Social Anthropology

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Access to Farmland and Rural Women Livelihood: The Case of Enemay Woreda, East Gojjam Administrative Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2022-09-01) Meaza Demse; Getachew Senishaw (PhD)
This study deals with the rural women livelihood related to socio-cultural factors undermine social status, power, and decision making in access to farmland in Enemay Woreda, East Gojjam Zone. The study employed mixed method. In carrying out the study, in-depth interview, key informant, focus group discussions (qualitative methods), and household survey (quantitative methods) were employed. Secondary data were collected from secondary sources such as research articles, unpublished document, and books. A total of twenty-eight participants participated in the qualitative study including woreda and kebele officials. In addition, household survey questionnaire was administered to 141 women to collect quantitative data. Qualitative and quantitative data was analyzed based on objective of the study. The results obtained from the study show that farmland is an invaluable resource for women livelihood. During EPRDF land re-distribution (1996/7), most of women obtained a farmland but limited control over resources because their resources usually controlled by husbands. Due to the patriarchal attitudes of the community, men are decision makers, controlled and managed the resource of household, and women are dominated by husband. Lack of educational status of women, deprives their legal rights of manage and control over their resources. Women were restricted to plough their farmland by local community and they forced to give sharecroppers to obtain some production for livelihood. Particularly, FHHs could not manage the households since obtained small production from sharecroppers. They forced to find works for survival and obtain daily consumption such as selling traditional alcoholic beverages, daily laborer, and removing weeds. Thereby, the livelihood of FHHs has a painful living condition. Furthermore, women’s health condition is essential to attain income for their livelihood. However, their health condition status low being laborious worker. In general, gender-based discrimination and patriarchal attitudes of the community affected women’s access and control over farmland to their livelihood and health condition.
Adaptailon, Culture and Changing Environment: the Case of the Gumuz of the Diddessa Valley (Kamasi Zone), West Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-05) Iffa, Abeya; pankhurst, Alula (PhD)
This Study attempts to explain adaptive strategies and coping mechanisms employed by the Gumuz in response to constraints or in their effort to adapt to the ecology of the diddessa valley in the Process.
Aex-workers in Daylifht:The Social Context of Sex-work in Addis Abebe
(AAU, 2004-06) Tekola, Bethlehem; Pankhurst, Alula PhD
This thesis explores the social context of sex work in the city of Addis Ababa. It focuses on the social ties between sex workers and a variety of other categories of people, from their family members.to their relatives, from their roommates to their neighbors, from their coworkers to their clients. It explores which of these social ties are affirmed and reinforced, which come under s rain and which are cultivated and built by the women as a result of their engagement in sex work. It argues that these things depend on the women's background, on the conditions under which they turn to sex work, on the specific types and conditions of sex work that they do and on the places and conditions of their residence. The main thesis of the work is that sex workers share the same social milieu and value system with non-sex workers and that, despite severe constraints put on them by poverty and very difficult working conditions, they struggle on a daily basis to have social life and social relevance. The work critiques the very common castigation of sex workers as social misfits who pose dangers to society and proposes a humane approach towards them and their dependents, an approach that should begin by making a clear distinction between the institution of commercial sex and the women who practice it. The work employs both qualitative and quantitative methodology. It combines detailed one-to-one interviewing with focus group discussions and personal observation to bring out the perspectives of the women themselves. The quantitative data is composed of responses to a structured questionnaire by 100 sex workers.
Anthropological Study of Cultural Brokers as Tour Guides: The Case of Lalibela, Northern Wollo
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-01) Belay, Tesfaye; Senishaw, Getachew(PhD)
This study has aimed to understand the roles of tour guides in the tourism industry in Lalibela. Specifically, an attempt has been made; to investigate how the local guides conceptualize tour guiding, the interpretive strategies of the local guides, and their awareness about tourists‟ cultural differences and their general knowledge about tourists‟ attractions. The study has also extended in identifying challenges that local tour guides experience in their endeavor and finding out strategies employed by local tour guides to interpret tourist attractions. To address these issues, data have been collected through interview, survey questionnaire, participant observation and Focused Group Discussion. Both the interview and FGD data have been first transcribed and then including the data collected through survey questionnaire analyzed and categorized thematically. Then, descriptive and thematic analysis has been employed in the analysis stage of the study to describe, interpret and explain the data. The data has been analyzed in relation with concepts, theory and literatures discussed in the literature review. The study findings have showed that five types of local tour guides associations found in Lalibela. Cultural mediations: mediation of access, mediation of information and mediation of encounters; leadership and safety; ambassador; sales representatives; education and promotion; and safeguarding of heritages are the major roles of local guides as identified in the study. The local guides underlined the importance of multi disciplinary knowledge in the case of Lalibela so as to properly address different questions raised by tourists. As a result, religious, historical, geographical, architectural, geological and archeological knowledge, and language ability, cultural awareness and good code of ethics have been found as major requirements for local tour guides of Lalibela. The findings have showed that local tour guides of Lalibela apply more or less same interpretive strategies in the introductory part፡ they highlights the three kingdoms such as the Axumite, the Zagwe and the Gonderian. However they devote more time for the Zagwe dynasty especially on the history of Lalibela. The findings have further depicted that tour guides have experienced language and culture related problems in their tour guiding practice. The findings of the study have displayed several challenges of local guides of Lalibela encompassing seasonality of the business, unavailability of training so as to overcome their language problems, and upgrade their competency in multi-disciplinary skills and knowledge with regard to the nature of tourists‟ attractions. Furthermore the expansion of group visit and signboards are stated by the local guides as problems, which threaten their earnings. Various types of training including on-job-training related to destination knowledge, language skills and cultural differences have been recommended for the development of local tour guides profession. Finally, conducting a large scale survey research on the other aspects of tour guides has been indicated as an area of further study. In general, some of the roles uncovered in this study are also mentioned and others are either overlooked or implicitly stated in the models of tour guiding described in the study. However, unlike the models of tour guides discussed so far in this study not only the services offered by tour guides are the focus of study. A wide range of issues related with local tour guides as mentioned above are investigated. The study has clearly revealed as local guides of Lalibela are cultural brokers too
Anthropological Study on the Livelihood Aspects of Fishers-Lake Interaction at Lake Hawassa: Exploring Practices, Opportunities and Challenges
(AAU, 2017-11) Yosef, Tesfatseyon; Hebo, Mamo(PhD
ResidenTs oj Hawassa ciTy and The surrounding rural comll1UniTies have close inTero u ion with Lake Hawassa. The interaction Tak es different Jorms and involves di l'e rse inte resTs-fi velillOod interest being the most important one. This study mainly f ocused on IIndersTandin g th e local people 's livelihood-based interaction with Lake Hawassa through fishing praCTi ces. The study Jurther aimed at exploring the socio-economic and legal (policy) f aclOrs that have been affecting, positively or negatively, the fishers-lake interaction. Daw has been collected Through qualiTaTi ve (obse rvation, in-depth interviews, FCDs and case studies) metlwd and suppOrT ed lViTh some qllanTiTaTi ve (questionnaire survey) meThod. DaTa analysis in volved descripTion, inTerpreTaTion and thernatically-based explanations. Th e study result revea ls thaT Lake j-Iawass(I provides di verse services 10 The populafion inhabiting its catchmenTS: scenic selling Jar TOurism and associated di ve rse businesses, and wafer for irrigation and ciTy heaulijicaTion, all conT ributing for people's livelihood in one way or anoTher. In the two major/ish landing siT es, Amora Cedel and Fiker Hayik, which are the f ocus of The present STudy, f ishing and relaTed ac fi vities constitute either major livelihood strategy or supplementary means oj income Jor 1000- 1500 people. Main actors in these activities include: indi vidual fish ers, fi'shers organized into cooperatives and suppliers of fish products for market at Lake j-Jawassa. In this regard, social network play a key role serving as a means of value/supply chain, employment and cluster-based fishing practices. Fishing activities at Lake Hawassa seem increasing fi'om time to time. For instance, while the maximum carrying capacity of the lake's fishing is said TO be 750neTs/day, currently there are 1200-1400 nets/day operating on the Lake. The number oj people involved in fishing af th e Twa mqjor landing sites also increased three times from around 300 in Th e past Ji ve years to around 900 Currently daily income offlshers ranges between 250 and 500 ETB, Ivhich correspond to the production oj 32 and 50 Kgs oJfish respecti vely. However, iT has been f()({nd out that in addition to technical and material capacity, volume oJfish produ ction, marketillg and its contribution to the livelihood or income, differ between Jasting and non-fa STing periods, weather conditions' Javorability or not for fish breeding, whether it is tourism peak seasoll or a lean season. Accordingly, production, marketing and income Fom Jishing increase ill the Jormer scenarios while decreasing in the latter ones. Fishers try to maxirnize their li velihood inTeresT or fish production and income from it by using oJficially prohibited type oj gill nets, reducing the mesh size and fishin g more than once per day. These informal ways of trying to increase fishin.g with the aim of improving the livelihood goal obviously put pressure on Th e fish resources at the Lake. In addition, competing claims between members oj diffe ren.t coopera Ti ves over access TO jlsh ing grounds by selling imaginary or informal boundaries are causin g (o r serving as jllstification) f or net thefts and leading to open conflict. Therefore, local communities ' increasing socioeconomic interests in fish resources, their struggle TO maintain access to the lake to susTain their livelihood on one hand, and inadequate management practices or rules by institutions in charge of natural resources management on the other, are exposin.g the lake's fish ery and other resources to pressure, thereby creating conditions that could serve as threat of sustainability to the lake resource an.d people's relation as well as livelihood in. the long run.
Anthropological Understanding of Baha'i Believers' Ordinary Lives: The Case of Three Neighborhood in Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Afework, Zerihun; Tolera, Dr. Assefa
This thesis tries to deal with some aspects of Baha'i family life and, Baha'i community building core activities kernel for all Baha'i adherents' ordinary lives. A distinctive Baha'i element of family lifo is the critical importance of educating daughters which is more necessary than that of sons if Baha'i parents cannot provide education for both a boy and a girl at a time. Baha'i mothers chief responsibility to educate their children spiritually in early ages; and applying to both parents religious practices up to the age of maturity by Baha'i and Non-Baha'i spouse children are other prominent features in Baha'i family. On the other hand, Baha'i community building core activities are central to the community development taking place in Baha'i. Since qualitative methodology concentrates on rich description, attempts to make sense of, or to interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them, and turns the world into a series of representations including key informants interview, focus group discussions, conversations, and observation; it applied to this thesis.
Anthropology of Women's Entrepreneurial Bej-Ia Vior In Kambatta Southern Ethiopia
(AAU, 2006-06) A Lorenso, Dest; Aba bio, Kofi
The goal of this study is to present an ethnographic examination of entrepreneurial behavior a nd characteristics of the women in Kambatta. Four research questions a re crucial and centra l in this research. These a re how culture affects women entrepren eurs hip?, what a re the SOCIO cu ltura l enabling environment for wome n entrepre neurship?, what ch a racteristics of entrepreneurs hip do Ka mba tta women have? And a re unma rried women more entrepren euri a l th a n ma rri ed women In Kamba tta society? This research in Kambatta is conducted betwee n Febura ry-May, 2006 in Dura me a pplying diffe rent e thnographic d a ta collection me thodologies su ch as interviews, surveys, pa rti cipa n t obse rvation a nd case studies. S v n case studie wer selected a nd 30 u rvey questionnaires were distribut d to wome n nlrepre neurs selec ted ra ndomly in Dura me town. Findings with regard to th e a bove three questions a re conclusive. Ena bling factors for women entrepren eurs hip a re associa ted with the combination of cu ltura l a nd structura l issues. In Ka mba tta society ch a nging attitude toward s business wome n is clearly seen a nd there a re a lso policy environments a nd NGO a dvocacy on women's rights created positive image towa rds women 's initiatives. Not so ma ny women in Kambatta could com e out to business due to more structural constraints existing in the soc iety . However, th ere are still structured tra dition a l va lue systems in Ka mbata that hamper wo men 's independent life, business endeavo rs a nd choice . Concerning th e fourth question, the fi ndings a re less conc lu sive. The finding s h ows th al th e question wheth e r unmarri ed women are more entrepren euria l lhan marri ed cannot be proved and diffi cult to gen era lize. In conc lusion, lhe ethnographi findings of the research a re clearly sh own in co rporating theoreti cal discu ssions a nd debates
Assessment of Ethnographic Film Production Process of Walta Media and Communication Corporate
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Tamrat, Niguse; Amsalu (PhD), Dessalegn
The aim of this thesis is to investigate ethnographic film production process of Walta Media and Communication Corporate. The study was conducted based on the data gathered from fifteen key-informant interview participants. The participants were Walta’s ethnographic and documentary film production crew members. From the informants twelve of them are male and three females. Qualitative research method was used to answer the research questions.As Hieder (2006:112) noted,the single most important indicator for ‘ethnographicness’ of a given ethnographic film is the extent to which an ethnographer was involved in the making. Furthermore, ethnographic film must be based on ethnographic understanding. The more successfully a film has this understanding, the more ethnographic it will be. Therefore,the result of the study indicated that, Walta Media and Communication Corporate is producing ethnographic films without ethnographic / anthropological knowledge. And in the production process of Walta’s ethnographic films, ethnographers have no any role in all stages of the productionprocess. Therefore, to this research,Walta Media and Communication Corporate is producing ethnographic films without ethnographic filmmaking knowledge. Key words: Ethnographic Film, Ethnographers,Ethnographicness, Production Process
An Assessment of Resettlement in Ethiopia: A Case Study of Gidda Kiramu Sirdoorosite in East Wollaga Zone
(Addis Ababa University, 2007-04) Gizaw, Shimelis
The major objective of this study is evaluating the 2002/03 resettlement program in Ethi op ia. The program was also examined for the presence of individual motives other than food security. In vest igation was made in terms of the experience of resettlers as farmers, its policy, and implementation procedures in Sire Dooro site of East Wollaga zo nal administration in The Regional State ofOromia. The method followed to meet the objectives included qualitative analysis and interpretation of data co llected by in-depth interviewing, observation, etc., and by invest igation of secondary so urces of data such as the 1994 constitution, the policy (guide line) of resettlement, etc and other works in the area of my study. A total of 56 informants were interviewed out of which data obtained from 21 key informants of all ranges of age, sex, education, and experience as farmers were incorporated in this thesi . Moreover, the Cultural Consensus Model was employed to bring out variety of information about the background of resettlers when the other methods fail to do so in the study. Comparison of features of previous resettlement programs with the present ones was made to illuminate differences and similarities as part of the research des ign in the study. The role and nature ofcontlict in the area was assessed critically. Unlike previous studies on the subject of resett lement, the present study considered how the capacity of implementers, and the experience of resettlers as farmers were affecting the program in general. The major findings of the present study include; the observation that the conventional evaluation of conflicts which affect the success of the program was not ethnic based and that they were rather resource based. Despite its spontaneity at initial stage, the current resettlement was being carried out under conditions of availability of a huge amount of money made available by the Regional State of Oromia. My observation allowed me to see that the program was being implemented according to the policy except in a few instances regarding its preparation. The social services like schools, clinics, the dry weather road, and small market were being shared by the local population as well. Lack of compatibility of the resettlemet program with the constitutional rights and with the traditional land tenure system was identified by investigation. There were indications that the experience of resettlers as farmers had affected their productivity in the program. It was also revealed in the present study that the conventional alliance between all Amhara occupants had shifted to an alliance between a portion of the Amharas with the Oromo community in the locality. The fact that the ethnic line that opposing groups seemed to follow had played only symbolic role was evidenced in the observation of the present study. There were even more evidences to this like the presence of armed Amhara militias in Oromo farmers' association in the site of my study. The establishment of marriages between the Amhara and Oromo communities in the locality indicated that there are no sanctions that prohibit the formation of such social relations and that the possibility for ethnic VI based conflict was unlikely to occur in th e site at least immedi ately after impl ementation of the program. The study has a considerab le significance for policy makers and implementers of agricul tural projects such as that being carried out in Ethiopia, where a large proporti on of the population suffe rs from fam ine each year. It can also contribute to the effort to bridge the gap of knowledge in understanding di fferent forms of resettlement in Ethiopia. Generally, the study wi ll have a criti ca l role in determining the strategy for implementation of resettlement programs, in policy formu lation, site se lecti on, and recruitment of reset tiers .
Assessment On Community Development Process: A Case of SOS Children’s Villages Ethiopia and Lewegen Derash Charity Association Projects, In Woreda 11 Of Kolfe Keranyo Sub City, Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Mulugeta, Nobel; Mehari (PhD), Getaneh
The purpose of this study was to assess Community Development Process: The Case of SOSCVE and LEDCA development projects, in Woreda 11 communities of KolfeKeranyo Sub City. The objectives include: to investigate SOSCVE and LEDCA projects within the context of community development process, to examine how the local community reacts to community development projects, to assess the merit and limitations of community development projects in the local context, and to examine the impact and sustainability of community development projects on the lives of local community. To this end, a case study i.e. qualitative research method has been carried out. In-depth interviews, key informant interviews; FGDs, observation, and document review have been made in order to collect data from both primary and secondary sources. Hence, data has analyzed through qualitative data analysis methods. Therefore, the study sets out the community development projects taken place by SOSCVE and LEDCA have performed an effective local community development programs within the framework of community development process. However, the study explored that development agencies should have to synchronize their roles and commitments with the local community-based organizations in order to sustain community development projects within the local community. Further, the study presented some project activities should have to be contextualized and flexible. In general, the study promotes debate among the development community, policy makers, and academia, and to broaden understanding of social policy challenges the issue of social development and community development. Key terms: Community, Development, Community Development, Community Development Process, Participation
Begging as a Survival Strategy: Conferring with the Poor at the Orthodox Religious Ceremonial Days in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2003-06) Demewozu, Woubishet; Berisso, Taddesse(PhD)
In the absence of any means of livelihood, more and more people were driven to begging, some temporarily and some permanently. Today, as a result, begging has assumed enormous proportions and for thousands it is a means of earning livelihood in urban areas in general and in Addis Ababa in particular. It is one of the most conspicuous, readily visible social problems especially in the religious comemmorable days of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Like most of the socio-economic problems of this country, Ethiopia, the beggary problem, is of colossal magnitude, and yet we have no much knowledge of its dimensions; little has been done on the problem of beggary. Besides, the Ethiopian literature on poverty and poverty related issues shows that the ‘macro’ level approach has often been favored by researchers based on statistics and categorizations. These attempts often fail to specify the problems, relationships and processes usefully and adequately. As such, micro sociologists and/or anthropologists of an empirical bent have done little research in Ethiopia on poverty in general and the problem of beggary in particular. The objective of this research is therefore to contribute to the apparent literature gap and to compensate the in balance by utilizing qualitative and ethnographic analysis of the beggary problem in the context of the saint days of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. To this effect, participant observation, individual and focus group interviews and in depth case studies have been composed in an effort to present moving and intimate views of the poor in relation to their past and present in the framework of the dynamics of the socio- economic history of the country at large. This was done amid the complexity of the beggary problem and the diverse nature of the life experiences of each individual beggar considered in the study. As such, attempt has been made to explore matters pertaining to the overall event or scene of the beggary problem in the context of the Orthodox religious ceremonial days, precipitating causes for begging as a way of life, the beggars’ multifaceted impoverishment and modes of social interaction among others. The beggary problem has a lot to do with the country’s socio-economic and historical aspects characterized by low incomes, high unemployment rates, fast rising cost of living, high rates of population growth, inappropriate public policies and continued rural- urban migration and displacement of mass human beings to the city. Thus, the cardinal reason for most of the different vulnerable categories of beggars to earn a meager living on the streets, churchyards and other collective quarters of the city is poverty precipitated by different factors and events. The beggars, as impoverished underclass, presently find themselves in multifaceted and extreme impoverishment which can generally be characterized by chronic food shortage and insecurity, illiteracy, homelessness or poor housing often on unsuitable land, disease, in sanitary living conditions, death and above all marginalization and exclusion. Presently, there are no committed groups, including the government of course, helping the beggars. Virtually all beggars live through their own efforts and depend on alms givers
Beliefs and Social Practices of the Bahai'icommunity of Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2003-07) Dagmawit, Eshetu; Kassa, Getachew
The Baha'i Faith arrived in Ethiopia in the late 1932 and is over seventy years. Its membership, which in 1934, consisted of about nine persons, mostly of foreigners has grown to almost ten thousands representing about nine ethnic groups. Initially, located in Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia, today Baha'is can be found in one hundred and twenty four towns, cities and villages with background of Christianity (of different branches), Islam and Traditional beliefs. However, The Baha'i community of Ethiopia is one of the least studied religious minorities in the country. Very little has been written about the introduction of the religion, the composition of its members, its development projects and social and religious practices. Therefore, this paper is mainly concerned about conducting an ethnographic and historical study about the Baha'i community of Ethiopia by taking as cases two zones of Region 14, Addis Ababa, namely Zone 3 and Zone 4 where some 300 Baha'is reside.
The Berta Economy:An Ethnographic Study of Social Organization of Production in the Western Ethiopia Borderlands
(AAU, 2002-09) Feyissa, Tariku; Berisso, Taddesse PhD
This thesis deals with the Berta economy,focusing on their social organization of production and their relative significance in the organization and division of labour in the various cycles of their economic life and ritual activities.In spite of the large and varied literature produced on Ethiopian societies,
Care and Support Services for People Living with Hiv/Aids (PLWHA) and Aids Orphans in Religious Institutions: The Case of Dessie Town
(AAU, 2006-11) Dessiye, Mesfin; Tadele, Getnet (Dr
The central theme of this study is to investigate the existing care and support services for PLWHA and AIDS orphans in religious institutions, namely the EOC South Wollo diocese office and the EECMY North central synod. The prime objective is to help address the needs of HIV positive people and AIDS orphaned children through appropriate care and support services integrating religious approaches into the services provided. In carrying out the study, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, case studies and observation (qualitative methods) and surveying (a quantitative strategy) were employed. Besides, secondary sources were used to supplement the primary data. The study involved PL WHA, AIDS orphans, home caregivers and different personalities working in service provider institutions. Findings of the study demonstrate that care and support services to PLWHA and AIDS orphans by the EOC South Wollo diocese office and to AIDS orphans by the EECMY North central synod are not comprehensive. This is because the social, medical and legal supports are inadequate and not inclusive of affected family members except that psychological supports are relatively improved. The study also shows that the social and medical services constitute the most pressing needs of PLWHA and AIDS orphans with increasing demands for self support in income generating activities. Care and support services are interrelated with HIV/ AIDS prevention and control. This is because PL WHA who could receive the appropriate care and support services tend to inspire people who wish to take VCT and disclose their serostatus and avoid suffering from lack of attention. In the sense of fighting mY/AIDS, such support provisions would enable PL WHA to feel sympathetic about others and avoid unsafe sex as a result of hope in better future In addition, those who tested my negative could draw lessons to practice safe sex. The study also attempted to reveal that integrating religious approaches in care and support services would help PL WHA avoid stigma and discrimination associated with the pandemi c and develop self-worth. Moreover, such activities promote the very concept of positive living with the virus and enhance the delivery of effective care and support services. It is believed that care and support services could be improved when the human resource capacity is strc'lgthened, programs are designed based on the needs of care receivers, effective networking is established among stakeholders and income generating activities are promoted for sustainable self-support. Also, enhancing efficient utilization of resources and ensuring a combination of social, medical and psychosocial supports would bring about the desired outcomes in changing the life ofPLWHA, AIDS orphans and home caregivers.
Causes and Consequences of Child Trafficking in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peopl e's Region: The Case of Children Trafficked from Cheha Woreda, Gurage Zone to Addis Ababa
(AAU, 2007-11) Assazenew, Asham; Yntiso, Gebre(PhD
In Ethiopia, internal child trafficking is a growing yet disregarded phenomenon. Children arc traffi cked from rural areas to urban areas. However, it is difficult to know the magnitude of the problem due to the absence of comprehensivc and reliabl e data as well as the in accessibility of the victims. Due to the increased preva lence of child traffickin g and the absence of comprehensive and reliable data on it in Ethiopia, the study has tried to assess th e factors that directly contribute to the vulnerabi~ity of children to trafficking, to exp lore the consequences of trafficking and to examine th e existing policy framework in Cheho Woreda (Ywezhe kebele, Buchach kebele, Emd ibir. Gubre), Gurage Zone and Add is Ababa . The assessment of the effects is made through qualitative methods. The fin din gs show th at there are three main interrelated fac tors (economic, soc io-cultural and ·i • demographi c) that are common among the trafficked children. In the research areas, most of th e chil dren are forcefully taken to Addis Abab,\ for th e jJurpose of engaging them as domestic workers to generate income to the household at an early age due to low family illcome. In addition to, the findin gs id entify frequent forms of exp loitation through the proccss of traffick ing in Addis Ababa such as labom, ph ysical, sex ual , and psychological cx ploitati on. But the most serious aspect of chil d expl oitati on is labour exploitation that c'( poses children to physical, sexual, and psychological -exploitation. Based on th e fi ndin gs, Ethiopia has not ratified the major UN and I LO in struments 'vvh ich are relevant to th e iss ue of trafficking in children. In add ition to th is, th ere is lack of a comprehensive na tional poli cy and a comprehensive law th at addresses th e issue of trafficking in chil dren. Moreover, the .,study find s out th at th ere are very f'cw relevant organi zations that have posit ively intervened in child traffi cking. Th e study ade LIse of the Convention again st the Transitional Organi zed Cri me also cal led th e Palermo Convention of traffi ckin g to describe th e cases of tra ffi cked children. Moreover, it \Vas relevant to use th e Gend er-responsive, Human Ri ghts. Mi gra tion B~\ cl f\ ppro()ches to describe some of the rac tors th at contribute to chil d traffi ck ing. Crimi ll al Ju stice, J-ium()n Ri ght Based Approa ches and the nati onal lega l framework arc rele\ ant to oppose th e consequences of traffi ckin g on trafficked children. The Mu ltidisc iplinary Aj)proa ch is also relevant th at dec ision makers should consider child ren ri ghts ill \ic lims o(·tr:1 ffick in g
Causes and Consequences of Human Trafficking: A Case Study in Metema Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Nigusu, Hailemichael; Zeleke, Meron (PhD)
Currently migration and migration related topics have a prominent place in the discipline of anthropology. Among a range of topics, anthropologists are involved in the study of such areas as migration and identities, religion, family and kinship, remittances, development, and hometown associations. The current study is one of such anthropological endeavors made to understand the ever increasing phenomenon of human trafficking in Ethiopia. Trafficking in persons is an illicit trade in living human beings, where people are recruited in their country of origin and transported to destination countries for the purposes of different exploitations. The research is conducted in Metema town, one of the prominent transit places in Ethiopia which used to traffic a significant number of Ethiopian migrants to the Sudan. Understanding the root causes of trafficking, depicting the multifaceted challenges being faced by trafficked persons and writing an anthropological account of human trafficking in Ethiopia were the major objectives of the study. To accomplish the above objectives the study collected primary and qualitative data from different informants in Metema town by employing such qualitative data collection techniques as an interview, focus group discussions and observation. A total number of 20 informants were participated in the study as informants. Human trafficking is one form of migration, and migration is a response made by persons to cope up with different economic, socio-cultural, and political crises. The findings of the study showed that such economic condition as poverty and a desire to improve one‟s economic condition coupled with lack of employment and low payment for domestic works made many young Ethiopians to look for opportunities in a foreign land and to end up in trafficking. Besides poor economic conditions the study also identifies and discuses other socio-cultural and politico-legal issues as causes of trafficking in Ethiopia. Trafficked persons faced multifaceted problems not only in the destination counties, but also in the transit places and in the journey made to reach the destination country. The study also found out that trafficked persons experience different problems before reaching the destination country, the Sudan. In their way to the destination country trafficked persons are raped, beaten, abused, and ripped of their rights both in the transit town and in the desert route
Causes, Problems And Survival Strategies Of Selected Rural-Urban Fematje Migrants In Dessie Town
(AAU, 2010-06) Mohammed, Halewya; Terefe, Hirut(PhD
Dessie town is known Jor a long tim e Jor its destination (II rural migrants as it is important comme rcial and geographical centre. This study ainl S at exploring factors for ru ral f emale migration, problems thE.·y face a/l.() t he i I' s u Ivival strategies to Dessie town. Th e study contributes to the unden;tUl/(}iIlY of th e cau ses that push f emale migrants to urban centre and problems they fa ce alld survival strategies at destination. To acqU/ re the nccess(I ry information, a range of data gathering too!::; such as purposive sampling methods, interview and in· depth inte rview, obserua lion, focus group discussion and document re view had been u sed . Female migration to Dessie town is mainly relateo. to to: onomic, social, and cultural, factors that exist in rural and urban settings. The surrounding r..iral area of Dessie town is highly populated and aJfected by ecologica l disC/ s s uch (I S drought and irregular precipitation which results in p ove rty and famin e. Absence of owne rs hip of property, Family disintegration, intole rC/hl, ? culturalproctices s uch as divorce and s ocial isolation to divorced and late married Jemales, ea rly marriage, wife inhe rilunce, family d ecision to marriu(7es, anci nlrai gender inequality, caused dijJiculties the life of rural f emnles. Besidcs, better social facilities, job opportunity, and s ocial network, family p e rception towards migration and proximity attract the rural f emale to the town. At the time of arrival Clnd the course of their stay, f cmale migrants C' nCOlll1t er problems like unemployment and unde remployme nt, urban pove rty, lack of basic needs and social services, prejudice and dis crimination, physica l and sex'Ual exploitation, vulnerability to HIV/ AIDS and other trans mitted diseas es, Thu s, to cope up with s uch problems, they employ uarious strategies: active survival strategies (partl:cipating in various jobs and job mobility, searching additional income), passive survival strategies (consuming low prices food, wearinq s econd hand clothes and sharing food and housing, w;ing alte rnative traditional medicines) and social network as a s urvival strateqies (rural linkage, sharing lives with male partne r, seeking aid, voluntary associCltiulI LInd cooperation).
The Challenges and Opportunities and Multiple-Use Water Services (MUS): A case study from Goro Gutu and Meta Woredas of East Haraghe Zone, Orolniya Regional State.
(Addis Ababa University, 2009) Fithawok, Eyerusalem; Tafese (Ph.D), Tesfaye
Ethiopia is known for being a water tower in the continent. It has a considerab le potential of i i 0-i 20 billion cubic meters of surface water and 2.6 bill ion cubic meters of ground water. inspite of such potentials, it is one of the countries with mall proportion of water tapped for domestic as well as productive activities. Recently different interventions against this challenge in the water sector started /0 emerge. MUS approach is one of them. it is a new concept introduced in the water sector. MUS is understood as "a participatOlY, integrated and povertyreduction focused approach in poor rural and peri-urban areas, which takes people 's multiple water needs as a starting point for providing integrated services, moving beyond the conventional sectoral barriers of the domestic and producti ve sectors" (Moriarty et aI, 2004). Various interventions were there by societies and other organizations to actualize the MUS concept on the ground Application of de facto MUS and upgraded and planned MUS are some of the interventions. The study focuses on upgraded and planned MU . The main objective of the study is to assess the challenges and opportunities of multljJle use water systems (MUS) in Goro Gutu and Meta woredas of East Hararghe zone. Samples were selectedfrom two kebeles Fom the two woredas. Both primary and secondary data were collected using various techniques like survey questionnaire, key in/ormants interview, focus group discussion and other instruments like visits of sites and informal interviews. Secondmy data were collected from review a/ published and unpublished materials ji-om concerned organizations. The cullected data were coded in SPSS. Descriptive statistics, inc/uding tables of percentage distrihutiol1, frequency distribution and others were usedjor the analysis of the coded data. FiKlIres (charts) were also used for more illustrations. The findings of the analysis showed that the MUS fac ilities existing in the selected kebeles provide services for households who are accessing water for both domestic and productive activities. The result of the data analysis also showed that altitude of households to MUS is positive as majority of them are appreciative of the benefits others and themselves captured in their lives as a result of the establishment of the MUS faci lities. More over, there is great aspiration of non user households to get chance to use the MUS fac ilities as beneficiaries in order to bring about monumental changes. However, there are some challenging situations to these MUS systems in the target woredas. These include reduction in the amount of water of the developed springs, unsafe water f rom the springs, simple damage of some parts and others. Solutions were suggested Fom the point of view of re,spondents, differe nt stakeholders and researcher. These and other information were used to make concluding remarks. Basing the facts obtainedFom the data analysis, some recommendations were made.
Challenges and Opportunities Of Refugee-Host Community Relation In Ethiopia: The Case Of Bambasi Refugee Camp Area In Western Ethiop
(Addis Ababa University, 2020-11) Mekonnin, Girma; Ayalew (PhD), Tekalign
The study was conducted in western Ethiopia, Bambasi refugee camp and its surrounding. The objective of the study is to examine refugees-host community relations focusing on challenges and opportunities. Refugees imposed a variety of social, economic and environmental burdens on host communities; the arrival of refugees also brought some opportunities to the local community. To know more about the situation this study has tried to investigate the socio-cultural, economic and environment challenges of refugees on the host community in the studied area. In order to address the research objectives, qualitative research design was employed. Both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data obtained through four qualitative methods of data collection interviews, focus group discussions, case study and observation. Other data obtained from written sources; books, journals, government and humanitarian organizations reports. The finding of the study indicated, the refugee population in Bambasi area is significantly competing with the local community and posing many challenges on the host communities. It has been generating a variety of challenges on the local community. The local farmers were displaced from their farm land, in which some of them were not compensated for their land; their resources have been stolen by refugees and the local farmers who have some land around the refugee camp have stopped engaging in farming activities. It created survival structural changes like shifting from farming activities to engagement in business activities among the local community. Competing identity and confusion is also there between local and refugees population. The result also shows there are some opportunities operated for the host community after the arrival of refugee. Infrastructure; school, health center, road and water bore distributed to the local community after the arrival of refugee in the area. However, there is disparity between the challenges and opportunities. There is engagement of aid agency and development actors’ in facilitating social cohesion in the area and it is below the expectation of the local communities. The Ethiopian refugee policies are not functional in the area. The encampment refugee policy is not working as far as there is refugee camp in that particular area. it is the entire problem in the camp which pushes refugees to depend on the local resources and leads to compete with local community.
Chang and Continuity: the Roles of Indigenous Institutios in Resource Management Among the Transhumant Karrayu Oromo Pastoralists of Upper Awash Valley
(Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2006-02) Demie, Lemessa; Tolera, Assefa(PhD)
The Living Condition of the Transhument karrayu Oromo Pastoraliste in the Upper Awash Valley Coud

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