The Effect of Urban Expansion on the Livelihoods of Farmers: The Case of Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia
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Date
2024-10-01
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Addis Ababa University
Abstract
Rapid urbanization induced extensive land expropriation in Ethiopia particularly in Addis Ababa city. Land expropriation in turn leads to land use land cover changes and affects the livelihoods of farmers in expansion areas. The study explored the effect of urban expansion on the livelihoods of farmers in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. A mixedmethod approach was employed, by combining qualitative and quantitative research approaches to collect data from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected through 349 household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observations. Secondary data was gathered from relevant governmental offices and literature. Additionally, spatial analysis using GIS and remote sensing was conducted to assess LULC changes over two decades from 2000 to 2020, and illustrate the extent of urban expansion into peri-urban agricultural areas. The findings revealed significant gaps in the implementation of legal and policy frameworks regarding land expropriation, valuation, compensation, and resettlement. Over the study period, Addis Ababa's built-up area increased by 25.28%, predominantly at the expense of agricultural land, which decreased by 15.92%, and vegetation cover, which declined by 9.35%. This rapid urban expansion has led to widespread land expropriation, particularly in the peripheral areas, fundamentally altering the peri-urban landscape. The socio-economic impact on expropriated farmers was substantial, with many experiencing a 45.5% decline in income. Before expropriation, 99% of farmers were fully engaged in agriculture, but after dislocation, 33% became unemployed, while 42.4% were forced into temporary, low-paying jobs. Despite government resettlement and livelihood restoration efforts, compensation was inadequate, and resettlement programs lacked the necessary support to restore long-term livelihoods, leaving many farmers impoverished. The study concludes that land expropriation in Addis Ababa had a profound adverse effect on farmers’ livelihoods. The study recommended more equitable compensation payment, improved livelihood restoration programs, and inclusive urban planning that prioritizes displaced people. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers addressing urban expansion, land expropriation, and socio-economic justice.
Keywords: expropriation, valuation, compensation, resettlement, livelihood, farmers Addis Ababa, Ethiopia