Social Anthropology
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Item Exploring Women Refugees’ Livelihood in Jewi Refugee Camp in Gambella, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11-01) Muluemebet Semaw; Teshome Emanna(PhD)This study examines the livelihoods of women refugees in Jewi Refugee Camp, located in Gambella, Ethiopia, within the broader context of the Horn of Africa's complex humanitarian landscape, characterized by conflict, migration, and displacement. The research provides an indepth exploration of the economic strategies employed by women refugees, highlighting the key factors that shape their livelihoods within the camp. By focusing on the female refugee population, the study identifies the diverse livelihood strategies adopted by these women while addressing the significant challenges and opportunities they encounter. A qualitative research approach was employed in which in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, field observations, life history narratives and document analysis were used to gather comprehensive data on the lived experiences of women refugees. Thematic analysis of the findings reveals a series of challenges that hinder the economic advancement of these women, including limited job opportunities, inadequate access to education, and persistent gender inequalities. Despite these constraints, women refugees demonstrate resilience through informal labor and mutual support networks, enabling them to navigate the difficult conditions of the camp. The study underscores the crucial role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), international bodies, and government agencies in shaping the livelihood outcomes of women refugees in Jewi Refugee Camp. It highlights the importance of interventions aimed at enhancing sustainable livelihoods, focusing on skill development, gendersensitive initiatives, entrepreneurial support, and strategic alliances. By advocating for long-term planning, the research emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to address gender disparities and foster socio-economic development, both within the camp and in the host communities. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the livelihood strategies of women refugees, offering valuable insights into the challenges they face. By recognizing these challenges, stakeholders can design more effective interventions to empower women refugees and improve their well-being within the refugee camp setting. Keywords: Strategies, Gambella, Ethiopia, Jewi Refugee Camp, Refugee Livelihoods, Women RefugeesItem Environmental Change and its Influence on the Cultural Practices of the Bayso of Gidicho Island, Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05-01) Eshetu Fekadu; Mamo Hebo (PhD) and Guday Emirie (PhD)Gidicho Island and the coastal areas of Lake Abaya were once known for their abundant vegetation, fertile soil, and disease-free environment, which created a conducive environment for living. However, these attributes have significantly diminished due to the environmental changes the region has undergone. This study examined the adverse effects of environmental change on the culture of the Bayso community of Gidicho Island, with a particular emphasis on their indigenous belief system and marriage customs. A mixed methods approach was utilized to understand these themes thoroughly. Qualitative data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. Quantitative data, on the other hand, were sourced from the United States Geological Survey website and organized to analyze land use and land cover changes in the study area from 1990 to 2020. The results showed that the Bayso people viewed themselves as an essential part of their environment, a view that shows the natural environment is a foundation of their life, expressing it as ‘ul hiki enijuromaya.’ Consequently, damaging the environment (ul) has been regarded as a form of self-damage. Guided by such beliefs and values, they established remarkable spiritual and local practices to sustain the abundance of their ul. Nowadays, however, they are suffering from severe environmental challenges that have damaged their resources. These challenges arise from changes in their perception and value of their environment, influenced by sociocultural, structural, and climatic factors. Ethnographic data revealed that human activities such as deforestation and overgrazing are the main causes of environmental change in the study area. These activities are fueled by the growing demand for agricultural land, construction materials, and energy. Geospatial analysis also showed a significant decline in vegetation cover over the past three decades, mainly because of extensive overgrazing and the conversion of 2,190 km² of forests and 707 km² of shrublands into cultivated land and settlements. Thus, due to severe resource scarcity, particularly of grazing land, and the spread of cattle diseases, the Bayso have lost a significant portion of their herds, which were the mainstay of their livelihoods and religious rituals. Consequently, they were forced to migrate to areas on the west coast of Lake Abaya. The decline in animal products and their exposure to dominant cultures disrupted their two cultural institutions, namely, the indigenous belief system and the extended family that played a crucial role in sustaining their cultural identity. Thus, they lacked the consecration of Wa'a, ancestral spirits, and ritual leaders, which were essential for establishing enduring marriages. As a result, there are changes in some elements of their marriage custom, including a decline in arranged marriage, an increase in divorce and early marriage rates, and exposure to unwanted sexual behavior. Besides, the decline of their belief system has disrupted local environmental conservation efforts and exacerbated environmental degradation. In this context, this study provides insights and mechanisms iv for restoring the Lake Island environment and establishing sustainable human-nature relationships. Equally, successful intervention strategies suggested in the study could serve as a model for other communities facing similar challenges. It also contributes to the debate on the link between environmental change and cultural change. Keywords: Bayso, Gidicho Island, Environmental change, cultural change, southern EthiopiaItem Youth in Movement: An Ethnographic Study of Oromo Youth Political Movement The case of Burayu Town , Oromia National Region ( Ethiopia )(Addis Ababa University, 2025-01-01) Fekadu Bizuneh; Dr. Fekadu Adugna and Dr.Teshome EmanaThis research explores the political engagement of Oromo youth by taking the case of Burayu Town, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia, with a specific focus on historical activism, movement trajectories, challenges faced, and mobilization strategies of youth political movements. The study underscores the indispensable role of social media in political participation and the profound impact of political songs deeply entrenched in Oromo culture, serving as catalysts for mobilization, unity, and the expression of collective aspirations. Moreover, it illuminates the transformative influence of digital culture and cultural expressions in shaping contemporary social movements. Employing qualitative data collection methods such as key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, casual conversations, and focus group discussions, this research finding uncovers that the Oromo youth political movement is driven by concerns such as youth unemployment, the repercussions of urbanization, and marginalization. The finding of this study also highlights the power of social media platforms and protest songs in mobilizing youth politically during the period spanning from 2014 to 2018.Furthermore, the research meticulously traces the evolution and fragmentation of organizational structures within Oromo youth groups, offering insights into the prevailing political landscape in Burayu Town. It underscores the necessity for policy formulations that integrate youth perspectives, recognizing the pivotal role of youth engagement in political processes for societal advancement and the formulation of effective policies.Item Refugee-Host Relationships in a Heightened Ethnic Politics: the Case of South Sudanese Refugees in Gambella Region, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2025-01-01) Hika Dereje; Fekadu Adugna (PhD)Due to conflict, political instability, and drought, millions of people migrated from one place to another globally seeking asylum and living as refugees. This increase in refugee populations has brought social and political tensions in many refugee-hosting countries. This study examined refugee-host relationships in Gambella regional state of Ethiopia in the context of heightened ethnic politics. The study considered two refugee camps: Kule and Piyudo-1 and their surrounding communities. The study used ethnographic research with a qualitative approach. Through purposive sampling of informants, the study employed qualitative data collection instruments such as interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and life histories. The collected data were analyzed, interpreted, and presented using thematic analysis by creating main themes and sub-themes under the broader themes derived from the study‟s objectives and emerging data. Thus, the study findings reveal that economic interactions between refugees and host communities occur in job markets, labor sectors, marketplaces, and financial services. Intermarriage between refugees and host communities was common primarily among the same ethnic groups. Likewise, both groups share religious practices, and access to basic services such as safe water, schools, and health centers, except in cases of conflict. Where the refugees and the host share ethnic backgrounds, their relationships are smooth and harmonious. However, conflicts are common where they belong to different ethnic groups; making ethnicity defines most interactions regardless of the people‟s status (refugee or host). The study also highlights a difference between the two major ethnic groups in Gambella over refugee local integration. While Nuer hosts welcome refugees‟ local integration, the Agnwa strongly rejects it, which badly affects the government policies on refugees‟ local integration. Overall, ethnic identity played a critical role in shaping refugee-host relationships in Gambella. Based on these findings, it is strongly recommended that refugees view their hosts not through the lens of ethnic background but as fellow locals. Host communities should extend their support to refugees, recognize their vulnerability, and avoid viewing them from the existing ethnic politics. Considering local realities when implementing refugees‟ local integration is also better. Besides, the government should also prioritize maintaining regional peace and stability. Key words: Refugee-host relationship, local integration, ethnicity, ethnic politics.Item Change and Continuity in Early Marriage Across Three Generations among Selected Rural Communities in North Mecha Woreda, Amhara Region(Addis Ababa university, 2024-06-01) Tirusira Gebey; Guday Emirie (PhD)The overall objective of this study was to investigate change and continuity in early marriage across three generations (grandmothers, mothers and daughters’ generations) among Bachema and Kurtbahir Rural communities in North Mecha Woreda, Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. More specifically, this study is aimed at: (1) exploring change in early marriage across three generations among the study communities by focusing on change in age at first marriage and its arrangement processes across three generations and reasons for such changes during the daughters’ generation among the study communities; and (2) investigating continuity in early marriage arrangement processes across three generations by further exploring factors contributing to the continuation of the practice of early marriage and its arrangement processes during the daughters’ generation among the study communities. To attain these objectives, primary data were gathered through a combination of ethnographic research methods involving in-depth interviews with extended cases studies across the three generations, focus group discussions, systematic observations, and key informant interviews. Secondary data were collected through review of related literature and relevant documents. The collected data were thematically organized and analyzed through triangulation of findings from different sources. The study found that the age at first marriage as well as the age at first childbirth has increased in the daughters’ generation due to several factors, of which the expansion of formal education and the increase in parents’ awareness about the health impacts (mainly fistula) of marrying their daughters at an early age are mentioned by the study participants as the major factors accounted for such change. The study also identified reasons for the continuity of the practice of early marriage during the daughters’ generation in both study communities for the past five years. Children's lack of interest in formal education, newly emerging love based marriages, parents’ desire to protect their daughters from premarital sex/pregnancy and family honor, life insecurity, and lack of government control and weak law enforcement are the major reasons for the persistence of the practice of early marriage during the daughters’ generation for the past five years, especially since the COVID-19 outbreak. Finally, the study concludes by suggesting possible areas for future research based on the implications of the major findings of the study. Key words: Early Marriage, Change and Continuity, Across Generations, Rural Communities, North Mecha WoredaItem War-Induced Urban Poverty and Deprivation of Households in Kombolcha Town South Wollo Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-08-01) Masresha Abebe; Ayalew Gebre (PhD)This study examines war-induced urban poverty and deprivation in Kombolcha Town South Wollo Zone of Amhara region. The primary objective is to examine the impact of war on urban poverty and deprivation. It employs a mixed research approach, integrating survey and ethnographic data within a cross-sectional retrospective design. Multistage sampling is utilized for quantitative insights, while purposive sampling enriches the qualitative aspect. A total of 330 households participated in the survey, with ethnographic data gathered from 52 selected households through interviews, discussions, observations, and questionnaires. Quantitative analysis is conducted using SPSS version 21 and ordered logit models, while thematic analysis guides the ethnographic exploration. The research examines the impact of the conflict through quantitative and qualitative lenses, revealing insights into pre- and post-conflict dynamics. Following the conflict, a notable increase in multidimensional poverty is observed. The MPI analysis demonstrates a significant rise in poverty rates, with the adjusted headcount ratio increasing from 28.9% to 41.3%. The GOLOGIT2 analysis underscores conflict as a primary driver of poverty, elevating the likelihood of heightened poverty by 16.3%. Ethnographic narratives provide poignant accounts of the conflict's toll, highlighting economic instability, disrupted livelihoods, and the impact of displacement on poverty levels. These narratives shed light on social and psychological repercussions, such as disruptions in institutions, breakdowns in neighborhood cohesion, and increased psychological distress among residents. By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, this study elucidates poverty dimensions and presents diverse individual experiences, emphasizing the necessity for tailored post-conflict recovery strategies for effective community rebuilding and healing. Key words: War, Household, Urban Poverty, multidimensional poverty, social capitalItem Change in the Socio-Economic Status of Women Pottery Makers in the Outskirts of Addis Ababa: The Case of Ensira Pottery Center(Addis Ababa University, 2024-07-01) Melkam Mengistie; Getaneh Mehari (PhD)This study examines the socio-economic status of women potters in the outskirts of Addis Ababa, focusing the Ensira Pottery Center. The research employs qualitative research approach, combining both primary and secondary data collection techniques. Primary data is gathered through participant observation, key informant interview, in-depth interview and focus group discussion, while secondary data is gathered from existing literature and published documents. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the lives and livelihoods of women pottery makers, considering factors such as their socio-economic status with in the pottery community, health status and the challenges they face. By employing ethnographic methods such as participant observation, the research delves into the daily lives of the potters exploring their production process, economic activities and social interactions. Key informant interview offers insights in to the broader context of pottery making in the center including market opportunity, government policies and community support structures. In-depth interview provides a deeper description of individual experience allowing participants to share their personal narratives and perspectives on issues such as gender roles, income generation and access to resources. Additionally, focus group discussions facilitate collective dialogue among pottery makers, enabling the exchange of ideas, experiences, and potential solutions to the common challenges. The finding of this study contributes to existing knowledge on the socio-economic status of women pottery makers in urban setting, their contributions to local economies, and the barriers they encounter in perusing their livelihoods. The research also identifies areas for intervention and support with the aim of improving the economic empowerment and social well-being of women engaged in pottery in Addis Ababa, Gullele sub-city particularly at Ensira Pottery Center. This research also tried to identify the main problems related to health issue, the smoke generated during the pottery burning and drying process, along with traditional firing methods in open-air kilns, can result in respiratory issues such as asthma and bronchitis. Key Words: Women, Pottery Makers, Socio-Economic Status, Ensira Pottery CenterItem The Causes and Effects of Leprosy-Related Discrimination at Zenebework, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-01) Senait Desalegn; Getachew Senishaw (PhD)Abstract Leprosy remains a significant public health challenge in Ethiopia due to pervasive stigma and discrimination against those affected. The problem of misunderstanding the root causes of leprosy has contributed to the widespread marginalization of individuals with the disease. The purpose of this study was to explore the socio-cultural factors fueling leprosy-related stigma and discrimination in Zenebework, Addis Ababa in order to inform interventions to promote social inclusion. A qualitative ethnographic research approach was utilized, involving interviews, focus groups and case studies with leprosy-affected individuals, community members, and healthcare workers in Zenebework area. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The study found that among the focus group discussion participants in Zenebework, there were differing understandings expressed regarding the causes and transmission of leprosy. While some biomedical explanations were provided, traditional beliefs surrounding inheritance and supernatural causation were also commonly referenced. Participants affected by leprosy described facing lifelong stigma in their community due in part to these alternative community-held perspectives. The lack of consensus around the disease's origins according to both biomedical and indigenous epidemiological frameworks contributed to a lack of awareness that impacted individuals' social, economic and psychological well-being. Besides, relationships with family, neighbors and friends were described as strained at times due to fears of contagion or views of inherited bad luck according to emic accounts. Further, socio-cultural factors shaping understandings of disease causation and transmission in this community included longstanding religious interpretations linking illness to moral failings or curses. Historical institutionalization practices that segregated those with visible signs of leprosy also influenced spatial expression of stigma. Alternative indigenous nosologies focusing on ancestral sin or airborne miasmas co-existed with biomedical understandings, contributing to the stigmatization of affected groups. A holistic approach is needed to address the complex interplay of factors shaping local disease attribution and resulting discrimination. Therefore, the study concludes that leprosy and its effect on marriage, employment opportunities, the economy, education, and psychological effects are still causing a double burden on those leprosy-affected communities. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that conducting awareness-creation trainings for the public at large and health professionals specifically to reduce discrimination against persons affected by leprosy. The government and relevant stakeholders, including associations of persons affected by leprosy, are recommended to prepare and deliver these awareness-creation initiatives. Key Words: Leprosy, Discrimination, Stigma, Persons affected by leprosy, Socio-cultural factorsItem Imagination, Reaction, and Practices of an Irrigation Project in the Upper Awash Valley of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-03-01) Tefera Goshu; Ayalew Gebre (PhD)Large-scale agricultural schemes in Ethiopia’s pastoralist lowlands have historically been part of state consolidation, resource expropriation, and the strategy of transforming pastoralist livelihoods. Although successive regimes implemented pastoralist development projects with a highly centralized and top-down approach, this research shows that state development intervention is highly contested within state institutions and among local communities. Based on fieldwork among the Karrayu pastoral communities in Ethiopia’s Oromia region, this dissertation explores how a large-scale irrigation project, exemplifying pastoral development, has been differently imagined by the regional state, the federal government, and the local people, as well as how its outcomes have been negotiated on the ground. The study employed multi-method of data collection such as focus group discussion, in-depth interviews, and observation which were then analyzed using a thematic data analysis strategy. The project was initially viewed as a symbol of ‘autonomy’ and an instrument of poverty reduction for the regional state, but was a ‘waste of money’ for the federal government, whereas the local community blamed it as a consolidation of land alienation. However, while this was eventually considered a 'success’ and an ‘achievement’ of development by the regional and federal administrations, it became a source of unhappiness and confusion for some local people, mainly in the downstream villages. In contrast, other locals in the upper stream and some in downstream villages still believe the project is a prospect of betterment and economic improvement. The project linked to privatizing communal land has excluded many pastoral individuals and groups from accessing their ancestral land. Some were not allocated land; all, including those who were allocated a parcel, lost access to the rest of the land to which they previously had access; and some of those who were granted ownership rights were also unable to reap the full benefit of their land. The project has also radically altered the traditional value, understanding, and pattern of interactions centered on natural resources in the area. Natural resources, water, and land have gained significant economic value. Access to water (for irrigation) has grown more competitive than ever before, and sometimes even conflictual, making the equitable distribution and allocation of irrigation water critical, often in opposition to the persistent tradition of water sharing and utilization in the area. The implementation of the project has also reinforced exploitative economic interactions mediated through sharecropping arrangements involving multiple actors and marketing relationships. Landowners and pastoralists have marginally benefited, while capitalists maximize wealth without displacing locals from their land, i.e., accumulation without dispossession. Finally, the study suggests a policy implication targeted at increasing households' capacity and negotiating power, as well as ensuring equitable land allocation, so that local pastoralists and disadvantageous members get maximum benefit from the project. Key words: Pastoral development, Ethiopia, Karrayu, Irrigation project, SharecroppingItem The Role of Ethnic Based Networks in Business in Merkato, Addis Ababa, Since 1991(Addis Ababa University, 2022-06-01) Eyosiyas Getachew; Desalegn Amsalu (PhD)Modern African history shows that ethnicity has been manipulated by rulers for political and economic control, social supremacy and cultural domination. Ethiopia is not exceptional in all this. An example of this is business activities, mainly in Addis Ababa, are influenced by ethnic networks, and preferences so much as to sabotage equal business opportunities. This study examines the impact of ethnic networks on businesses in Merkato, Addis Ababa. The aim of the research is to contribute to an understanding of the role of social relations/networks in shaping businesses both positively and negatively. Guided by qualitative research approach the study mainly draws a theory of social network, to reveal how business/market is run mainly on ethnic based networks and other ties such as religion and kinship. The findings of this study reveal that business/market networking, in post 1991 Merkato, is mainly created through political and ethnic affiliations as well as corruption. Following this, ethnic networking has become the main feature of the market center. Building such business relationships has become increasingly important as firms and individuals seek to improve their competitive advantage by entering long term relationships and networking with strategic business partners based on ethnicity. Particularly, main trade sectors and areas in this large market center are mainly controlled by people belonging to one ethnic group (Tigreans). Even though such networking mechanisms create a more trusting and cooperative environment, they can, as the same time, lead to the collapse of the economy by limiting business transaction within a limited group of people. In conclusion, ethnic based networks provide a domain of interaction at the wider ethno-political community, dominating business. Thus, the public make business networking based on ethnicity, religion and kinship ties. While such business networking has positive effects such as market access, trust, confidence, etc, it may also bring negative effects such as bias, unfair economic and political domination and discrimination.Item Access to Farmland and Rural Women Livelihood: The Case of Enemay Woreda, East Gojjam Administrative Zone(Addis Ababa University, 2022-09-01) Meaza Demse; Getachew Senishaw (PhD)This study deals with the rural women livelihood related to socio-cultural factors undermine social status, power, and decision making in access to farmland in Enemay Woreda, East Gojjam Zone. The study employed mixed method. In carrying out the study, in-depth interview, key informant, focus group discussions (qualitative methods), and household survey (quantitative methods) were employed. Secondary data were collected from secondary sources such as research articles, unpublished document, and books. A total of twenty-eight participants participated in the qualitative study including woreda and kebele officials. In addition, household survey questionnaire was administered to 141 women to collect quantitative data. Qualitative and quantitative data was analyzed based on objective of the study. The results obtained from the study show that farmland is an invaluable resource for women livelihood. During EPRDF land re-distribution (1996/7), most of women obtained a farmland but limited control over resources because their resources usually controlled by husbands. Due to the patriarchal attitudes of the community, men are decision makers, controlled and managed the resource of household, and women are dominated by husband. Lack of educational status of women, deprives their legal rights of manage and control over their resources. Women were restricted to plough their farmland by local community and they forced to give sharecroppers to obtain some production for livelihood. Particularly, FHHs could not manage the households since obtained small production from sharecroppers. They forced to find works for survival and obtain daily consumption such as selling traditional alcoholic beverages, daily laborer, and removing weeds. Thereby, the livelihood of FHHs has a painful living condition. Furthermore, women’s health condition is essential to attain income for their livelihood. However, their health condition status low being laborious worker. In general, gender-based discrimination and patriarchal attitudes of the community affected women’s access and control over farmland to their livelihood and health condition.Item Tradition Denied: Economic Development and Change among the Gibo Oromo Peasants of lllubabor(AAU, 1997-06) Lemessa, Zergaw; Megerssa, Gemetchu (PhD)In an attempt to uncover some factor that have been con traint to agriculrural productivity, this paper concentrates on the investigation of the spec ific historical conditions and the contemporary siruation of the Gibo peasants. Most of the srudies hitherto made in different pans of the country try to single out factors such as system of land tenure, low level of technology , government policy , tradition, etc., as bottlenecks to productivity. Such works are characterized by lack of thorough treatment of the issues. I maintain that although productivity can be determined by a number of complex factors, some among several play a primary role in hampering productivity . The other factors in fact can be explained in terms of consequences of the dominant ones. Tradition is often conceived as something opposed to development and change. Hence all possible measures are taken by policy makers to do away with tradition. In contrast this paper argues that while "tradition" and "modernity" are not in conflict with one another, the deteriorating living conditions of the Gibo peasants can be attributed to external factors. In spite of the serious challenges that narure exerts on them (drought, diseases, pests , rodents , wild animals, etc.), that can be beyond the control of peasants, most of the time the people's problems are deeply rooted in human relations and actions. Environmental degradation, fragmentation of land, and other constraints are the results of such relations and actions. Thus low agricultural productivity prevalent in the community understudy could largely be attributed to ineffective government policies and their consequences rather than to tradition.Item Production Practices among the Alaba of South Ethiopia(AAU, 2005-06) Yohannes, Zerihun; Getu, Melese (PhD)This thesis is an effort to describe agricultu ral production practices of Ala a socie in he South E hlopla rom local perspective and comprehend the overall changes ha the subsis ence econom un e en 0 er Ime Since land is a principal fac tor of production among Al aba, major land en re systems.' ere escn e om diachronic perspective and an attempt was made to expl icate the ch anges ha have een expenence under different political contexts starting from pre-incorporation period up to the c rren rends 0 er land ten ure issues. Simultaneously, the gradual shift of production system from agro-pas oral 0 mixed ag riculture was explained as resul ted from the inter-play of social, economiC, na ural, polilcal an demographic factors which are attributed to be both internal and external 0 the study group. In his hesis i is argued that local land acquisition practices change wi th increasing popula ion gro h and the s seq en land scarcity as the response of households to the prevai ling land shortage problem . An a . empt was made to elucidate the responsiveness of land acquisition practices to population growth. As discussed in this thesis, labor is crucial production factor among Alaba. Hence, bo h house old and inter-household labor organizations are described. Here the way a house hoi orga nizes i s la or ihroug age and gender based division of tasks in production process is discussed. Though househol s aC as independent production units, thel'e al'e different in ter-household labor exchan e prac Ices use as a coping strategy to ease land, labor and farm ox scarcity by households in sho( of these produc ion actors. Thus, divel'se inter-household exchange practices were presented ill line with changes experienced as a resu lt of various socioeconomic reasons. Seasonal crop production activities and aspects of livestock rearing are discussed ith he ie 0 assessing the way fa rmers organize factors of production and undertake agricultural acti i ies to secure their subsistence . A socioeconomic importance of crop and livestock production is also elucid ated 0 igh light th eir diverse role in the livelihood of the study people. Besides, major ro uction cons train ts rela ed with demog raphic, ecological, socio-cultural and economic factors and aspects 0 ' local copin stra egies to these problems were treated as way of analyzing the changing trends in the produc ion system. As argue in th is thesis though the people adopted different coping stra egies 0 0 ercome pro uc Ion cons rain s e subsistence economy is increasingly becoming susceptible 0 stress hich calls or external 111 er en IonItem Differential Adaptation and Inter-Ethnic Interaction: The Resettlement of Konso Farmers in the Land of the 8001 Agro-Pastoralists, Southwest Ethiopia(AAU, 2006-01) Asfaw, Ayke; Pankhurst, Alula(DrThe "Salamago Resettlement Scheme" is one of the several state sponsored r e s ettl e m ent schemes undertaken by the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS) since 2003. In government documents, the scheme is also called "Guyo-Dakuba Resettlement," named after one of the six resettlement villages (the administrative center) established by the program. However, I have chosen to call it "Salamago resettlement" aft er the name of the host woreda (district). I preferred to use "Salamago" since it is more official and well-known name in the area. The study has tried to show that the Salamago Resettlement is underway having some positive features but riddled with a series of setbacks and replete with a host of problems. The existence of a significant number of self-motivated and determined res ettl e rs is an important advantage of the scheme. The resettlers who belong to the hard working community of the Konso ethnic group are also famous for their traditional soil conservation system (terracing). Moreover, the sanction of the free movement of resettlers coupled with the proximity between the resettlement area and their area of origin enabled them to maintain their contact with their area of origin. This is, of course, one of the distinct features of the present resettlement program (from Salamago re settlement perspectives) from the past (military regime) resettlement experience. The suitability of the area for human habitation is also another important advantage of the area. The above positive aspects of Salamago Resettlement shows that the scheme could have a better prospects if it would have been supported by proper feasibility study, practically observed criteria for selection of resettlers, sound planning and adequate inputs. In actual fact, however, similar to past resettlement experience in the country, the scheme has suffered from rushed out feasibility study, poorly observed selection criteria, unsound planning and inadequate inputs. As a result, deadly conflicts between resettlers and host communities are occurred. Moreover, large number of resettlers, 756 heads households out of a total of 2897 heads of households, which is about 26 percent, abandoned the resettlement area in the last 20 months following their arrival in J anuary 2004.Item The Role of Women in the Household Economy: The Case of Dorze of Garno Highlands(AAU, 2004) Mehari, Getaneh; Getu, Melesse( DrThis thesis deals with the household economy. It mainly foc uses on Dorze households with particular reference to the role o f women in the ho usehold economy. First, It presents the description o f the socio-economic and geo-political context of the Gamo highland communities in general and that of the D orze in particular. The Gamo highlanders had been relatively isolated from central and northern EthlOpla for centuries. However, they were incorpora ted in to the Ethi pi a~l empire in the last decade o f the 19'h century. The incorporation brought about various changes in the SOCIO - economic life of the highland communities. The Dorze were the most affected people U1 this regard. Though they had the skill of weav ing earlier, weaving has become an important source of income for the majority of Dorze households after the incorporation. This external fac tor encouraged Dorze weavers to migrate to urban centers where better marke t for woven clothes is available. T he spatial mob ility of th e Dorze in turn affects the household structure and econom.ic role o f women at the household level. Different theoretical models have been employed to explain household economic behavior. The th esis deals with the basic assumptions of two household models: the new household economics (N HE) and the model of 'continuous fragmentation' of household. The NH E is the model of pooled household economy. I t ass umes that household members pool income and economic resources which are controlled ancl redistributed by an altruistic household head. The model o f 'continuous fragmentation' assumes that factors such as migration, d.ivorce and polygyny contin uously alter household structure. The change in household structure in turn affec ts th e role and status of women. The central purpose of this thesis is to explore whether the basic assumptions of the two models adequately explain the econornic behavior o f D orze households and the role of women in the household economy. The majority o f Dorze households have separa te economic units. Household members generate income from different sources. Furthermore, they do not pool their income and they have no unified patte rn of household expenditure. Moreover, factors such as migration, d.ivorce and polygyny alter the structure and economic status o f the household, which in turn affects the role and status of women in the household economy. Accordingly, the thesis concludes tha t Dorze household features do no t fit into the theoretical model o f the N HE. However, the model o f continuous fragmentation could adequately explain the behavior of Dorze households. Moreover, it emphasizes the analysis of women's role and status in the household economy. Thus, it could be used to explore the role o f women and other members in the household economy. It also provides researchers with an alternative theoretical framework for the study of households that are continuously affe cted by factors such as migration, d.ivo rce and polygyny.Item Socio-Economic Life of People Associated with Leprosy: (The Case of Gelemso Town, Western Hararghe)(Addis Ababa University, 2004-12) Dagne, Demerew; Tolera (ph.D), AssefaThe socio-economic life of the people associated with leprosy is one of the least explored subjects in Ethiopia. Thus, this thesis is an attempt to describe the socio-economic life of people associated with leprosy, which include leprosy sufferers as well as non-leprosy affected descendants. The general objective of the study is to describe survival strategies, social settings, and inter and intra community interactions. It examines the historical background of leprosy patients. It also explores and describes types of social change that occurred within and outside the community. The study population has been living in the study site for more than three decades. The earlier settlers were exclusively leprosy sufferers and few in number. Then their numbers increased after other patients who took flight to escape social evils in their birthplaces joined them. Later with the newly born children their number increased. By now the number of leprosy patients is decreasing with the death of the older generation and the decrease in number of newly joining patients. Leprosy has been surrounded by different beliefs and misconceptions and this in turn causes multi-faceted socio-economic hardships against leprosy associated people. Such hardships in turn were responsible to force leprosy sufferers to abandon their birthplaces, beloved families and property. So finally they have congregated with their fellows in isolated villages . .. Vll People associated with leprosy subsist on begging, cultivation of crops and vegetables and with other minor sources of income. Their means of livelihood has been diversifying through time. Besides, there have been social changes in the socio-economic life of people associated with leprosy. The changes are attributed to local, national and international factors . The achievement in the field of leprosy treatment is the res ult of international development in the field of medicine and the efforts of World Health Organization to end the suffering caused by leprosy. Their access to land for residence as well as for farmland resulted from the national land reform The changes in the attitudes of the study population and the general public attributed to a combination of factors, which include formal and informal education, the role of media and the like are responsible for the change that took place among the study population and the general public. Key wOI'ds: Gelemso, Leprosy, or Hansen's disease, People associated with leprosy, Nonaffected people, Migration, Begging, Stigma, Leprosy treatment, Traditional, Modern, Misconceptions.Item Water Rigrhts and the Processes of Negotiations among Irrigators in West Shew a Zone: The Case of Inoris Scheme in Toke Kutaye District(AAU, 2007-08) Zeleke, Tesfaye; Nigussie, Taye(PhD)'Ihough wat r rights ar ' at the . re oj exploitillg wat ' r resollrcesjor irrtg tlOlI/llrpo "', trivial ' II I'll.' W I'e ifjef"d I Ihe ' I 'e oj Illdris irrig Ilioll s 'heme ill 7ok' Kilt di Iri I in Wesl 'hewa. Th hislori 'af backgroulld I/(j d ' ve fopmelll oj Ih ' . h me ha beell pre 'enled ill I 'olllellliolls mallller. Th , augm ' nlillg IIIImb 'r oj compelilors 100 paved Ihe way jar conflicts thaI recllrrently erupt Ollt alld illevilabl lead to a .~·u ce 'sion oj lIeg tiatioll proces ·es. Wilh the inception oj '/lch mi 'Si1l 7 guljs, this re . 'arch aimed /0 scrutinize waler rights and the processes oj negotiations among irrigalors along Indri modem scheme, ill Toke Kutaye district. To mailllaill Ihis objective, qualitative anthropological methods' were predominantly utilized CLS' the main data generating research lools in the field The findings oj the research depicted that Indris scheme marked three sigllificant phases ill its historical development. In these phases, explorations pertaining to water rights and processes of negotiations were jOlll1d to he at their immature ground. While the elements of the riparian doctrine qf waler rights preponderated during its initial phase, the componenls of appropriative doclrine pronounced more at its middle age. A mix of ingredients from both doctrines interwoven with certain extra requirements determined the water right access of users since the conversion of the scheme illto a modem style. Multiple water right rules emanating both from the customary and formal water acts have co-existed to direct the actions of users. In this regard, the theoretical orientations of legal pluralism in water right paradigms proved to coincide with the pragmatic contexts of water users from the scheme. Conflicts in connection to irrigation water use and righls, that have escalated over years, have been altribllted to the decline in the voillme ofwaler resources, institutionalfailllres to address the causes adeqllately, week observance 0 11 governing water right rules and increaSing demand of lIsers. As a result, negotiation processes aiming to settle dispules were repeatedly initiated either by users, committee members (elders) or courts. The procedures pursed to narrow the contrasting interests around the scheme verified the pragmatic applicability of the central arguments of hoth cyclical alld developmental models of negotiation processes discussed thoroughly by Gulliver. Thus, in the face of growing demand~' on a declining water resource, the findings of this research revealed out that concerned individuals or relevant instillltiollS need to exert fllrther endeavor on the formulation oj water poliCies that clearly stiplliate specific irrigation waleI' entitlements oj 1Isers in a turmoil environment. Enforcemellts 0 11 the jrame oj references set on the water manila I need to be rigorously checked on practical implementations. Consciousness hllildings 0 11 irrigatiol1 waler right claims, promotion of negotiated approaches in disputes alld particular accentuation on customary rules of resource use constituted the dimensions seeking meticulous considerations il1 prospect.Item Domestic Violance against Women from Cultural Perspective: A Study the Rural Part of Mennarsa and Keblele 07 of Adama Town(Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) W/Giorgis, Theodros; Terefe, Hirut (ph.D)Ther are three age of violence again t w mcn 111 thi pap r. A woman c uld b abduct d (kidnapped) 111 I ublic fo r marriag thi one fo rm of violence cOl11mitt d aga in t th em. Within th marital li fe ther is. al vi lence, what we ca ll domestic violence. Even aft r th death f her hu 'band a rural wom n in Mermarsa area will face a lot of haras ment , if h ch 0 her n w partn er to enter in her own hous for li ving together wi th out the p rml I n of Foiles. So, women face di ffe rent violence act be fore, thr ugh and after Man'iag . That mean th ese violenc act are b erva bl when w m n ar single (unmarri ed), marri ed and widow. Dome ti c vi I nce i nc f' I'm of vi lenc within the h me; it c uld be seen among childr n, children on parents or par nt n children. In thi the i it i attempt Ito ee only the violence of men on wom n (husband on wiv ), whi ch i r vo lved around marital relati onship, and the two publi cly committed vi lence ' again t wom n i.e. abduction and , eegaba. It is known that dome tic violence i a word, which is widely used at present time in academic world , to explain the violence situati on in marri ageItem An Assessment of Resettlement in Ethiopia: A Case Study of Gidda Kiramu Sirdoorosite in East Wollaga Zone(Addis Ababa University, 2007-04) Gizaw, ShimelisThe major objective of this study is evaluating the 2002/03 resettlement program in Ethi op ia. The program was also examined for the presence of individual motives other than food security. In vest igation was made in terms of the experience of resettlers as farmers, its policy, and implementation procedures in Sire Dooro site of East Wollaga zo nal administration in The Regional State ofOromia. The method followed to meet the objectives included qualitative analysis and interpretation of data co llected by in-depth interviewing, observation, etc., and by invest igation of secondary so urces of data such as the 1994 constitution, the policy (guide line) of resettlement, etc and other works in the area of my study. A total of 56 informants were interviewed out of which data obtained from 21 key informants of all ranges of age, sex, education, and experience as farmers were incorporated in this thesi . Moreover, the Cultural Consensus Model was employed to bring out variety of information about the background of resettlers when the other methods fail to do so in the study. Comparison of features of previous resettlement programs with the present ones was made to illuminate differences and similarities as part of the research des ign in the study. The role and nature ofcontlict in the area was assessed critically. Unlike previous studies on the subject of resett lement, the present study considered how the capacity of implementers, and the experience of resettlers as farmers were affecting the program in general. The major findings of the present study include; the observation that the conventional evaluation of conflicts which affect the success of the program was not ethnic based and that they were rather resource based. Despite its spontaneity at initial stage, the current resettlement was being carried out under conditions of availability of a huge amount of money made available by the Regional State of Oromia. My observation allowed me to see that the program was being implemented according to the policy except in a few instances regarding its preparation. The social services like schools, clinics, the dry weather road, and small market were being shared by the local population as well. Lack of compatibility of the resettlemet program with the constitutional rights and with the traditional land tenure system was identified by investigation. There were indications that the experience of resettlers as farmers had affected their productivity in the program. It was also revealed in the present study that the conventional alliance between all Amhara occupants had shifted to an alliance between a portion of the Amharas with the Oromo community in the locality. The fact that the ethnic line that opposing groups seemed to follow had played only symbolic role was evidenced in the observation of the present study. There were even more evidences to this like the presence of armed Amhara militias in Oromo farmers' association in the site of my study. The establishment of marriages between the Amhara and Oromo communities in the locality indicated that there are no sanctions that prohibit the formation of such social relations and that the possibility for ethnic VI based conflict was unlikely to occur in th e site at least immedi ately after impl ementation of the program. The study has a considerab le significance for policy makers and implementers of agricul tural projects such as that being carried out in Ethiopia, where a large proporti on of the population suffe rs from fam ine each year. It can also contribute to the effort to bridge the gap of knowledge in understanding di fferent forms of resettlement in Ethiopia. Generally, the study wi ll have a criti ca l role in determining the strategy for implementation of resettlement programs, in policy formu lation, site se lecti on, and recruitment of reset tiers .Item Inter-Ethnic Contlicts in Ethiopia: The Case of' ](arrayu Oromo and Argobba Groups(AAU, 2012-12) Teshome, Melese; Gebre, Ayalew(PhD)Thi ' thesi ' delved it elf to explain the cau 'O ' , act r ' and dyn IIni ·s 0 Ihe Karray u- l.rgobba conflict. It al 'o targeted at analyzin the mi ro and ma '1'0 level approa 'he . used 10 redre.'s lhe conflict. This study i ' based on primary and 'econdary data 'our e '. The primary clala is collected via intervie'ws, FD, c I 'e historie and 'Y 'lematic observation. The study 11'(1.' conducled in three district , Minjar- henkora, Berhel and Fentale. The study has found OUI that the Karrayu and Argobba p eople have both amicable and conflictual relat ions. Their conflict is conceived in the wombs of multifarious factors. As 'uch, inappropriate development policy and competition over scarce re 'ources are the cardinal economic fac tors in the conflict. In the political realm, la ck of good governance and the politicizat ion of ethnicity, mainly a po ·t 1991 reality, have fue led the conflict. This development ha transformed their conflict fro m temporal use of resources to a permanent control of territory. 1n addition, the warrior ethos of the study people and their contemporary convergence in their social concept of solid boundary has played a role in their conflict. The final structural cause of the conflict is issue of security, i.e. the proliferation of SALWs and question of territorial ownership. Apart from the structural causes there are also triggering causes in the conflict. The triggering factors which this study identified are homicides, callie raiding and rustling. drought and fam ine, and the role of spoilers. 1n order to redress the stated conflict both customary and Slate centered approach has been used. The once effective customary confli ct resolution has proved inadequate to redress the root causes of the conflict. Its weakening is attributed to its marginalization by the state and issue of territorial ownership proved beyond its reach. Similarly the attempts made by the state did not bear its fru its. In this regard, the JPC, which is meant to ke ep peace in the area, has proved ineffective in dealing with issue ofboundary. Finally based on its finding this study recommended that there is an imperative need to promote customary conflict resolution. The community should return raided animals and handover culprits to the Woreda administration. The Woreda should arrange regular avvareness creation forums and teach about the adverse effect of conflict. lv/o reover, the regional and federal government should control the proliferation of JlLWs. And finally the fede ral governlll eJ1l should delineate the boundary of conjlictt errilOry.