Bacteriological Quality, Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia Coli and Associated Factors of Tap Water at Gulelle and Yeka Sub-Cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Date
2025-05
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Addis Ababa University
Abstract
Background: Providing safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is a challenge in low-income countries.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the bacteriological quality of tap water, antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli and associated factors of tap water in Gulelle and Yeka sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 341 tap water samples collected from May 13 to July 26 2024. Sample culturing for the isolation of coliforms was carried out through the application of membrane filtration technique and aerobic plate count (APC) carried out by the pouring plate method. The coliforms were enumerated and presented in CFU/100 ml of the water sample and APC presented in CFU/ 100ml. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby–Bauer method on Mueller–Hinton Agar. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 27, both bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: From a total 341 of tap water samples, 64 (18.8%), 50 (14.7%), 30 (8.8%), and 278 (81.5%) of them contaminated with total coliforms, thermotolerant, E. coli, and APC, respectively was indicate a contamination level. The isolated E. coli exhibited a significant level of antimicrobial resistance, with complete resistance observed to amoxicillin (100%), ampicillin (80%), and nitrofurantoin (70%). In contrast, all 30 E. coli were (100%) susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, while 25 isolates (83.3%) demonstrated susceptibility to Tazobactam and chloramphenicol. Multi drug-resistances, amoxicillin (100%), ampicillin (80%), and nitrofurantoin (70%), were observed in Escherichia coli. The contamination of tap water with E. coli was significantly linked to some factors, including the existence of damaged or leaking pipes (AOR: 9.9, 95% CI: 4.09-24.15), the close proximity of latrines to water sources (AOR: 7.19, 95% CI: 2.93-17.64), and inadequate waste management practices (AOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.02-6.3).
Conclusion and recommendation: In this research, the analysis of tap water samples revealed a significant level of contamination, indicating that the tap water was polluted at a rate of 64.7 CFU per 100 milliliters. This situation necessitates the implementation of water quality and antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring.
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Keywords
Antimicrobial resistance, bacteriological quality, E. coli, tap water, coliform