditional and cultural practices such as early marriage, discrimination against women and gender based violence pushed women and children to leave their origins to urban areas. The study revealed that the major causes of internal trafficking in women and children were economic factors; unemployment and poverty being the major ones. The capacity to implement the laws by law enforcement bodies was found to be limited. This in turn has contributed to the prevalence of the longstanding and deep rooted problem of internal trafficking in the country. The study indicated that trafficking victims experienced various forms of physical as well as psychological abuses. As a result, they suffered from severe forms of emotional disturbances and personality disorders. The study disclosed that trafficking victims engaged in domestic services, commercial sex work and traditional weaving industry were highl y vulnerable to the worst forms of economic exploitations. The forms of exploitations include long hours of work, overburdening with work, work with no leaves, low wage, and denial of payments. Empowerment of women and chi ldren, strengthening poverty reduction interventions in the rural areas, improving the capacity of law enforcement bodies, launching awareness raising campaigns, establishing more rehabilitation and reintegration proj ects, strengthening the fight against harmful traditional and cultural practices were recommended to combat the problem. It is also suggested that conducting further researches in di fferent aspects of trafficking and establishing a national council are vital for mitigating the problem.
Sexual Behavior and Risk Perception of HIV Infection Among Young Adults in Dessie Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Tesfaye, Girma; Hailemariam, Assefa (PhD)
Available studies indica!e !ha!, sometimes people do not perceive !heir risk of HIV adequa!ely and !herefore, they are less motivated to protect themselves and others from HIV infection. In Dessie town, as in many other Ethiopian towns, city and other settings of the world, the sexual behaviors and self assessment of the risk of HIV infection of the current cohort of young people will strongly influence the course of HIVIAIDS The purpose of this study is to identifY the socio-economic and behavioral factors that affect risk perception of HIV infection among young adults in the age 15- 29 years. Method: This study is a cross-sectional survey research that was conducted in Amhara Region, Dessie town form15 February to 15 March 2008. A total of 721 youths in the age group 15-29 were selected using cluster sampling method followed by simple random sampling method. A self-administered structured questionnaire, FGDs and interview with key informants were used to collect the required data from the study participants. The data were edited, coded entered, cleaned and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis with SPSs. Results show that about half of the study participants are sexually experienced. Of these, 55.6% had sex with one partner only, abou! a quarter used condoms consistently and about 19% had multiple sexual partners and did not use condom. Nearly 12% of the sexually active participants had ever contracted at least one STis. Overall, 7% of males and 11.5% offemales perceived high risk of HIV infection; and 12% of male and 15.8% of female respondents perceive themselves to have a moderate chance of gelling HIV In general, female respondents were considerably more likely than males to report themselves at a higher risk of HIV infection. Sex, exposure to media, religiosity, age at first sex, the number of life time partners, age difference between partners, condom use, taking HIV test, are found to be the predictors of risk perception of HIV infection among young adults in Dessie town. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide justification for intervention targeting on key factors that influence the risk perception of HIV infection. Providing the necessary information in a way that could bring about behavioral change among the young adults is recommended.
Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Antenatal and Delivery Care Utilization in Rural Kebeles of Kalu Wereda, Debub Wollo Zone, Amhara Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Seid, Mekonnen; Dejene, Michael (PhD)
Each year a large number of women are dying due to factors associated with pregnancy and childbirth in developing countries. Antenatal and delivelY care are the most important interventions for reducing maternal and child mortality. A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Februwy 2009 with the main objective of assessing socio-economic alld demographic factors that determine antenatal and delivelY care utilization in rural kebeles of Kalu wereda, Debub Wollo Zone, Amhara Region. Simple random sampling technique was used to select representative kebeles and enumeration areas. A total of 312 women who were pregnant at the time of the surveyor had live births within the 3 years preceding the survey date were the respondents for the survey. Quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were employed to gather the required infonnation ji-om the respondents. The result of the study revealed that 37.2% of the women received ANC either during the current pregnancy or at the time of their previous pregnancies and the majority of them (65.5%) made 2-3 ANC visits. About 40% of 1V0men visited health facilities for ANC check up ill the third trimester of their pregnancy. Concerning the latest births, (85.2%) of the babies were delivered at hOllle and about 37% and 25% of the deliveries were attended by untrained traditional birth attendants and relatives, respectively. The bivariate test shows that age, average monthly income, total children ever born, average time taken to reach the nearest health facility and education have statistically significant association with utilization of ANC with (X1=1 01 .7, P=O.OOO), (X2=23.7, P=O.OOO),( x'=53.4, P=O.OOO), (X2=21.1, P=O.OOO).( X'=50.9, P=O.OOO)). In addition, age, average monthly income, total number of children ever born, average time taken to reach the nearest health facility and education also shows statistically significant association with utilization of health facility delivelY with (x'=8.1, P=0.017), (x'=9.9, P=0.007), (x'=12.5, P=0.002), (x'=l/, P=O.OOI) and (X2=12.2, P=O.OOO), respectively. Moreover, the multivariate analysis revealed that age, average monthly income, awareness about benefit of ANC have significant relationship with utilization of ANC. Likewise, total number of children ever born, marital status and access to radio are found to have significant effect on utilization of health facility delivelY. Being in a state of good health was the main reason for not using ANC, while, it is usual practice is reported as the main reason for home delivelY. Promoting the use of ANC, postnatal care and facility-based and safe home based deliveries by providing information and education on maternal service utilization, encouraging women education and improving the status of women in the community are recolllmended.
Causes and Consequences of Risky Sexual Behavior among the Military Personnel at Zalambessa Town, Tigray Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Hagos, Mohammedseid; Subramaniyam, Vijaya (PhD)
Objective: The general objective of the swdy is to investigate the extent of risky sexual beha vior among Militmy personnel and to explore the variolls lInderlying causes and consequences of their sexual behavior in Tigray regional state, Zalambessa fown. Method: A cross-sectional study design was employed to achieve the staled objectives. Simple random sampling was used fa select the 420 respondents. To analyze Ihe data univariate. bivariate, and multivariate techniques of data analysis were applied. Chi square lest was employed to see rhe association between predictive and outcome variables. Logistic regression is also jit to identify determinants of risky sexual behavior using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS Version 15). To in -depth the results of the quantitative data, qualitative data were also generated using FGD. Results: Ninety-two percent of the study population has ever had sexual intercourse. Eightynine percent, forty-four percent and twenty-jive percent of the respondents had sexual intercourse, had sex with commercial sex workers and had at leas! four or more sexual partners, respectively in the last 12 months. Nin ety-six percent and ninety-jive percent of the respondents reported to have ever heard about condoms alld llsed in their hfe time consistently, respectively. Multivariate results sholVed that the likelihood of having sex with commercial sex workers who had ever married is more than never married by a fac tor of 1.95. The likelihood of having work related stress for those who said no is greater than those who said yes by a f actor of 1.6. Those respondents who took alcohol in the last fOllr weeks preceding the survey were 1II0re likely to have sex within commercial sex workers than those who did not consume alcohol. The logistic regression model also ref/ects that variables like education, marital status and work related stress come up as determinants of sex with commercial sex workers. As, education increases the likelihood of doing sex with commercial sex workers decreases. This indicates that education has its own positive role in denying sex with sex workers. The model again depicts that age, education and work related stress are determinan.ts of multiple sexual panners. Age is positively correlated with multiple sexual partners. Thus it can be said that increase in age by itself has Q positive influence in developing multiple sexual partners. On the Ollter hand, education has a negative influence on having multiple sexual partners. Conclusion: Studies on sexual behavior of the sexually active population in general and the adolescent including Milit{l/Y force in particular are crucial ill designing, implementing and monitOring effective intervention programs-;-targeted in- behavioral changes that-enable-lO_ prevent or to reduce risky sexual behavior. Finally, the study recommends that in order to bring behavioral change in the military personnel, concerned military h.ealth officers should arrange programs using Drama, Magazine (Tikuakur Nebroch or the black Tig ers), in the Anti ADS club. Peer education should also be promoted if risky sexual behavior is to be eliminated among the military personnel.
Determinants of Unmet Need for Family Planning Among Currently Married Women in Kobbo Woreda, North-East of Amhara
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Molla, Getahun; Belete, Habtamu (PhD)
The level of unmel need for FP for Africa is Ihe highest of all continenls of the world. Besides ils importance in meeting demographic goals, meeting the need of wOlI/en with ullmel need is believed to protect women from the health risk of unwanted pregnancy and provides them Ihe opportunity 10 improve their own lives. The objective of the study was to examine the underlying facial's of unmet need for fa lllily planning among currently married Wall/en of reproductive age in Kobbo woreda. A community based cross sectional study was employed. A multi-stage sampling procedure was carried oul 10 interview 692 women in Ihe sludy area. Quantitative as well as qualitative data were obtained using struclured questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informants interview. Univariate, bi-variate and multivariate technique were used in the analysis. Demographic, socio-econolllic and family planning variables were used as explanatOlY variables while the dependent variable is ulllnet need for family planning. Most women 681 (98. 4%) knew 01 least one modern FP method. Aroulld 58% of wall/en have never discussed wilh husbands about issues concerningfamily planning. It is also indicated thai 52.6% of women have never discussed with health workers and 47.4% of women have discussed with health workers at least once in the past three 1II0nths. Regarding Ihe need status fur family planning, 47.3% of women have unmet need for family planning and 38% of women have met Iheir need (currenlly using contraceptives). Unmet need for family planning is highest among women who are in the early reproduclive age (I5-24), who have no educQ(ion, live in rural areas, who got nWI-ried before the legal age at first marriage «18), have more number of living children (5 and above), have no or /illie knowledge of FP and have never discussed FP issues with their husband and health workers. Age at first marriage, number of living children, spousal discussion and discussion with health workers abouL family plwllIing were fO l11ld to be the most ill/portanl detenninanlS of I/Umetneedforfall/ily planning in the study area. The study recommends that integrated falllily planning information, education and communication programs and stralegies aiming at encouraging comillunication between couples, changing husband's altitude and their active involvement in the program; expand access to family planning services in rural areas and ill/prove contraceptive method mix could possibly help to address wOlllen wilh In,,net need. Moreover, discussion of women with health workers, particularly heallh extension workers, and improving age at marriage could effectively reduce the level of III/met need.
Determinants of Women's Participation in Trading Activities: The Case of 'Saris Gebeya ' Women Taders
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Alemu, Lubaba; Emana, Bezabih (PhD)
The informal sector provides more than half of the employment in urban Ethiopia and plays an important role to absorb surplus labour and income generation in developing countries. In the informal sector establishment of informal trade sector ranks second in terms of mlmber of informal sector establishment in Ethiopia. Women are disproportionately located in the informal sector. A survey was conducted in March 2009 in Addis Ababa, 'Saris Gebeya' to assess the main reasons underlying women's trading activities in the informal sector, to investigate the demographic and socio-economic situation of women traders, to analyzes the factors which affect performance of the informal traders and to suggest policy measures that improves women's role (participation) in informal trade in the study area. Enumerators administered structilred questionnaire was usedfor data collection. Data were collectedfrom "Saris Gebeya" and a total of 422 study subjects were included in the study, the data were cleaned, edited and entered in to a computer and analyzed using descriptive, bivariate, linear regression and multivariate statistical techniques. Statistical tests were done at a level of significance of p < 0.05. The study revealed that about 74% of sampled women traders are informal traders. There was a significant association (p<0.05) between trade participation (informal and formal) and socioeconomic and demographic variables such as schooling, age, access to credit, access to market, birth place, household income, initial capital, and accesses to training. Age of the respondents, respondents who have workers with them, record keeping about their business and husband attitude (supportiveJare the most importafft factors-which determine the performance of-womeninformal traders positively. Most of women informal traders need to be organized under cooperatives, to facilitate the availability of work places, to facilitate market and to get credit. The stildy revealed major problems that faced women informal traders in their business operation were lack of working place (convenient), shortage of working capital, lack of creditfacility, and lack of training.Based on the above findings. improving vocational education. training. access to credit. access to working place. access to market and supporting women to be organized under cooperatives are recommended to solve the problem faced by the study community.
Correlated of Age at First Marriage Among Women in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Shiferaw, Alemu; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
The age at first marriage has long been considered an issue oFprimary interest in the disciplines of marriage and the family as well women's studies. The issue has been taken on even greater importance recently due 10 the impact of a trend towards rising at first marriage on fer tilily levels, with further potentiallilr-reaching demographic, economic, and social ramifications, and also affected by these factors. This study is primarily aimed 01 delermining imporlanl socio-economic and demographic faclors influencing age at first marriage among women of reproductive age residing in Addis Ababa. LiFe time event history data ('()/lecled Fom a total of 598 women of reproductive age group (i.e15-49 years), who were li1'ing in Addis Ababa continuously starting fi'om age 12 or birth were analyzed using descriplive, survival plot and Cox regression models. Descriptive and survival plot were used to show/he di/!erenlial in age at/irstmarriage among different subgroup of covariate whilst , Cox regression was used as a multivariate analysis tool to measure the net eflect a/each covariate to e/fectil>eiy utilize the samples who were not married so filr at the time of survey. Results of bivariate analysis show that there is an increasing trend in mean age at first marriage (from 27to 29 years), and proportion o(never married ((rom 53 to 60 percent) between 1995 and 2009. The result of Cox regression on the other hand, revealed that educational leve/, educational enrollment, work s/atlls as well as mother 's education are the 1I10st impol'lanl/actors playing sign ificant roles in determining o( age at first marriage amonglemale residents of Addis Ababa.
Perception of Peoples' about the Effect of Population Growth on the Environment: The Case of Gidda Ayyana Woreda, East Wollega (Oromia Region)
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Abdisa, Lemessa; Senbeta, Feyera (PhD)
Context: Ethiopia is one of the countries with rapid population growth, dense settlement in the highland parts, and degraded environment. These si tuations of the country cause imbalance between population growth and the existing natural resources. To ba lance the .~ population growth with the existing natural resources, the perception of people on the effect of population growth on the envi ronment would be raised. In light to this problem, this study was conducted with an objective of analyzing the role of demographic, social, and economic factors on the perception of people's on the effect of population growth on the environment. Methodology: The data used in this study was collected from 423 sample household heads of the two'kebeles' of Jidda Ayyana Woreda. The methods of data analysis used in the study were bi- va riate and logistic regression. The bi-variate analysis used to see the relationship between demographic, social, and economic variables and perception. Logistic regression was used to assess the net effect of each independent va riable on the perception of people's on the effect of popu lation growth on the environment. Results: Among the independent variables entered in to the logistic regression educational sta tus, contact with development and family planning agents and access to mass media have a significant and positive influence on the level of perception. 111e findings of the study also showed that, about 61.5% and 55.7% of the people in the study area perceived the effect of population growth on the agricultural land and forest resources respectively. Conclusion: The demographic variables have no net effect on the perception of people on the effect of population growth on the environment. On the other hand, from socioeconomic variables educational status, contact with family plaJu1ing and development agents and access to mass media have net effect on perception of people about the effect of population growth on the environment Recommendation: To raise the level of perception of people on the effect of population growth on the environment, environmental issues would be inculcated in the educational curriculum of the country at all educational level, family planning and development agents would work in close contact with the community, and the information sources of the society should be expanded.
The Experience of Child Loss and Childbearing in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Hailu, Mesrach; Hailemariam, Assefa (PhD)
Child /llOrlaliry aggravare burden all 1I1OIhers ill differenl 1I'{lYS, A/I/(}lIg Ihis Ihe SllIdy /ilCused Oil ils e{teCi on illcreasing Iheir life lime pregnancy 10 replace Iheir 1(1.11 ('hiM alld son/(' (~r rl/e/l/ I/Iiglil.lc'tlr ill losing the one tha t 11'OS replaced alld decide ill gipil1g forge nffll/her (l hirlhs {() Iw secured. To examine Ihis effeci of ch ild loss experience all ferlilii.", ('\'('J" /I"/lTied /<'/11011'.1 of U'llwduclil 'e age IVilh ar leaSI one childbearing experiellce lI'ere seleu('(l/iwlI EDI-IS 2{)()5. Firsl dll'-sq/l(/re was used /0 rest Ihe association of del11()grophic. heil(ll';ora/ (Inti S(lci()('Cllllfll/lic I'IIrioh/es Ivilh ferlilily measured by CB or CEB, Melhodl' like IJ)'(ISS e!r )'(Ilio olld dill<'r(')(1 Bi' l'IIrillies Irere implemenled 10 compare Ihe ferlilit), of mOlhers Irilh child loss e.\"j}(Jricllce (1I1d II';,I! I/O experience. In oddilion (0 this binary /ogisric (lilt! COl/ill claw 11/odel Po;.\"S(}/1 r('gu'ss/()/1 Ivere ill1plemented to exall1ine {he socioeconoll1ic. !J('//(/\';(}!"(f/ {lilt! de/l/(l,~)'(Iphic delermillal1ls of ch ild loss and ferlility in Elhiopia, More OI'er Ihe slud, cie{lrlv sho II '('(I 11((' di/li'rellli{li in child loss andferlilily by urban and rural residences Ivilh r('spnl {() Ihe delermillollis. The sludy used 111'0 sralislical s()fflllare '.I' SPSS and STA TA lor allolysis. A 2,7 illcrease ill TFR for molhers \Vilh Ihe experience was obrained by usillg Bmss P/F ralio, This implies 11/(/1 child loss experience had a big share in increasing Ihe TFR of 1I/(Illwrs, The r('suh o( Ihe Ili l'ariwe {lnalysis sho\Ved Ihal an increase in Ihe level of child mOrlalii." I/(/d impaci ill illcre{lsillg III(' 1('1'1'1 ()f ferlilil), which was measured by CEB, The poison regressioll model illdiwled Ihal child loss experience, religion, age olmolher, lI1ariral duralioll, 1,l{lce ,,( residellce, AFM, AFI3, d/l/"{/Iio/l of breaslfeeding, 1110lher's educarion and Iype of col"llraceplil'(' lIIelllOd lire ill/jJur/alll t!e((,/"lIIil/(/I/{S offer/iliry of mothers. Similarly multivariate-logistic regression model u'I'('(//cd IhOl exposllre to media, place oj residence, region of residence. sex or child ":;11i (P
Assessment of the Reproductive Health Needs of Unmarried Out-of-School Adolescents in Amhara Region, South Wollo Zone, Dessie Zuria Woreda
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Dejene, Tibebu; Ramanujam, C. (PhD)
Assessment of reproductive health needs of unmarried out- of- school adolescents who are 10-1 9 years is required to prepare them as a respons ible and healthy persons at later life.423 samples respondents selected from Dessie Zuria Woreda by stratified systematic random sampling method were interviewed. Majority of respondents knows about physical changes during puberty. There is poor knowledge about risk of conception during menstruation. Knowledge about legal age at marriage is at moderate level but more among females than males. Majority believed that any intercourse will not result in pregnancy. Though problem of premarital sex is known, first sexual intercourse (38 percent) happened at mean age of 16 years. Abortion and rape are known to majority of respondents. Correct knowledge about contraception is known to more males than females. Injectables, oral pills and condom are known in higher proportion. Knowledge about STI and HIV is at relatively moderate and low level respectively. Knowledge on modes of HIV transmission is at very low level. Health extension workers are the major source of knowledge on reproductive health matters. Knowledge on RH matters does not differ significantly between male and female adolescents. Less knowledge about availability of health centre and less accessibility to health centre are observed. Treatment seeking behavior of adolescents has to be improved. There is a need to create awareness about the ,,> importance of later age at marriage; knowledge on risk of conception, safe period, contraception, avoiding premarital sex, and mode of transmission of STI/ HIV. In ~ddition to the general population, Muslims, literates and those in low standard of living needs more attention in providing information on RH matters through lEC programmes to be implemented by governmental, non-governmental and community based organizations.
Female Youth Knowledge and Attitude towards Induced Abortion in Bishoftu Town, Oromia Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Moshe, Tsegaye; G/Egziabher, Amare (PhD)
Unsafe abortion is a preventab le tragedy and is one of the neglected problems of health care in developing countries. In February 2009 a cross-sectional study was co nducted in Bi shoftu town Oromia Regional state to assess the knowledge and attitude of female youth aged 15-24 years towards induced abortion. The study utilized both quantitative and qualitative (FGDs) methods. A total of 708 female youth were interviewed llsing pre- tested questionnaire. The data were ed ited, and en tereel into a computer and analyzed using SI'SS WINDOW version 15. Odds ratios were ca lculated using logi stic regression model to control conlollnders in the process of examining the effects of socia-econom ic and demographic predictor var iables on knowledge and att itude of respondents towards induced abortion. Stat istical tests were done at a level of significance ofp<0.05. It is fo unclthat al"Ound one - third of sex ually active respo nd ents not use contrace pt ives to protect themselves I"rol11 unwanted/unp lanned pregnancy and STDs inc lud ing H I V / A id s, whereas 91.9% of them were aware of contracepti ves. About one-fifth (20%) of the respondents who ever ex perienced pregnancy reported induced abon ion, of whi ch students, unemployed youth, housemaids and · dai ly laborers took the highest share. Of the respondents 73% supported induced abonion upon a woman 's demand. Around 87% of the respondents \Vere aware of health risks of unsafe ;Jbortion but only one-firth of the respondents knew that abort ion is illegal but allowed under certain circumstances in the country, Eth iopia. The majority (60.6%) believed that abortion is illegal in the cou ntry. The FGDs result made clear that most female youth believed that if Et hi opia 's current abort ion law is liberalized it II ill h
Contraceptive Use Among Urban and Rural Women in Debre Tabor Town Administration, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Abegaz, Alemu; Belete, Habtamu (PhD)
The obj ective of the study is to examine the levels of contraceptive use of women of childbearing age in Debre Tabor Town administration, South Gondar zone, Amhara Region The contraceptive use of 630 (296 sub-urban and 334 urban) women of childbearing age (15-49 years) and some correlates of contraceptive use in the study area have been dealt. The main rationale of the study includes assessing and determining the level of contraceptive use and the reasons for use and non-use of cOl1lraceplive methods and provides institutions with opportunities for inteervention in contraceptive lise. The sllldy is cross-sectional study design employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The current contraceptive use of the study area is 34.3 % (38.02% for the urban residents, 30.07% for the sub-urban residents) whereas the ever use of contraceptives was 39. 7%. Current contraceptive lise by age indicates that there is high contraceptive use in the age group 25-34 years compared to 15-24 and 35 + age groups. In addition, the main results of the chi-square test and binOlY logistic model revealed that contraceptive use is significantly affected by the number of living children, desire for more children, educational level of women, work status of women and media exposures. The knowledge of any method of contraceptive was 94%. The commonly used methods of COl1lraceptives in the study area include injectables followed by pills, condoms and nO/plants for women The two main purposes of using contraceptives include spacing for children (50%) and limiting for children (33.3%) and other reasons (16. 7%).Spacing dominates over limiting. The most important reasons for non-use include method related reasons followed by fertility related and opposition related reason of the total non-users reasons. On the part of the conclusion, women as a whole have low contraceptive use. Finally,the recommendations of the study forwarded include promotion of lEC, provision of forums, debates, trainings, workshops, discussions, experience sharing, educating women and providing option for women, providing education on the benefits of small family size and family planning, and enhancing females decision making and autonomy.
Demographic and Socio-economic Determinants of Household Energy use in Dilla Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Agizew, Alemayebu; Woldemariam, Tadesse (PhD)
Demographic and Socio-economic Determinants of Environmental Knowledge and Attitude Towards Environmental Protection and Soil Conservation Activities, in Samre District, Tigray, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Teklu, Tsegay; Senbeta, Feyera (PhD)
The general objective of th is study is to examine the demograph ic and soc io-economic determinants of knowledge of head of the households on the environment and their attitude towards the environmental protecti on and so il conservation acti vities in the study area. The source of data for this study was both primary and secondary. The primary source of data was a crosssectional data on 450-sampled population, from fi ve kebeles selected through systematic sampli ng with their prop0I1 ionai samples, tlu·ough household survey using structured questionnaire, in-depth interview, focus group discussion and personal observation. The secondary source of data was collected through stati stical abstracts, research reports, journals, Internet sources and related l iteratures. The unit of analysis for thi s study was at the head of a household level. All kebeles were first studied their agro-ecological zones, elevation range. average temperature, average rainfa ll , soil conservation activities and other cultural heritages. Five kebelles with their proportion and a household were selected by systematic sampling. A descriptive statistics, bi- variate and multivariate analysis was used. In the case of multi variate analysi s, logistic regress ion model was used to examine the degree of strength of relation ships between the set of dependent and independent variables knowledge and attitude. By using the binary logistic regression model there is a significant difference in the Environmental knowledge of the sampled population about the environment and soil conservation activities between male and female, literate and illiterate, those who have better income and those do not have, and between those who have media exposure and those do not have. On the other hand there is no significant difference of the respondents between the age group 40-65 and the reference category above age 65, between the c urrently married and the other group, house hold size and place of residence. The respondent's attitude towards soil conservation and environmental protection has also a sign ifica nt diflCrence among the age groups, between currently married and the others, place of residence, media exposure, literacy status and between those who take cr.edit in the preceded two to three yea rs or not. On the other hand sex, age group of 40-65, house hold size, remittance, off-farm activit ies, income difference and number of li vestock has no sign ificant attitudinal effect.
Nutritional Status and Its Determinants for Women Living in Female Headed Households in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Abere, Kassahun; Hiailemariam, Assefa (PhD)
Correlates of Sexual Violence Among Female Domestic Servants in Addis Ababa: The Case of Arada Sub-City
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Terefe, Admas; Haylemariam, Asefa (PhD)
Women all over the world face differenr forms of violence such as physical, poychological, sexual and deprivation. The problem is even more serious and complicated in developing countries where gender issue is at its stage of infancy. Among others, sexual violence has a profound impact on the physical and mental health of women. As well as causing physical injury, it is associated with an increased risk of a range of sexual and reproductive health problems, with both long-term and immediate consequences. In particular, female domestic servants who are living in difficult circumstances need special attention on this regard. To defend these girls and women from these problems the root causes of sexual violence should be explored. In this regard, this study was explored the correlates of sexual violence among female domestic servants in Arada Sub-City, Addis Ababa. The main purpose of this study was to explore the correlates of sexual violence among female domestic servants. Besides, it was concerned to assess the prevalence of sexual violence among them and their disclosure status. This cross-sectional study employed multistage cluster sampling technique to identify the sample population. It also used primary data collected using structured questionnaire and complementary focus group discussion (FGD) to test the formulated hypothesis. Finally, descriptive statistics were generated to determine the prevalence and context of sexual victimization experienced by female domestic servants, and logistic regression model was used to identify the associated risk factors. Among the 815 female domestic servants interviewed, 59.9 percent were ever harassed and 42.6 percent experienced sexual harassment in the current year. The prevalence of life time attempted and completed rape was reported to be 44.6 percent and 33.4 percent respectively. Besides, 23.3 percent and 16.3 percent respectively experienced attempted and completed rape for the current year. Only 11.6 percent of the victims disclosed the incidents they faced to other people or police immediately and 17.2 percent disclosed at or after the incidents occurred. In this respect, 97.1 percent of the victims were perpetrated by the people they knew.The study depicted that Sexual violence in the current year was significantly associated with female domestic servants' age, childhood sexual abuse, witnessing violence, income, living arrangement, sexual experience, age at first sex , current marital status, work experience and their altitude towards forced sex .. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that a substantial proportion of female domestic servants in the sample reported experiences of rape, attempted rape or other forms of forced sexual contact, indicating a need for formulating relevant employment policies and specific laws concerning female domestic servants. Besides, raise the awareness of female domestic servants, the justice personnel and the society concerning the devastating nature of sexual violence and establishing counseling and victims support service centers to minimize the problem.
Determinants of Unintended Pregnancy among Currently Married Women in Gozamin Woreda, East Gojjam of Amhara, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Teshome, Haimanot; Hailemariam, Assefa (PhD)
Context: - It is a universally accepted(act that unintended pregnancy and births could have negative consequencesfor women, children, jelmi!ies and societies at large. The current study aimed to examine the leveL and determinants o(unintended pregnancy among selected women in Gozamen woreda in the Amhara Region. Allethods: - A cross-sectionaL study involving a sampLe of 576 currenrly married wurnen of reproductive age, whose most recent pregnancy occurred within the Last jive years prior to the survey was carried out in three kebeles, selected Fom the study area. ALI pregnancies regardless of outcome are incLuded in the study Data was coLlectedFom 554 re;pondents using a structured questionnaire. A mullistage sampling technique was used to reach the respondents. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. Descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques were used in the analysis of the data. Results: - About two out ()ffive women (40.8 percent) reported that their most recent pregnancies were unintended. High percentage o( unintended pregnancy (87.2%) was among re;pondents who were not using modern method o( contraception prior to their most recent pregnancies. Results ()( the multivariate analysis indicated that severaL demographic, socio-economic and family pLanningfactors influence whether a pregnancy is intended or unplanned. Women aged 35 and above (OR: 6.6-14), those who didn 't lise contraceptive prior to the recent pregnancy (OR: 2.047 ), those with no kno,vledge ()( modern contraceptive methods (OR 4.068) and those married to husbands who do not approve contraceptive methods (OR: 3. 962) had a higher chance ()( experiencing unintended pregnancy. Furthermore, those married at the age ()(18 and above (OR: 0.321), re,pondents who have exposure to media (OR: 0.-104), women with at least primm)! education (OR: 0.169), those women working outside home (OR. 0.387) and those married to husbands working in the non-agricultural sector (OR: 0.172) had lower chance o( experiencing unintended pregnancy. Conclusion and recommendation: - Unintended pregnancy was/ound to be a major reproductive health problem in the study area resliiting./i"om the high unmet need/or{amily planning and thus deserves priority allention. Policymokers and program planners need to design programs and services care/idly to reduce unintended pregnancy in the region, especially, services should/ocus on helping those groups o{women who are identified in the analysis as being at increased risk 0/ lInintended pregnancy- illiterate, ,older women aged 35 and above, those who got married at early age ,those who have less knowledge and practice o/contraceptive methods and those who havefive or more living children and women in rural areas.
Levels and Determinant of Unintended Pregnancy among Selected Married Women in Damote Gale Woreda
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Kebede, Tadele; Regassa, Negatu (PhD)
Unintended pregnancy is a worldwide problem that affects women, their families and societies at large. Recently it appeared as an importanl public health concerns for both developed and developing countries because it is not only distressing for the affected women and children, but also has a far reaching health, social and economic consequences. To prevent uninlended pregnancy and its associated problems it is important to understand the determinant factors. The objective of the study was to examine the level and the underling determinants of unintended pregnancy among selected married women in Damote Gale woreda. A crosssectional study was conducted in this woreda and the study was carried out in eight kebeles (smallest administrative units). A multistage sampling technique was used to select females in the reproductive age group15-49 years for interview. Quantitative as well as qualitative data were obtained using structured questionnaires, focus group discussion and key informants interview. Demographic, socio-cultural, and service related characteristics J'l'ere used as explanatory variables while the dependent variable is unintended pregnancy. A total of 713 females aged 15-49 years were inlerviewed out of whom, 302(42 .4 %) women reported that their most recent pregnancies were unintended. Most of the women (89%) knew at least one modern FP methods.84% of the women have never discussed with husbands about issues concerning FP. It is also indicated that 80% of women have never been visited by health workers.Only33% of women made decision on their health care by themselves. Major reasons mentioned for failure to avoid unintended pregnancy were lack of knowledge, disapproval by husband, difficulty to get method and method failure. Predicted probability has shown that women in delayed age at marriage, with lower parity, women exposed to radio, women who discus about FP issues with husband; those who have autonomy on their health care and those visited by FP workers had less exposed to unintended pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy was found to be a major reproductive health problem in the study area. Results suggested that FP strategies need to focus in early twenties and older women, and address the role of men. Besides, women 's decision making power should be given a special attention. Furthermore, in addition to expanding access to family planning an effective lEe and counseling and quality of care is needed in the study area.

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