Population Studies

Permanent URI for this collection

http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/16

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 106

Antenatal Care Service Utilization among Women of Recent Delivery under COVID Environment: Analysis of the Determinants of Access and Quality of Services in Selected Health Facilities in Burayu Town, Oromia, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-09) Terfassa, Lemma; Regassa, Nigatu Professor
In Ethiopia, although the use of maternal health services, including antenatal care has improved, most of the mothers do not attend and use a minimum number of four visits and the six-core set of items of ANC services recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate determinants and quality of ANC in the Burayu Healthcare center, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 420 mothers who gave birth within the past six months as of March to June 2021 at Burayu Healthcare center, Ethiopia. Data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14 software. Multivariable logistic and Negative Binomial regression models were used to determine the determinants of the two outcome variables. Among the 420 mothers included in this study, the majority of the mothers (68.6%) attended 4+ ANC visits and a very small proportion (1.9%) of mothers received all the six selected elements of ANC services. In multivariable logistic regression analysis of the determinants of frequency of ANC visits, women who were from urban, early starters of ANC visit, those with inter-pregnancy of less than or equal to 24 months and who had pregnancy-related acute illness had higher odds of receiving at least 4 +visits compared to their respective reference categories. Similarly in multivariate negative binomial regression analysis, married mothers, mothers with morbidity history, pregnancy-related acute illness, and who spent less than 30 minutes to reach health facilities were more likely to receive the WHO recommended items/contents of ANC services than their counter parts. Their respective odds ratios were marital statuses (AOR =1.05; 95%CI: 1.01-1.09), mothers with no morbidity history (AOR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06), and the mothers who lives at a distant greater than one hour from health facilities (AOR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.85–1.91). Moderate and extremely low levels of compliance with the WHO minimum recommended ANC visit (4+ visit) and core contents or items of the ANC respectively have been observed in Burayu town. Health promotion programs targeting mothers are vital to increase their awareness about the importance of antenatal services and to improve the coverage and contents of ANC services in Burayu.
Assessment Correlates of Modern Contraceptive Use Among Addis Ababa University Regularunder Graduate Students, Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Wondimagegne, Selam; Gurmu PhD, Eshetu
Background: - Unintended pregnancies are major concern in developing countries including Ethiopia. Female university students face unintended pregnancies because most of them are sexually active and exposed to unprotected sporadic premarital sexual intercourse. Contraceptives are being increasingly used by unmarried young women to prevent unintended pregnancies following unprotected sexual intercourse. However, little is known about Contraception use among female students at higher education in Ethiopia. Objectives: -The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factor that affect modern contraceptive use among female undergraduate students in Addis Ababa University. Methods: - Institution based cross sectional descriptive study involving 633 undergraduate female students from Addis Ababa University was done. Study participants were selected using systematic random sampling technique. The data was entered and analysis in to SPSS version20. Different forms of analysis like descriptive statistics, cross tabulation and logistic regression were applied to present the results. Recoding of data was also done for some variables to fit them in to binary logistic regression model. Adequate time was spent on the analysis to ensure quality. Result:- over all 42.3% of the students were sexually active. Of the total sexually active respondents 95.5% of them use contraception and the remaining 7.5% of the students never use contraception. Half of sexually active students practice sext before the age of 18 and 57.8% of sexually active students practice unsafe sexual behavior. The age of 20-24 years of age were 23% [OR=3.375 (1.008, 11.299)] more likely to use contraception and students those who were not practice induced abortion 68% [OR=0.320(0.042, 2.459)] more likely to use contraception. This shows that students who were not practice induced abortion were not significantly associated with contraception use. Conclusion and Recommendation:-There is very high level of contraception use among sexually active female undergraduate students who had unprotected sexual intercourse or a students who were not using condom as a barrier method. This could be due to the fact that university students have relatively better information and access to the service. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the Federal Ministry of Health make regular contraceptive methods accessible for students in higher institutions.
Assessment of Determinants of Perinatal Mortality among Public Hospital Deliveries in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An Unmatched Case Control Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Micky Birhanu; Tariku Dejene (M.SC.)
Background: According to accepted terms, the period known as the perinatal period begins at week 22 of pregnancy and lasts until day seven following delivery. However, different nations' legal systems have varying definitions of late fetal death (stillbirth). Late fetal death is seen as occurring at and after the 28th gestational week in the majority of poor nations, notably Ethiopia as well as in some affluent ones. Even though there has been a marked decline in fatality among babies of post-neonatal age in Ethiopia, the rate of infant deaths during the perinatal period continues to be substantial. This research has identified the determinant factors and causes of perinatal mortality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess determinants of perinatal mortality among public hospital deliveries in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A hospital based unmatched case control study was carried out. In all, 318 samples (106 cases and 212 controls) were collected from Addis Abeba's three government hospitals. Cases were perinatal deaths and controls were live births and neonates who were discharged alive from the hospital and did not die before the age of 7 days. The study period was from 1st March – 31st May. For data input and analysis, Epi-Info version 7.0 and SPSS version 23 were utilized. Logistic regression model was utilized to identify the variables that are determinants of perinatal death. Results: Obstetric complication occurred in 42.5% of cases and 18.9% of controls. Obstetric complications (AOR 4.399; 95%CI (2.288 - 8.456)), very low birth weight (AOR 5.033; 95%CI (1.499 - 16.896)) and low birth weight (AOR 14.479; 95%CI (4.484- 46.749)) were the determinants of perinatal mortality that increase risk of perinatal death. Whereas, education (AOR 0.135; 95%CI (0.037 - 0.492)) and partograph use (AOR 0.374; 95%CI (0.176 - 0.797)) were found to be protective factors for perinatal mortality. Conclusion & recommendation: The determinants of perinatal mortality in the study area were largely educational status, obstetric complications, low birth weight and partograph use. Some of them can be avoided by examining pregnant women early on and monitoring them after delivery.
Assessment of Dietary Diversity Score among Primary School Students of age 7 to 14 years of school feeding beneficiary and non-beneficiary in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07) Wassihun Kassaye; Chalachew Getahun (PhD)
Background: School feeding is a program that provides food for students from lower-income households. It is a program that was introduced to increase enrolment rates, reduce absenteeism, and improve food security at primary schools. The Addis Ababa city administration implemented this program in all government-owned schools in Addis Ababa to reach out to students who demand support in the school learning process. Objective: To analyze the diet diversity score and associated factors among children on school feeding program beneficiary and non-beneficiary from February first to March 31 in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Method: Quantitative comparative cross-sectional study designs were conducted with beneficiary to non-beneficiary ratio of one to one among 228 beneficiaries and 228 non beneficiaries. Data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaire, entered to Epi data version 3.1, and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Multiple logistic regression was used for the analysis. Odds ratio with its 95% confidence intervals was used to determine the strength of association. Variables with P-value < 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model and statistical significance was determined as p-value less than 0.05. Result: A total of 456 who were 228 school feeding beneficiary and 228 school feeding non beneficiary students were enrolled with 100% respondent rate. 65.4% 0f School feeding beneficiary and 61.4% of school feeding non beneficiary students had poor dietary diversity score where as 34.6% 0f school feeding beneficiary and 38.6% of school feeding non beneficiary students had good dietary diversity score. Conclusion: Generally our finding showed that both school feeding beneficiaries and non beneficiary students had poor dietary diversity scores and sex, having separate room for kitchen and school latrine having hand washing were determinant factors identified.
Assessment of knowledge on Reproductive Health and Associated Demographic and Socio-economic Factors among Adolescent Students attending Secondary School in Holata town, Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-08) Diriba, Dejene; Degefa, Terefe PhD
Background: Reproductive health refers to state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters related to the reproductive system and to its functions and process. Several reproductive health challenges confront adolescents (10-19 years) globally and are more pervasive in developing countries where services and facilities are absent. The global burden of sexual and reproductive health conditions can be expressed in absolute numbers: 60-80 million infertile couples; 120-201 million couples with unmet need for contraception; 4 million newborn deaths, 8 million life-threatening maternal morbidities; 529,000 maternal deaths, including 68, 000 from unsafe abortions. With 104 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, Ethiopia’s high adolescent birth rate was likely associated with the low use of modern contraceptives. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge on reproductive health and associated demographic and socio-economic factors among adolescent students attending secondary schools in Holata town, Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinnee, of Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: School based cross-sectional study was conducted among secondary school regular students for 2019/2020 academic year in Holata town from randomly selected classes of two schools using self-administered questionnaire. Multistage sampling technique was implemented and data were collected from 368 adolescents aged 15-19. SPSS version 20 package statistical software was used to enter and analyze the data. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify significant associations between independent and dependent variables. Result: The mean age of the respondents was 17.4 (+/-1.262 years). Nearly 53% of them knew about RH. The major discovery in this study was inadequate knowledge on RH among adolescents. This makes adolescent more vulnerable to reproductive health problem, as testified by those, who have failed to continue with secondary school due to early pregnancy. Age (OR = 3.324, 95% CI: 1.972-5.603), sex (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.303-1.720), Marital status of parents (OR=1.826, 95%CI: 1.199-2.781), ever attending school (OR=1.308,95%CI:0.777-2.203), mother education status (OR=1.722,95%CI:0.823-3.603), participation in school RH club (OR=1.457,95%CI:0.949-2.239) and health institution as means of access to information (AOR = 4.778,95%CI:1.382 ,16.517) were associated with reproductive health knowledge. iii | P a g e Conclusion: Reproductive health knowledge is low among adolescents in Holata town secondary schools. Factors like age, sex, and parents’ marital status, participation in school RH club, health institution and friends as means of access to information about RH were the determinant of the knowledge of RH of adolescents. Recommendations: Awareness creation through giving reproductive health education and increasing mindfulness for students on all reproductive health components, problems and prevention method. Additionally, counseling and guidance services by allocating trained person has a great importance and hence need to be given due attention along with establishing different clubs in schools that promote sexual and reproductive health issues were some of the recommendations suggested
Assessment of Mothers’ Experience of Disrepect and Abuse during Maternal Health Care Provision and Associated Factors, In Public and Private Health Facilities in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2021-09) Gelgelu, Abdulkadir; Mahmoud, Emebet MSc
Disrespect and abuse of women during labor and delivery is becoming recognized as a violat ion of their rights and a barrier to using life-saving, facility-based labor and delivery care. In Addis Ababa, the rate of expert birth attendance is 97 percent, with the remaining women giving birth at home. From the viewpoints of both providers and mothers, this study investiga tes the experiences of disrespect and abuse in maternal care, as well as the factors associated with facility-based maternal care. We conducted 455 interviewer-administered structured interviews at two randomly selected governmental health facilities with their four-catchment health centers and two hospitals of privately owned hospitals in Addis Ababa Ethiopia with midwives, health officers, nurses, and medical doctors, and women who had given birth within the three months prior to the survey date. In addition to the quantitative survey, the mothers who experienced disrespect and abuse took part in an in-depth interview. We discovered that during labor and delivery, both health care providers and women who pa rticipated in an in-depth interview reported physical and verbal abuse, as well as nonconsented care. Most abuse, according to providers, is unintentional and stems from the over crowding of the labor ward as a result of inappropriate referrals. We uncovered no evidence of more systematic types of abuse involving the detention of patients from living with her new-born rather than restraining women in the facility because they failed to pay health care fees. Most of the mothers reported that they were never asked to know the position she prefers to deliver in yet and also, they were denied to deliver in the position she preferred. However, it is small in number the disrespect and abuse that they shy away to report also appeared during the quantitative survey. Our findings recommend that respectful care training, which is included in the national midw ifery curriculum's professional ethics modules, be expanded to include a stronger emphasis on counseling skills and rapport building. Our findings also suggest that all treatments aimed at improving midwives' interpersonal contacts with women should be supplemented by addre ssing structural concerns related to provider workload.
Assessment of Quality of Antenatal Care and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Selected Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-12) Dessalegn, Meseret; Dejene PhD, Tariku
Background: Antenatal care is one of the recommended essential interventions to decrease maternal and neonatal mortality. It is an entry point to give care for pregnant women so as to prevent problems that potentially compromise the life of a pregnant woman and her fetus. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of antenatal care and associated factors in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Method: A cross-sectional study design was conducted in Ras Desta Damitew Memorial Hospital and St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and observational checklist from 351 pregnant women attending their antenatal care at these hospitals in the period June 17 to July 7, 2020. The study participants were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Data were entered, analyzed and reported using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 24. A p-value of <0.05 was used to declare statistical significance in all inferential analysis made in this research. Result: For the majority of the respondents (85.5%) it takes at least half an hour to be seen by the service provider. It was less than half of the respondents (37.3%) that were treated respectfully by the provider during their recent visit. One in three of the pregnant women (33.3%) were satisfied with the information provided by the healthcare provider. Furthermore, two in five (40.4%) of the respondents believed that they have received a quality care they were seeking. The result also indicated that the background characteristics of women are not significant predictors of quality of ANC service delivery. Longer waiting times (>1 hour) are detrimental to the delivery of a quality ANC service (β=-1.273). From among the process variables, an accurate and adequate provision of information to pregnant women was found to have a positive contribution (β=0.236) to the satisfaction of women with the ANC service. Conclusion: The level of quality ANC service delivery is very low and calls for an effort in improving infrastructure, staff training on respectful and compassionate care and capitalize on provision of adequate information to pregnant women.
Assessment of the Reproductive Health Needs of Unmarried Out-of-School Adolescents in Amhara Region, South Wollo Zone, Dessie Zuria Woreda
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Dejene, Tibebu; Ramanujam, C. (PhD)
Assessment of reproductive health needs of unmarried out- of- school adolescents who are 10-1 9 years is required to prepare them as a respons ible and healthy persons at later life.423 samples respondents selected from Dessie Zuria Woreda by stratified systematic random sampling method were interviewed. Majority of respondents knows about physical changes during puberty. There is poor knowledge about risk of conception during menstruation. Knowledge about legal age at marriage is at moderate level but more among females than males. Majority believed that any intercourse will not result in pregnancy. Though problem of premarital sex is known, first sexual intercourse (38 percent) happened at mean age of 16 years. Abortion and rape are known to majority of respondents. Correct knowledge about contraception is known to more males than females. Injectables, oral pills and condom are known in higher proportion. Knowledge about STI and HIV is at relatively moderate and low level respectively. Knowledge on modes of HIV transmission is at very low level. Health extension workers are the major source of knowledge on reproductive health matters. Knowledge on RH matters does not differ significantly between male and female adolescents. Less knowledge about availability of health centre and less accessibility to health centre are observed. Treatment seeking behavior of adolescents has to be improved. There is a need to create awareness about the ,,> importance of later age at marriage; knowledge on risk of conception, safe period, contraception, avoiding premarital sex, and mode of transmission of STI/ HIV. In ~ddition to the general population, Muslims, literates and those in low standard of living needs more attention in providing information on RH matters through lEC programmes to be implemented by governmental, non-governmental and community based organizations.
Attitudes and Practices on Hiv Preventions Among Addis Ababa University Students
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Kedir, Seman; Regassa, Negatu (PhD)
Focus on prevention programmes will slow down the spread of AIDS. Since university students represent a strategic and vulnerable population, and there is a large need for effective 1-11 11 prevention interventions among university students. The study alfel71pted to investigate alfitudes and practices on HI li prevention among Addis Ababa University students. The basic objective a/the study was to assess respondents ' allitude. their practice on preventive measures against HIli/AIDS; and examinedfactors affecting allitude and practice of the students related to HI li/AIDS prevention. A cross-sectional survey was employed to corry out the study. The study participants were selected/i'om the target population through multistage sampling. Data were collected Fom 606 AA U students using survey questionnaire. Two FGDs and In-depth interview were also conducted. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (Frequency and cross-tab), and logistiC regression model was used. Thefindings of the study revealed that 207(34.2%) of respondents were sexually experienced. Of these, 144(23.8%) of the respondents had sexual intercourse in the last 6 months. The mean and median age at first sex debut was 17.8 and 18.0 years respectively. About 489(80.7%) did not perceive being as i/they are at risk (Jfcontracting HIli/AIDS. But 65.5% of the respondent had favorable alfitude on HIV prevention. 359(59.2%) of the respondents had experienced at least one of the three HIli prevention practice. Of which. more than hal/ (52. 4%) adopted abstinence as top preventive measure. The result also showed that out of the total re.lpondents· 47.2% had been tested for I-II II/AIDS and more than 80% have willingness to take IICT service /ill' 1-1l)!/AIDS. As to the Multivariate analysis result, sex, previous residence, religious participation. pornographic viewing, currently alcohol intake, chewing khat and cigarelle smoking were found to be determinant of AA U students ' alfitude on 1-1111 prevention. Similarly, age. hal'ing pocket money, pornographic film show and currently khat chewing were determinants olpractices on I-II V prevent ion. As can be seen Fom the study result that the majority o/the respondent thought as were not at risk of gelling HI )!/AIDS, suggesting that respondents do not acknowledge personal susceptibility to I-II)! in/ection that would necessitate the adoption ofprotectil'e measures that /CIrget unil'crsity students in Ethiopia.
Causes and Consequences of Irregular Migration of Young Adults from Southern Ethiopia to the Republic of South Africa: The Case of Kembata-Tembaro and Hadiya Zones
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Desta, Teshome; Gurmu, Esbetu (PhD)
This study investigates the socio-economic and demographic co uses and consequences of irregular migration oJyoung adultsJi"om sOllthern Ethiopia down to the Republic oJSollth AJi"ica. It is a cross-sectional stlldy based on sOlllple sllrvey oJ690 households with 658 eligible young adults aged 15 10 54 years belonging /0 three migrant categories in relation to migration sIC/Ius of South A/rica, namely out migrants (226), retul'l1l11igrants (/93) and non-migrants (239). The study is conducted in Jour randomly selected woredas and then hOllseholds Ji"01ll two zones oJ the SNNPR- KembataTembaro and Hadiya-be/Ween February ta May, 2010. Data sources include questionnaire, key informant interviews, focused group discussions as well as administrative records both at local and narional levels. The dala are analyzed using description, bi -variate and multi-variate statistical techniques. Logistic regression model is also employed in assessing the relationship between migration slat us and age, sex, marilal status, education, employment, occupation and income, residence, birth order, elhnicity and religion. The major findings oj th is study are: the irregular migration down to RSA is enormously dominated by males (over 80%) and adults oj age between 20-34 (57%). It is alsa Jound that the majority oj migrants' childhood residence is rural (73%) and 28% oJthe sampled migrants are first born child. Moreover, the study showed the presence oj non-linear relationship be/ween household size and migration status. Highest percentages oj migrants (95%) are literate and this is dominated by those having secondary education. It is also Jound that the movement oj young adults from southern Ethiopia to RSA is facilitated by a ne/Work oj human smugglers Jound in Addis Ababa, Hossana, Dilla and Nairobi. The main cause for the irregular movement of adults is found to be not absolute but relative poverty and 44% of thetll left their homeland Jar reasons of perceived belter opportunities in RSA, and only 8.5% oJthe cited poverty as the main cause. The multivariate analysis showed that sex, age. education status and birth order having significant impact on the youth to migrate or not while household size, place oj childhood residence, zone, marital and employment status as well as religion found to have no significant impact. As to the consequences, the study showed that most of return migrants (58%) are unemployed before their movements to RSA but now over 92% of them are employed. The study a/so showed that the majority of returnees are earning high income now than beJore, and also more than that of non-migrants. On the other hand, highest proportions of smuggled migrants reported thaI their journeys were harsh with unexpected negative consequences. They also noted oj robbery and theft while they were in RSA. The study concludes by suggesting some policy recommendations for intervention in handling the irregular movement of youth as well as the need Jor detailed research. Key Words: Youth, Migration, Smuggling, Hossana, Opportunities, RSA
Causes and Consequences of Risky Sexual Behavior among the Military Personnel at Zalambessa Town, Tigray Regional State
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Hagos, Mohammedseid; Subramaniyam, Vijaya (PhD)
Objective: The general objective of the swdy is to investigate the extent of risky sexual beha vior among Militmy personnel and to explore the variolls lInderlying causes and consequences of their sexual behavior in Tigray regional state, Zalambessa fown. Method: A cross-sectional study design was employed to achieve the staled objectives. Simple random sampling was used fa select the 420 respondents. To analyze Ihe data univariate. bivariate, and multivariate techniques of data analysis were applied. Chi square lest was employed to see rhe association between predictive and outcome variables. Logistic regression is also jit to identify determinants of risky sexual behavior using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS Version 15). To in -depth the results of the quantitative data, qualitative data were also generated using FGD. Results: Ninety-two percent of the study population has ever had sexual intercourse. Eightynine percent, forty-four percent and twenty-jive percent of the respondents had sexual intercourse, had sex with commercial sex workers and had at leas! four or more sexual partners, respectively in the last 12 months. Nin ety-six percent and ninety-jive percent of the respondents reported to have ever heard about condoms alld llsed in their hfe time consistently, respectively. Multivariate results sholVed that the likelihood of having sex with commercial sex workers who had ever married is more than never married by a fac tor of 1.95. The likelihood of having work related stress for those who said no is greater than those who said yes by a f actor of 1.6. Those respondents who took alcohol in the last fOllr weeks preceding the survey were 1II0re likely to have sex within commercial sex workers than those who did not consume alcohol. The logistic regression model also ref/ects that variables like education, marital status and work related stress come up as determinants of sex with commercial sex workers. As, education increases the likelihood of doing sex with commercial sex workers decreases. This indicates that education has its own positive role in denying sex with sex workers. The model again depicts that age, education and work related stress are determinan.ts of multiple sexual panners. Age is positively correlated with multiple sexual partners. Thus it can be said that increase in age by itself has Q positive influence in developing multiple sexual partners. On the Ollter hand, education has a negative influence on having multiple sexual partners. Conclusion: Studies on sexual behavior of the sexually active population in general and the adolescent including Milit{l/Y force in particular are crucial ill designing, implementing and monitOring effective intervention programs-;-targeted in- behavioral changes that-enable-lO_ prevent or to reduce risky sexual behavior. Finally, the study recommends that in order to bring behavioral change in the military personnel, concerned military h.ealth officers should arrange programs using Drama, Magazine (Tikuakur Nebroch or the black Tig ers), in the Anti ADS club. Peer education should also be promoted if risky sexual behavior is to be eliminated among the military personnel.
Causes and Consequences of Trafficking in Women and Children to Urban Centers: The Case of Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Gebru, Habtemariam; Hailemariam, Assefa (PhD)
Trafficking in human beings, especially in women and children for the purpose of labour and sexual exploitation has become an issue of global concern because of its rapid growth in recent years. Ethiopia is among the countries highly affected by both domestic and international trafficking. Incountry trafficking in women and children from rural to urban center is widespread in Ethiopian. However, the causes and consequences of trafficking in women and children are not well documented. The primary objective of this study was to identify the major socio-cultural, economic and legislative causes and consequences of trafficking on the victims in Addis Ababa. To this end, a total of 140 trafficked women and children were identified through non-probability sampling teclmiques and were interviewed by using an interview schedule containing close ended questions. In addition, 30 key informants were selected from different governmental, non governmental and private institutions and participated in the in-depth interviews. A total of four focus group discussions were conducted with community workers and victims of trafficking engaged in various activities. Efforts were also made to assess the role of law enforcement bodies in accordance with the country's legislative framework. The study involved the use of both quantitative and qualitative data, with more reliance on the latter. The research identified that low level of education compounded by lack of information exposed women and children to deceptive promises and motivations of brokers, friends, and relatives that were involved in the trafficking process. In most cases, the disparity in economic opportunities between rural areas and major cities like Addis Ababa had contributed to the trafficking of women and children by attracting them. Harmful traditional and cultural practices such as early marriage, discrimination against women and gender based violence pushed women and children to leave their origins to urban areas. The study revealed that the major causes of internal trafficking in women and children were economic factors; unemployment and poverty being the major ones. The capacity to implement the laws by law enforcement bodies was found to be limited. This in turn has contributed to the prevalence of the longstanding and deep rooted problem of internal trafficking in the country. The study indicated that trafficking victims experienced various forms of physical as well as psychological abuses. As a result, they suffered from severe forms of emotional disturbances and personality disorders. The study disclosed that trafficking victims engaged in domestic services, commercial sex work and traditional weaving industry were highl y vulnerable to the worst forms of economic exploitations. The forms of exploitations include long hours of work, overburdening with work, work with no leaves, low wage, and denial of payments. Empowerment of women and chi ldren, strengthening poverty reduction interventions in the rural areas, improving the capacity of law enforcement bodies, launching awareness raising campaigns, establishing more rehabilitation and reintegration proj ects, strengthening the fight against harmful traditional and cultural practices were recommended to combat the problem. It is also suggested that conducting further researches in di fferent aspects of trafficking and establishing a national council are vital for mitigating the problem.
Characterization the phsico-chemical of textile industries effluent discharge on environment in Oromia region, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Tibebu, Addisu; Damene PhD, Shimeles
Textile wastewater mixed with various contaminants at different ranges. Therefore, environmental legislation commonly obligates textile factories to treat these effluents before discharge into the water bodies. The effluent treatment plant is designed to remove certain pollutants found in the effluent of textile industry. Therefore this study focuses on the Evaluation of phsico-chemical characteristics of textile industries effluent discharge on environment in Oromia region, Ethiopia. Samples of raw effluent discharged were collected from the outlet after different levels of treatment plants (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and analyzed by standard laboratory methods. The laboratory data were statistically analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA. The analyzed data was presented by using tables and graphs compared with World Bank and Ethiopian guidelines standard for textile wastewater. The physicochemical characteristics of the textile wastewater fluctuated depending on the level of the textile treatment plant. The one way ANOVA taste result showed that pH, COD, TSS, S-2 , TP, TN, TNH3 - and Phenols exhibited statically significant differences across sampled textile industries with different levels of environmental treatment plants (ETPs). However, the Post Hoc tests based multiple comparisons revealed that statistically insignificant differences were observed in the case of the concentration of heavy metals (Copper, Lead, and Chromium) in the textile wastewater having different levels of ETP. The analysis revealed that most pollutants such as pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), Sulfide (S-2 ), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), Total Ammonia (TNH3 - ), Phenols, Copper (Cu) and Chromium (Cr) form the textile factories that passed the different ETP were found above the permissible limit of World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety Guideline of Textile Manufacturing (EHSGTM) and Ethiopian guidelines standard. Therefore, the textile industries should improve the performance of the wastewater treatment plants to minimize the possible pollution. In this regard, the industries should balance the inlet and outlet to the existing effluent designed capacity level treatment, properly dose treatment chemicals and understand basic concepts of ETP operational process and better to using from preliminary treatment technology up to advanced treatment technology. In addition to this, it is better to recycle wastewater. The relevant government bodies also need to do regular monitoring and enforcement of environmental laws and regulations as per the national standard.
A Comparative Analysis of the Determinants of Age at First Marriage and Marital Stability in Addis Ababa: 1990 and 1995
(Addis Ababa University, 2000-06) Tesfay, Hailemariam; Murthy, P.K. (PhD)
The present study tried to examine the important determinants of the nuptiality variables 'age at first marriage' and 'the marital stability' ofreproductive women in urban Addis Ababa for the time period of 1990 and 1995. Further, ali attempt is also made to see whether there is any change in the importance of variables in affecting the above two dependent variables ofnuptiality over time. It is hypothesised that educational level, age at first marriage and migration statuses of women are the three important factors that affect nuptiality. The analysis is based on data from the 1990 National Family and Fertility Survey and the 1995 Fertility Survey of Urban Addis Ababa conducted by the Central Statistics Authority. A bi-variate analysis of background variables on the nuptiality variables clearly showed a great variation in nuptialtiy by their background variables such as age, place of birth, migration status, educational levels, religion, ethnicity and work of the female respondents. Selected important background variables that can be considered for studying the determinants of 'age at first marriage' and 'marital stability' is decided by applying the ANOYA and Chi-square tests on the independent variables. While OLS regression model is applied to study the determinants of 'age at first marriage ', Logistic regression model is applied to study the determinants of 'marital stability' in the present thesis. Application of the multivariate techniques is decided based on the type of the dependent and independent variables considered in the model. As stated in the hypothesis, the study is carried out on the nuptiality data collected in period 1990 and 1995.The independent variables considered in the multiple regression analysis in both periods were place of birth, migration status, educational levels, religion, and husband literacy level. Similarly, the independent variables considered in the logistic regression analysis were age at first marriage, place of birth, migration status, educational levels, etlmicity and duration of marriage. As such a comparative analysis is made in the entire study. Results of the multiple regression analysis carried out in 1990 and 1995 data clearly show that education of females (Grade 9+) is the most important variable that determines the age at first marriage offemales in the study area in both 1990 and 1995. Besides, place of birth is the second important variable in detelmining age at first marriage in 1995. Results of the logistic regression on ' marital stability ' seem to show that after ethnicity, the most important variable that affect the 'marital stability' is age atfirst marriage and then followed by education of women (Grade 9+) in both 1990 and 1995. The results also show that migration is also one of the important variables that is affecting age at first marriage and marital stability in urban Addis Ababa during the study period. However, its affect is seen to be on the opposite direction, unlike the affect of education of women, which is in the expected direction in affecting age at first marriage and marital stability.
Consequences of Early Marriage on Lifetime Fertility, Maternal health and School participation Among Reproductive Age Women in Mursi Community, Salamago Woreda, Sothern Region, Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Yakob, Rahel; Mahmoud, Emebet
Early marriage has profound psychological, emotional, physical/health and social impact for girl victims of early marriage. It constricts educational opportunities and the chance for personal growth for both girls. and boys. Mursi women marry at earlier age than men and most girls are forced to be married soon after puberty. The main objective of this study is to assess the magnitude, pattern and consequences of early marriage on lifetime fertility, maternal health and school participation of reproductive age women residing in Mursi. A mixed methods approach, involving both quantitative and qualitative methods, was used in the study. A community based crossectional study was conducted in Mursi district, Selamago Woreda, Jinka Zone in Sothern Region during March, 2019. The target population was all evermarried Mursi women in reproductive age in Mursi district. The community survey was based on a sample of 357 ever-married women in reproductive age. Two way associations were assessed by chi-square test. In addition multivariable Poisson regression model was applied to examine effect of age at marriage and other variables on number of children ever born. The finding showed early marriage is widely practiced in Mursi community, 95% of respondents' age at first marriage was in the interval 10-19. Cultural norms, economic motives of parents of the girls to get dowry are major factors for early marriage in Mursi. Marriage at a very early age of 10 -16 years was significantly more prevalent (87%) for older women (aged 35 and above) compared to younger women aged 15 - 24 with a percentage of married at 10-16 being 63%, (X2 p value = 0.000), implying marrying at a very early age is declining in time. Significantly higher proportion of women who married at very early age (10 -16) had wider age difference at marriage from their husband compared to that of women whose age at marriage was 17 and above years. Illiteracy is very high for the study group of women at 80%,and from those who were literate and have been to school 78% have dropped out and 82% of these dropouts stated that early marriage was the cause. It was found also early marriage was soon followed by teen pregnancy and child birth in the study group. First birth complications, as prolonged labor and hemorrhage, happened in significantly higher proportion (86%) for women married at very early age of 10-16 compared to those married at later age (56%) (with X2 p value of 0.000). The effect of early marriage on children ever born to women was assessed using Poisson regression model by controlling other factors. It was found that marriage at very early age of 10-16 increases CEB by 26% (AOR=1.26, p value = 0.002) compared to those married after 16, after controlling for current age and abortion experience. Recommendation : Stakeholders like (MOH, MOE, Ministry of Women and Children, others) to plan and implement proper programs like promoting and protecting human right , Providing quality education in every district and raising awareness of the extent of the consequences of early marriage.
Contraceptive Use Among Urban and Rural Women in Debre Tabor Town Administration, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Abegaz, Alemu; Belete, Habtamu (PhD)
The obj ective of the study is to examine the levels of contraceptive use of women of childbearing age in Debre Tabor Town administration, South Gondar zone, Amhara Region The contraceptive use of 630 (296 sub-urban and 334 urban) women of childbearing age (15-49 years) and some correlates of contraceptive use in the study area have been dealt. The main rationale of the study includes assessing and determining the level of contraceptive use and the reasons for use and non-use of cOl1lraceplive methods and provides institutions with opportunities for inteervention in contraceptive lise. The sllldy is cross-sectional study design employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The current contraceptive use of the study area is 34.3 % (38.02% for the urban residents, 30.07% for the sub-urban residents) whereas the ever use of contraceptives was 39. 7%. Current contraceptive lise by age indicates that there is high contraceptive use in the age group 25-34 years compared to 15-24 and 35 + age groups. In addition, the main results of the chi-square test and binOlY logistic model revealed that contraceptive use is significantly affected by the number of living children, desire for more children, educational level of women, work status of women and media exposures. The knowledge of any method of contraceptive was 94%. The commonly used methods of COl1lraceptives in the study area include injectables followed by pills, condoms and nO/plants for women The two main purposes of using contraceptives include spacing for children (50%) and limiting for children (33.3%) and other reasons (16. 7%).Spacing dominates over limiting. The most important reasons for non-use include method related reasons followed by fertility related and opposition related reason of the total non-users reasons. On the part of the conclusion, women as a whole have low contraceptive use. Finally,the recommendations of the study forwarded include promotion of lEC, provision of forums, debates, trainings, workshops, discussions, experience sharing, educating women and providing option for women, providing education on the benefits of small family size and family planning, and enhancing females decision making and autonomy.
Correlated of Age at First Marriage Among Women in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Shiferaw, Alemu; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
The age at first marriage has long been considered an issue oFprimary interest in the disciplines of marriage and the family as well women's studies. The issue has been taken on even greater importance recently due 10 the impact of a trend towards rising at first marriage on fer tilily levels, with further potentiallilr-reaching demographic, economic, and social ramifications, and also affected by these factors. This study is primarily aimed 01 delermining imporlanl socio-economic and demographic faclors influencing age at first marriage among women of reproductive age residing in Addis Ababa. LiFe time event history data ('()/lecled Fom a total of 598 women of reproductive age group (i.e15-49 years), who were li1'ing in Addis Ababa continuously starting fi'om age 12 or birth were analyzed using descriplive, survival plot and Cox regression models. Descriptive and survival plot were used to show/he di/!erenlial in age at/irstmarriage among different subgroup of covariate whilst , Cox regression was used as a multivariate analysis tool to measure the net eflect a/each covariate to e/fectil>eiy utilize the samples who were not married so filr at the time of survey. Results of bivariate analysis show that there is an increasing trend in mean age at first marriage (from 27to 29 years), and proportion o(never married ((rom 53 to 60 percent) between 1995 and 2009. The result of Cox regression on the other hand, revealed that educational leve/, educational enrollment, work s/atlls as well as mother 's education are the 1I10st impol'lanl/actors playing sign ificant roles in determining o( age at first marriage amonglemale residents of Addis Ababa.
Correlates of Children Ever Born Among Women of Reproductive Ages in Ethiopia: Evidences from the 2019 Mini Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07-25) Woinshet Defabachew; Chalachew Arega (M.Sc.)
Ethiopia's total fertility rate reduces slightly from 4.6 in 2016 to 4.15 in 2019 with an average annual decline rate 0.15 per women. This trend still demands to find the factors that may currently affect the currently fertility rate in Ethiopia due to still high rate of fertility and population growth. Children ever born, for this study, is the total number of children born by a woman (both alive and dead) and reported during the data collection period. The study on fertility is significant as the actual fertility depends on women current fertility level. However, there is limited study conducted about children ever born in Ethiopia so far. As a result this study is necessitated to be conducted. The objective of the study to study is to examine the key factor that affecting fertility in Ethiopia based on the EDHS data on women of reproductive ages. The survey was conducted using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method that covers all the 9 regions and 2 city administration of Ethiopia. A cross sectional study design was used to conduct the research. The analysis process was conducted by negative binomial regression model, by using this model current age of women, marital status, educational attainment, place of usual residence, wealth index, contraceptive usage and its knowledge was found to have higher significant predictor of current fertility level of women. Unexpected result such as child sex deference, daughter loss experience and duration of marriage of mothers was not found any association with the children ever born. Factors which were found to have statistical effect on the dependent variable needs receive attention by concerned bodies to make women to reduce their current fertility level reasonably. So in conclusion Ethiopia still need to take necessary step to control sustainably the current fertility level by making proper policy on the factors found in this study.
Correlates of Sexual Violence Among Female Domestic Servants in Addis Ababa: The Case of Arada Sub-City
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Terefe, Admas; Haylemariam, Asefa (PhD)
Women all over the world face differenr forms of violence such as physical, poychological, sexual and deprivation. The problem is even more serious and complicated in developing countries where gender issue is at its stage of infancy. Among others, sexual violence has a profound impact on the physical and mental health of women. As well as causing physical injury, it is associated with an increased risk of a range of sexual and reproductive health problems, with both long-term and immediate consequences. In particular, female domestic servants who are living in difficult circumstances need special attention on this regard. To defend these girls and women from these problems the root causes of sexual violence should be explored. In this regard, this study was explored the correlates of sexual violence among female domestic servants in Arada Sub-City, Addis Ababa. The main purpose of this study was to explore the correlates of sexual violence among female domestic servants. Besides, it was concerned to assess the prevalence of sexual violence among them and their disclosure status. This cross-sectional study employed multistage cluster sampling technique to identify the sample population. It also used primary data collected using structured questionnaire and complementary focus group discussion (FGD) to test the formulated hypothesis. Finally, descriptive statistics were generated to determine the prevalence and context of sexual victimization experienced by female domestic servants, and logistic regression model was used to identify the associated risk factors. Among the 815 female domestic servants interviewed, 59.9 percent were ever harassed and 42.6 percent experienced sexual harassment in the current year. The prevalence of life time attempted and completed rape was reported to be 44.6 percent and 33.4 percent respectively. Besides, 23.3 percent and 16.3 percent respectively experienced attempted and completed rape for the current year. Only 11.6 percent of the victims disclosed the incidents they faced to other people or police immediately and 17.2 percent disclosed at or after the incidents occurred. In this respect, 97.1 percent of the victims were perpetrated by the people they knew.The study depicted that Sexual violence in the current year was significantly associated with female domestic servants' age, childhood sexual abuse, witnessing violence, income, living arrangement, sexual experience, age at first sex , current marital status, work experience and their altitude towards forced sex .. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that a substantial proportion of female domestic servants in the sample reported experiences of rape, attempted rape or other forms of forced sexual contact, indicating a need for formulating relevant employment policies and specific laws concerning female domestic servants. Besides, raise the awareness of female domestic servants, the justice personnel and the society concerning the devastating nature of sexual violence and establishing counseling and victims support service centers to minimize the problem.
Demographic and Environmental Dererminants of Rural-Urban Migration in Yeka Sub-City of Addis Ababa: A Perception-Based Study
(Addis Ababa University, 2023-08) Afewerk Jembere; Dula Etana (PhD)
In Ethiopia, various forms of population movements, mainly rural out-migration, have been recorded over many decades as a direct response to the potential influences of environmental factors like drought, famine, and land degradation in combination with economic crisis. At the national broad level, environmental factors such as vulnerability to serious environmental degradation onsets and rainfall variability are major push factors that drive people to engage in rural out-migration in Ethiopia. In line with such problem, this study is conducted with an objective to explore and portray how key demographic variables, coupled with environmental determinant perception factors, can influence rural-urban migration trends in the study area by employing a perception-based data collection approach. The study employed a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional survey design by using systematic random sampling method and single population proportion sampling formula. After a primary data about sampled rural migrant’s demographic and environmental determinants were extracted from respondent households, descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were done. Multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify demographic and environmental determinants of rural-urban migration. In the study area, there are about a total of 355 rural migrant households were included in the selected sample, and 351 of them were fully covered. Results of the analyzed data showed that about 57.8% of respondents were male migrants, and nearly 36.2 %of the migrants surveyed were belonged to the age group between 30 to 34 years old, which is a young adult group of a population. About 53% were discovered to be Never married (Single), and the remaining 47 percent of respondents were found among an Ever married migrant category. Concerning environmental perception determinants of rural outmigration, land/ environmental degradation, drought, rainfall variability and access to water resource constitutes about 64.4%, 40.2%, 51.9% and 54.7% of all respondents, respectively. In a concluding pursuit, the analyzed data of the study has unveiled the prominent role of environmental factors in shaping migration decisions. Notably, environmental degradation emerged as a compelling driver those respondents expressing concerns about its impact. This result highlights the urgent need for sustainable resource management and ecological restoration strategies to curb the detrimental effects of land degradation. Environmental drought and irregular rainfall patterns also stood out, and influencing perceptions of migrants. In addition, the analyzed study data has aligned with respondents' experience of illuminating the influence of water scarcity on their migration decision and intentions. Based on analyzed findings, the study recommends that relevant stakeholders and actors should collaborate and act together to mitigate the problem of rural-to-urban migration both at the rural origin and destination place by encompassing policy implications, research avenues, and community-based engagement strategies.

Browse

Browsing Population Studies by Title

Results Per Page

Sort Options