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Item Assessment of infrastructural integration of public transport system and its effect on service provision: The case of Mexico area Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-01) Sisay Fantahun Abate; Dagnachew Adugna (PhD)Public transport interchange integration is essential in easing the drawbacks that arises form making transfers. Ease of movement is the driving force of city development. Well integrated interchange smooth ens trips and promotes business and educations to flourish. and so the planning process must be done with that notion behind. This study is targeted at investigating the Mexico area public transport interchanges to check for level of integration, user satisfaction and driving factors. The study location is in Addis Ababa’s heart and near its central business district, which is the Mexico terminal stations. These stations are grouped in to six zones with varying trip direction/destination. In order to conduct the study a survey was conducted intercepting 428 transport users. The survey used variables to measure walking distance and a 5-point Like rt scaling for service satisfaction. In addition, to get to the back story and planning process government stakeholders at Addis Ababa city transport bureau were interviewed. The results of the study revealed an average transfer distance of 364 meters crossing as much as three streets to make transfers. The discovered walking distance measures longer than conventional transport depot facility. Furthermore, the observed service was rated poorly across 18 variables that checked for information, time, movement, access, convenience, safety and emergency procedure. Moreover, it was revealed that government priority has shifted away from planning and executing transport interchanges to acquiring new fleets. Another point that was discovered was the change in administration and its consequence. As new administration arrived political will shifted away from interchange planning. The last finding of this study was lack of accountability towards negative actors on site. There was no solution provided after a significant portion of one of the stations was engulfed with construction. Even though a pilot project at Merkato showed how integration can be solved it quickly fail to administrative defects that officials pointed could hamper healthy operation. This study recommends the planning of a one roof interchange where users experience is part of the planning process. Key words: Infrastructural integration, user experience, administrative processItem Building Height and Layout Analysis for Improved Residential Quarters; The Case of Some Selected Condominium Building Sites of Kolfe Keraniyo Sub-City, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2024-03-01) Habtamu Wesebo Lire; Asfaw Mohamed (PhD)This thesis investigates mainly the current housing problems in Addis Ababa, which are getting worse and need an urgent solution. Currently, there are about 950,000 people waiting for the 10/90, 20/80, and 40/60 condominium house schemes. The existing condominiums are built with limited consideration of available space and a low building height without accounting for proper building location, i.e., slope, noise, wind, weather, and sunlight. There are also limited communal parking spaces, green spaces, and recreational areas, and there are cases where those spaces are used for other purposes and are not used by the community. Methodologically, the height regulation building prepared by the Addis Ababa city administration used questionnaires and checklists to collect data. The findings show that there is a lack of building height and layout for regulations condominiums, variations in the standard and existing conditions, a lack of building setbacks, and the condition of buildings contradicting the nearby villages. So, the condominiums that are going to be built at the government level to overcome housing problems require a system that needs to be controlled and completely meet standards. Key words; condominiums, community, building height, building layout, regulations…Item Assessment on Practice of Real Property Valuation for Collateral In Addis Ababa: In The Case of Two Selected Private Commercial Banks(Addis Ababa University, 2023-04-01) Agernew Aseres; Teshome Tefera (PhD)The main aim of the study is to assess the existing practice of real property valuation for collateral in the case of commercial banks in Addis Ababa; and investigate if the practice is consistent among the banks and to check if the practices are compatible to the internationally accepted principles. In order to accomplish this objective, the real property valuation practice for collateral in banks was considered as a real-life context as existing phenomenon; thus, appropriate case study method is deployed to investigate the aforementioned valuation related matters in the selected banks in Addis Ababa. The case study method allowed the researcher to use a variety of data using multiple data collection mechanisms that facilitated the validation of data through triangulation. It also helped the researcher avoid bias and error of data. The study assessed the local and international guidelines related to real property valuation, manuals of selected banks and Ethiopian bankers association. And, it finally bench marking practice of real property valuation on Ethiopian banks’ guidelines is done based on the findings. The study revealed that each bank has its own valuation manual and procedures to do valuation. The amount of loan given to borrowers is not based on the market value of the property. In addition, the value of a property estimated by the banks doesn’t predict the actual market price but on securing the bank from risk as much as possible to ensure the banks can get their money back in case of default. Thus, properties are compulsorily undervalued by the lending banks and restricts the borrowing potential of investors and firms. Almost all commercial banks employ cost method due to availability of relevant comparative cost data, the difficulty in updating rental rates of buildings, and lack of stability in the Ethiopian property market. The depreciated replacement cost method of building valuation and determination of land value of land use right are not also compatible to the generally accepted standards due absence of income and expense data of subject and comparable property. The study recommended the need to minimize variation of value; revisit the existing land property law; align the standards to the generally accepted practice; develop standardized valuation framework in banks, and it is also strongly recommended that valuators need to demonstrate appropriate academic/professional qualifications, and technical competence to improve the practice.. Key words: real property, collateral, basis of valuation, valuation methods, location valueItem the Conservation Status and Challnges of Genetemaryam Rock Hewn Church, North Wollo.(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Moges Tefera; Tadese GirmayGenetemaryam is endowed with rock-cut church embodying architectural significance. However, this priceless cultural Heritages is frequently confronted with different threats. It is increasingly deteriorating and threatened by a host of both natural and anthropogenic factors. This will result in loss of the authenticity and beauty. The church is subjected to different problems such as cracking, degradation and breaking that badly affected its values. This church was carved in the late 13th century. Since then, it has been exposed to wind, rain and thermal changes as well as to the impact of human activities. This has resulted in severe degradation of the church which is considered to be in a critical condition. It is also evident that all the identify phenomena and related causes are strictly connected each other and they mutually contribute to the amplification of some degradation effect. Identifying the nature and scale of destructive forces helps to determine intervention methods. It also enables to take measures before it results in total loss of the heritage. This paper is designed with the objective of assessing the untapped potential and existing problems of this cultural heritage. Finally the study concluded with some of the conservation measures which should be undertaken to solve the problems in this church.Item Integrating Attributes of Spatial Resilience Into City-Wide Structure Plan of Secondary Cities In Ethiopia: Perspectives From Kombolcha City, Amhara Regional State(Addis Ababa University, 2022-07-01) Mulugeta Maru; Hailu Worku (Professor)According to existing literature, studying secondary cities in the global south can help us better understand spatial resilience in the face of multivariate, intersecting, and uncertain challenges. As a result, this study attempted to investigate the urban uncertainties affecting the spatial resilience of Kombolcha city in Amhara Regional State and develop strategies to integrate the attributes of resilience into the city's structure plan. Exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research designs were used in this paper. Ex-ante evaluation of the policy documents and post-ante examination of the city's spatial plans were conducted by employing redundancy, diversity, robustness, and integration principles of spatial resilience as evaluation criteria. The thesis deployed document search as a data collection strategy to examine the policy and planning documents governing structure plan preparation in the country: Urban Development Policy(UDP), Urban Planning Proclamation(UPP), Urban Plan Preparation and Implementation Strategy(UPPIS), Structure Plan Manual(SPM), and the first and second Growth and Transformation (GTP I and II) and the two spatial plans: 2001 Development Plan(DP), the 2011 Structure Plan(SP), including 2020 Existing Land Use(ELU) of Kombolcha city. Questionnaires, site observations, base maps, and key informant interviews were also used to collect empirical data. The sample size for the study was 400 households, and thirty-five key informants were purposefully chosen from various institutions. The SPSS, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), ArcGIS 10.8, and NVivo 12 plus software were applied to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses. The study's findings revealed seventeen environmental and physical urban problems affecting the spatial resilience of the country's secondary cities. As a result, household respondents perceived deforestation as the top urban problem, while water scarcity and wind were considered the least recurring urban challenges in the city. Aside from these, the city's spatial resilience was harmed by unsustainable material and resource consumption, poor infrastructure, inadequate transportation, and insufficient response measures. The integration principle was well assimilated into the policy documents, followed by redundancy, diversity, and robustness. GTP I and II received the highest values regarding the policy-specific review, whereas UPPIS got the lowest. The non-spatial resilience of the city is further compounded by poor collaboration among land authority, water, green, and utility management institutions during the urban planning process. The absence of shared planning, task alignment, and public disclosure of achievements has also magnified the reappearance of hazards in the city. However, the study revealed that DRR-related information is being shared by community leaders (21%), family members (40%), community-based organizations(11.60%), and local administrations(Kebeles) (12.50%). The survey results further discovered a relationship and commonalities among the urban problems exacerbated by land-use zoning changes and the thriving informal settlements. In addition, the study depicted that the resilience principles had been inconsistently mainstreamed into the policy documents. Despite the spatial plans' optimistic visions of addressing hazards and anthropogenic pressures, their practical implementation remains challenging. Though the critical system operators were not collaborating, so does the engagement of local administrations in DRR is not uniform and convincing. However, the participation of communities in DRR is encouraging. Therefore, improving secondary cities' coping, adaptation, and governance systems is timely and critical. Furthermore, local governments in secondary cities commit to localizing global initiatives, setting and enforcing strict local resource utilization strategies, and improving living conditions within their cities. Keywords: Household perceptions; Spatial resilience; Urban Problems; Hazard recurrence;Item Building Height and Layout analysis for Improved Residential Quarters; the Case of Some Selected Condominium Building Sites of Kolfe Keraniyo Sub-City, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababab University, 2024-03-01) Habtamu Wesebo Lire; Asfaw Mohamed (PhD)This thesis investigates mainly the current housing problems in Addis Ababa, which are getting worse and need an urgent solution. Currently, there are about 950,000 people waiting for the 10/90, 20/80, and 40/60 condominium house schemes. The existing condominiums are built with limited consideration of available space and a low building height without accounting for proper building location, i.e., slope, noise, wind, weather, and sunlight. There are also limited communal parking spaces, green spaces, and recreational areas, and there are cases where those spaces are used for other purposes and are not used by the community. Methodologically, the height regulation building prepared by the Addis Ababa city administration used questionnaires and checklists to collect data. The findings show that there is a lack of building height and layout for regulations condominiums, variations in the standard and existing conditions, a lack of building setbacks, and the condition of buildings contradicting the nearby villages. So, the condominiums that are going to be built at the government level to overcome housing problems require a system that needs to be controlled and completely meet standards. Key words; condominiums, community, building height, building layout, regulations…Item Assessment of Infrastructural Integration of Public Transport System and Its Effect on Service Provision: The Case of Mexico Area Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-01) Sisay Fantahun Abate; Dagnachew Adugna(PhD)Public transport interchange integration is essential in easing the drawbacks that arises form making transfers. Ease of movement is the driving force of city development. Well integrated interchange smoothens trips and promotes business and educations to flourish. and so the planning process must be done with that notion behind. This study is targeted at investigating the Mexico area public transport interchanges to check for level of integration, user satisfaction and driving factors. The study location is in Addis Ababa’s heart and near its central business district, which is the Mexico terminal stations. These stations are grouped in to six zones with varying trip direction/destination. In order to conduct the study a survey was conducted intercepting 428 transport users. The survey used variables to measure walking distance and a 5-point Likert scaling for service satisfaction. In addition, to get to the back story and planning process government stakeholders at Addis Ababa city transport bureau were interviewed. The results of the study revealed an average transfer distance of 364 meters crossing as much as three streets to make transfers. The discovered walking distance measures longer than conventional transport depo facility. Furthermore, the observed service was rated poorly across 18 variables that checked for information, time, movement, access, convenience, safety and emergency procedure. Moreover, it was revealed that government priority has shifted away from planning and executing transport interchanges to acquiring new fleets. Another point that was discovered was the change in administration and its consequence. As new administration arrived political will shifted away from interchange planning. The last finding of this study was lack of accountability towards negative actors on site. There was no solution provided after a significant portion of one of the stations was engulfed with construction. Even though a pilot project at Merkato showed how integration can be solved it quickly fail to administrative defects that officials pointed could hamper healthy operation. This study recommends the planning of a one roof interchange where users experience is part of the planning process. Key words: Infrastructural integration, user experience, administrative processItem Developing Sustainable Building Assessment Tool (SBAT) For Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ababa(Addis Addis University, 2023-06-01) Mekonnen Abebe Anshebo; Wubishet Jekale (PhD)Currently different types of buildings are constructed in Ethiopian Cities especially in Addis Ababa but these buildings were not critically assessed and evaluated from the sustainability points of view because no Sustainable Building Assessment Tool developed so far and no institution is responsible to evaluate and certify the buildings. The research methodology is employed mixed approach types, a purposive sampling for the respondents, and both primary and secondary sources of data. Data was collected through field observation, interviews, survey questionnaires, and document analysis. These data were analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Science, MS-Excel, Reliability Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process. The findings are based on qualitative and quantitative examination of a rating and assessment systems for sustainable/ green buildings used in both developed and developing nations tailored to the local context. A sustainable building assessment categories and criteria were framed depending upon a consensus-based approach with 100 experienced experts working in the construction sector. The study's findings revealed that there are 68 criteria for the development of a sustainable building assessment for Ethiopia (Ethio-SBAT) under eight assessment categories with relative priority values are materials and resources (18.66%), sustainable sites and ecology (16.92%), energy efficiency (16.78%), indoor environmental quality (12.60%), economic aspects (10.41%), management (10.30%), water efficiency (8.06%), and location and transportation (6.27%) were also identified. Therefore it is crucial to put the developed Ethio-SBAT into practice because it will provide, for instance, good indoor environmental quality for users. Keywords: Sustainability, Rating systems, Green/Sustainable Buildings, Assessment Tool, Relative Priority ValuesItem Governance, Planning and Management of Green Infrastructure in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2022-12-01) Bosena Yirga; Kumelachew Yeshetela (Professor)Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas aimed to achieve sustainable development. This infrastructure is shaped by governance approaches, planning, and management of natural resources. Many studies on green infrastructure have been conducted before, while research gaps remain on the governance of planning and management using evaluation criteria for spatial planning, green infrastructure planning principles, green space management models and governance principle, forest management policy approach, governance approaches, and green space fragmentation. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate governance, planning, and management of green infrastructure. The study, therefore, employed a mixed-method approach, quantitative and qualitative research methods. Empirical data were gathered using surveys, interviews, expert panel discussion, document analysis, and observation. Probability and non-probability sampling were used. The Probablity sampling was used to select household respondents and the non probability sampling used to select experts, park users, park staffs, park service contractors, key informants, and expert panel discussants. The data sources were primary and secondary. Using survey method, the primary data were collected from 74 experts, 70 park users, 15 park staff, 5 park service contracors, and 570 household respondents. In addition, 20 key informant interviews and one expert panel discussion were conducted. The secondary data were obtained from documents literature and web sources. The findings of this thesis revealed that green infrastructure has been at the initial stage of planning and there are gaps in the way spatial planning includes GI concepts, components, functions,and principles;relying on an authoritarian model of output-legitimacy, sectoral approach, and uncoordinated land-use led to weak governance of UGI planning; the conversion of green spaces, fragmentation, and governance process challenges; the evolution of forest policy characterized by a focus on different kinds of the forest, from production forest, plantation of trees, and to the inclusion of multi functional forests in the plan; unclear and sometimes blurred division of power contributed to deforestation; the shift in the country’s forest policy was embedded in the political economy of the country and emphasized a dominantly elitist approach; changes in planning and environmental policies; significant association between age and environmental knowledge, green space uses, and recognition of ecosystem services, income are the best predictors of government policy,and respondents are more willing to the management of green spaces.v Besides,the shift from the master plan approach to the structure plan help to incorporate ecosystem services and some of GI principles, and the increasing proportion of green structures in the present structure plan can be due to some changes in the role of the government; there is no comprehensive GI policy that can provide a strategic vision for embedding GI in spatial plans; the first, third, and fourth principles were poorly integrated into the plan. While the second principle is being moderately integrated into the plan; the interference of politicians and limited regional and national policy of GI shows little attention is given to the development of UGI; poor park governance practices, however, there is a tendency towards the application of governance by local communities using the User-Centered Model whereby community green spaces are managed by urban communities; changes in forest management show the move from government to governance by the government; the absence of a specific legal framework and policy on GI management and urban forest and recognizing, supporting the activities, and using the potential and preferences of residents will be important. Therefore,incorporating green infrastructure planning principles, adapting park management models that incorporate three levels of governance, long-term design for additional recreational areas; a governance arrangement that includes participation and inter and cross-sectoral policy approaches; developing zoning regulations, land use plans in a participatory and transparent manner,and the shift from government to governance are needed for sustainable green infrastructure development. the need to focus on a long-term design that encompasses additional recreational areas and to establish integrated green space management. Adapting the strategic park management and park-organization-user model that incorporates three governance levels is also important. Besides, applying a policy arrangement approach is a useful analytical tool to understand and explain the role of actors and policy ch angesin forest managements. Resident’s input is necessary for policies and plans. In Ethiopian urban areas, green infrastructure planning and management governance could be improved by using a framework developed for the governance of green infrastructure planning and management to address the future green infrastructure development based on three pillars. Keywords: Green Space Management; Park Management Models; Policy Approach: Spatialplans; Urban PlanningItem Urban Land Management Practices and Challenges from Its Good Governance Perspective: The Case of Gelan and Lega Tafo- Lega Dadi Towns(Addis Ababa University, 2023-07-01) Fraol Udessa Gelchu; Dagnachew Adugna (Associate professor )Urban land management practices have presented some unique challenges that can complicate states' ability to recognize and enforce property rights and deliver public services. Good governance in urban land management becomes challenging in towns as urban land management practices and processes are generally weak and surrounded by poor governance in urban land management. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the challenges and practices of urban land management from good governance perspectives in two selected towns in Ethiopia. To achieve the objectives of the study both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were employed. Data were collected from 391 households through questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions and analyzed descriptively. The findings of the study revealed that urban land tenure rights of indigenous communities were not protected in urban areas in practice, due to a lack of a legal framework that considers the relation of the indigenous community with the urban land, consequently, aboriginal communities were often marginalized and vulnerable to socio-economic challenges. Undefined land for a public purpose cannot encourage landowners to use their land efficiently, because public land is transferred to undefined private users in the name of public purpose, and the scope of public use was unknown because of the power of expropriation conferred on the state is broader and creates insecurity. The process of recognizing urban land rights did not conform to the norms of the people and the mechanisms used by institutions to stop illegal settlements with coercive measures by forcibly demolishing illegal buildings in towns, leading to a socio-economic crisis. The restriction on transfer pricing of unused land to discourage speculators has not been stopped as the transaction is conducted through smart and binding deals brokered. There were no responsible bodies that evaluate the implementation of the land policy according to established principles and take responsibility for failures at all levels. The process of urban expansion has not been respectful of existing land rights, transparent and participatory in decision-making power and the process sometimes destroys existing land use rights and unconsidered the right of indigenous land users. The valuation of the urban land compensation did not correspond to market prices and the expropriation of the property took place without sufficient discussion. Urban land-use planning and regulations have been unable to cope with urban growth and effectively control urban expansion, address the identity and equity problems, and lead people into informality. vi Urban public land management is hampered by the lack of clear policies, strong institutions, transparency, and public participation, and cannot be controlled according to land use planning. Besides, the urban public land management in the study areas still suffers from a lack of proper record-keeping, inaccessibility of data, and lack of mandatory modalities for connecting geospatial infrastructure to the national network, and capacity limitation, and resource bottleneck in the implementation of urban land in towns. The land-based constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has numerous shortcomings, ranging from its wording to the definition of the basic parameters of the relationship between the state and the people. Again, urban land proclamations provide some guarantees of land rights and some rights for regional government, but there is no national guiding principle for urban land and coordinating body for policy discussions. Furthermore, the urban land sector has been controlled by influential individuals to exploit the power of the state for their ends, as the urban land management structure is weak and an extreme form of large-scale corruption through state capture occurs. In addition, urban land management failed to implement the principles of good governance in day-to-day activities. Hence, corruption and weak governance in urban land management particularly affect the livelihood of the poor residents. These results constrained development by increasing business risks, reducing incentives to invest, and restricting access to credit in towns. While other groups, like risk takers, bribe officials to bypass the restrictions of land-use zoning laws (such as green spaces) and enforcement of environmental protection regulations. Therefore, the weak governance in urban land management adversely affects the socio economic development of the towns. Based on the findings of this study, revisiting the land policy through consultation and involvement of the relevant stakeholders is recommended. The government has to define the relation of indigenous communities to land rights and take into consideration when the urban land is needed for a public purpose and the government has to clearly define the scope of "public interest" to avoid ambiguities while interpreting and implementing any transfer of urban land to investors. Finally, the government needs to reconsider legal regulations that promote transparency, accountability, and trust between the state and the people through the successful implementation of good governance principles. Key words: Good governance, land governance, urban land management, challenges, effectsItem Analysis of Urban Land-Use Planning Implementation Problems: The Case of Kazanchis Area, Addis Ababa City(Addis Ababa University, 2023-01-01) Eyerusalem Desalegn Alemu; Birhanu Girma (PhD)Metropolitan areas have significantly become important engines of economic growth. Addis Ababa,aiming to bring about a vibrant economic center in Ethiopia, has long embarked on the path of development through redevelopment and renewal projects. The largely organic nature of the city hinders the aim of Addis Ababa reaching to the heights of its transformation: hence, urban land-use planning has become an essential tool to coordinate urban parameters in a manner that utilizes resources of land and physical environment for better economic viability. The Kazanchis area selected in this study focuses on the implementation of urban land-use planning under redevelopment projects in three facets: the first area (Zone 1) is characterized as an area that has not changed in spatial landuse terms; the second area (Zone 2) has new development projects and buildings with a completed urban renewal LDP. Thirdly, an area (Zone 3) with an on-going redevelopment project. Therefore, the objectives of assessing the different aspects of urban land-use planning implantation problems; assessing the influence of political economy; examining the urban service provisions; and, assessing the link between urban land-use planning and local economic planning are analyzed via qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. The nature of the research design is descriptive and uses both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Questionnaires, key-informant interviews and direct open-end and closed-end questions were employed in primary data gathering while secondary data was collected from different sub-city and federal government bureaus as well as previous researches, journals, books, and other relevant literatures. The study found that the second and third zones have resulted in a decline of revenue generation of the influence area. Furthermore, in the third zone, lack of harmonization has been identified as a key-hinderer of a successful redevelopment project. Undue political interference in the professional practice of the implementation created problems in the economic redistribution and civic inclusion within the locality. The gap between the preparation phase and the lack of adequate implementation capacity delays the prospects of inclusive economic growth and neglects the social integrity of the locality. The nexus between the political economy and its implications on policy decision making on land-use planning implementation is seen critically. The study recommends for an urban land-use planning project to be harmonized through a process-based and economic-based analysis coupled with an independent inspecting body that includes practicing professionals, legal advisors, locality and government representatives. Key words: Implementation, Urban land-use planning, Local development, Urban governance.Item Factors Affecting the Modal Choice In Urban Mobility In Addis Ababa: The Case of Yeka Sub City(Addis Ababa University, 2022-04-01) Fentahun Abebe Debebe; Birhanu Girma (PhD)The modal choice in Ethiopia varies from passenger to passenger due to different factors. The existence of modal choice creates different problems like delays, traffic accidents and traffic congestions etc. The general objective of this research was to analyze the factors that affect the modal choice in urban mobility in Addis Ababa; the case of the Yeka Sub-city. To achieve the above objective, the researcher used simple random sampling technique to select samples for both open and close ended questionnaire method, and purposive sampling for the semi structured interview method. The sample size of this study was 378 samples, from these samples 40 of them were interviewed, the remaining 338 respondents filled the questionnaires. This research is a mixed type of research, meaning that by using both quantitative and qualitative data describes the factors that affect the modal choice in urban mobility in Addis Ababa; in the case of the Yeka Sub-city. The research design of this research was concurrent research design means the collection of qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously, specifically Quantitative driven concurrent design (QUANT + quall) where used for this study. The study found out that Personal Information (gender, employment status, family size, and income status,), Characteristics of Trip (travel purpose, travel time, travel distance, and Transport cost), Psychological factors (attitudes towards buses, and attitudes towards buses) and characteristics of the transport facility (comfort, safety, and availability of vehicle) are statistically significant. In addition there are factors which are related with spatial data like availability of parks, urban land use type and design and network of roads which affects the modal choice .From the findings, 75.4%) of the participants used taxis (all taxies which carries 11_12 passengers), 24.6% of the participants used buses (both Sheger and Anbesa buses) .So taxis were the most common mode of transport used in Addis Ababa especially in Yeka Sub city. The choice of transport modes affects the urban mobility because it is the means of traffic congestion ,dalliance ,accidents and other environmental problems related with mobility, especially the choice of taxis that aggravate those problems above than buses. To minimize this problem the government and concerned stakeholders should manage the transport system like Higer, Shger,and also and Anbessa bus in their safety and comfort to make it competitive to other transport modes; Supply adequate transportation modes especially supply buses which can enhance the transport service Keywords: Urban mobility, Modal choice. Binary logistic regressionItem The Role of Local Actors in Urban Management and the Emerging Trends of Informal Settlements in Peri-Urban Woldia, North Wollo, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-03-01) Fentaw Baye Adal; Dagnachew Adugna (PhD)The role of local actors in urban management and the emerging trends of informal settlementsin peri-urban Woldia, North Wollo, Ethiopia. There has been a steady growth of informal settlements in peri-urban Woldia. Therefore,understanding what triggering factors, what local actors are, and how informal land and infrastructure are accessed and secured in these areas can assist decision-makers in making an informed decision. However, little is known about these issues in peri-urban Woldia. Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the main triggering factors, prominent local actors, and the mechanisms of accessing and securing land and infrastructure in Woldia’s peri-urban areas. Data were collected from 336 individuals through questionnaires (242 persons), interviews (85 persons), FGDs (9 persons), field observations, and reviewing documents. The data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Several factorscontributed to informal settlements' development, including socioeconomic, demographics, administrative failings, and legal failures. Administrative failings have been cited as the main cause of informal settlements in Woldia's peri-urban areas by 21.49% of questionnaire respondents. A large amount of money through informal deals, compared to meager legal compensation, was also mentioned by 14.46% of respondents. Inefficient land provision (by 12.81% of respondents), an ever increasing urban population, backdoor deals (by 11.16% of respondents), and an increase in the peri-urban land price (by 10.74% of respondents) were also considered driving factors for informal settlements. In addition, 10.33% of respondents cited difficulty obtaining land for housing cooperatives, whereas 9.09% cited easily accessible land on an informal basis as a key factor. Lengthy bureaucratic procedures to acquire land formally (by 5.37% of respondents) and rural-urban migration (by 4.55% of respondents) were cited as contributing factors. It also found that old-age urban land management policies contributed to informal settlement proliferation. Various local actors are involved, including land brokers, peri-urban farmers, non-governmental organizations, farmers, speculators, and retirees. The primary method by which peri-urban land is accessed and secured is through loan-borrow agreements, fake sales, and fake donations. Farmers in peri-urban areas were convinced to enter informal land deals through various strategies. People in peri-urban areas, for example, are told their lands will be taken by people unfamiliar with their culture. Peri-urban farmers are also persuaded by iv local actors to sell their land before moving to the urban area with meager compensation. Informal dwellers are also hindered from establishing basic infrastructure due to spatial, economic, social, and political barriers. Without basic infrastructure, suppliers and clients (informal dwellers) frame coping strategies. Charcoal, firewood, and torchlight can be substituted for electricity by informal dwellers. Various interventions were tried, yet all failed. As a matter of witness, informal settlements are perpetuated. Hence, to make the most of urban advantages, proactive strategies are recommended: urban land and housing affordability, neighborhood renewal, infilling unused land, rural-urban linkages through planning, building Land Information Systems (LISs), and breaking up corruption chains. Keyword: Actors Informal Settlement, Peri-Urban Land Management, Woldia.Item Spatial Distrubution and Impact of Fuel Station on Traffic Flowi in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11-01) Natnael Habtemaryam; Berhanu Woldetensae (Associate Professor)As cities grow and expand traffic flow also increases in cities this phenomenon may results in traffic congestion which is a major problem for urban mobility. This research study investigated the spatial distribution and impact of fuel stations on traffic flow in Addis Ababa city. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches and other forms of data collection techniques. Names and street addresses of the filling stations were obtained from government bodies. Global positioning System (with in a mobile phone device) was used to capture the location of the filling station. Arrival rate of Vehicles, service rate and number of servers were acquired on field by keeping track of when cars arrived at Fuel Stations and the amount of time it took to serve each car. The geographical data were imported to Arc Map environment of ArcGIS 10.5 and analyses for spatial distribution were performed in the Arc Map environment using spatial statistics, spatial analyst and proximity tools available in the software. For the traffic impact analysis M/M/s queuing theory method is used. The findings revealed that there are 131 Fuel Stations in Addis Ababa and 75 Fuel Stations are found on PAS (Principal arterial street) road type, 40 Fuel Stations are found on SAS (Sub arterial street) road type and 16 Fuel Stations are found on CS (Collector street) road type Furthermore, utilizing the M/M/S Queuing System, the study reveals that traffic intensity in sampled Fuel Stations in the CS road type, SAS (Sub arterial street), and PAS (Principal arterial street) road types is significantly higher than one, indicating high demand. However, in CS (Collector Street) road type none of the stations have traffic intensity below 1. In contrast, 19 of the sampled 22 Fuel Stations in the SAS (Sub Arterial Street) road type have traffic intensity greater than one. The majority of Fuel Stations in the PAS (Principal Arterial Street) road type have traffic intensity less than one. Analysis from arc gis software showed that fuel stations along the city road are not evenly distributed, rather they are more concentrated together at different centers. In conclusion this Fuel Stations have a significant impact on the flow of traffic during rush hours. In light of these findings, the study recommends the development of urban planning standards, zoning regulations, and traffic impact assessments to optimize fuel station distribution. Operational Efficiency and Traffic Management Strategies are essential components of sustainable urban mobility in Addis Ababa City. Key Words: Fuel Station, Traffic Impacts, Spatial Distribution, Traffic Intensity, Queuing Model, ArcGIS.Item Analysis of Urban Land Management Problems: A Case Study of Sululta Town.(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-01) Milkesa Mosisa Ejara; Birhanu Girma (PhD)his study analyzed the urban land management problems of Sululta town and also examined the factors affecting those practices. Sululta town is located in the Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinne in the North direction. Sululta town was established in 1929 by Italian fascists. The major goal of this study is to identify the variables influencing urban land management in the study area by taking into account the important drivers and their impact on the variables related to land management. The foundation for doing this research has come from the actual problems shown in this area and the will to contribute knowledge to the field of land management as regards institutional perspectives. To do this research, both primary and secondary data types were used, and the data were gathered from Residents, Experts, Town officials (management), document review, and site. The data were collected using site observation, interviews Questionnaires methods. The samples were selected from the all four kebeles in the Sululta town administrative boundary from the total population of 129,843 (one hundred twenty-nine thousand eight hundred forty-three). The self-administered, closed-ended questionnaires also have a small number of open-ended items to help gather any extra, unstated issues. The gathered data was processed using IBM SPSS 25 software and analyzed both in a descriptive and inferential way, supplemented by graphs and tables. The result of the study revealed that urban land management is significantly affected by a skilled manpower gap and financial gap, community participation positive significantly affect urban land management at 5%(β =0.055) significant level, equity and inclusiveness in all societies positive significantly affect urban land management at 5% (β =0.255) significant level, and efficiency & effectiveness in urban land administration positive significantly affect urban land management at 5% (β=0.34) significant level. Finally, the researcher recommends the reconsideration of the administrative structure of land management, proper implementation of the land-related law, paying attention to the high growth of population and the increase in land demand in the town, and the administration should have to change the current manual data recording and holding mechanism and make it clear, safe, centralized, and computerized to solve the currently shown problems and make a good and effective land management system. Key words: Urban land, Land management, Land Administration, Land Policy, Land Information, urban Expansion, Land RegistrationItem Predictors of Land Use Conversions Based on Urban Expansion in Bahir Dar City: North West Amhara Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-11-01) Kalkidan Gedefaw Arega; Birhanu Girma (PhD)The most visible kind of global environmental change happening at spatial and temporal scales is land use/cover (LULC). Land use is an indication of complex human activities that modify land surface processes, whereas land cover is the physical and biological cover of the land surface. Human effect on the environment is shown by the change of natural land to artificial landscapes. Therefore, the main objective of current study was identifying predictors affecting land use conversion through urbanization in Bahir Dar city, North-West Ethiopia. The study was conducted in Bair Dar City, North-West Amhara region between 2000 up to 2020. The study was carried out based on both qualitative and quantitative approaches employing spatial analysis of remote sensing and GIS techniques and survey methods. In this study both primary and secondary data sources were used via questionnaires, focus group discussions, interviews, and inspections. Satellite images, secondary documents, and standards are used to gather the secondary data sources. The results in this study indicate that urban expansion, population growth, city topography, and the increase in residential preference, political, economic and cultural centrality, activity of land brokers, informal land access, rural people migration and intended plan of the municipality significantly affected the degree of rapid land use conversion. The extent of change was 9% between the years 2000-2010. The highest rate of change occurred between the years 2010-2020 which was 25% change in land use conversions. In addition, using this study as a reference for improving the quality of life, the study recommended there should be ensured balanced horizontal expansion of the city with the integration of vertical developments, multi modal development such as resources and junction improvements at a higher density than the surrounding area, while imprinting the built-up structures; a productive green belt should be employed as a guiding structure such as considering slum areas for further development, can be considered as a solution for reduction of urban expansion and this further leads to reduce the rapid land use conversion. Key words: (GIS) Geographic information system, change assessment, urban expansion, (LULC) land use land cover, actors and predictors/factors.Item Towards Community Participation in Urban Road Infrastructure Development Practices(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-01) Girma Yibeltal; Asfaw Mohamed (PhD)Community participation is vital to any development. Community participation in urban road infrastructure development helps to mobilize resources and advance the ROW. However, community participation is affected by a lack of awareness, an absence of bottom up decision-making, economic capacity, political will, etc. The objective of this study is to investigate community participation in urban road infrastructure development practice in woreda 6 of the N/S/L sub city, Addis Ababa. The study used 388 samples selected by purposive sampling techniques. The study used a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research approach. In order to analyze and interpret the data; the study used descriptive and inferential statistics. Data were collected through questionnaire, key informant interviews, and desk review. A questionnaire and an interview were used to collect primary data, and a survey of the pertinent literature, including books, journals, reports, and other research-related papers, was employed to collect secondary data. Results showed that community participation in the development of roads is restricted and more than half of the community is unaware of what it is. Most of the participation is done to advance the implementation of ROW rather than use the community's ideas as input. The majority of the community was participating to secure the property rights affected by the development. Institutions that are organized to facilitate communities’ participation have low achievement, and their activity is limited to volunteer services like security, small ditch building, and traffic control. The participation was not inclusive. Most decisions were made by the city administration. Their main contributions were financial, and it also insufficient. Absence of transparency, lack of awareness, lack of trust in institutions, lack of political will, insecure property rights of affected communities’, the absence of strong community organizations, the economic capacity of the community, and the presence of top-down decision-making processes are challenges on the way to community participation in woreda 6 road developments. The researcher recommends woreda 6, N/S/L sub city and other stake holders including the city administration; increase institutional capacity, apply inclusiveness, empower communities, increase political commitment, create community awareness, apply a bottom-up decision-making process, will applied in order to enhance community engagement. Furthermore the study recommended proper compensation and relocation for affected community properties help the institution to build community trust and to confront the challenges of community participation in urban road infrastructure development. Key Words: Community, Participation, Road Infrastructure, DevelopmentItem The Challenges of Land Use Plan Implementation in Major Towns Surrounding Addis Ababa City: The Case of Laga Tafo Laga Dadi Town(Addis Ababa University, 2024-02-01) Ahmedtofik Mohammed Tahir; Birhanu Girma (PhD)In order to deal with such 21st-century urban challenges, one of the major areas of intervention to ensure healthy development in urban centers is efficient and effective land use planning and implementation. However, the implementation of an urban land use plan is hindered by different factors. Thus, this paper examines the major challenges of land use plan implementation in major towns surrounding Addis Ababa. Laga Tafo Laga Dadi Town, which has exhibited increasing urban growth and land use plan implementation challenges, is used as a case study. The paper employs a qualitative research method in order to identify major challenges of land use plan implementation and their effects on urban development in Laga Tafo Laga Dadi Town. Questionnaires, interviews, observation, and existing land use surveys were employed to collect data. A judgmental and random sampling technique was used. While descriptive analysis and RII were deployed for data analysis. The findings of the study indicated that the absence of stakeholders’ participation in the land use plan preparation and implementation, the expansion of illegal settlements, corruption, a lack of integration and coordination among sectoral offices, poor data management, and a lack of monitoring and evaluation were the major challenges that hindered the implementation of a land use plan in the town. Consequently, this lack of well-implemented land use plans negatively affected the overall development, which increased the expansion of urban sprawl, inefficient use of resources, environmental degradation, and social and economic inequalities. Thus, the study recommends strengthening stakeholders’ participation in plan preparation and implementation, establishing a monitoring and evaluation scheme, and organizing a data management center for the successful implementation of the land use plan in Laga Tafo Laga Dadi Town. Keywords: Land Use Plan, Plan Implementation, Challenges, Effects, Urban Development.Item Impacts of Urban Expansion on the Livelihood of Farming Households at the Urban Periphery of Burayu Town, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-01) Abebe Hambe; Wubshet Berhanu (PhD)Urban expansion is a phenomenon that most countries with a lower urbanization level are faced with. Ethiopia is among the least urbanized but rapidly urbanizing countries in Africa. Urban centers are encroaching onto peri-urban areas and the pressure is greatest in towns surrounding Addis Ababa. This study focused on urban expansion and its impacts on the livelihood of peri-urban farmers in Burayu Town, Ethiopia. The town has been subjected to rapid urban expansion due to its location close to Addis Ababa and its designation as one of the towns for industrial development. The research sought to understand three distinct but very much related issues: historical trends of spatio-temporal LULC changes, expropriation and compensation laws and their implementation modalities; and the impact of land and property expropriation in the setting of public ownership of land on the livelihoods of households at the urban fringe of Burayu. The research employed a mixed research approach where qualitative and quantitative methods were intertwined with focus on descriptive methods to understand real phenomena of the research. Software including GIS, Erdas Imagine, CA-Markov, Auto CAD, Ms-Word, and SPSS-26, were used to analyze spatial transformation and household surveys. In the first case Landsat satellite imagery was used to analyze land-use change from 1980 to 2020 and the lesson was used to predict changes in type and magnitude for the years 2030 and 2050 using Markov Chain and Cellular Automata models. The analysis revealed that over the study period the proportion of built up area to total urban area changed from a mere 1.7% in 1990 to close to 48% in 2020 and to 68% by 2050. The areas of other major land uses decreased appreciably. Secondly, expropriation and compensation laws and practices in a public ownership context were analyzed in depth. Descriptive and analytic approaches were used in the research. The techniques employed for selecting case study kebeles was the purposive sampling techniques and a systematic sampling method was used for selecting households. Instruments used for data gathering include questionnaire survey, focus group discussion and observation. The findings indicated presence of discrepancies between the expropriation laws and how property valuation and compensation is practiced in Ethiopia. Thirdly, the research investigated the relationship v between land expropriations for urban functions on the livelihoods of project affected persons in Burayu town. A mixed research approach, sample t-Test model, regression analysis and a framework for sustainable livelihood development were used as analytical tools. The analysis showed that the socio-economic status of expropriated households has deteriorated due to the expropriation of their landholding. In conclusion, the findings of this research indicated the need to use modern technology for tracking LULC changes and the necessity to make urban expansion orderly and sustainable, development policies to be comprehensive; the expropriation process to be transparent and participatory and livelihood restoration plans to be part of the urban expansion scheme. Key words: Urban expansion, Land use land cover, expropriation, compensation, livelihood impact, farming communities, Burayu town, Ethiopia.Item Analysis of the Practice and Challenges of Urban Land Management:The Case of Kirkos Sub City(Addis Ababa University, 2024-02-01) Tigist Tamrat Muluneh; Birhanu Girma (PhD)This study assessed the land management practices and challenges in Addis Ababa City Administration using kirkos Sub-City as a case study. The study design was descriptive case study. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was obtained through questionnaire from total 163 selected respondents using simple random sampling technique, and through key informant interviews using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Secondary data involved reviewing relevant published and unpublished reports, operation manuals and other relevant documents. Data collected through survey questionnaire was entered in to Google form for statistical analysis, and data collected through interviews were analyzed using narrative description method. The result of the study shows that, the major challenges are a lack of adequate resources (57.1%), weak information management system (53.6%), informal land settlement (71.4%) and corruption (83.9%) are causes of the challenges which include: Limited access to formal land ownership, Weak regulations and disproportionate punishment, rapid urbanization and population growth, lack of lateral space to store the files and Budget usage. Accordingly, the result of the explanation of the consequences of these challenges includes: undermines property rights and land tenure security (91.1%), loss of potential revenue (92.8%), unable to provide timely and accurate information (96.4%), hampers the accuracy and completeness of land records (96.4%) and undermines public trust in the integrity of land-related decision-making processes (85.7%). Finally the research recommends the revise of rules and regulations, organize information’s carefully, align the budget with the needs and introduce technologies to ease services. Keywords: urbanization, urban land, urban land management
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