Browsing by Author "Hailu Melese"

Now showing 1 - 15 of 15
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Quality Of Swimming Pools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-05) Yedeme Kokeb; Hailu Melese
    Background: Many potential pathogens could be acquired from swimming pool water duringbathing. Hence microbial examination of swimming pool water samples is necessary to ensurethat the water is safe for swimming. As it is impractical to screen all samples for all possiblepathogens, indicator organisms have been used as surrogate markers of risk. Objectives: The study aimed at assessing the physico-chemical (chlorine, PH, temperature)and microbiological conditions of swimming pools and evaluating the compliance ofthese pools with the WHO standard. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from February for four months(2016-May2016).A total of 60 swimming pool water samples from 10 swimming pools (6 from eachpool)were collected on a weekly basis for physicochemical and bacteriological analysis usingthe MPN method. PH, residual chlorine and Temperature of the swimming pool water sampleswere measured. In addition, total viable count and coli form count (total coli form, fecal coliform and (E.coli) were determined. Chi-square test was used for association and data wasanalyzed using SPSS Version 20.Results were compared with the WHO recommended limits foreach parameter. Results: The swimming pool water samples had average pH and temperature of 7.1 and 29crespectively.58.4%(n=35/60) of the samples had PH in the range of 7.2-7.8 while58.3%(n=35/60) of samples had temperature in the range of 21c-32c.25%(n=15/60)of theswimming pool water samples had residual chlorine in the range of 2-3mg/l.73.3%(n=44/60) ofswimming pool water samples had a total viable count below 200cfu/ml and 70 %(n-42/60) ofswimming water samples had TCC values less than 2MPN/100ml.More over, 66.7%(n=40/60)of the samples had fecal coli form counts falling bellow 1MPN/100ml.E. coli was present in30%(n=18/60) of swimming pool water samples while it was absent in 70%(n=42/60) poolwater samples. It was also found out that PH and residual chlorine had association with potability while temperature was not. Conclusion: It was observed that 70% (n=42/60) of the swimming pool water samples metthe WHO microbial standard while 30%(n=18/60) did not. Key words: Swimming pools, microbial contaminations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Bacterial Etiologies and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns among Prisoner with Acute Gastroenteritis at Kality Prison Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2017-11) Fujaga Abraham; Hailu Melese
    Background: Diarrhea among prisoners caused by enteric bacteria is a public health problemsworldwide, especially in tropical and developing countries; Antimicrobial resistance ofenteropathogenic bacteria has profound clinical implications. Poor sanitation and restriction towater access may favor the spread of enteropathogenic bacteria, which is one of theleading causes of morbidity in the world. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associatedrisk factors of acute gastroenteritis among prisoners at Kality prison, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted from January, 2017 to September, 2017 on atotal of 238 prison inmates having acute gastroenteritis. All study participants; fresh stoolspecimen was collected by using Caryp-Blair transport media. Samples were transported to EPHIbacteriology laboratory at 2-80c for bacteriological analysis and each specimen were inoculatedonto XLD agar, MAC agar, SMAC agar and SFB. Pure isolates were characterized based onbacterial colony morphology and standard biochemical procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibilitytesting was done on Muller-Hinton agar using disk diffusion. Socio-demographic and associatedrisk factors data were gathered using a predesigned structured questionnaire. Socio-demographic,clinical and laboratory data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: The overall prevalence of entropathogenic bacteria in this study was 20.6% (n=49/238).Out of this 55%, 28.6% and 16.3% of the isolates were positive for E.coli O157H7, Shigella spp.and Salmonella spp respectively. E.coli 0157; H7 was highly resistance to ampicillin (96.29%),while they showed lower level of resistance to cotrimoxazole and Ceftriaxone. Shigella andSalmonella isolates showed100% resistance to ampicillin. In the other hand, all isolates of E. coli0157; H7 were 100% susceptible to Nalidixic Acid and Ciprofloxacin. Isolates of Salmonellaspp. were 100% susceptible to Ceftriaxone, Nalidixic Acid, cotrimoxazole, and Ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: Enteropathogenic bacteria from acute gastroenteritis were high among prisonerinmates. Multidrug resistance was common among shigella spp and E.coli O157H7. Ampicillinand cotrimoxazole showed high resistance to E.coli O157H7 and Shigella isolates in this study.Ciprofloxacin was susceptible for both Salmonella and Shigella isolates.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern among Cancer Patients who are Taking Chemotherapy at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Yimam, Seid; Hailu Melese; Yohannes Meron
    Background:Bacterial infection is one of the most common complications among cancerpatients. Bacterial infection and antimicrobial resistance remains a major cause of life-threatening complications in patients receiving anticancer chemotherapy.This study wasused toassess the epidemiology of bacteria in cancer patients who are taking chemotherapy inTikurAnbessa Specializedhospital, emphasizing antibiotic resistanceof theisolated organism. Objective: To assess bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance pattern among cancer patientsactive on chemotherapy at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 197 cancer patients active on chemotherapy participatedfrom February toMay,2021 at Tikur Anbessa specializedHospital in Addis Ababa.Bloodandurine from each participantwas taken. Using a convenient sampling technique, a total of 197blood cultures and 197 urine cultures were performed. Early morning midstream urine (MSU)specimens were collected using lick-proof re-usable sterile plastic containers. All blood andurine samples were cultured and bacterial isolates were identified by their colony morphology,gram staining reaction, and biochemical tests. Drug susceptibility testing was done using theKirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Data analyses were performed using SPSS version 24.0 Result:Out of 197 blood cultures, 30/197(15.23%) were positive, and from the total 197 urinecultures, 29/197(14.72%) isolates were positive. Gram-negative bacteria 42/59(71.19%) were thepredominant pathogens.CoNS7(23.33%) andS. aureus6(20%) were the most dominantbloodstream bacteria.E.coli9(31.03%) was the predominantly isolated bacteriuria. Resistancefor three classes of antibiotics was detected, 4/8(50%) ofmultidrug resistanceCoNS, 5/8(62.5%)of Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, 3/14(21.43%) of MDREscherichia coli,2/11(18.18%) MDRKlebsiella pneumoniae, 1/3(33.33%) MDRK.oxytocaand 1/1(100%)MDREnterobacter aerogenesisolated. Conclusion:Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed an increasing level ofresistance for most of the antibiotics usedempirical therapy is alarming.Routine determinationof the microbial and drug resistance spectrum of pathogens should be an essential componentespecially cancer patients active on chemotherapy infection control and care in our setting.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Bacterial Profiles and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Isolates from Medical Devices and Inanimate Surfaces from ICU Room at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-08) Gebremedhin Mulugeta; Tesfaye Abreham; Hailu Melese
    Background: Viral Hepatitis is a contagious liver disease mainly caused by hepatitis B virus andhepatitis C virus. Syphilis is an infectious venereal disease caused by the spiral-shaped bacteriumTreponema palladium. Globally, Hepatitis B Hepatitis C and syphilis are common conditionsassociated with high morbidity and mortality. Objective: To assess the magnitude of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis and Their AssociatedFactors among Emigrants come for medical checkup in Labco Advanced Clinical Laboratory,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 emigrants, from February untilApril 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect emigrants ’socio-demographic and risk factors,of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and syphilis infections. Five milliliters of blood sample were collectedfrom each participant and the serum was used for HBsAg, anti-HCV antibody and Syphilisscreening rapid tests. Reactive samples were further tested and confirmed by ELISA method.Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 software package. To identify associated factors,Bivariable and Multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were done. Statisticalsignificance was considered at level of significance of 5%, and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with95% confidence interval (CI) was used to present the estimates of the strength of the association. Result: In this study, a total of 500 emigrants were participated making a response rate of96.8%. Among the total participants, 36.4% (n=182/500) were male and 63.6 % (n=318/500)were female resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1:2. The overall magnitude of Hepatitis B,Hepatitis C, and Syphilis were 2.2%, 0.2%, and 0.6% respectively. The identified independentdeterminants of HBsAg were exchange of sharp materials and history of tooth extraction with [AOR= 7.89; 95% CI 1.75-34.95:].and [AOR= 24.92:95% CI (5.95-104.4):], respectively. Conclusion: The magnitude of HBsAg was intimidate, anti-HCV and syphilis was low amongEmigrants attending in Labco Advanced Clinical Laboratory according to WHO criteria.Exchange of sharp materials and history of tooth extraction are independent determinants ofHBsAg.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Bacterial Profiles, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and Associated Factors of Urinary Tract Infections among Pregnant women Attending Antenatal Care at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025) Shemsu, Sophiya; Hailu Melese ; Abera Dessie
    BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection is a common infection affecting any part of the uri-nary system,caused by the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms.Pregnant women are at high risk of developing UTIs due to physiological and anatomical changes.If left un-treated,can lead to complications for both mother and fetus ,making early detection and man-agement essential. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to determine the bacterial profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among 332 pregnant women from April to August 2024 at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Cen-ter. A clean-catch midstream urine sample was collected, delivered and inoculated on Mac-Conkey agar and blood agar.Biochemical tests, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and ESBL and carbapenemase production tests were done.All demographic, clinical and laboratory data obtained from the study subjects were entered to SPSS version 20.Logistic regression ,descriptive statistics analyses and odds ratio at 95% confidence interval were carried out to conduct the output of the result. RESULTS: From the total 332 participants in this study the overall prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women was 30.1%.Among the isolated bacteria gram negative bacteria accounted for 58% while gram positive made up 42%.There was no significance as-sociation between urinary tract infection and socio demographic factors.In clinical diagnosis urine chemical examinationand microscopy was significantly associated with urinary tract infections Also no ESBL and carbapenem resistance gram negative bacteria were found. CONCLUSION: From this finding we conclude that the prevalence of UTI is high. Any posi-tive cases must be treated to prevent complication during pregnancy.As the study found a significant association between urine chemical examination and microscopy for diagnosing UTIs, regular screening is important for early detection.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Bacteriological Quality and Associated Factors of Ready-to-consume Juices in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025) Mekonnen Hana; Hailu Melese ; Teklebirhan Gebreab
    Background: Ready-to-consume fruit juices are highly valued for their nutritional benefits,however, pose significant public health risks due to microbial contamination caused by poorhygiene, improper handling, and inadequate sanitation practices, particularly in low-incomecountries like Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the bacteriological quality and associated factors of ready-to-consume fruit juices in Yeka sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2024, involving 189 juicesamples collected from 63 local vendors. The plate count method was used to determine aerobicplate counts, total coliform, and thermotolerant coliform counts, while the spread plate methodwas used for Staphylococcus count on Mannitol Salt Agar. Escherichia coli detectioninvolvedtransferring positive thermotolerant coliform samples to Nutrient broth, followed byconfirmation using Kovacs reagent. For Salmonella and Shigella, Buffered Peptone Water andRappaport Vassiliadis enrichment broths were used, with Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agarserving as the selective medium; pinkish colonies with black centers were confirmed throughbiochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Muller Hinton Agar forall bacterial isolates. Vendor hygiene practices were evaluated using structured questionnairesand checklists, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. The Kruskal-Wallis H test wasused to compare medians among different juice types. Bivariate logistic regression andmultiplelogistic regression were applied to assess relationships between dependent and independentvariables, with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The analysis revealed that the median for aerobic colony count, total coliform,thermotolerant coliform, and staphylococcal count across all samples were 7.14 × 106 CFU/ml,2.8 × 106 CFU/ml, 6.4 × 104 CFU/ml, and 2.2 × 103 CFU/ml, respectively. From a total of 189samples, the pathogens identified included E. coli, which was found in 29.1% of cases, S. aureusin 45.5%, and Salmonella in 6.9%. The presence of hand washing facilities, frequency of handwashing, and the cleaning agents used were significant contributing factors for the presence ofSalmonella, with AOR of 5.34 (95% CI: 1.06–26.81, p = 0.002), 0.07 (95% CI: 0.01–0.15, p <0.001), and 0.127 (95% CI: 0.028–0.57, p <0.001), respectively. Moreover, hair cover usage wasalso significantly associated with S. aureus detection with (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2-7.1, p =0.016).E. coli exhibited moderate resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, with 10.9% multidrugresistant(MDR). Salmonella demonstrated 100% resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, with a15.38% MDR level. Moreover, 41.9% of S. aureus identified were MDR with resistant totetracycline (51.2% n=44/86), penicillin (90.7% n=78/86), and oxacillin (66.3% n=57/86).Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified in 58.1% of S. aureus isolates, whileextended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was detected in 21.8% of E. coliisolates. Conclusion: The findings from this study clearly indicate the poor hygienic conditions of thesejuices and the consumers are at risk of getting food-borne infections and underscore the urgentneed for improved hygiene practices, regular monitoring, and targeted public health interventionsto reduce microbial risks in ready-to-consume fruit juices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Bacteriological Quality, Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia Coli and Associated Factors of Tap Water at Gulelle and Yeka Sub-Cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Fente,Desalegn; Hailu Melese ; Abera Dessie
    Background: Providing safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is a challenge in low-income countries. Objective: This study aimed to assess the bacteriological quality of tap water, antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli and associated factors of tap water in Gulelle and Yeka sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 341 tap water samples collected from May 13 to July 26 2024. Sample culturing for the isolation of coliforms was carried out through the application of membrane filtration technique and aerobic plate count (APC) carried out by the pouring plate method. The coliforms were enumerated and presented in CFU/100 ml of the water sample and APC presented in CFU/ 100ml. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby–Bauer method on Mueller–Hinton Agar. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 27, both bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: From a total 341 of tap water samples, 64 (18.8%), 50 (14.7%), 30 (8.8%), and 278 (81.5%) of them contaminated with total coliforms, thermotolerant, E. coli, and APC, respectively was indicate a contamination level. The isolated E. coli exhibited a significant level of antimicrobial resistance, with complete resistance observed to amoxicillin (100%), ampicillin (80%), and nitrofurantoin (70%). In contrast, all 30 E. coli were (100%) susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, while 25 isolates (83.3%) demonstrated susceptibility to Tazobactam and chloramphenicol. Multi drug-resistances, amoxicillin (100%), ampicillin (80%), and nitrofurantoin (70%), were observed in Escherichia coli. The contamination of tap water with E. coli was significantly linked to some factors, including the existence of damaged or leaking pipes (AOR: 9.9, 95% CI: 4.09-24.15), the close proximity of latrines to water sources (AOR: 7.19, 95% CI: 2.93-17.64), and inadequate waste management practices (AOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.02-6.3). Conclusion and recommendation: In this research, the analysis of tap water samples revealed a significant level of contamination, indicating that the tap water was polluted at a rate of 64.7 CFU per 100 milliliters. This situation necessitates the implementation of water quality and antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Investigation of Strain Diversity and Trend of Drug Resistance Pattern of the Clinical Isolates from Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis Patients in Two Different Cities of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Sebri Sami; Desta Kassu; Hailu Melese ; Araya hambel
    Background: Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain have a significant contributionto the understanding of genetic diversity in a particular area. The most commonly occurring typeof extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is TB Lymphadenitis. Tuberculosis (TB) is a complicated andchronic infectious disease and severely affect the organs. Investigating and understanding theassociation between Molecular characteristics and drug susceptibility of (MTBC) strains areimportant to comprehend the transmission dynamics and drug resistance pattern. Objective: To investigate strain diversity and trends of drug resistance pattern of the clinicalisolates from Tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN) patients in two different cities of Ethiopia. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 52 previously stored isolatescollected from TBLN patients in 2019 from Ambo and from ALERT comprehensive hospital in2021. Sub-culture using LJ, Line Probe Assay, and Spoligotyping wereperformed from the storedisolates. Descriptive statistics were used to present frequency of data. A statistical analysis wasdone using SPSS Version 26. A test with a P value of < 0.05 was considered statisticallysignificant. Results: A total of 52 culture positive confirmed M. tuberculosis isolates have been used for drugsensitivity testing and strain identification. Out of the 52 spoligotype patterns (strains), 29 isolatesmatched the preexisting patterns in the SITVIT2 database, the rest 23 found to be new or orphanstrains according to SITVIT2 database. Classification of MTBC strains from both cities showedthe occurrence of the following predominant lineages, Euro-American (40/52 76.9%), followed byIndo-Oceanic (2/52; 3.8%), and East-African (9/52;17.30%). isolates in two different cities wereinvestigated, isolates from ambo collected in 2019 identified to be sensitive for all major anti-TBdrugs. However, culture positive samples collected in 2021 from Addis Ababa have shownresistant strain for both anti TB-drugs, 4 (15%), 3(11.5%) of them have been resistance to bothRIF and INH, and the rest 1 isolate were Mono- resistant to INH 1 (3.8%). Conclusion: This study determines the association of drug resistant TB with corresponding lineageand molecular epidemiology in patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis. Lineage 3 and Lineage 4represented to be most prevalent lineage of M. tuberculosis with high clustering rates of SIT 125,SIT149 and SIT 53, more over these lineages are associated with most of drug resistance M.tuberculosis.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Magnitude of Bacterial Contamination of Ethiopian Paper Money and Coins Currency and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern from Food Handlers in Nifas Silk Lafto Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Negeho Hiko; Desta Kassu; Hailu Melese
    Background: Money is the items most commonly passed from hand to hand and cancontaminate. Simultaneous handling of food and such contaminated currency could result infoodborne infection, and cause of food poisoning. Microorganisms commonly present onbanknotes include S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus, Acetobacter spp., Bacillusspp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Enterobacter spp. handling of food and money bymeat butchers, Fruit and Juice servers, and waiters, or vendors can have serious consequences asthe food they serve is ready to eat. Objective: To determine the Magnitude of Bacterial contamination of Ethiopian paper notes and coins currency and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from food handlers in Nifas Silk Lafto Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020/2021. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 15, 2021 to May 30, 2021 in NSLSub-city. The sample of currency was randomly collected from butchers, fruit and juice houses,hotels and restaurants. A general of 200 Ethiopian paper cash and coins were collectedaseptically into sterile polythene bags and Culturing by inoculated on blood agar, MacConkeyagar and chocolate agar. Then isolated bacteria were assessed for Gram reaction, and conducting biochemical tests. Statistical data analysis involved descriptive analysis of bacterial isolates. Results: A general of 200 Ethiopian paper cash and coins were analyzed for bacterialcontamination. 287 different bacteria were isolated from 183 (91.5%) currencies. Types ofbacteria isolated from the notes were Coagulase-negative staphylococci (51.60%), Bacillusspecies (12.20%), S. aureus (8.70%), Entrobacter spp. (8.0%), Citrobactor spp. (3.50%), Klebsellaspp. (2.80%), Shigella spp. (2.80%), Serratia (2.40), Streptococcus spp. (1.70), E. coli (1.40%), Salmonella spp. (1.40), Pseudomonas (1.40), Proteus spp. (0.70), and Acitinobacter spp. (0.30).The highest resistance rates in gram-positive bacteria were against penicillin, erythromycin andclindamycin, whereas ampicillin was the most resistance gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: Ethiopian paper money and coins currency reported that confirmed currency mightbe a vector playing an important role in the transmission of pathogenic bacteria in the community.Potentially pathogenic bacteria that are highly resistant to the most widely used antibiotics and area threat to public health.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Magnitude of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis and their Associated Factors among Emigrants come for Medical Checkup in Labco Advanced Clinical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-10) Bogale Rahel; Hailu Melese; Diriba Regasa
    Background: Viral Hepatitis is a contagious liver disease mainly caused by hepatitis B virus andhepatitis C virus. Syphilis is an infectious venereal disease caused by the spiral-shaped bacteriumTreponema palladium. Globally, Hepatitis B Hepatitis C and syphilis are common conditionsassociated with high morbidity and mortality. Objective: To assess the magnitude of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis and Their AssociatedFactors among Emigrants come for medical checkup in Labco Advanced Clinical Laboratory,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 emigrants, from February untilApril 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect emigrants ’socio-demographic and risk factors,of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and syphilis infections. Five milliliters of blood sample were collectedfrom each participant and the serum was used for HBsAg, anti-HCV antibody and Syphilisscreening rapid tests. Reactive samples were further tested and confirmed by ELISA method.Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 software package. To identify associated factors,Bivariable and Multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were done. Statisticalsignificance was considered at level of significance of 5%, and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with95% confidence interval (CI) was used to present the estimates of the strength of the association. Result: In this study, a total of 500 emigrants were participated making a response rate of96.8%. Among the total participants, 36.4% (n=182/500) were male and 63.6 % (n=318/500)were female resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1:2. The overall magnitude of Hepatitis B,Hepatitis C, and Syphilis were 2.2%, 0.2%, and 0.6% respectively. The identified independentdeterminants of HBsAg were exchange of sharp materials and history of tooth extraction with [AOR= 7.89; 95% CI 1.75-34.95:].and [AOR= 24.92:95% CI (5.95-104.4):], respectively. Conclusion: The magnitude of HBsAg was intimidate, anti-HCV and syphilis was low amongEmigrants attending in Labco Advanced Clinical Laboratory according to WHO criteria.Exchange of sharp materials and history of tooth extraction are independent determinants ofHBsAg.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Magnitude of Pediatric Sepsis and Antimicrobial Resistance at Adama Medical College Hospital, Adama, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Redwan Megfira; Hailu Melese ; Diriba Regasa
    Background: Pediatric sepsis and antimicrobial resistance are a leading cause of severe illness and death among children, especially in developing countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of pediatric sepsis and antimicrobial resistance at Adama Medical College Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Adama Hospital Medical College from March 2024 to January 2025. Blood was collected for culture in aseptic techniques and Tryptic Soya Broth was used for inoculation. Following incubation, subculturing was performed on blood agar, chocolate agar and MacConkey agar plates. For samples that showed bacterial growth, identification was carried out based on colony morphology, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. Once the bacterial species were identified, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion methods. Additional tests were conducted to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, carbapenemase resistance, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Result: Among 400 blood cultures done, 144 (36%) showed bacterial growth. The bacteria that were most dominant in this study were Staphylococcus aureus 36 (25%), Acinetobacter baumannii 25 (17.4%), Enterobacter cloacae 13 (9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 8 (5.6%), and Serratia marcescens 8 (5.6%). Enterobacteriaceae most often showed resistance to ampicillin (94.1%), cefotaxime (89.2%), cefepime (86.2%), and ceftazidime (84.6%). MDR frequency of Enterobacteriaceae was 87%, and Gram-positive was 33.3%. MRSA was found to be 88.9%, ESBL production was detected in 87.5% of Citrobacter koseri (n=8), 85.7% in Providencia stuartii (n=7), and 83.3% in Enterobacter cloacae (n=12), and carbapenemase resistance was detected in 100% of Pantoea agglomerans (n=2) and 50% of Acinetobacter baumannii (n=6). Conclusion: The prevalence of pediatric sepsis and the level of multidrug resistance (MDR) among the children studied were notably high. However, certain antibiotics from the carbapenem class, along with amikacin, demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity. The rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms were also significantly higher than expected.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Multidrug-resistant Bacterial Profiles of Inanimate Objects at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025) Lidet Hiwot; Hailu Melese; Yohannes Meron
    Introduction: Nosocomial pathogens cause serious nosocomial infections and are acquired inhealthcare settings within a few days of patient admission. The transfer of bacteria frominanimate surfaces to patients is a major factor in the spread of HAIs. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was done at Zewditu Memorial Hospital from June to November 2024. A total of 204 inanimate objects situated at operational rooms and intensivecare units were swabbed. All of the specimens were cultivated onto MacConkey as well as bloodagar. Each positive sample was evaluated using colony structure, gram-staining plus biochemicalassays. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents test was done by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusiontechnique. ESBL producers were confirmed by the Double disc Synergy and combination disctest while carbapenemase producers was checked using the Modified Carbapenem inactivationmethod. MRSA was identified using the Cefoxitin Disk Diffusion Test. All tests were doneaccording to the guidelines of CLSI 34th edition 2024. Result: Out of the 204 swabbed samples, 77.45% (n=158/204) showedbacterial growth with anoverall count of 171 bacteria isolates. Among them Gram-positive bacterial agent were 71.3%(n=122/171) and Gram negative bacteria were 28.6% (n=49/171). CoNS 46.1% (n=79/171) andBacillus spp. 21.6% (n=37/171) were the most prevalent isolates identified. Out of the totalisolates 55 were identified as pathogenic based on their ability to cause disease and selected forantibiotic resistance testing. Gram negative bacteria showed high resistance to ampicillin(67.3%), amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (61.2%), ciprofloxacin (63.2%), sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim(63.2%), cefepime (57.1%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (55.1%). Similarly grampositive bacteriashowed high resistance to azithromycin (100%), penicillin (100%), clindamycin(100%), and erythromycin (100%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 61.8% (34/55) of theisolates. The total incidence of ESBL as well as carbapenemase-producer bacteria from thesuspected isolates was 26.5% (n=13/49) and 12.2% (n=6/49) respectively while the prevalenceof MRSA was 50% (n=3/6).
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Isolates With Special Emphasis on Enterobacteriaceae Among Children Suspected for Septicemia and Urinary Tract Infection in Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-05) Hailu Melese; Asrat Daniel
    Background: Blood stream and urinary tract infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity ofthe pediatric population. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing and carbapenemresistant enterobacteriaceae is the challenge for controlling now days. Assessing the prevalent bacteriaand their antibiotic resistance helps to provide effective therapies, develop rational prescriptionprograms and make policy decisions. Objective: To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates with specialemphasis on enterobacteriaceae among children suspected for septicemia and urinary tract infection inTikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted from January 10 to March 30/2014 at Tikur AnbessaUniversity Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 322 study participants who were suspected forsepticemia and/or UTI were recruited. All blood and urine samples were cultured on Blood andMacConkey agar. All culture positives were characterized by colony morphology, biochemical tests using the standard procedure. Significant bacteriuria was determined for all culturepositive urine samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for all bacterial isolates usingKirby-Bauer method. ESBL was detected using combination disk & double disk synergy methods onMuller Hinton agar. Carbapenemase were detected by Modified Hodge method using Meropenem. Alldemographic & laboratory data were entered to EPI INFO & exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Result: The overall prevalence of bacteria isolates from blood and urine cultures was 17.1%. From 177blood samples 13.0% (n=23/177) and from 145 urine samples 22.1% (n=32/145) were culture positives.Coagulase negative Staphylococci & Klebsiella ozaenae were the predominate bacteria isolated inblood and urine cultures respectively. Most of them 89.1% (n=49/55) developed multidrug resistance(MDR≥2 drugs) to most commonly used antibiotics. Multiple resistances were observed in 71.42% ofGram positive and 95.11% Gram negative isolates. Prevalence of ESBL producing and carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae was 78.57% and 12.12% respectively. Conclusion: The choice of drugs in the treatment of bacteria isolates from blood and urine is quitenarrow today due to the wide scale resistance to common antibiotics. The emergence of MDR calls forcontinuous monitoring & reviewing of antimicrobial policy in hospitals and the country at large. Key terms: Septicemia, UTI, Bacterial isolates, antimicrobial resistance pattern, ESBL, Carbapenemresistance, Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence of Extended-spectrum B-Lactemase and Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacteriaceae among Adult Patients Complaining UTI at South West Shoa, Lemman Hospital and Kersa Malimma Woreda Health Facility, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-02) Diyana Dirriba; Desta Kassu; Hailu Melese
    Background: Infection caused by Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBLs) andCarbapenemaseproducing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are serious problems of the world. Enterobacteriaceae are the most important producers of ESBLs and Carbapenemase enzymes. Objective: To determine the magnitude of Extended -spectrum B-Lactemase and Carbapenemaseproducing Enterobacteriaceae patients complaining Urinary tract infection(UTI) at South West shoa, lemman Hospital and kersa malima woreda health facility, Ethiopia Methods: Across-sectional study was conducted from a total of278 symptomatic UTI suspected adultpatients fromSeptember1/2020 to December 30/ 2021. A convenient sampling technique was used toenrolled patients in this study .Socio demographic data and other information was collected usingrequisition form. Midstream urine samples were collected from each patient and inoculated ontoMacconkey and Sheep blood agar media. Inoculated plates were incubated at 37C for 18-24 hoursaerobically. The identification of Enterobacteriaceae and gram positive bacteria were carried on based onnumber of colonies, type of colonies, morphological appearance, and Gram reaction after growth onculture media. Carbapenemase and ESBLs producing Enterobacteriaceae were performed by usingcombination disk. Finally, data were analyzed using analytical binary regration SPSS version 24. Results. The overall prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from urine cultures was 16.9 %(47/278).The highest isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli 78.7% (37/47) and Klebsiella pneumoniaewere 8.5% (4/47). Most of them 51.1% (24/47) developed multidrug resistance (MDR≥3 drugs) to mostcommonly used antibiotics. Prevalence of ESBL producing and Carbapenems resistanceEnterobacteriaceae was 44.7% and 0% respectively. The overall prevalence of ESBLs was 44.7%(95%CI; OR=2.68,P=O.582) among all isolates and 18/21 (85.7%) of ESBLs isolates were identifiedfrom females and 42.9 % (9/21) isolates were also indicated from patients with age group from 25-34years. Conclusion. ESBL β-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae were highly susceptible toCarbapenemase, piperacillin/tazobactam and more susceptible Nitrofurantoin. Consequently, the argentof ESBLs producing Enterobacteriaceae requires continuous testing& reviewing of antimicrobialstrategy in hospitals and health facility in this area are increased. All carbapenems strains are sensitive(susceptible) for all Enterobacteriaceae isolates.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Viral Suppression Rate and Associated factors among Children whose Sample Refereed to Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Bulti Gutema; Hailu Melese; Araya Shambel
    Background: Measuring of Viral load in the plasma of patient is the most important indicator inresponse to Anti Retro viral treatment, and to monitoring regularly progress of the patient, bysuppressing the Viral Load to a threshold of < 1000 RNA copies/ml, which is used to definesuppressed viral load, if it is confirmed in the laboratory. adherence will be addressed andfollowed to switch to second-line Anti Retro viral treatment. Objective: the aim of this study was to determine viral suppression rate and associated riskfactors among children tested for HIV viral load among patient‟s sample refereed to Ethiopianpublic health institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: Across-sectional study was conducted. Data on socio-demographic factors includingAge, sex, test reason, treatment combination, adherence, treatment duration on Anti Retro viraltreatment, WHO clinical staging, were extracted from the request, Viral suppression and failurewas determined using the WHO definitions (viral suppression as viral load < 1000/ml) and theirassociated factors. Significant association between study variables and interpretation of data wasdone using the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval and P value <0.05. Result: A total of 340 children‟s sample was used in the study. Majority of children (87.9%)have suppressed viral load test rate and 12.1% non-suppressed. Children who had fair adherenceto ART (AOR=0.23; 95% CI=0.001-0.395), were more likely to have viral load suppression rate.Children‟s whose treatment reasons were Routine VL-2ndVL at 12 Month Post ART, RoutineViral Load Annual Viral Load Test, Routine Viral Load-First Viral Load Test 6 month orLonger, Target Repeat (Confirmatory), Viral Load (initial viral load >1000cop/Ml) more likelyhad viral suppression rate (AOR=0.261;95% CI= 0.94-0.723), children between Age 3-10,were(AOR=17.76; 95% CI=1.623-194.19). Conclusion The rate of un-suppressed viral load is High among children tested for HIV Viral Load in Ethiopian Public Health institute and Children adhered to ART treatment have more ikely to be virally suppressed.