Urban Planning
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Item The Effect of Urban Expansion on the Livelihoods of Farmers: The Case of Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10-01) Yeshitla Agonafir Ayenachew; Birhanu Girma (PhD]Rapid urbanization induced extensive land expropriation in Ethiopia particularly in Addis Ababa city. Land expropriation in turn leads to land use land cover changes and affects the livelihoods of farmers in expansion areas. The study explored the effect of urban expansion on the livelihoods of farmers in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. A mixedmethod approach was employed, by combining qualitative and quantitative research approaches to collect data from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected through 349 household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observations. Secondary data was gathered from relevant governmental offices and literature. Additionally, spatial analysis using GIS and remote sensing was conducted to assess LULC changes over two decades from 2000 to 2020, and illustrate the extent of urban expansion into peri-urban agricultural areas. The findings revealed significant gaps in the implementation of legal and policy frameworks regarding land expropriation, valuation, compensation, and resettlement. Over the study period, Addis Ababa's built-up area increased by 25.28%, predominantly at the expense of agricultural land, which decreased by 15.92%, and vegetation cover, which declined by 9.35%. This rapid urban expansion has led to widespread land expropriation, particularly in the peripheral areas, fundamentally altering the peri-urban landscape. The socio-economic impact on expropriated farmers was substantial, with many experiencing a 45.5% decline in income. Before expropriation, 99% of farmers were fully engaged in agriculture, but after dislocation, 33% became unemployed, while 42.4% were forced into temporary, low-paying jobs. Despite government resettlement and livelihood restoration efforts, compensation was inadequate, and resettlement programs lacked the necessary support to restore long-term livelihoods, leaving many farmers impoverished. The study concludes that land expropriation in Addis Ababa had a profound adverse effect on farmers’ livelihoods. The study recommended more equitable compensation payment, improved livelihood restoration programs, and inclusive urban planning that prioritizes displaced people. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers addressing urban expansion, land expropriation, and socio-economic justice. Keywords: expropriation, valuation, compensation, resettlement, livelihood, farmers Addis Ababa, EthiopiaItem Leveraging On-Site Rainwater Harvesting For Water Supply Challenges of High-Occupancy Mixed-Use Buildings In Addis Ababa; The Case of Crown Hotel 40/60 Condominium(Addis Ababa University, 2024-05-01) Ashenafi Belina Hunde; Tibebu Assefa (PhD)Addis Ababa City Administrations has built different types of condominium housing since 2005 through its Housing Development Program. 40/60 condominium is one of the program schemes intends for higher middle income residents. However, most of these housing sites supplied water twice a week. This research aims to investigate the water supply demand gap as well as potential rooftop and surface runoff RWH for supplementary water supply and flood reduction in Crown Hotel 40/60 condominium site. Monthly water demand is projected from household survey data collected from 193 residential and commercial units; the current water consumption determined from six-month monthly water bill. Rooftop RWH potential of site is calculated by interpolating the mean monthly rainfall data of 15 rain gauge stations collected from National Meteorological Agency. As well as, the catchment hydrology is analyzed using rational methods; infiltration trench and basin is proposed for surface runoff harvesting in accordance to the catchment suitability criteria. The result indicates, the study site has a monthly water supply gap of 0.41m3 per housing units. Each buildings have rooftop RWH potential of 1190.2m3 annually, this amount can contribute 11 percent of the buildings annual water demand. The required size of infiltration trench and basin are 14.72m2 for trench and is 22.7m2 basin. These components have a potential of 22,511.28m3 surface runoff harvesting annually by infiltrating to ground soil. Both rooftop and surface RWH system can reduce 63 percentages of floods generated from the study site. Thus, practicing both surface and rooftop RWH systems are comprehensive to encounter the city water supply challenges and flood related problems caused by the combination of population growth, climate and land use change. Keywords: Water sensitive urban design, water; rooftop rainwater harvesting; surface runoff, stormwater, 40/60 condominiumItem Analyzing the Effect of Manufacturing Industries on Environment in Sheger City: Implication for Sustainable Industrial Development(Addis Ababa University, 2025-01-01) Milkessa Jagemma Tolerra; Hailu Worku (Professor)Urbanization-driven industrialization refers to the growth of industries as cities and towns expand due to migration, population growth, and infrastructural development. This transformation leads to economic benefits but also creates significant environmental challenges. A balanced approach is required, emphasizing sustainable industrial development to mitigate adverse environmental effects while ensuring positive economic growth. Ethiopia's urbanization-driven industry has disrupted the environment and social well-being, as it does in many other emerging nations. The implications for sustainable industrial expansions and the impacts of Sheger city's manufacturing industry on the environment were the main objectives of this study. To evaluate the effectiveness of industry expansion strategies, economic impacts, and industrial agglomeration effects, survey questionnaires were used. Furthermore, laboratory research was conducted on the geographical differences in the physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations in the areas of industrial wastes, water, soil, and vegetables. To quantitatively analyze the data, common statistical tools such as one-way ANOVA, correlation coefficient, hazard index, bio concentration factor, and regression analysis were employed. The findings of this study showed that the levels of heavy metals and physicochemical characteristics were higher than allowable limit, which had an impact on the soil, water, and plants on land. In addition, the country's industrial policy has failed to take advantage of the potential to efficiently employ locally accessible resources and promote connections between isolated industrial zones. This study conclude that industry policy has to be initiated, accessible industrial effluence control standards should be enforced more strictly, installing plant treatment, industrial leftovers should be converted into biogas products, and public awareness should be increased. Keywords: Agglomeration, heavy metal, Industrial wastes, physiochemical, SpatialItem The Impact of Urban Renewal Projects On Low- Income Residents in Addis Ababa: The Case of American Gibi, Addis Ketema Sub-Cit(Addis Ababa University, 2024-10-01) Anteneh Negussie; Bosena Yirga (PhD)This study examines the impact of urban renewal projects on low-income residents in American Gibi, a neighborhood in Addis Ketema Sub-City, Addis Ababa, and to identify determinant factors of satisfaction level of relocates. The researcher used a mixed research approach and the research is both descriptive and inferential/analytical in type. Both primary and secondary data were gathered for this study. The primary data were collected from relocated site households and secondary data were collected from different journals, books, papers, and other recorded documents. The sample of displaces was selected through stratified random sampling and simple random sampling methods. Data were gathered through questionnaires and in-depth interviews through open-ended and close ended questions. Primary and secondary data were analyzed based on qualitative, descriptive, and inferential analysis methods depending on the type of data to be collected. From this study, the researcher concludes that due to urban renewal projects, relocates lost their social and informal interactions, jobs and locational advantages, and sufficient compensation for their loss. The researcher also concludes that the relocates satisfaction level is determined by variables age, educational status, employment status, transport access, and access to basic infrastructures. To alleviate these problems, the researcher recommended for the concerned body to change the socio economic conditions of relocates, to participate the community, to work on determinant factors of satisfaction level to satisfy the relocates. Keywords: Addis Ababa, urban renewal, low-income householdsItem Analysis of the Trends of Land Use Land Cover Change and its Management: The Case of Dukem Town, Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-01) Neguma Hika Gibe; Birhanu Girma (PhD)This study investigates the trends of land use and land cover changes and its management in Dukem town between the years 1994-2024 through identifying driving factors and actors. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches using spatial analysis of remote sensing and GIS techniques and survey methods. Both primary and secondary data sources were used for the study; and the Primary data were collected using questionnaires and observations. While the secondary data were collected using satellite images. Accordingly, the result showed a significant increase in the built-up area of the town. Between 1994 and 2024, the study town expanded from 498 hectares (5%) to 3447 hectares (36%). This rapid growth meant that built-up areas were taking over large portions of other land types, such as agricultural land. Unfortunately, agricultural land decreased substantially during this period, declining from 6258 hectares (65%) in 1994 to 3889 hectares (40%) in 2024. Besides, the research found that the rate at which land is being consumed is significantly higher than the rate of population growth, except between 2014 and 2024. This suggests inefficient utilization of land, as the ideal scenario is for land consumption to be slower than population growth. Therefore, to improve land use efficiency in study town, efforts should focus on managing urban land and addressing the factors that are driving these land use changes. The goal is to reduce the ratio of land consumption to population growth to a level below one. This study recommended for several key actions. Firstly, it emphasized the need for ongoing monitoring of land use changes through technologies like remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This will help track urban growth and assess the success of urban planning policies. Secondly, the study stressed the importance of protecting natural resources and mitigating the environmental damage caused by urban expansion. Essentially, the study calls for a multi-faceted approach to sustainable urban development that involves continuous monitoring, environmental protection, improved planning regulations, community engagement, and strong inter-agency collaboration. Key words: land use land cover change, change detection, Key factors, Key actors, ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate (LCRPGR)Item Assessment of Community Based Neighborhood Parks’ Planning, Practice and Management: The Case of Woreda Six in Kolfe Keraniyo Sub-City, Addis(Addis Ababa University, 2024-04-01) Mulatu Assefa; Hayal Desta (PhD)The proportion of people living in major cities is rapidly growing. There was high movement of individuals from rural to urban areas. Built-space density is rising, housing is developing, infrastructure is being created, and industrial zones outside the city are being reorganized. Because of this, the green spaces in the capital have seen excessive exploitation and significant degradation as a result of a lack of meticulous management of green spaces and insufficient greening operations. One of the solutions would be to build and preserve community-based neighbourhood parks and green spaces. The study area location where found in Addis Ababa city, Kolfe Keraniyo sub-city, woreda 6. The main objective of the research was to examine community-based neighbourhood-park planning, practice, and management (PPM), with a focus on planning provision, community perception, organization, and administrative issues related to its ecosystem services. The most important issues of the research were assessing urban green area planning provision, and management of communities’ knowledge of urban neighborhood park benefit, practice and problem identifying, as well as government involvement in human and funding resources, and stakeholders’ contribution to green space development.The research study follows descriptive research approach to notice both quantitative and qualitative data, helps in assessing people’s preferences, and including planning status, engagement practice, and management to solve challenges. The method used mainly field survey tactic across the study area through analyzing or investigating existing condition using primary as well as secondary data sources. The data was analyzed and findings were created using SPSS, Microsoft-word, Excel, Arc GIS, Auto CAD, and some related tools. The results were described as follows- A, The Addis Ababa Structure Plan's 30, 30, and 40 percent land use provisions were not intended to be followed in the planning of green space. The green area is smaller than 1 m2 per person, it is less than World Health Organization (WHO) requirement; additionally, neighbourhood park plan distribution was improperly spread within a 300m radius; farther more, the planning process was not participatory in and of itself; and finally, there are implementation problem issues. The rate of plan change, grading, and monitoring for local parks and green areas received less attention. B, according to half of the respondents, had less awareness on neighbourhood parks important and necessary, which explains fewer funds are being contributed to the construction of community IV parks. primary objective of the neighbourhood park and with regard to its comfort, security, and green space planting, most respondents stated that it was in poor character. The majority of community parks lacked proper plants and had poorly designed features including lights, benches, trash cans, sidewalks, and safety obstacles. C, the neighbourhood park committee was not given any official training or experience; members were elected and serve voluntarily. The results show that there was inadequate partner coordination, poor consultation, and a lack of teamwork. Ultimately, the committee's efforts have resulted in the expenditure of time, money, resources, and authority that an individual or group of committee members have committed to the process of growth and management. The majority of communityfocused local parks lacked a legally required park design. The majority of neighborhood parks are devoid of elements that should be present in a green area, like playground areas, benches, lighting, gates, and paths. Every green space must abide by the proportionate norm of 80 percent green space and 20 percent amenity. The following recommendations were made based on the study's results. A communitybased neighborhood and other parks will need systemic reforms to better link economic, environmental, and social policies and institutions. These changes must be politically and economically feasible while also discovering synergies, weighing and giving solution. Advocate for and promote the creation of a comprehensive, integrated neighborhood park management plan that addresses the pressing concern and opportunity posed by the existing NPs vacant lots. In order to address the aforementioned challenges, the woreda administration must work very hard and also offer training to export personnel working in various institutions as well as devoted community members. When the next structural design is being prepared, it might be important to include neighborhood parks for the protection of land use violation. In order to promote environmental sustainability, create effective plans, formulate strategies, and utilize synergies, it is vital to build on the financial support that the community has previously contributed for local parks. Keywords: Community, Neighbourhood Park, Plan, Practice, and Management.Item Urban Water Metabolism for Promoting Water-Sensitive Urban Planning Interventions in Adama City, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-01-01) Abraha Tesfay Abraha; Tibebu Assefa (PhD)Urban metabolism quantifies resource flow within urban boundaries focusing on urban water, energy, nutrients and wastes. However, in developing nations, little research has been done to provide a quantitative picture of how water is consumed and transformed in urban landscape, as well as the water sensitive planning interventions needed to improve urban water security. This research was aimed to analyze the urban water metabolism of Adama city, Ethiopia as a foundation for evidence-based decision-making for water sensitive urban planning and enhance urban water security. The study employed a mixed-methods approach combining Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and urban water mass balance to track and trace water inflows, outflows and losses. Geo spatial tools were used to map water supply source locations, distribution networks, consumption patterns and water stress. Water security was quantified using the Integrated Urban Water Security Index (IUWSI). The study applied the Random Forest algorithm in R version 4.0.5. This algorithm was used to identify factors influencing residential water consumption. Key informant interviews and surveys were conducted to collect data on consumption and conservation behaviours across households, commercial, institutional and industrial water users. The data collection was conducted by combining both the bottom-up and top-down data collection systems. Findings indicated that Adama city is located in a water-stressed geographical location that receives less than 1700 m³ of water per person annually. The city's daily per capita water consumption is 69 liters falling short of Ethiopia's standard of 80 liters. The water distribution network covers only 45% of the area outlined in the master plan. The result also indicated a 38% gap between water demand and supply. Furthermore, nearly 30% of households receive water just at most three days a week. The centralized water supply accounts for 61% of the total consumption with 90% sourced from the distant Awash River indicating the city’s dependency on remote sources. Water conservation practices in Adama are limited. This reflects a linear take-make-use-dispose model that overlooks internal alternative water harvestings. The urban water security index of 1.95 revealed that Adama lacks water sensitive planning and strategies to ensure the urban water security. The study also revealed that key factors influencing water consumption are family size, housing quality, income levels, the number of rooms, parcel legal status, supply reliability, climate and topography. In conclusion, Adama is experiencing significant urban water insecurity due to both economic and physical water scarcity along with limited water-sensitive interventions. Adama city is heavily dependent on a centralized water source which lacks internalization and diversification practices coupled with underdeveloped conservation practices. Another conclusion that can be drawn is that as long as the city’s business as usual water consumption practice doesn’t change, the water supply problem will worsen over time. Hence, to strengthen urban water security, Adama city should implement water-sensitive urban planning interventions and strategies that encompass community engagement, the adoption of water-saving technologies, water-sensitive urban land use planning and the establishment of a robust water sensitive legal framework to promote urban water security. Keywords: Metabolism, water mass balance, water stress, water security, water sensitive, Adama, EthiopiaItem Transport Vulnerability and Coping Strategy in Addis Ababa: A Focus on Public Transit Service Users(Addis Ababa University, 2024-07-01) Eleni Gebremeskel Habtu; Berhanu Woldetensae( Associate Professor)The exacerbated mobility challenges in many developing cities poses great challenges on planners and policy makers. Cities are increasingly growing and are undergoing rapid changes. As a result, a rising number of urban residents are facing higher cost of transport, traffic congestion, travel time and the resultant increase in their vulnerability. Vulnerability is a concept that has been applied in transport discourse or research in order to address the social dimension of mobility. The objective of this study is to examine the vulnerability, exposure of public transit users to travel difficulties and their coping strategies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Personal, travel attributes and the contribution of broad factors such as government policies, population growth, physical expansion of the city and motorization rate to transit related vulnerability were considered in the analysis. Based on the pragmatic philosophical stance, the research used a mixed method approach. The analysis is based on a data collected in Addis Ababa from 457 public transit users. The study applied proportions, percentages and cross tabulation of key variables and statistical methods, such as one-way ANOVA, multinomial and binary logistic regression to analyze vulnerability and coping strategies of transit users. The result showed that low- and middle-income groups bear a higher level of travel burden, in terms of total travel time and percentage of income spent on transport than high income groups. The result also revealed that coping strategy use is higher among long distance travelers, middle income groups (regular commuters) and females than other groups. In terms of policy measures, the implementation of Urban Development Policy (UDP), inner-city redevelopment program induced relocation of low-income residents in the outskirts of the city and resulted in significant transit service coverage gap. Therefore, policy efforts that are meant to address social problems such as housing development policies have to properly be integrated with transport planning. This involves facilitating the integration of peoples and homes with employment and other essential infrastructure by mixing housing and job opportunities in the inner city and surrounding areas. From the results obtained by the analysis of desired improvement on public transport service, the first suggested area for improvement is availability followed by safety and security, affordability and comfort. The message is that public transit users are aware of the need for the improvement of the above-mentioned service parameters. Therefore, the research emphasizes the need to improve the current state of public transit service provision in the city by considering the needs and priorities of users. Keywords: Public transit, Vulnerability, Coping strategy, Addis AbabaItem Urban Water Metabolism for Promoting Water-Sensitive Urban Planning Interventions in Adama City, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-01-01) Abraha Tesfay Abraha; Tibebu Assefa (PhD)Urban metabolism quantifies resource flow within urban boundaries focusing on urban water, energy, nutrients and wastes. However, in developing nations,little research has been done to provide a quantitative picture of how water is consumed and transformed in urban landscape, as well as the water sensitive planning interventions needed to improve urban water security. This research was aimed to analyze the urban water metabolism of Adama city, Ethiopia as a foundation for evidence-based decision-making for water sensitive urban planning and enhance urban water security. The study employed a mixed-methods approach combining Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and urban water mass balance to track and trace water inflows, outflows and losses. Geo spatial tools were used to map water supply source locations, distribution networks, consumption patterns and water stress. Water security was quantified using the Integrated Urban Water Security Index (IUWSI). The study applied the Random Forest algorithm in R version 4.0.5. This algorithm was used to identify factors influencing residential water consumption. Key informant interviews and surveys were conducted to collect data on consumption and conservation behaviours across households, commercial, institutional and industrial water users. The data collection was conducted by combining both the bottom-up and top-down data collection systems. Findings indicated that Adama city is located in a water-stressed geographical location that receives less than 1700 m³ of water per person annually. The city's daily per capita water consumption is 69 liters falling short of Ethiopia's standard of 80 liters. The water distribution network covers only 45% of the area outlined in the master plan. The result also indicated a 38% gap between water demand and supply. Furthermore, nearly 30% of households receive water just at most three days a week. The centralized water supply accounts for 61% of the total consumption with 90% sourced from the distant Awash River indicating the city’s dependency on remote sources. Water conservation practices in Adama are limited. This reflects a linear take-make-use-dispose model that overlooks internal alternative water harvesting s. The urban water security index of 1.95 revealed that Adama lacks water sensitive planning and strategies to ensure the urban water security. The study also revealed that key factors influencing water consumption are family size, housing quality, income levels, the number of rooms, parcel legal status, supply reliability, climate and topography. In conclusion, Adama is experiencing significant urban water insecurity due to both economic and physical water scarcity along with limited water-sensitive interventions. Adama city is heavily dependent on a centralized water source which lacks internalization and diversification practices coupled with underdeveloped conservation practices. Another conclusion that can be drawn is that as long as the city’s business as usual water consumption practice doesn’t change, the water supply problem will worsen over time. Hence, to strengthen urban water security, Adama city should implement water-sensitive urban planning interventions and strategies that encompass community engagement, the adoption of water-saving technologies, water-sensitive urban land use planning and the establishment of a robust water sensitive legal framework to promote urban water security. Keywords: Metabolism, water mass balance, water stress, water security, water sensitive, Adama, EthiopiaItem Informal Settlements and Their Impacts on Urban Land Use Planning in Burayu City, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-12-01) Tefera Beyera Bayuma; Birhanu Girma Abebe (PhD)Informal settlement is one mode of urbanization in developing countries, through which shelter is provided in urban areas such as Burayu City. However, informal settlements continue to create challenges for planned development. The purpose of this study was to analyze informal settlements and their impacts on urban land use planning in Burayu city. This study utilized a case study research design with a combination of quantitative and qualitative research approaches with a range of primary and secondary data sources. Simple random sampling was used to select informal households for the questionnaire survey, while purposive and snowballing sampling was used to select respondents for focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The study also benefited from field observations and documentary reviews. Descriptive statistics and factor analysis were used to determine the satisfaction level, while a Generalized Linear Model was used to analyze predictors of residential satisfaction in terms of the socio-economic and demographic features of the respondents. In the process and factors of informal settlement, qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis, whereas quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The interaction among actors was analyzed by social network analysis. Finally, the impact of informal residential use and its conformance with urban land use planning were analyzed based on the conformance analysis method using GIS. The study found that the majority of the residents (54%) were satisfied with their residential areas, as indicated by the positive sustainability indicators. Marital status and occupational type emerged as the main predictors of residential satisfaction. The findings of the study revealed that informal institutions play a decisive support in informal settlement expansion which is reinforced by social networks. The study identified speculation, rural-urban migration, lack of good governance and locational choice as triggering causes for informal settlement development. Moreover, actors use formal institutional ambiguities to participate in informal buildings. Land brokers are the principal actors who play very significant roles in informal land transactions. Furthermore, the findings revealed that 81% of the informal houses occupied more than 140 m2 which is greater than the set standard. The research also found that 69.10% of informal residential land use types iii adhere to the land use plan. In conclusion, the findings of the study indicated that understanding informal settlers' needs, actor interaction networks behaviors and conformance interpretation of informal settlement would not only help to solve this puzzle but would also illuminate the factors driving informal urban expansion. This provides insights for controlling informal development and ameliorating land governance. Key worlds: Burayu City, Conformance, Informal actors, Informal settlement, Land use plan, Residential satisfaction.Item An Economic Menace or Growth Opportunity of Land Speculation: The case of Shashemene City(Addis Ababa University, 2020-11-01) Bedane Shata Gemeda; Birhanu Girma Abebe (PhD)Land speculation in urban and periurban area can be extremely strenuous to the upheld intensification of cities, which is critical to economic development. Inaccurately, speculative land investors, worried about benefits from exchanging landed possessions, can influence urban development supporting populace, where the principle is often inadequately controlled and exceptionally bureaucratic. The key troubles of governing land speculation are rapidly deeming hot spot zones of eagerness, naming land jobbers, and directing encouraging and negative spats of property speculation. The research employed the case study, desk review, and survey research stratagem. Also, multiple regressions, Cumulative Sum statistics, and the Principal Component Analysis systems were used to scrutinize facts. The MORRIS and TOPISS models were also used to rate the space-based expansion of the city. Next to the case study folklore, a mix of various facts collection tools, for instance, questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions, key informant interviews, and direct field observation, were exploited to collect study truths as of the case study district. The Shashemene city admin was intentionally chosen while the case study area in the first stage of the case study district choice procedure. Four urban villages, explicitly: Awasho, Alelu, Burka Gudina, and Buclhena, were chosen in the next stage. Further, policy documents were reviewed, and a survey was conducted to get adequate data. The result indicates that the land worth is assenting and expansively allied with the size of property seizing by regional land jobbers. According to influential variable estimate, one birr m2 swell of land price would prompt local speculators to hoard 39.7𝑚2 more land per year. Land conjecture, which raises land worth 13 times its opportunity outlay - raised societal expenditures by 5.6% to 11.3%. Local GDP turn down by 33%, district revenue lifted by 15.1%, and unfair distribution of the middling property increment worth ratio for farmers (1.8%), local governments (19%), and builders (79.2%) correspondingly. The subsequent three tips are recommended to control land speculation: (1) one-personnel-single-plot law, (2) property value tax and (3) land development time limitations. Keywords: Land speculation, property rights, land rent, opportunity cost, EthiopiaItem Analyzing the Impacts of Urbanization and Climate Change on Urban Flood and Planning of Resilience-Based Flood Hazard Management: A Case of Adama City, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-06-01) Dejene Tesema Bulti; Birhanu Girma (PhD)Urban flooding, which occurs when rainfall exceeds the capacity of urban drainage systems, has become a major concern in many cities across the world. Due to urbanization-driven increases in impermeable surfaces and climate change-induced increases in extreme precipitation, urban flood is anticipated to rising in frequency and intensity in the future. The majority of Ethiopian cities are susceptible to urban floods, although there is little research on the subject. Understanding of the contributions of main drivers at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, features of potential floods under current and future conditions and various flood frequencies, as well as flood adaptation measures at smaller spatial scales can aid efforts to effectively respond to the current problem of urban flooding, as well as consideration of its potential future increase. This study aims to analyze the impacts of urbanization and climate change on urban flood in Adama City and to devise resilience-based flood hazard management strategies. By mapping LULC of the City at about 5-year interval from 1995 to 2019 and computing the runoff depth at respective years using SCS-CN method, the dynamics of the City’s hydrologic characteristics attributable to urbanization-induced spatio-temporal changes of LULC was analyzed. Statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and extreme precipitation indices were, respectively used for downscaling daily precipitation from the projections of two Global Circulation Models (CanESM2 and HadCM3) and for analyzing the impacts of climate change on the historical and future extreme precipitation events. Further, the potential changes in the relationship between intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) of extreme precipitation in present-day and future periods were compared and contrasted. IDF curves and their functions were deduced using Gumbel Type I probability distribution and power-regression model, respectively. Flood inundation model was developed with coupled 1D-2D flood modeling method using PCSWMM, and used for simulating potential floods for a range of return periods and possible combinations of existing and future LULC and climate scenarios. Flood hazard levels were determined based on flow depth-velocity approach, for each scenario. The theory of urban resilience to floods was adopted for assessing the flood resilience level of the study area and for planning resilience-based flood hazard management. Flood-prone area was selected from the 100-yr flood scenarios and under the combined future LULC and climate. Localized flood adaption strategies were identified and their suitability for the selected prone area was assessed.The findings show that the built-up area undergone 7.9% expansion rate from 1995 to 2019. Likewise, the runoff depth is increased by 9.5 % in the City administration and 12.9 % and 6.9 % within the two sub-watersheds. At all spatial scales, the temporal change of runoff depth is linearly associated with the rise of imperviousness ratio. Moreover, statistically significant trends were obtained for the majority of extreme precipitation indices computed for historical daily rainfall records of 1967-2016, indicating that climate change has had an impact on historical precipitation. Moreover, extreme precipitation is expected to rise in the future up to 2080. The findings also reveal that extreme precipitation intensity over the years 2021-2070 in Adama City would increase up to 49.5% or decrease up to 106.2%, depending on GCM, storm duration and return period considered. Furthermore, the study area is flooded under both existing and future land cover and climate conditions, with increasing in the water depth, flow velocity and inundation extent as the return period increases. Under historical climate and existing land-use scenario, 123.7 (5-yr)-204.3 ha (100-yr) is prone to flood whereas the extent varies from 178.2 to 396.8 ha, under the combined effect of future land use and climate changes. Moreover, the study area is associated with lower level flood resilience. Finally, elevated configuration, dry-proofing, wet-proofing, temporary measures and site and landscape interventions are proposed as effective strategies for building flood resilience of the prone community. In line with sustainable flood risk management in the City, it is suggested that the stakeholders recognize the level of potential associated risk and improve the awareness of the prone community. Future developments should be guided with impervious surface based land-use regulation in order to better control the hydrological effects of urbanization. Further, the standards and guidelines presently employed by the City for the planning and design of stormwater management infrastructure should be revised in such a way that they reflect global climate change impacts at local level. Designing and updating local development plans on flood-prone areas should also aim to ingrate localized flood adoption strategies to build flood resilience of the prone community. Finally, urban planning policies should aim to promote urban flood modeling as a base for urban flood hazard management operations, and personal responsibility in flood safety. Keywords: urban flood, climate change, flood modeling, flood hazard, statistical downscaling, flood resilience, extreme precipitation, IDFItem Managing the Challenges of the Built Environment Development Process In Ethiopian Urbanization: The Environmental Responsiveness Failure of the Management System in the Addis Ababa and Sebeta Urban Region.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-03-01) Solomon Benti Abuna; Heyaw Terefe (PhD)The built environment has become not only a major component of the physical environment but also one that has opportunities and challenges for the other components like the natural and working landscapes especially since the industrial revolution, which triggered rapid urbanization of the world and growth of urban centers. The literature review indicated that the main challenges were depletion and pollution of the landscapes that unless managed the built environment development process can fail to be responsive to the challenges. This research aims at studying the challenges of depletion of the natural and working landscapes in the context of rapid built environment development process, an emerging management of the process, and public ownership of land. The general objective of the research is investigating why the management of the Built Environment Development Process's responsiveness to its challenges for the natural and working landscapes in Ethiopia appears to have gaps and how the gaps can be reduced by taking Sebeta town, one of the emerging towns surrounding Addis Ababa, as a case. Both quantitative and qualitative methods including interview, focus group discussion, document review, and observation were used for the research. In addition, land use/land cover analysis based on time series satellite imageries; Participatory Geographical Information System (PGIS) were used as analysis methods. The result indicates that the built environment development process (BEDP) in the study region has significant gaps of responsiveness to the natural and working landscapes: it has led to the loss of 3,956.26ha of the landscapes from 2005 to 2018. In this process, the most affected areas include fertile agricultural lands, environmentally fragile zones including forested mountains, spaces providing cultural iv and spiritual opportunities, and riverbanks. The driver for the BEDP responsiveness gaps on the natural and working landscapes is the failure management system: (i) Its in existence that has led to spontaneous BEDP .(ii) Its inadequacy in terms of gaps in urban plans and their implementation. (iii) Limited availability of national and regional land use plans, and (iv) Gaps in the implementation of the public ownership of land policy that has not contributed as much as is expected. Keywords: Built Environment; Environmental Responsiveness; Emerging Towns; Green Field Development; Natural and Working Landscapes; Urban Management FailuresItem Environmental Impacts of Urban Growth in Akaki-Kality Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-01) Truesaw Kebad; Solomon Benti (PhD)This research is aimed to analyze land use/land cover dynamics of Akaki Kality sub city with their driving factors, and related environmental impacts. Spatial analysis were done majorly by using different time series satellite images that were compiled from land sat 5,7 and 8, and the supervised image classification of Arc GIS 10.4 and ERDAS IMAGINE 15 software programs were applied. Other non-spatial environmental impacts were addressed with the aid of primary data collected from households using structured questionnaire and other secondary data that were collected from Ethiopian National Metrology Agency. Similarly, Land Surface Temperature change done with Arc GIS. The 1996-2021 land uses/ land cover result analysis shows bare land decreased from 40% to 24%, which were mostly changed to construction; vegetation and forest, decreased from 43% to 23%; water bodies have shown only about 2% change and built up area increased from 10% to 46 %. Major driving factors for the increment of human induced land uses in the study area were population Growth; GDP growth and Governmental policy such as, industrialization policy and condominium-housing program. In order to minimize anthropogenic induced impacts on the urban environment in the country, government should revise investment policy and balance investment flow between inter regional and create job for youths in regional towns that can potentially reduce rural urban migration and the demand for urban land. Additionally, developing enough infrastructures to regional towns and foster private investors to invest their capital to regional towns. Moreover, vertical developments should be encouraged. Keywords: Environment Impacts; Government Policy; Land use/Land cover; Urbanization; urban growth modelItem Building Height and Layout analysis for Improved Residential Quarters; The Case of Some Selected Condominium Building Sites of Kolfe Keraniyo Sub-City, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-03-01) Habtamu Wesebo Lire; Asfaw Mohamed (PhD)This thesis investigates mainly the current housing problems in Addis Ababa, which are getting worse and need an urgent solution. Currently, there are about 950,000 people waiting for the 10/90, 20/80, and 40/60 condominium house schemes. The existing condominiums are built with limited consideration of available space and a low building height without accounting for proper building location, i.e., slope, noise, wind, weather, and sunlight. There are also limited communal parking spaces, green spaces, and recreational areas, and there are cases where those spaces are used for other purposes and are not used by the community. Methodologically, the height regulation building prepared by the Addis Ababa city administration used questionnaires and checklists to collect data. The findings show that there is a lack of building height and layout for regulations condominiums, variations in the standard and existing conditions, a lack of building setbacks, and the condition of buildings contradicting the nearby villages. So, the condominiums that are going to be built at the government level to overcome housing problems require a system that needs to be controlled and completely meet standards. Key words; condominiums, community, building height, building layout, regulations…Item Willingness to Pay and Perception for Preferred Natural Light, View and Space Shape of Condominium, the Case of Baldaras Condominiums, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Bethel Ayalew Zeleke; Amha ErmiasEven though it is taken as common knowledge that natural light, view and the space shape are important attributes of any living space, how significant they are in the eye of the dweller, in what way they are preferred and how those demands can possibly be appreciated financially was the main interest of this paper. The task of satisfying the research intentions was carried out mainly by surveying condominium dwellers attitude towards the significance of natural light, view and space shape and in what way they preferred them, with how much they will be willing to pay to attain them. Another method used was a focus group discussion with professionals involved in the real estate business be it designing, valuing, selling and buying of condominiums to understand the financial influence of the attributes on condominium value. From the data analyzed it can be concluded that natural light, view and space shape are considered as a very significant part of the condominium life, view having a less gradation than the other two. The preferences for natural light were medium to very lit, for view to the green and common area and for space shape rectangular and square were popular choices. With willingness to pay that ranged from 1500 birr to 0. It was concluded that natural light, view and space shape are considered as very significant to the dweller, with a visible willingness to pay that can be processed to be the indicative financial value to the attributes. Key Word: Natural light preference, view preference, space shape preference, willingness to payItem Assessment of infrastructural integration of public transport system and its effect on service provision: The case of Mexico area Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-01) Sisay Fantahun Abate; Dagnachew Adugna(PhD)Public transport interchange integration is essential in easing the drawbacks that arises form making transfers. Ease of movement is the driving force of city development. Well integrated interchange smooth ens trips and promotes business and educations to flourish. and so the planning process must be done with that notion behind. This study is targeted at investigating the Mexico area public transport interchanges to check for level of integration, user satisfaction and driving factors. The study location is in Addis Ababa’s heart and near its central business district, which is the Mexico terminal stations. These stations are grouped in to six zones with varying trip direction/destination. In order to conduct the study a survey was conducted intercepting 428 transport users. The survey used variables to measure walking distance and a 5-point Liker scaling for service satisfaction. In addition, to get to the back story and planning process government stakeholders at Addis Ababa city transport bureau were interviewed. The results of the study revealed an average transfer distance of 364 meters crossing as much as three streets to make transfers. The discovered walking distance measures longer than conventional transport dept facility. Furthermore, the observed service was rated poorly across 18 variables that checked for information, time, movement, access, convenience, safety and emergency procedure. Moreover, it was revealed that government priority has shifted away from planning and executing transport interchanges to acquiring new fleets. Another point that was discovered was the change in administration and its consequence. As new administration arrived political will shifted away from interchange planning. The last finding of this study was lack of accountability towards negative actors on site. There was no solution provided after a significant portion of one of the stations was engulfed with construction. Even though a pilot project at Merkato showed how integration can be solved it quickly fail to administrative defects that officials pointed could hamper healthy operation. This study recommends the planning of a one roof interchange where users experience is part of the planning process. Key words: Infrastructural integration, user experience, administrative processItem .Integrating Attributes of Spatial Resilience Into City-Wide Structure Plan of Secondary Cities In Ethiopia: Perspectives From Kombolcha City, Amhara Regional State.(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07-01) Mulugeta Maru; Hailu Worku (ProfessorAccording to existing literature, studying secondary cities in the global south can help us better understand spatial resilience in the face of multivariate, intersecting, and uncertain challenges. As a result, this study attempted to investigate the urban uncertainties affecting the spatial resilience of Kombolcha city in Amhara Regional State and develop strategies to integrate the attributes of resilience into the city's structure plan. Exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research designs were used in this paper. Ex-ante evaluation of the policy documents and post-ante examination of the city's spatial plans were conducted by employing redundancy, diversity, robustness, and integration principles of spatial resilience as evaluation criteria. The thesis deployed document search as a data collection strategy to examine the policy and planning documents governing structure plan preparation in the country: Urban Development Policy(UDP), Urban Planning Proclamation(UPP), Urban Plan Preparation and Implementation Strategy(UPPIS), Structure Plan Manual(SPM), and the first and second Growth and Transformation (GTP I and II) and the two spatial plans: 2001 Development Plan(DP), the 2011 Structure Plan(SP), including 2020 Existing Land Use(ELU) of Kombolcha city. Questionnaires, site observations, base maps, and key informant interviews were also used to collect empirical data. The sample size for the study was 400 households, and thirty-five key informants were purposefully chosen from various institutions. The SPSS, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), ArcGIS 10.8, and NVivo 12 plus software were applied to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses. The study's findings revealed seventeen environmental and physical urban problems affecting the spatial resilience of the country's secondary cities. As a result, household respondents perceived deforestation as the top urban problem, while water scarcity and wind were considered the least recurring urban challenges in the city. Aside from these, the city's spatial resilience was harmed by unsustainable material and resource consumption, poor infrastructure, inadequate transportation, and insufficient response measures. The integration principle was well assimilated into the policy documents, followed by redundancy, diversity, and robustness. GTP I and II received the highest values regarding the policy-specific review, whereas UPPIS got the lowest. The non-spatial resilience of the city is further compounded by poor collaboration among land authority, water, green, and utility management institutions during the urban planning process. The absence of shared planning, task alignment, and public disclosure of achievements has also magnified the reappearance of hazards in the city. However, the study revealed that DRR-related information is being shared by community leaders (21%), family members (40%), community-based organizations(11.60%), and local administrations(Kebeles) (12.50%). The survey results further discovered a relationship and commonalities among the urban problems exacerbated by land-use zoning changes and the thriving informal settlements. In addition, the study depicted that the resilience principles had been inconsistently mainstreamed into the policy documents. Despite the spatial plans' optimistic visions of addressing hazards and anthropogenic pressures, their practical implementation remains challenging. Though the critical system operators were not collaborating, so does the engagement of local administrations in DRR is not uniform and convincing. However, the participation of communities in DRR is encouraging. Therefore, improving secondary cities' coping, adaptation, and governance systems is timely and critical. Furthermore, local governments in secondary cities commit to localizing global initiatives, setting and enforcing strict local resource utilization strategies, and improving living conditions within their cities. Keywords: Household perceptions; Spatial resilience; Urban Problems; Hazard recurrence; Secondary cities; Collaboration; Disaster Risk ReductionItem Evaluating the impact of new overpass bridge of a roundabout Compared to Previous Roundabout: The Case of Imperial-Gerji(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11-01) Desalegn Aragaw; Berhanu Woldetensae (Associated Professor)Roundabout is a form of crossroads that provides traffic control indirectly without the use of traffic signals. When compared to stop-controlled and signal-controlled intersections, roundabouts can improve both safety and traffic flow. Congestion is the biggest issue with roundabouts, and levels fluctuate throughout time, with a visible surge during the commute to work. Because the majority of pedestrians are wounded in automotive accidents, efforts to improve their safety have focused on reducing pedestrian traffic. Poor road design and a lack of physical roundabout elements have a substantial impact on roundabout capacity and traffic congestion. The objective of this research is to address the critical aspect and effect of a new overpass bridge operational performance, level of service, and capacity analysis of the Imperial-Gerji roundabout. This study used quantitative research methodology, which makes use of numerical data. Geometric data and a traffic volume survey A field survey was conducted to assess the general geometric condition of roundabouts for this study. Traffic volume studies were also carried out to determine the number, movement, and classifications of vehicles at the chosen roundabout approaches. For this study, skilled people manually collected traffic data using a vehicle statistic. According to the findings of SIDRA intersection 9.1 software programs, the degree of congestion at the roundabout is 1.721, which is significantly beyond the recommended criteria for providing a sufficient level of service. As a result, the delay resulted in an overall fuel consumption of 1095.3L/H, a CO2 emission of 2573.9Kg/h, a hydro carbonate emission of 0.288Kg/h, and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emission of 0.589, indicating that the congestion had an effect on the environment According to the analysis, the level of service provided by the Imperial-Gerji intersection prior to the construction of the overpass bridge was F it mean that more traffic is coming and indicating inadequate comfort and increased accident risk, whereas the level of service provided by the intersection after the construction of the overpass bridge was LOS B it mean that continuous traffic flow, and. also indicating continuous traffic flow with substantial control over operational conditions. The following recommendations have been forwarded to important stakeholders for consideration. Imperial-gerji roundabout geometric components should be updated and built in accordance with modern roundabout design rules since they are quite valuable in terms of capability and traffic safety. Proposed building an additional overpass bridge from Hayahulete to Gerji, comparable to the one built from Megenagna to Bole, to improve the capability of a crossroads during peak hours. Keywords: Roundabout, Overpass Bridge, Capacity Analysis, Sidra intersection 9.1, CongestionItem Investigating City Growth Parameters for Emerging Towns in Ethiopia: The Case of Adadi Mariam, Bishan Guracha, and Ginchi Towns in Oromia Regional State.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11-01) Gezu Yadete Kumbi; Berhanu Woldetensae (Associate Professor)Urbanization is a burning issue in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, the process does not happen all at once; rather, factors that occur gradually determine a city's spatial growth to attain its full capacity for expansion. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate growth-driving parameters and indicate ways of managing urban spatial growth in the emerging towns of Adadi Mariam, Bishan Guracha, and Ginchi in Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. The methods applied for the study were a cross-sectional study using descriptive and explanatory research approaches to identify parameters contributing to spatial growth in these towns. Thirteen (13) parameters were developed and ranked using snowball sampling techniques. Eighty (80) questionnaires for Ginchi town, seventy-five (75) for Bishan Guracha, and sixty-five (65) for Adadi Mariam were used for each town. Then detailed interviews were conducted with six (6) key informants from each town to understand the top-five ranked parameters' level of influence over the last 20 years. The result showed that the top-five growth parameters of the towns vary. The existence of a tourist attraction center, the provision of market service, proximity to major towns, the addition of new education services, and a specialty in agricultural productivity were the top-five ranked parameters for Adadi Mariam, respectively. Land and housing rent value, political decision influence, proximity to major towns, proximity to industries, and land topography ranked 1-4, while climate condition and the existence of a tourism attraction center ranked 5th for Bishan Guracha. Similarly, transportation accessibility, provision of market service, location on the national road, provision of administrative services, and addition of new educational services are the top five identified growth parameters for Ginchi town. Generally, Adadi Mariam town is mainly a religious event and tourism-dependent town. Whereas, land value and politics due to its location between Hawassa and Shashemene towns influenced Bishan Guracha highly. Ginchi town mainly developed due to its transportation connectivity with many woredas and other towns. Thus, techniques and strategies based on an understanding of the potentials of each town and development gaps that strengthen growth parameters should be applied to help the growth of emerging towns. Keywords: emerging towns; growth parameters; spatial growth; top-five ranked parameters