Urban Planning

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    A Dissertation Submitted to the Office of Graduate Program of the Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development (EiABC), Addis Ababa University
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-07-01) Esubalew Nebebe Mekonnen; Ephrem Gebremariam (PhD)
    Climate variability significantly impacts global environmental conditions, with developing countries like Ethiopia experiencing adverse consequences. This study broadly covered the spatiotemporal urban climate variability and UHI analysis of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Grid meteorological datasets consisted of monthly precipitation, maximum, and minimum temperature extending from 1981 to 2018, with a spatial resolution of 4x4 km, obtained from the National Meteorology Agency. Auxiliary data was obtained from the Ethiopian Geospatial Institute. Coefficient of variation (CV) and standardized anomaly index (SAI) were used to examine the rate and amplitude of temperature and rainfall dynamics. A geostatistical model, ordinary kriging, was employed to spatially interpolate both rainfall and temperature datasets. Mann-Kendall (MK), Modified Mann-Kendall test (MMK), Sen's Slope (SS) estimator, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and T-test were employed to determine the significant level, trends, and dimensions at monthly, annual, seasonal, and decadal levels. To scrutinize the rate of surface temperature anomalies caused by land use dynamics, Landsat 5TM (1985), Landsat 8OLI/TIRS (2020), and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were employed. An object-oriented supervised classification with maximum likelihood methods was performed. The Mono-window algorithm, spectral radiance, brightness temperature (BT), and land surface emissivity (LSE) were computed to estimate the land surface temperature (LST). Geospatial technologies, “R” programming, JMP, and origin software were utilized. The findings of the study revealed that the monthly, annual, and seasonal temperatures increased significantly except in the months of January and September. The decadal extreme maximum temperature has exorbitantly risen by 2.7 °C. Moreover, the average decadal maximum and minimum temperatures increased by 1.88 °C and 1.72 °C, respectively. The highest temperature occurred during the spring (Belg) season. The PCA analysis results divulge that the first two PCAs account for 90% of the temperature variations. Conversely, the annual, Kiremt (main rainy) and Belg seasons' rainfall displayed low to moderate variability with CV < 20% and CV < 30%, respectively. The Bega season’s variability was extreme, with a CV > 70%. In contrast, the decadal rainfall variability was very low (CV<10%). From October to March there was extreme inter-monthly variability rainfall with a CV>100%. The trends of rainfall decreased in all months and seasons, except Kiremt and the months of May, June, and September. However, none of the changes were statistically significant (P>0.05). Regarding LST, the built-up area proliferated significantly from 195 km2 (37.5%) in 1985 to 326.3km2 (62.8%) in 2020. The average maximum LST increment was detected on built ups, rose by 2.68°C, while bare land grew by 2.64°C. This implied that the land cover dynamics contributed to the increasing trend of the mean LST from 27.2°C in 1985 to 29°C in 2020. Addis Ketema, Arada, Kirkos, and Lideta sub-cities experienced the utmost increase in LST, ranging from 2.79 °C to 4.72 °C. In conclusion, this study offers an indispensable insight into the fluctuation of temperatures, precipitation, and warming tendencies observed in Addis Ababa. The findings underscore the pressing need for the implementation of climate adaptation strategies and policy measures. Keywords: Addis Ababa; climate variability; Geospatial; spatio-temporal; Mann-Kendall, PCA, Ethiopia
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    An Assessment of Urban Expansion on The Surrounding Farming Land: The Case of Tulu Bolo Town, Oromia Regional State.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-10-01) Alemayehu Megersa; Birhanu Girma(PhD)
    The Objectives of this study were to assess Urban Expansion on the Surrounding Farming Land: The case of Tulu Bolo Town, Oromia Region. Problems related with food security, asset losses, as well as the measures taken to address were investigated. Urbanization is one of the most factors demographic trends of the twenty first century where cities are rapidly expanding through a continuous process of urban growth towards the peri-urban agricultural farmlands. One of the many manifestations in urban expansion is the transformation of more and more farmlands away from agricultural production. As it is associated with socio economic development, urbanization has a higher level of development in developed nations than developing ones. In Ethiopia, although its urbanization level is the lowest even under developed nations, however, its rate is the highest and made a country one of the fast urbanization in the World. As a matter of this fact, Tulu Bolo Town is among the Ethiopian urban settings experiencing unprecedented rate of urbanization through expansion. Therefore, the study Depends on the descriptive research design and involved both Quantitative and Qualitative approaches. A household survey was conducted on 166 households sampled through systematic sampling and non-random sampling techniques. Primary data had been collected through semi-structured questionnaire, semi-closed interview, Field observation and focus group discussion and secondary was from different Written and documented sources. Thus, farmers consulted for this study had developed dissatisfied feeling towards the urban development in the area and lost sense of belongingness to the development program. Therefore , the recommendation of this study that, there is a need to have a good urban governance to limit the problem, especially, following participatory approach on stakeholders, mainly, farmers, in to urban development plans and projects, there should exist effective rules and regulations which guide expropriation and compensation to farmers when their land is expropriated for public interest. There should, also be consideration of the recipients' interests on kind and quantity of compensation and if money is only possible resolutions on a kind of compensation to farmers, then, pre-trainings and post instruction need to be carried out to enable such community sustain and secure their livelihood. Key words: Urban Expansion, expropriation, compensation, and peri-urban agricultural
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    An Assessment of Urban Land Use Plan Implementation Challenges In Oromia Region: The Case of Dukem Town
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-09) Gezahegn Birku; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    Land use planning is a critical tool for managing and regulating the use of land in towns and cities. However, implementing land use plans in Dukem town can be challenging, due to a variety of factors, including plan violation, informal settlement, and land use incompatibly and lack of community participation. By observing the problem, this study focuses on major causes and the consequences of urban land use plan implementation challenges Dukem town. It identify the most common challenges that the sub city face, and discuss the factors that contribute to these challenges. Research approach of explanatory with survey methods were used in the research. Descriptive statics and analysis with detailed contextual reviews were widely undertaken throughout the research. The result of the study shows that, the major challenges of land use plan implementation includes: corruption, increase illegal expansion, and environmental pollution, lack of land use plan management system. Accordingly, the result of the explanation of the consequences of the failed urban land use plan implementation: expansion of in formal settlement; decrease of land value and produces an irregular and aesthetically poor town are the major effects that are challenging the sub city. Generally the study shows that, Dukem town faces many challenges in land use plan implementation which hinder the development of the town. Finally the research recommends: preventing unlawful settlement before any building begins; increasing community participation in land plan preparation and implementation; and regularly monitoring and evaluation of the plan's implementation. Keywords: Planning, Urbanization, Urban Land, Peri-urban, Plan Implementation
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    An Assessment of Urban Land Use Plan Implementation Challenges in Oromia Region: The Case of Dukem Town
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-09-01) Gezahegn Birku; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    Land use planning is a critical tool for managing and regulating the use of land in towns and cities. However, implementing land use plans in Dukem town can be challenging, due to a variety of factors, including plan violation, informal settlement, and land use incompatibly and lack of community participation. By observing the problem, this study focuses on major causes and the consequences of urban land use plan implementation challenges Dukem town. It identify the most common challenges that the sub city face, and discuss the factors that contribute to these challenges. Research approach of explanatory with survey methods were used in the research. Descriptive statics and analysis with detailed contextual reviews were widely undertaken throughout the research. The result of the study shows that, the major challenges of land use plan implementation includes: corruption, increase illegal expansion, and environmental pollution, lack of land use plan management system. Accordingly, the result of the explanation of the consequences of the failed urban land use plan implementation: expansion of in formal settlement; decrease of land value and produces an irregular and aesthetically poor town are the major effects that are challenging the sub city. Generally the study shows that, Dukem town faces many challenges in land use plan implementation which hinder the development of the town. Finally the research recommends: preventing unlawful settlement before any building begins; increasing community participation in land plan preparation and implementation; and regularly monitoring and evaluation of the plan's implementation. Keywords: Planning, Urbanization, Urban Land, Peri-urban, Plan Implementation
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    An Economic Menace or Growth Opportunity of Land Speculation: The case of Shashemene City
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-11-01) Bedane Shata Gemeda; Birhanu Girma Abebe (PhD)
    Land speculation in urban and periurban area can be extremely strenuous to the upheld intensification of cities, which is critical to economic development. Inaccurately, speculative land investors, worried about benefits from exchanging landed possessions, can influence urban development supporting populace, where the principle is often inadequately controlled and exceptionally bureaucratic. The key troubles of governing land speculation are rapidly deeming hot spot zones of eagerness, naming land jobbers, and directing encouraging and negative spats of property speculation. The research employed the case study, desk review, and survey research stratagem. Also, multiple regressions, Cumulative Sum statistics, and the Principal Component Analysis systems were used to scrutinize facts. The MORRIS and TOPISS models were also used to rate the space-based expansion of the city. Next to the case study folklore, a mix of various facts collection tools, for instance, questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions, key informant interviews, and direct field observation, were exploited to collect study truths as of the case study district. The Shashemene city admin was intentionally chosen while the case study area in the first stage of the case study district choice procedure. Four urban villages, explicitly: Awasho, Alelu, Burka Gudina, and Buclhena, were chosen in the next stage. Further, policy documents were reviewed, and a survey was conducted to get adequate data. The result indicates that the land worth is assenting and expansively allied with the size of property seizing by regional land jobbers. According to influential variable estimate, one birr m2 swell of land price would prompt local speculators to hoard 39.7𝑚2 more land per year. Land conjecture, which raises land worth 13 times its opportunity outlay - raised societal expenditures by 5.6% to 11.3%. Local GDP turn down by 33%, district revenue lifted by 15.1%, and unfair distribution of the middling property increment worth ratio for farmers (1.8%), local governments (19%), and builders (79.2%) correspondingly. The subsequent three tips are recommended to control land speculation: (1) one-personnel-single-plot law, (2) property value tax and (3) land development time limitations. Keywords: Land speculation, property rights, land rent, opportunity cost, Ethiopia
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    Analysis of Land Use /Land Cover Dynamics In Relation To Urban Expansion: The Case of Hawassa City, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababab University, 2025-04-01) Mefekir Woldegebriel Tessema; Birhanu Girma Abebe (Associate Professor)
    Land Use and Land Cover Changes (LULC) are some of the worldwide factors that have the most impact on city growth. This study examines land use and land cover changes in relation to urban expansion in Hawassa City. The objectives of the study include quantifying land use and land cover changes over three decades, examining public perception on urban green infrastructure and land use management, physical and socio-economic driving forces of land use and land cover change, and identifying challenges of urban land management. The data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and key interviews. Finally, the data were analyzed in different ways, using figures and tables, for example. Descriptive and econometric models were also used to analyze the data and probit regression models were used to investigate the impact of urban expansion on the livelihood of displaced farmers in the surrounding area. The study used multi-spectral satellite images from 1990 and 2020, and employed packages like QGIS version 3.2, ArcGIS 10.3, ENVI 4.2, and ERDAS Imagine 2013 for image classification. Descriptive and econometric analyses were used to analyze both quantitative and qualitative data using SPSS version 25. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the effect of urban expansion on the combined dependent variables, namely, on land use, socioeconomic activities, culture, and environmental change, is statistically significant F(8, 616) =12.704, p = 0.000, Wilk’s Lambda (λ) = .737, partial eta squared(partial η2) = 0.142, observed power = 1.000. Comparatively, the area covered by farmland, built-up areas, and bushland increased from 19.46% to 26.51%, 11.97% to 18.71%, and 3.07% to 4.51%, respectively. Hawassa City has developed very rapidly, growing from a surface coverage of 4.98 km2 in the 1983s to built-up area coverage of around 48.29 km2 in 2018. The mean score for the level of social relationship and values after land expropriation was 1.7 moderate, with a standard deviation of 0.852 in comparison with the mean score for the level of social relationship and values before land expropriation, which was 3.21 high, with a standard deviation of 0.79. There isn’t much of a difference between them in the second category, where the lease price was increased from the starting price by (457%) from 2015 to 2016. The f-statics or f-ratio were 91.656 and the sign value of highly significant as (p=.000<0.01). Keywords: Change detection, Green Infrastructure, Land Use/ Land Cover, Informal Settlement, Probit model, Urban Expansion.
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    Analysis of the Forces Shaping Urban Expansion in the Case of Lagatafo Lagadadi Town, Oromia Special Zone
    (2021-03) Kassahun, Hundesa; Girma (PhD), Birhanu
    The major objective of the study was to analyze the forces shaping urban expansion in the case of Lagatafo Lagadadi town. The study emphasized on descriptive research design. For the purpose of the study both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Both primary and secondary data source employed. The target population includes households, kebele leaders, land management agency and leaders of Lagatafo Lagadadi town. Probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling techniques employed for this study. The participants of the study include 99 households; 43 employees and 6 key informants. The data was collected through questionnaires; interview; document analysis and field observations. Data collected using questionnaire to determine deriving force the urban expansion were analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Landsat images from the USGS were analyzed by using supervised classification technique in GIS to investigate the temporal changes of the land use land cover types. The results showed that only the built up land use shows an increment trend and the remaining land use land cover forest, agriculture, and open space showed a decline thought the years of 1995-2019 years. The yearly urban expansion rate was 5.70% for the past 24 years. The forces derived urban expansion in the study area were highly associated the factors of economic, infrastructure, proximity, neighborhood, physical, land values, land use policy and urban planning. On the basis of the major findings the study recommends the government authorities need to enforce strict urban growth policies in coming days. Proper urban planning is always needed to be emphasized. It is important for Lagatafo Lagadadi town municipality to enforce timely and appropriate land use planning which considers the requirements of social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Regular and up-to-date information on urban land use changes is required to visualize growth patterns and improve urban expansion.
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    Analysis of the Practice and Challenges of Urban Land Management:The Case of Kirkos Sub City
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-02-01) Tigist Tamrat Muluneh; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    This study assessed the land management practices and challenges in Addis Ababa City Administration using kirkos Sub-City as a case study. The study design was descriptive case study. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was obtained through questionnaire from total 163 selected respondents using simple random sampling technique, and through key informant interviews using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Secondary data involved reviewing relevant published and unpublished reports, operation manuals and other relevant documents. Data collected through survey questionnaire was entered in to Google form for statistical analysis, and data collected through interviews were analyzed using narrative description method. The result of the study shows that, the major challenges are a lack of adequate resources (57.1%), weak information management system (53.6%), informal land settlement (71.4%) and corruption (83.9%) are causes of the challenges which include: Limited access to formal land ownership, Weak regulations and disproportionate punishment, rapid urbanization and population growth, lack of lateral space to store the files and Budget usage. Accordingly, the result of the explanation of the consequences of these challenges includes: undermines property rights and land tenure security (91.1%), loss of potential revenue (92.8%), unable to provide timely and accurate information (96.4%), hampers the accuracy and completeness of land records (96.4%) and undermines public trust in the integrity of land-related decision-making processes (85.7%). Finally the research recommends the revise of rules and regulations, organize information’s carefully, align the budget with the needs and introduce technologies to ease services. Keywords: urbanization, urban land, urban land management
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    Analysis of the Trends of Land Use Land Cover Change and its Management: The Case of Dukem Town, Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-02-01) Neguma Hika Gibe; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    This study investigates the trends of land use and land cover changes and its management in Dukem town between the years 1994-2024 through identifying driving factors and actors. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches using spatial analysis of remote sensing and GIS techniques and survey methods. Both primary and secondary data sources were used for the study; and the Primary data were collected using questionnaires and observations. While the secondary data were collected using satellite images. Accordingly, the result showed a significant increase in the built-up area of the town. Between 1994 and 2024, the study town expanded from 498 hectares (5%) to 3447 hectares (36%). This rapid growth meant that built-up areas were taking over large portions of other land types, such as agricultural land. Unfortunately, agricultural land decreased substantially during this period, declining from 6258 hectares (65%) in 1994 to 3889 hectares (40%) in 2024. Besides, the research found that the rate at which land is being consumed is significantly higher than the rate of population growth, except between 2014 and 2024. This suggests inefficient utilization of land, as the ideal scenario is for land consumption to be slower than population growth. Therefore, to improve land use efficiency in study town, efforts should focus on managing urban land and addressing the factors that are driving these land use changes. The goal is to reduce the ratio of land consumption to population growth to a level below one. This study recommended for several key actions. Firstly, it emphasized the need for ongoing monitoring of land use changes through technologies like remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This will help track urban growth and assess the success of urban planning policies. Secondly, the study stressed the importance of protecting natural resources and mitigating the environmental damage caused by urban expansion. Essentially, the study calls for a multi-faceted approach to sustainable urban development that involves continuous monitoring, environmental protection, improved planning regulations, community engagement, and strong inter-agency collaboration. Key words: land use land cover change, change detection, Key factors, Key actors, ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate (LCRPGR)
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    Analysis of Urban Land Management Problems: A Case Study of Sululta Town.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-01) Milkesa Mosisa Ejara; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    his study analyzed the urban land management problems of Sululta town and also examined the factors affecting those practices. Sululta town is located in the Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinne in the North direction. Sululta town was established in 1929 by Italian fascists. The major goal of this study is to identify the variables influencing urban land management in the study area by taking into account the important drivers and their impact on the variables related to land management. The foundation for doing this research has come from the actual problems shown in this area and the will to contribute knowledge to the field of land management as regards institutional perspectives. To do this research, both primary and secondary data types were used, and the data were gathered from Residents, Experts, Town officials (management), document review, and site. The data were collected using site observation, interviews Questionnaires methods. The samples were selected from the all four kebeles in the Sululta town administrative boundary from the total population of 129,843 (one hundred twenty-nine thousand eight hundred forty-three). The self-administered, closed-ended questionnaires also have a small number of open-ended items to help gather any extra, unstated issues. The gathered data was processed using IBM SPSS 25 software and analyzed both in a descriptive and inferential way, supplemented by graphs and tables. The result of the study revealed that urban land management is significantly affected by a skilled manpower gap and financial gap, community participation positive significantly affect urban land management at 5%(β =0.055) significant level, equity and inclusiveness in all societies positive significantly affect urban land management at 5% (β =0.255) significant level, and efficiency & effectiveness in urban land administration positive significantly affect urban land management at 5% (β=0.34) significant level. Finally, the researcher recommends the reconsideration of the administrative structure of land management, proper implementation of the land-related law, paying attention to the high growth of population and the increase in land demand in the town, and the administration should have to change the current manual data recording and holding mechanism and make it clear, safe, centralized, and computerized to solve the currently shown problems and make a good and effective land management system. Key words: Urban land, Land management, Land Administration, Land Policy, Land Information, urban Expansion, Land Registration
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    Analysis of Urban Land-Use Planning Implementation Problems: The Case of Kazanchis Area, Addis Ababa City
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-01-01) Eyerusalem Desalegn Alemu; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    Metropolitan areas have significantly become important engines of economic growth. Addis Ababa,aiming to bring about a vibrant economic center in Ethiopia, has long embarked on the path of development through redevelopment and renewal projects. The largely organic nature of the city hinders the aim of Addis Ababa reaching to the heights of its transformation: hence, urban land-use planning has become an essential tool to coordinate urban parameters in a manner that utilizes resources of land and physical environment for better economic viability. The Kazanchis area selected in this study focuses on the implementation of urban land-use planning under redevelopment projects in three facets: the first area (Zone 1) is characterized as an area that has not changed in spatial landuse terms; the second area (Zone 2) has new development projects and buildings with a completed urban renewal LDP. Thirdly, an area (Zone 3) with an on-going redevelopment project. Therefore, the objectives of assessing the different aspects of urban land-use planning implantation problems; assessing the influence of political economy; examining the urban service provisions; and, assessing the link between urban land-use planning and local economic planning are analyzed via qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. The nature of the research design is descriptive and uses both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Questionnaires, key-informant interviews and direct open-end and closed-end questions were employed in primary data gathering while secondary data was collected from different sub-city and federal government bureaus as well as previous researches, journals, books, and other relevant literatures. The study found that the second and third zones have resulted in a decline of revenue generation of the influence area. Furthermore, in the third zone, lack of harmonization has been identified as a key-hinderer of a successful redevelopment project. Undue political interference in the professional practice of the implementation created problems in the economic redistribution and civic inclusion within the locality. The gap between the preparation phase and the lack of adequate implementation capacity delays the prospects of inclusive economic growth and neglects the social integrity of the locality. The nexus between the political economy and its implications on policy decision making on land-use planning implementation is seen critically. The study recommends for an urban land-use planning project to be harmonized through a process-based and economic-based analysis coupled with an independent inspecting body that includes practicing professionals, legal advisors, locality and government representatives. Key words: Implementation, Urban land-use planning, Local development, Urban governance.
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    Analyzing and Planning Urban Flood Resilience and Mitigation Strategies: The Case of Adama City, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-07-01) Bikila Merga Leta; Dagnachew Adugna (Associate Professor)
    surrounded by mountains, where frequent flash floods have had a detrimental impact on the local community's well-being. Consequently, this study sought to evaluate the extent of flood vulnerability and devise effective strategies for flood prevention. To achieve this, a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach incorporating multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was utilized to identify and map areas prone to flooding. Various factors, including proximity to drains, topographic wetness index (TWI), elevation, slope, precipitation, land use, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), distance from the river and road, drainage density, and soil composition, were Combined and analyzed. The results indicated that 98.69% of the study area faces a moderate to very high risk of flooding, with only 1.31% classified as low risk. The flood susceptibility map produced by the model aligned closely with data gathered from ground control points (GCPs), onsite field observations, Google Earth Satellite Imagery, expert insights, and local community reports. In addition, to characterize flood vulnerability, a Socio-EcologicalTechnological Systems (SETS) framework was utilized. Where, each SETS domain identified clusters of flood-prone areas, highlighting the need for urgent adaptive measures to address flood vulnerability in the study area implying adopting holistic approaches to promote sustainable cities. Furthermore, to investigate flood-resistant neighborhoods, a comprehensive analysis of morphological analysis, local community responses, and expert insights was conducted. By considering the current spatial layout and morphology with urban flooding, the city can enhance its flood management strategies for the future. These findings have implications for other flood-prone neigh borhoods in similar urban areas, highlighting the importance of spatial arrangement in mitigating urban flood vulnerability. Finally, to quantify and implement strategies for mitigating floods, researchers utilized the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs Urban Flood Risk Mitigation (InVEST-UFRM) model as a tool to develop adaptation plans for addressing urban flooding. The InVEST-UFRM model offered a thorough insight into the city's flood situation by effectively analyzing urban watersheds and accurately representing flood risk. Running VI the model four times with different rainfall scenarios based on an Intensity-DurationFrequency curve specific to Adama revealed the impact of varying rainfall depths. In the first scenario, there is a moderate retention capacity of 10.76 m3 and a flood volume of 3.34 m3 . In the second scenario, the retention capacity improved to 11.63 m3 with a flood volume of 4.15 m3. In the third scenario, there is a further enhancement in retention capacity to 12.21 m3 , along with a flood volume of 4.76 m3 . Finally, in the fourth scenario, the retention capacity continues to increase to 12.78 m3 , with a flood volume of 5.40 m3 These simulations produced significant results on runoff retention and flood volume, highlighting the diverse capacities of micro-catchments in the study area to retain runoff and generate floods. The study also emphasized the InVESTUFRM model's effectiveness in assessing the trade-offs linked to both structural and non-structural flood mitigation strategies. It underscored the significance of incorporating disciplines such as hydrology, remote sensing, geographic information systems, and natural capital assessment tools into urban planning strategies to enhance flood resilience and support sustainable urban development. Key:words: Adama, Flooding, Modeling flood, InVEST-UFRM model, Resilience, Social-ecological-technological Systems, Vulnerability
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    Analyzing the Effect of Manufacturing Industries on Environment in Sheger City: Implication for Sustainable Industrial Development
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-01-01) Milkessa Jagemma Tolerra; Hailu Worku (Professor)
    Urbanization-driven industrialization refers to the growth of industries as cities and towns expand due to migration, population growth, and infrastructural development. This transformation leads to economic benefits but also creates significant environmental challenges. A balanced approach is required, emphasizing sustainable industrial development to mitigate adverse environmental effects while ensuring positive economic growth. Ethiopia's urbanization-driven industry has disrupted the environment and social well-being, as it does in many other emerging nations. The implications for sustainable industrial expansions and the impacts of Sheger city's manufacturing industry on the environment were the main objectives of this study. To evaluate the effectiveness of industry expansion strategies, economic impacts, and industrial agglomeration effects, survey questionnaires were used. Furthermore, laboratory research was conducted on the geographical differences in the physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations in the areas of industrial wastes, water, soil, and vegetables. To quantitatively analyze the data, common statistical tools such as one-way ANOVA, correlation coefficient, hazard index, bio concentration factor, and regression analysis were employed. The findings of this study showed that the levels of heavy metals and physicochemical characteristics were higher than allowable limit, which had an impact on the soil, water, and plants on land. In addition, the country's industrial policy has failed to take advantage of the potential to efficiently employ locally accessible resources and promote connections between isolated industrial zones. This study conclude that industry policy has to be initiated, accessible industrial effluence control standards should be enforced more strictly, installing plant treatment, industrial leftovers should be converted into biogas products, and public awareness should be increased. Keywords: Agglomeration, heavy metal, Industrial wastes, physiochemical, Spatial
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    Analyzing the Impacts of Urbanization and Climate Change on Urban Flood and Planning of Resilience-Based Flood Hazard Management: A Case of Adama City, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-06-01) Dejene Tesema Bulti; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    Urban flooding, which occurs when rainfall exceeds the capacity of urban drainage systems, has become a major concern in many cities across the world. Due to urbanization-driven increases in impermeable surfaces and climate change-induced increases in extreme precipitation, urban flood is anticipated to rising in frequency and intensity in the future. The majority of Ethiopian cities are susceptible to urban floods, although there is little research on the subject. Understanding of the contributions of main drivers at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, features of potential floods under current and future conditions and various flood frequencies, as well as flood adaptation measures at smaller spatial scales can aid efforts to effectively respond to the current problem of urban flooding, as well as consideration of its potential future increase. This study aims to analyze the impacts of urbanization and climate change on urban flood in Adama City and to devise resilience-based flood hazard management strategies. By mapping LULC of the City at about 5-year interval from 1995 to 2019 and computing the runoff depth at respective years using SCS-CN method, the dynamics of the City’s hydrologic characteristics attributable to urbanization-induced spatio-temporal changes of LULC was analyzed. Statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and extreme precipitation indices were, respectively used for downscaling daily precipitation from the projections of two Global Circulation Models (CanESM2 and HadCM3) and for analyzing the impacts of climate change on the historical and future extreme precipitation events. Further, the potential changes in the relationship between intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) of extreme precipitation in present-day and future periods were compared and contrasted. IDF curves and their functions were deduced using Gumbel Type I probability distribution and power-regression model, respectively. Flood inundation model was developed with coupled 1D-2D flood modeling method using PCSWMM, and used for simulating potential floods for a range of return periods and possible combinations of existing and future LULC and climate scenarios. Flood hazard levels were determined based on flow depth-velocity approach, for each scenario. The theory of urban resilience to floods was adopted for assessing the flood resilience level of the study area and for planning resilience-based flood hazard management. Flood-prone area was selected from the 100-yr flood scenarios and under the combined future LULC and climate. Localized flood adaption strategies were identified and their suitability for the selected prone area was assessed.The findings show that the built-up area undergone 7.9% expansion rate from 1995 to 2019. Likewise, the runoff depth is increased by 9.5 % in the City administration and 12.9 % and 6.9 % within the two sub-watersheds. At all spatial scales, the temporal change of runoff depth is linearly associated with the rise of imperviousness ratio. Moreover, statistically significant trends were obtained for the majority of extreme precipitation indices computed for historical daily rainfall records of 1967-2016, indicating that climate change has had an impact on historical precipitation. Moreover, extreme precipitation is expected to rise in the future up to 2080. The findings also reveal that extreme precipitation intensity over the years 2021-2070 in Adama City would increase up to 49.5% or decrease up to 106.2%, depending on GCM, storm duration and return period considered. Furthermore, the study area is flooded under both existing and future land cover and climate conditions, with increasing in the water depth, flow velocity and inundation extent as the return period increases. Under historical climate and existing land-use scenario, 123.7 (5-yr)-204.3 ha (100-yr) is prone to flood whereas the extent varies from 178.2 to 396.8 ha, under the combined effect of future land use and climate changes. Moreover, the study area is associated with lower level flood resilience. Finally, elevated configuration, dry-proofing, wet-proofing, temporary measures and site and landscape interventions are proposed as effective strategies for building flood resilience of the prone community. In line with sustainable flood risk management in the City, it is suggested that the stakeholders recognize the level of potential associated risk and improve the awareness of the prone community. Future developments should be guided with impervious surface based land-use regulation in order to better control the hydrological effects of urbanization. Further, the standards and guidelines presently employed by the City for the planning and design of stormwater management infrastructure should be revised in such a way that they reflect global climate change impacts at local level. Designing and updating local development plans on flood-prone areas should also aim to ingrate localized flood adoption strategies to build flood resilience of the prone community. Finally, urban planning policies should aim to promote urban flood modeling as a base for urban flood hazard management operations, and personal responsibility in flood safety. Keywords: urban flood, climate change, flood modeling, flood hazard, statistical downscaling, flood resilience, extreme precipitation, IDF
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    Analyzing The Mobility Differences Between Neighborhoods in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababab University, 2025-02-01) Tigist Getachew Yenealem; Berhanu Woldetensae (Associate Professor)
    Addis Ababa is one of the fastest growing cities in Africa and administrative and financial capital of Ethiopia. However, in Ethiopian cities, the rate of urban physical growth has exceeded the rate of infrastructure and service provision in addition the scarce availability of data in Ethiopia remains a major impediment to precisely analyzing urban mobility challenges. This study is unique in that it employs third-party travel time data and very little land-use information. The smallest administrative unit i.e. Woreda was chosen as a traffic analysis zone; as well as travel time and distance between zones was gathered using Quantum Geographic Information System travel time plugin. The mobility and accessibility conditions in different neighborhoods of Addis Ababa were calculated using the neighborhood mobility index based on the free flow travel time and the peak hour travel time index. In this study it was found that all neighborhoods were above the acceptable threshold of Neighborhood Mobility Index 1.5, which means residents in Addis Ababa travel an additional of 50% of the free flow travel time, and among these, Woredas in the Central Business District counter more congestion relative to Woredas in the peripheries. Although, it reveals that they enjoy far more access; are able to reach more than 75% of the destinations within 30 minutes. while as we go further from downtown people have to travel further for jobs, shopping and social interactions. Furthermore, distance by physical routes divided by straight line distance, which unlike the above two analysis, showed no particular relationship between living in the city core or outside. Apparently, zones next to each other share similar values and to some extent it is displayed that zones in the periphery had less direct roads because of the lack of transport infrastructure in these regions. Conclusively, the pragmatic finding indicate that whereas people living far away have to travel longer to access activity’s, residents living in the center also have to counter more congestion. The study suggests that priority must be given to efficient land use, Infrastructure Improvements and public transportation. Key words: Addis Ababa, Congestion, Mobility, Neighborhoods, QGIS
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    Analyzing Urban Land Acquisition for Housing In Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababab University, 2024-11-01) Dereje Tessema Adgeh; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    This dissertation examines urban land acquisition for housing in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia, focusing on its processes, challenges, and policy implications. The study investigates urbanization trends, land expropriation, formal cooperative housing schemes, informal land acquisition practices, and administrative and policy barriers affecting urban land supply. A mixed methods approach was employed, incorporating key informant interviews, focus group discussions, field observations, and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis to track peri-urban land conversion from 2011 to 2021. Findings reveal that rapid urban expansion, driven by a 7% annual population growth rate, has resulted in an 8% conversion of peri-urban land, often displacing farmers with inadequate compensation and disrupting livelihoods. While cooperative housing schemes have allocated over 35,000 certified land plots to low- and middle-income residents, only 7,000 members have completed construction due to high costs, administrative inefficiencies, and prolonged land servicing. Meanwhile, informal land transactions have flourished due to inefficiencies in formal land allocation and inadequate compensation for expropriated farmers, with brokers and local administrators facilitating these transactions. To address these challenges, the study recommends policy reforms aimed at improving formal land supply mechanisms, streamlining cooperative housing processes, strengthening land registration and banking systems, and enhancing institutional coordination. Additionally, alternative funding mechanisms, such as an urban land development fund, are proposed to support affordable housing initiatives. Overall, the research underscores the urgent need for comprehensive policy interventions to promote sustainable urban development and equitable access to housing in Bahir Dar City.
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    Assessing the Driving Factors And Actors for the Land Use/ Land Cover Changes of Dessie City, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-01) Eden Shimelis Worku; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    This study evaluated the effects of migration on the land use and land cover of Dessie city between the years 2016 and 2022. Dessie cities informal settlement has led to uncontrollable changes in land use and cover, converting agricultural and protected forest areas to residential areas. Through the identification of motivating factors and actors, the use of spatial analysis of remote sensing, GIS tools, and survey methodologies, the study was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In order to determine the perception of office workers and the community of the city on the factors and players who contribute greatly to the land use and land cover of the Dessie city, the primary data were gathered through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and observations and satellite images were used as data sources to gather the secondary data. The study's findings significantly indicated that built-up areas expanded from 3,467.8 ha in 2016 to 7937.5 ha in 2022 while Agricultural land declined from 6,428.9 hectares in 2016 to 4462.7 ha in 2022. Based on the findings, the study also came to the conclusion that the main driving forces behind the change in land use/ land cover of the city were population growth, employment opportunities, issues with instability, unrestricted access to property, housing preferences, urban topography, and city’s plans, as well as actors like land brokers, local farmers, experts, and government officials. Finally, the research recommends to curb track of changes in land use /land cover and developments should be carried out properly in accordance with a planned strategy, there is a need in effective land management and monitoring technologies in order to guarantee a proper usage of land. Key words: Actors, Driving Factors, Informal settlement, Land Use, Land cover change, Migration
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    Assessing the Driving Factors and Actors for the Land Use/ Land Cover Changes of Dessie City, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-01) Eden Shimelis Worku; Birhanu Girma (PhD)
    This study evaluated the effects of migration on the land use and land cover of Dessie city between the years 2016 and 2022. Dessie cities informal settlement has led to uncontrollable changes in land use and cover, converting agricultural and protected forest areas to residential areas. Through the identification of motivating factors and actors, the use of spatial analysis of remote sensing, GIS tools, and survey methodologies, the study was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In order to determine the perception of office workers and the community of the city on the factors and players who contribute greatly to the land use and land cover of the Dessie city, the primary data were gathered through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and observations and satellite images were used as data sources to gather the secondary data. The study's findings significantly indicated that built-up areas expanded from 3,467.8 ha in 2016 to 7937.5 ha in 2022 while Agricultural land declined from 6,428.9 hectares in 2016 to 4462.7 ha in 2022. Based on the findings, the study also came to the conclusion that the main driving forces behind the change in land use/ land cover of the city were population growth, employment opportunities, issues with instability, unrestricted access to property, housing preferences, urban topography, and city’s plans, as well as actors like land brokers, local farmers, experts, and government officials. Finally, the research recommends to curb track of changes in land use /land cover and developments should be carried out properly in accordance with a planned strategy, there is a need in effective land management and monitoring technologies in order to guarantee a proper usage of land. Key words: Actors, Driving Factors, Informal settlement, Land Use, Land cover change, Migration
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    Assessing Walkability of Built Environment In Main Street Corridors of Arada Sub-City, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-03-01) Kalkidan Kumelachew; Berhanu Woldetensae(PhD)
    Different components influence the walkability of places, and one of them is the built environment. Urban design, land use patterns, and transportation system infrastructure are attributes of the built environment. The main objective of this research was to assess the walkability of Arada Sub-City's built environment using macro and micro scale indicators. Three broader categories were used for classifying features of the built-up environment: Land Use, Street Networks, and Urban Design. Pedestrians' perceptions about the corridors were gathered to understand how they assessed safety and comfort. The data showed that some qualities enhancing walkability do exist; these include dwelling and commercial density, land-use mix, and public transportation infrastructure. Conversely, unequal distribution of street amenities, lack of maintenance for walkways, usage of pedestrian space as an extension area for commercial frontages, and a lack of universality are among the downsides. Based on data collected from pedestrians, Churchill Ave. ranked highest in comfort and safety. General recommendations were drawn to enhance walkability: adopt design standards with design review for current or new infrastructure projects; pedestrian infrastructure management to prevent wrong practices; improvement in building control regulations to make frontages more active and vibrant; and better integration between pedestrian infrastructures with other institutions key words: waIkability,built environment,waikability indices
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    Assessing Walkability of Built Environment in Main Street Corridors of Arada SubCity, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-03-01) Kalkidan Kumelachew; Berhanu Woldetensae(PhD)
    Different components influence the walkability of places, and one of them is the built environment. Urban design, land use patterns, and transportation system infrastructure are attributes of the built environment. The main objective of this research was to assess the walkability of Arada Sub-City's built environment using macro and micro scale indicators. Three broader categories were used for classifying features of the built-up environment: Land Use, Street Networks, and Urban Design. Pedestrians' perceptions about the corridors were gathered to understand how they assessed safety and comfort. The data showed that some qualities enhancing walkability do exist; these include dwelling and commercial density, land-use mix, and public transportation infrastructure. Conversely, unequal distribution of street amenities, lack of maintenance for walkways, usage of pedestrian space as an extension area for commercial frontages, and a lack of universality are among the downsides. Based on data collected from pedestrians, Churchill Ave. ranked highest in comfort and safety. General recommendations were drawn to enhance walkability: adopt design standards with design review for current or new infrastructure projects; pedestrian infrastructure management to prevent wrong practices; improvement in building control regulations to make frontages more active and vibrant; and better integration between pedestrian infrastructures with other institutions.